Editing Molise

{{Short description|Region of Italy}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| official_name           = Molise
| native_name             = {{native name|nap|Mulise}} <br /> {{native name|svm|Moliš}}
| native_name_lang        = 
| settlement_type         = [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
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| image_flag              = Flag of Molise.svg
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| image_map               = Molise in Italy.svg
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| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = [[Italy]]
| established_title       = 
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| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| seat_type               = Capital
| seat                    = [[Campobasso]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| leader_party            = [[Forza Italia (2013)|FI]]
| leader_title            = President
| leader_name             = [[Francesco Roberti (politician)|Francesco Roberti]]
| leader_title1           = 
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| total_type              = 
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| area_total_km2          = 4438
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| population_total        = 308493
| population_as_of        = 31-12-2017
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = {{langx|en|Molisan}}<br>{{langx|it|Molisano}} (man)<br>{{langx|it|Molisana}} (woman)
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| demographics_type2       = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes  = <ref>{{citation|title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en|website=www.ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
|demographics2_title1     = Total
|demographics2_info1      = €6.452 billion (2021) 
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +1
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = [[ISO 3166 code]] 
| area_code               = IT-67 
| blank2_name_sec1         = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank2_info_sec1         = 0.874<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of Italian regions by Human Development Index|15th of 21]]
| blank_name_sec2         = [[First-level NUTS of the European Union#Italy|NUTS Region]]
| blank_info_sec2         = ITF
| website                 = [http://www.regione.molise.it/ www.regione.molise.it]
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Molise''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|m|ɒ|ˈ|l|iː|z|eɪ}} {{respell|mol|EE|zay}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Molise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182253/https://www.lexico.com/definition/molise |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Molise |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|m|oʊ|l|i|z|eɪ|,_|m|oʊ|ˈ|l|iː|z|eɪ}} {{respell|MOH|lee|zay|,_|moh|LEE|zay}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Molise|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/molise|title=Molise|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Molise|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|moˈliːze|lang}}; {{langx|nap|label=[[Neapolitan language|Molisan]]|Mulise}}, {{IPA|nap|mə'li.zə|pron}}) is a [[Regions of Italy|region]] in [[Southern Italy]]. Until 1963, it formed part of the region of [[Abruzzi e Molise]] together with [[Abruzzo]]. The split, which did not become effective until 1970, makes Molise the newest region in Italy. Covering {{convert|4438|km2|0|abbr=out}}, it is the second smallest region in the country, after the [[Aosta Valley]], and has a population of 313,348 (as of 1 January 2015).

The region is split into two provinces, named after their capitals: [[Campobasso Province|Campobasso]] and [[Isernia Province|Isernia]]. [[Campobasso]] also serves as the regional capital.

== Geography ==

Molise is bordered by [[Abruzzo]] to the north, [[Apulia]] to the east, [[Lazio]] to the west, and [[Campania]] to the south. It has {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=off}} of sandy coastline to the northeast, lying on the [[Adriatic Sea]] looking out toward the [[Tremiti Islands]]. The countryside of Molise is mostly mountainous, with 55% covered by mountains and most of the rest by hills that go down to the sea.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=19 March 2023|language=it|title=Molise|url=http://www.unplimolise.it/turismo/territorio/territorio.htm}}</ref>

== Main sights and monuments ==
[[File:Map Archeological sites I 1992 - Siti archeologici del Sannio e del Molise - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-092 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Archeological sites of Molise]]
=== [[Campobasso]] ===
[[File:Campobasso castello.jpg|thumb|[[Castello Monforte]]]]
*[[Castello Monforte]]
*Terzano Tower
*Campobasso Cathedral (Santissima Trinità)
*[[Castello Cercemaggiore]]
*Church of Sant'Antonio
*Church of San Bartolomeo
*Church of San Giorgio
*Savoia Theater
*San Giorgio Palace (Head of municipality)
*Provincial Museum of "[[Samnites|Sanniti]]"

=== Isernia ===
[[File:Saepinum (66).JPG|thumb|''Altilia'' ([[Sepino]])]]
*[[Isernia Cathedral]] (San Pietro)
*Fountain ''Fraterna''
*Monumental complex and museum of Santa Maria delle Monache Abbey
*[[Santi Cosma e Damiano, Isernia|Sanctuary of Santi Cosma e Damiano]]
*Archeological site ''Isernia La Pineta''
*Museum of Paleolithic in the site of ''La Pineta''

=== Termoli ===
*[[Termoli Cathedral|Cathedral of San Basso from Lucera]]
*Medieval castle of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]
*Sinarca Tower
*Rinascimental Gallery Museum

=== [[Venafro]] ===
*[[Castle Pandone]]
*[[Venafro]] Cathedral
*Archeogical Museum of Venafro
*War Museum Winterline Venafro

=== Province of Campobasso ===
[[File:Collage Isernia.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Isernia]] collage]]
*[[Trivento]] Cathedral
*Church of Santa Maria Maggiore ([[Guglionesi]])
*Santuario di Santa Maria del Canneto (Roccavivara)
*Caldora Castle ([[Carpinone]])
*Castle Anjou ([[Civitacampomarano]])
*Longobard Castle ([[Tufara]])
*[[Bojano]] Cathedral (San Bartolomeo)
*Medieval fortress Civita Superiore ([[Bojano]])
*Angioina Tower ([[Colletorto]])
*[[Larino Cathedral]]
*Archeological site and Roman theater of ''Larinum'' ([[Larino]])
*Archeological site and museum of Altilia ([[Sepino]])
*[[Italic peoples|Italic]] sanctuary of San Pietro dei Cantoni ([[Sepino]])
*Megalithic wall of Saipins (Terravecchia zone – Sepino) 
*Church of Santa Maria della Strada ([[Matrice]])
*[[Guardialfiera]] old town
*Capua castle ([[Gambatesa]])

=== Province of Isernia ===
*Abbey of San Vincenzo al [[Volturno]] ([[Castel San Vincenzo]])
*Marinelli Bells Factory and Museum ([[Agnone]])
*Theatre and Italic temple in the archeological site of [[Pietrabbondante]]
*Parish church and belfry of Saint Silvestro ([[Bagnoli del Trigno]])
*[[Bagnoli del Trigno]] (The pearl of Molise)
*Rupestrian church of [[Pietracupa]]
*Church of Sant'Antonio Abate ([[Pietracupa]])
*[[Capracotta]]
*[[Gothic Revival architecture|Neogothic]] [[basilica]] of Santa Maria Addolorata ([[Castelpetroso]])
*[[Venafro]] Cathedral
*Castle Pandone ([[Venafro]])
*Castle Pandone ([[Cerro al Volturno]])
*Abbey of Santa Maria del Carmelo ([[Roccavivara]])
*Castle D'Alessandro ([[Pescolanciano]])
*[[Colli a Volturno]]
*[[Fornelli]]

== Economy ==
[[File:Torre Termoli.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Castle of [[Termoli]]]]
[[File:Cattedrale campobasso.jpg|thumb|left|[[Campobasso]]'s Cathedral]]
Agriculture, involving small and micro holdings, is currently offering high-quality products. The agricultural holdings produce wine, cereals, olive oil, vegetables, fruits and dairy products. Traditional products are [[Lathyrus sativus|Grass Pea (cicerchia)]] and [[Farro]]. Molise's autochthonous grape is [[Tintilia]] which has been rediscovered during the last ten years, and many other PDO (DOP) wines, both red and white.

Though there is a large [[Fiat]] plant ([[Termoli]]), the industrial sector is dominated by the farming industry with small and medium-sized farms spread widely throughout the region. Another important industry is food processing: pasta, meat, milk products, oil and wine are the traditional products of the region. In the services sector the most important industries are distribution, hotels and catering, followed by transport and communications, banking and insurance. With few exceptions, in all sectors firms are small, and this explains the difficulties encountered when marketing products on a national scale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf2_eco.htm |title=Eurostat |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=2009-05-05 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721131845/http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf2_eco.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

International tourism is growing largely as a result of the recent opening of international flights from other European countries to [[Abruzzo Airport|Pescara Airport]], which is not far to the north in Abruzzo and connected to Molise by the [[Autostrada A14 (Italy)|A14 highway]] (the only highway passing through Molise, by Termoli).

The unemployment rate stood at '''9.5%''' in 2020.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfst_r_lfu3rt&lang=en|title=Unemployment NUTS 2 regions Eurostat|language=en}} </ref>

===Tourism===
Molise has many small and picturesque villages. Four of them have been selected by {{lang|it|[[I Borghi più belli d'Italia]]}} ({{langx|en|'The most beautiful villages of Italy'}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/molise/|title=Molise|date=9 January 2017 |access-date=1 August 2023|language=it}}</ref> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/|title=Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023|language=it}}</ref> founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/ |title = I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta|access-date=3 May 2018|language=it}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|footnote = Source: [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]
|1861 |355000
|1871 |374000
|1881 |382000
|1901 |395000
|1911 |396000
|1921 |383000
|1931 |377000
|1936 |388000
|1951 |406823|1961 |358052|1971 |319807|1981 |328371|1991 |330900|2001 |320601|2011|313660|2021|292150}}

The density of the population in Molise is well below the national average. In 2008, Molise registered 72.3 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>, compared to a national figure of 198.8. The region is subdivided into two provinces: Campobasso and Isernia, which together cover 1.5% of Italy's territory and less than 1% of its population. The larger province in terms of area is Campobasso at 2,909&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, while the smaller is Isernia at 1,529&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The province of Campobasso is the more densely populated of the two provinces, with 79.4 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>, whereas Isernia registers 58.9 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="regportraits1">{{cite web |url=http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf2_pop.htm |title=Eurostat |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=2001-01-01 |access-date=2009-05-05 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805181526/http://www.circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf2_pop.htm |archive-date=2007-08-05 }}</ref> At the end of 2008 the most populous towns were Campobasso (51,247 inhabitants), Termoli (32,420) and Isernia (21,811).

In the period 1951–71, large-scale emigration to other countries of the European Union, to other parts of Italy and overseas led to a significant decline in the population of Molise. Negative net migration persisted until 1981. Large-scale emigration has caused many of the smaller towns and villages to lose over 60% of their population, while only a small number of larger towns have recorded significant gains. From 1982 to 1994, net migration has been positive, then followed by a negative trend until 2001. Between 1991 (330,900 inhabitants) and 2001 (320,601 inhabitants), the population of the region decreased by 3.1%;<ref name="regportraits1"/> since 2001 the population remained stable.

The region is home to two main ethnic minorities: the [[Molise Croats|Molisan Croats]] (20,000 people who speak an old Dalmatian dialect of Croatian alongside Italian), and those who speak the [[Arbëresh]] dialect of Albanian in five towns of "basso Molise" in the province of Campobasso.

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Politics of Molise}}

===Administrative divisions===
Molise comprises two provinces:

[[File:Map of region of Molise, Italy, with provinces-it.svg|350px]]

{| class="wikitable centered"
|-
! style="background:#ccf;"|Province
! style="background:#ccf;"|Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! style="background:#ccf;"|Population
! style="background:#ccf;"|Density (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| [[Province of Campobasso]]
| 2,909
| 231,921
| 79.7
|-
| [[Province of Isernia]]
| 1,529
| 88,931
| 58.2
|}

==Culture==
{{see also|List of museums in Molise}}
Molise has much tradition from the religious to the pagan, many museums, archeological sites, musical and food events.

''Tradition''
* The Festival dei Misteri in [[Campobasso]] (Corpus Domini)
* Feast of Saint Pardo with ox chariot (cart) in [[Larino]] (25-26-27/May)
* Ox chariots (La Carrese) and feast of Saint Leo in [[San Martino in Pensilis]] (30 April and 2 May)
* The [[Ndocciata]] of [[Agnone]] (8-24/December)
* The Saint Basso feast in [[Termoli]] with procession of boats on the sea (4 August)
* "U lut'm sab't d'April" of [[Santa Croce di Magliano]] with benediction of animals (Last Saturday of April)
* Procession of Good Friday in [[Campobasso]]
* The procession of hooded on the Good Friday at [[Isernia]]
* The fire of Saint Anthony the Abbot in [[Colletorto]] (17 January)
* The feast of Saint Nicandro in [[Venafro]] (17 June)
* The ox chariots and feast in the village of [[Ururi]] and [[Portocannone]]
* The feast of San Biagio in [[San Biase]] (3 February), with the traditional game of the ''Morra'' and the distribution of Bread to all the inhabitants

''Arts, musical and food festivals''
* The international bagpipe festival of [[Scapoli]] in July
* The "Pezzata" of [[Capracotta]] the first Sunday of August
* The fish festival of [[Termoli]] in August
* The Staffoli Horses in August close [[Agnone]]
* The grape feast of [[Riccia]] in September
* The grain feast of [[Jelsi]] on 26 July
* The international festival of folk in the [[Matese]] in [[San Massimo]]
* The exhibition of black truffle in [[San Pietro Avellana]]
* The carnival of [[Larino]] in February
* "Gl' Cierv" in the carnival of [[Rocchetta a Volturno|Castelnuovo del Volturno]] the last Sunday of February

''Museums''
* National museum of paleolithic in [[Isernia]]
* Monumental complex and museum of Santa Maria delle Monache in [[Isernia]]
* Museum of "Tombolo" in [[Isernia]]
* Provincial museum of [[Samnium]] in [[Campobasso]]
* Museum of [[Zampogna]] (Bagpipe) in [[Scapoli]]
* Antiquarium of [[Saepinum|Saepinum-Altilia]] in [[Sepino]]
* Photographic museum "[[Tony Vaccaro]]" in [[Bonefro]]
*Archeological museum of [[Venafro]]
*War Museum Winterline [[Venafro]]
*Santa Chiara Museum [[Venafro]]

===Cuisine===
The cuisine of Molise is similar to the [[Abruzzo#Cuisine|cuisine of Abruzzo]], though there are some differences in the dishes and ingredients.  The flavors of Molise are dominated by the many aromatic [[herb]]s that grow there. Some of the characteristic foods include spicy [[salami]], a variety of locally produced [[cheese]]s, dishes using [[lamb and mutton|lamb]] or [[goat meat|goat]], [[pasta]] dishes with hearty sauces, and vegetables that grow in the region.

In addition to [[bruschetta]], a typical [[antipasto]]  will consist of any of several meat dishes, such as the sausages [[capocollo]], the [[fennel]]-seasoned salsiccie al finocchio, [[soppressata]], [[ventricina]], frascateglie or sanguinaccio. In addition to these sausages, a variety of [[ham]] is available, such as smoked [[prosciutto]].  Frequently, the sausages are enjoyed with [[polenta]].

Main dishes of the region include:
*'' Brodosini'' made of [[tagliatelle]] in broth with pork cheek and fat
* ''Calcioni di ricotta'', a specialty of [[Campobasso]], made of fried pasta stuffed with [[ricotta]], [[provolone]], prosciutto, and [[parsley]], and usually served with fried [[artichoke]]s, [[cauliflower]], [[brain (food)|brains]], [[sweetbread]], potato [[croquette]], and [[scamorza]] cheese
* ''Cavatiegl e Patane'', or [[gnocchi]] served in a meat sauce of rabbit and pork
* A variety of pasta such as [[cavatelli]], [[lasagna]], or [[macaroni|maccheroni]] served with a [[ragù]] of lamb or goat
* ''[[Pasta e fagioli]]'', pasta-and-white-bean soup cooked with pig's feet and pork rinds
* ''Polenta d'iragn'', a polenta-like dish actually made of wheat and potatoes, sauced with raw tomatoes and pecorino
* ''Risotto alla marinara'', a [[risotto]] with seafood
* ''Spaghetti with diavolillo'', a strong chili pepper sauce
* ''Zuppa di cardi'', a soup of [[cardoon]]s, tomatoes, onions, [[pancetta]], olive oil
* ''Zuppa di ortiche'', a soup of [[Stinging nettle#Food|nettle stems]], tomatoes, onions, pancetta, olive oil

Common second dishes (often meat and vegetable dishes) are:
* Lamb, the most popular meat, served grilled, roasted, or stewed
* Many organ meats of lamb, especially [[tripe]], are popular
* ''Coniglio alla molisana'', grilled rabbit pieces skewered with sausage and herbs
* ''Mazzarelle'', tightly wrapped rolls made with lung and tripe of lamb
* ''Ragù d' agnello'', braised lamb with sweet peppers, a specialty of Isernia
* ''Torcinelli'', rolled strips of lamb tripe, sweetbreads, and liver
* ''Pamparella'' or pork pancetta dried with peperoncino, soaked in wine and cut into small pieces. Pamparella is used to flavor sauces, in particular the sauce for dressing the tacconi, a rustic pasta made with flour and water.
* ''Saucicc', Paparuol' e Ova Fritte'', sausage with sweet pepper and fried eggs

Typical vegetable dishes may include:
* ''Carciofi ripieni'', artichokes stuffed with [[anchovy (food)|anchovies]] and [[caper]]s
* Peeled sweet peppers stuffed with breadcrumbs, anchovies, parsley, [[basil]] and peperoncino, sautéed in a frying pan and cooked with chopped tomatoes
* ''Cipollacci con pecorino'', fried strong onions and pecorino cheese
* ''[[Frittata]] con basilico e cipolle'', omelette with basil and onions

Fish dishes include red mullet soup, and spaghetti with [[cuttlefish]]. [[Trout]] from the [[Biferno]] river is notable for its flavor, and is cooked with a simple but tasty sauce of aromatic herbs. Zuppa di pesce, a fish stew, is a specialty of [[Termoli]].

The cheeses produced in Molise are not very different from those produced in Abruzzo. The more common ones are Burrino and Manteca, soft, buttery cow's-milk cheeses; Pecorino, sheep's-milk cheese, served young and soft or aged and hard, called also "Maciuocco" in Molise; Scamorza, bland cow's-milk cheese, often served grilled; and [[Caciocavallo]], sheep's-milk cheese.

Sweets and desserts have an ancient tradition here and are linked to the history of the territory and to religious and family festivities. Most common are:
* ''Calciumi'' (also called ''caucioni'' or ''cauciuni''), sweet [[ravioli]] filled with chestnuts, almonds, chocolate, vanilla, cooked wine [[must]]s, and cinnamon and then fried
* ''Ciambelline'', ring-shaped cakes made in the countryside. They may be ''all'olio'' (with olive oil) or ''al vino rosso'' (with red wine).
* ''Ferratelle all'anice'', anise cakes made in metal molds and stamped with special patterns
* ''Ricotta pizza'', a cake pan filled with a blend of ricotta cheese, sugar, flour, butter, maraschino liqueur, and chocolate chips<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abruzzomoliseheritagesociety.org/cuisine.htm#abruzzo |title=Abruzzo and Molise Heritage Society |publisher=Abruzzomoliseheritagesociety.org |access-date=2013-03-12 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309041825/http://www.abruzzomoliseheritagesociety.org/cuisine.htm#abruzzo |archive-date=2013-03-09 }}</ref>

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}

=== Twin towns — sister cities ===
Molise is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:

*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Nowy Sącz]], [[Poland]]<ref name="Nowy Sącz twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowysacz.pl/miasta_partnerskie|title=Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione Nowego Sącza|access-date = 2013-08-01|work=Urząd Miasta Nowego Sącza|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523172036/http://www.nowysacz.pl/miasta_partnerskie|archive-date=2013-05-23}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2002 Molise earthquakes]]
* [[Ndocciata]], a torchlit parade traditionally held in Molise on Christmas Eve
* [[Molise Croats]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.regione.molise.it/ Official Site of the Regione Molise] {{in lang|it}}
 
{{Molise}}
{{Regions of Italy}}
{{Italy topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Molise| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Italy]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1963]]