Editing Mnemosyne

{{Short description|Greek goddess of memory}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Mnemosyne
| deity_of = [[Greek god|Goddess]] of memory and remembrance
| member_of = the [[Titans]]
| image = Mosaïque murale Mnémosyne.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Antique mosaic of Mnemosyne, [[National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona]]
| script_name = Greek
| script = Μνημοσύνη
| cult_center = 
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| parents = [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] and [[Gaia]]
| siblings = {{Collapsible list
 | title =[[Titans]]
 | bullets = on
 | [[Crius]]
 | [[Cronus]]
 | [[Coeus]]
 | [[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]
 | [[Iapetus]]
 | [[Oceanus]]
 | [[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]
 | [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]
 | [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]
 | [[Theia]]
 | [[Themis]]
}}
{{Collapsible list
 | title=[[Hecatoncheires]] 
 | bullets = on
 | Briareus
 | Cottus
 | Gyges
}}
{{Collapsible list
 | title=[[Cyclopes]]
 | bullets = on
 | [[Arges (Cyclops)|Arges]]
 | Brontes
 | Steropes
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title= Others
| bullets = on
| [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Gigantes]]
| [[Erinyes]] (the Furies)
| [[Meliae]]
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Half-siblings
| bullets = on
| [[Aphrodite]]
| [[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]
| [[Ceto]]
| [[Nereus]]
| [[Phorcys]]
| [[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]
| [[Python (mythology)|Python]]
| [[Thaumas]]
| [[Typhon]]
| [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]
}}
| offspring = {{Collapsible list
| title=[[Muse|The Muses]]
| bullets = on
| [[Calliope]]
| [[Clio]]
| [[Erato]]
| [[Euterpe]]
| [[Melpomene]]
| [[Polyhymnia]]
| [[Terpsichore]]
| [[Thalia (muse)|Thalia]]
| [[Urania]]
}}
| consorts = [[Zeus]]
}}
{{Greek deities (personifications)}}

In [[Greek mythology]] and [[ancient Greek religion]], '''Mnemosyne''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɒ|z|ɪ|n|iː|,_|n|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|ɪ|n|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Mnemosyne.wav}}; {{langx|grc|Μνημοσύνη}}, {{IPA|el|mnɛːmosýːnɛː|pron}}) is the [[Greek god|goddess]] of [[memory]] and the mother of the nine [[Muses]] by her nephew [[Zeus]]. In the Greek tradition, Mnemosyne is one of the [[Titans]], the twelve divine children of the earth-goddess [[Gaia]] and the sky-god [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]. The term ''Mnemosyne'' is derived from the same source as the word ''[[mnemonic]]'', that being the Greek word ''mnēmē'', which means "remembrance, memory".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmnh%2Fmh|title=μνήμη|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry George|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|year=1940|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Sir Henry Stuart|editor2-last=McKenzie|editor2-first=Roderick|website=A Greek-English Lexicon|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|access-date=2018-01-10}}</ref><ref>''Memory'' and the name ''Memnon'', as in "[[Memnon of Rhodes]]" are etymologically related. Mnemosyne is sometimes confused with [[Mneme]] or compared with [[Memoria]].</ref>

== Family ==
A [[titan (mythology)|Titaness]], Mnemosyne is the daughter of [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D104 135]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#66.3 5.66.3]; [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''Recognitions'' [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ClementRecognitions.html#31 31].</ref> Mnemosyne became the mother of the nine [[Muse]]s, fathered by her nephew, [[Zeus]]:

* [[Calliope]] (epic poetry)
* [[Clio]] (history)
* [[Euterpe]] (music and lyric poetry)
* [[Erato]] (love poetry)
* [[Melpomene]] (tragedy)
* [[Polyhymnia]] (hymns)
* [[Terpsichore]] (dance)
* [[Thalia (Muse)|Thalia]] (comedy)
* [[Urania]] (astronomy)

[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] in his ''Fabulae'' gives Mnemosyne a different parentage, where she was the daughter of Zeus and [[Clymene (mythology)|Clymene]].<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 Preface]</ref>

== Mythology ==

[[File:Jupiter, vermomd als herder, verleidt Mnemosyne, godin van het geheugen Rijksmuseum SK-A-3886.jpeg|right|thumb|''Jupiter, disguised as a shepherd, tempts Mnemosyne'' by [[Jacob de Wit]] (1727)]]
In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', kings and poets receive their powers of authoritative speech from their possession of Mnemosyne and their special relationship with the Muses.
[[Zeus]], in the form of a mortal shepherd, slept together with Mnemosyne for nine consecutive nights, thus conceiving the nine [[Muse]]s. Mnemosyne also presided over a pool<ref>[[Richard Janko]], "Forgetfulness in the Golden Tablets of Memory", ''Classical Quarterly'' 34 (1984) 89–100; see article "[[Totenpass]]" for the reconstructed [[Devotional medal|devotional]] which instructs the initiated soul through the landscape of [[Hades]], including the pool of Memory.</ref> in [[Hades]], a counterpart to the river [[Lethe]], according to a series of 4th-century BC Greek [[Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices|funerary inscriptions]] in [[dactylic hexameter]]. Dead souls drank from [[Lethe#river|Lethe]] so they would not remember their past lives when [[metempsychosis|reincarnated]]. In [[Orphism (religion)|Orphism]], the initiated were taught to instead drink from the Mnemosyne, the river of memory, which would stop the [[transmigration of the soul]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lethe|title=Lethe {{!}} Greek mythology|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-03-30|language=en}}</ref>

=== Appearance in oral literature ===
Although she was categorized as one of the [[Titans]] in the ''[[Theogony]]'', Mnemosyne did not quite fit that distinction.<ref name="Rose">{{cite book|last1=Rose|first1=H.J.|title=A Handbook of Greek Mythology : including its extension to Rome|date=1991|publisher=Taylor and Francis, Inc.|location=London|isbn=9780415046015|edition=6th}}</ref> Titans were hardly worshiped in [[Ancient Greece]], and were thought of as so archaic as to belong to the ancient past.<ref name="Rose" /> They resembled historical figures more than anything else. Mnemosyne, on the other hand, traditionally appeared in the first few lines of many oral [[epic poem]]s{{hsp}}<ref name="Notopoulos">{{cite journal|last1=Notopoulos|first1=James A.|title=Mnemosyne in Oral Literature|journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association|date=1938|volume=69|pages=466|doi=10.2307/283194|jstor=283194}}</ref>—she appears in both the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', among others—as the speaker called upon her aid in accurately remembering and performing the poem they were about to recite. Mnemosyne is thought to have been given the distinction of "Titan" because [[memory]] was so important and basic to the [[oral tradition|oral culture]] of the Greeks that they deemed her one of the essential building blocks of [[civilization]] in their [[creation myth]].<ref name="Notopoulos" />

Later, once [[literature|written literature]] overtook the oral recitation of epics, [[Plato]] made reference in his ''[[euthydemus (dialogue)|Euthydemus]]'' to the older tradition of invoking Mnemosyne. The character [[Socrates]] prepares to recount a story and says "ὥστ᾽ ἔγωγε, καθάπερ οἱ (275d) ποιηταί, δέομαι ἀρχόμενος τῆς διηγήσεως Μούσας τε καὶ '''Μνημοσύνην''' ἐπικαλεῖσθαι." which translates to "Consequently, like the poets, I must needs begin my narrative with an invocation of the [[Muse]]s and '''Memory'''" (emphasis added).{{sfn |Plato |1924 |p=[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858002195018?urlappend=%3Bseq=417%3Bownerid=13510798903868868-481 393]}} [[Aristophanes]] also harked back to the tradition in his play ''[[Lysistrata]]'' when a [[alcohol intoxication|drunken]] [[Sparta]]n [[ambassador]] invokes her name while prancing around pretending to be a bard from times of yore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aristophanes, Lysistrata, line 1247|url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0242%3Acard%3D1247 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>

== Cult ==
[[File:Mnemosyne (color) Rossetti.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Mnemosyne (Rossetti)|Mnemosyne]]'' (also known as ''Lamp of Memory'' or ''Ricordanza'') by [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] (c. 1876 to 1881).]]
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
While not one of the most popular divinities, Mnemosyne was the subject of some minor worship in Ancient Greece. Statues of her are mentioned in the sanctuaries of other gods, and she was often depicted alongside her daughters the Muses. She was also worshipped in [[Livadeia|Lebadeia]] in [[Boeotia]], at [[Mount Helicon]] in Boeotia, and in the cult of [[Asclepius]].

There was a statue of Mnemosyne in the shrine of Dionysos at Athens, alongside the statues of the Muses, Zeus and Apollo,<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], 1.2.5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.)</ref> as well as a statue with her daughters the Muses in the [[Temple of Athena Alea]].<ref>Pausanias, 8.46.3</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] described the worship of Mnemosyne in Lebadeia in Boeotia, where she played an important part in the oracular sanctuary of [[Trophonios]]: 
{{blockquote|[Part of the rituals at the oracle of Trophonios (Trophonius) at Lebadeia, Boiotia (Boeotia):] He [the supplicant] is taken by the priests, not at once to the oracle, but to fountains of water very near to each other. Here he must drink water called the water of Lethe (Forgetfulness), that he may forget all that he has been thinking of hitherto, and afterwards he drinks of another water, the water of Mnemosyne (Memory), which causes him to remember what he sees after his descent ... After his ascent from [the oracle of] Trophonios the inquirer is again taken in hand by the priests, who set him upon a chair called the chair of Mnemosyne (Memory), which stands not far from the shrine, and they ask of him, when seated there, all he has seen or learned. After gaining this information they then entrust him to his relatives. These lift him, paralysed with terror and unconscious both of himself and of his surroundings, and carry him to the building where he lodged before with Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) and the Daimon Agathon (Good Spirit). Afterwards, however, he will recover all his faculties, and the power to laugh will return to him.<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 39. 3</ref>}}
Mnemosyne was also sometime regarded as being not the mother of the Muses but as one of them, and as such she was worshiped in the sanctuary of the Muses at Mount Helicon in Boeotia: 
{{blockquote|The first to sacrifice on Helikon (Helicon) to the Mousai (Muses) and to call the mountain sacred to the Mousai were, they say, Ephialtes and Otos (Otus), who also founded Askra ... The sons of Aloeus held that the Mousai were three in number, and gave them the names Melete (Practice), Mneme (Memory), and Aoide (Aeode, Song). But they say that afterwards Pieros (Pierus), a Makedonian (Macedonian) ... came to Thespiae [in Boiotia] and established nine Mousai, changing their names to the present ones ... Mimnermos [epic poet C7th B.C.] ... says in the preface that the elder Mousai (Muses) are the daughters of Ouranos (Uranus), and that there are other and younger Mousai, children of Zeus.<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 29. 1</ref>}}

=== Cult of Asclepius ===
Mnemosyne was one of the [[deities]] worshiped in the [[greek hero cult|cult]] of [[Asclepius]] that formed in [[Ancient Greece]] around the 5th century BC.<ref name="Ahearne-Kroll">{{cite journal|last1=Ahearne-Kroll|first1=Stephen P.|title=Mnemosyne at the Asklepieia|journal=Classical Philology|date=April 2014|volume=109|issue=2|pages=99–118|doi=10.1086/675272|s2cid=162319084}}</ref> [[Asclepius]], a [[Hero#Antiquity|Greek hero]] and [[List of Greek deities|god]] of [[ancient greek medicine|medicine]], was said to have been able to cure maladies, and the cult incorporated a multitude of other Greek heroes and gods in its process of healing.<ref name="Ahearne-Kroll" /> The exact order of the [[sacrifice|offerings]] and [[prayer]]s varied by location,<ref name="von Ehrenheim">{{cite book|last1=von Ehrenheim|first1=Hedvig|title=Greek incubation rituals in Classical and Hellenistic times|date=2011|publisher=Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University|location=Stockholm|isbn=978-91-7447-335-3}}</ref> and the supplicant often made an offering to Mnemosyne.<ref name="Ahearne-Kroll" /> After making an offering to [[Asclepius]] himself, in some locations, one last prayer was said to Mnemosyne as the supplicant moved to the holiest portion of the [[Asclepeion]] to [[incubation (ritual)|incubate]].<ref name="Ahearne-Kroll" /> The hope was that a prayer to Mnemosyne would help the supplicant remember any [[vision (spirituality)|visions]] had while [[sleep]]ing there.<ref name="von Ehrenheim" />

== Genealogy ==
{{chart top|Mnemosyne's family tree <ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132&ndash;138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337&ndash;411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453&ndash;520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901&ndash;906, 915&ndash;920]; Caldwell, pp. 8&ndash;11, tables 11&ndash;14.</ref>|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]|HYP=[[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!|RIV | |OCE | |HEL | |SEL | |EOS | |AST | |PAL | |PER |RIV=<small>The&nbsp;[[River gods (Greek mythology)|Rivers]]</small>|OCE=<small>The&nbsp;[[Oceanids]]</small>|HEL=[[Helios]]|SEL=[[Selene]]&nbsp;<ref>Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371&ndash;374], in the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99&ndash;100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.</ref>|EOS=[[Eos]]|AST=[[Astraeus]]|PAL=[[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]|PER=[[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{chart|!| | | | |CRO |y|RHE | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | |COE=[[Coeus]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]|CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|v|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|v|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | }}
{{chart|!|HES |!|HER | |HAD |!|ZEU | | | |LET | |AST | |HES=[[Hestia]]|HER=[[Hera]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]|LET=[[Leto]]|AST=[[Asteria]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|!| | |DEM | | | | | |POS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DEM=[[Demeter]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | |IAP |y|CLY | | | | | |MNE |~|y|~|ZEU |~|y|~|THE |IAP=[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]|CLY=[[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]]&nbsp;(or&nbsp;[[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]])&nbsp;<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507&ndash;511], Clymene, one of the [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.</ref>|MNE='''MNEMOSYNE'''|ZEU=(Zeus)|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | | | |!}}
{{chart|ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI | | | | |MUS | | | |HOR |ATL=[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]&nbsp;<ref>According to [[Plato]], ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d&ndash;114a], Atlas was the son of [[Poseidon]] and the mortal [[Cleito]].</ref>|MEN=[[Menoetius (Greek mythology)|Menoetius]]|PRO=[[Prometheus]]&nbsp;<ref>In [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444&ndash;445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446&ndash;447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538&ndash;539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of [[Themis]].</ref>|EPI=[[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]|MUS=<small>The&nbsp;[[Muses]]</small>|HOR=<small>The&nbsp;[[Horae]]</small>}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[Titans in popular culture#Mnemosyne|Titans in popular culture: Mnemosyne]]
* [[Meme]]
* [[Meng Po]]
* [[Moneta]]
* [[Lethe]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources==
*[[Aeschylus]], ''Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
*Anonymous, ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D2 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*[[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis'' translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}.
*[[Clement of Alexandria]], ''Recognitions'' from [[Ante-Nicene Period|Ante-Nicene]] Library Volume 8'','' translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ClementRecognitions.html Online version at theio.com]
*[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. Translated by [[Charles Henry Oldfather]]. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version at the Lacus Curtius: Into the Roman World].
*[[Hesiod]], ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [https://topostext.org/work/141 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
*{{cite book |author=Plato |author-link=Plato |translator-last=Lamb |translator-first=W. R. M. |translator-link=Walter Lamb (classicist) |chapter=Euthydemus |chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858002195018?urlappend=%3Bseq=402%3Bownerid=13510798903868868-466 |title=Plato, with an English translation |volume= IV Laches Protagoras Meno Euthydemus |publication-place=Cambridge, Mass. |date=1924 |hdl=2027/iau.31858002195018?urlappend=%3Bseq=402 |isbn=978-0-674-99221-4 |oclc=875718 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858002195018 |via=HathiTrust}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Zuntz |first=Günther |author-link=Günther Zuntz |year=1971 |title=Persephone: Three Essays on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNMoAAAAYAAJ |location=Cambridge |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780198142867 |oclc=303807}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Mnemosyne}}
{{Commons category|Mnemosyne}}
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000514 Images of Mnemosyne] at The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database
* [https://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanisMnemosyne.html MNEMOSYNE from The Theoi Project]
* [http://www.maicar.com/GML/Mnemosyne.html MNEMOSYNE from Greek Mythology Link]

{{Muses}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Greek religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Children of Gaia]]
[[Category:Divine women of Zeus]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Memory in culture]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Personifications in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Titans (mythology)]]