Editing Mimosoideae

{{Short description|Subfamily of legumes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = CalliandraEmarginata.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Calliandra]] emarginata''
| taxon = Mimosoideae
| authority = [[DC.]]
| display_parents = 3
| subdivision_ranks = Informal groups
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
* Acaciaceae <small>E. Meyer</small>
* Mimosaceae <small>R. Brown</small>
| range_map = Mimosoideae distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Mimosoideae
}}

The '''Mimosoideae''' are a traditional [[subfamily]] of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family ([[Fabaceae]]) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates.  They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with petals that are twice divided (valvate) in bud and with numerous showy, prominent stamens.

Recent work on phylogenetic relationships has found that the Mimosoideae form a [[clade]] nested with subfamily [[Caesalpinioideae]] and the most recent classification by ''The Legume Phylogeny Working Group'' refer to them as the '''Mimosoid clade''' within subfamily [[Caesalpinioideae]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=Taxon |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |hdl=1843/55218 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The group includes about 40 genera and 2,500 species.

==Taxonomy==
Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat the Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising the Mimisoideae to the rank of family as Mimosaceae. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] treats Fabaceae in the broad sense. The Mimosoideae were historically subdivided into four tribes (Acacieae, Ingeae, Mimoseae, and Mimozygantheae). However, modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] has shown that these groupings were artificial. Several informal subgroups have been proposed, but not yet described formally as tribes.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Bouchenak-Khelladi Y|author2=Maurin O|author3=Hurter J|author4=van der Bank M | year = 2010 | title = The evolutionary history and biogeography of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae): An emphasis on African acacias | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 495–508 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.019|pmid=20696261|bibcode=2010MolPE..57..495B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Brown GK | year = 2008 | title = Systematics of the tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) over the past 25 years | journal = Muelleria | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–42 | doi = 10.5962/p.292491 | s2cid = 51898140 | url = https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/documents/Muelleria_26(1),_p27-42,_Brown,_Systematics_tribe_Ingeae.pdf | access-date = 2017-02-06 | archive-date = 2019-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324061450/https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/documents/Muelleria_26%281%29%2C_p27-42%2C_Brown%2C_Systematics_tribe_Ingeae.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author1 = Lewis GP|author2=Elias TS | chapter = Mimoseae | year = 1981 | editor1 = Polhill RM|editor2=Raven PH | title = Advances in Legume Systematics, Parts 1 and 2 | pages = 155–168 | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | isbn = 9780855212247}}</ref><ref name="Luckow1">{{cite book | author1 = Luckow M|author2=White PJ|author3=Bruneau A | chapter = Relationships among the basal genera of mimosoid legumes | year = 2000 | editor1 = Herendeen PS|editor2=Bruneau A|editor3=Pollard PS | title = Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9 | pages = 165–180 | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | isbn = 9781842460177}}</ref><ref name="Luckow2">{{cite book | author1 = Luckow M|author2=Miller JT|author3=Murphy DJ|author4=Livshultz T | chapter = A phylogenetic analysis of the Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast DNA sequence data | chapter-url = http://worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/publications/lucknow-et-al-2003.pdf | year = 2003 |veditors=Klitgaard BB, Bruneau A | title = Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10: Higher Level Systematics | pages = 197–220 | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | isbn = 9781842460542}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author1 = Hughes CE | author2 = Bailey CD | author3 = Krosnick S | author4 = Luckow MA | chapter = Relationships among genera of the informal ''Dichrostachys'' and ''Leucaena'' groups (Mimosoideae) inferred from ribosomal ITS sequences | chapter-url = http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/~bailey/Hughes%20et%20al%20Advances%20X.pdf | year = 2003 | veditors = Klitgaard BB, Bruneau A | title = Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10: Higher Level Systematics | pages = 221–238 | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | isbn = 9781842460542 | access-date = 2016-03-17 | archive-date = 2013-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131205194613/http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/~bailey/Hughes%20et%20al%20Advances%20X.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Additionally, the genus ''Acacia'' was recently segregated into five genera (''Acacia sensu stricto'', ''Acaciella'', ''Mariosousa'', ''Senegalia'', and ''Vachellia'').<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Murphy DJ|author2=Brown GK|author3=Miller JT|author4=Ladiges PY | year = 2010 | title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Acacia'' Mill. (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae): Evidence for major clades and informal classification | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | jstor = 27757046 | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–19|doi=10.1002/tax.591002}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Kyalangalilwa B|author2=Boatwright JS|author3=Daru BH|author4=Maurin O|author5=van der Bank M| year = 2013 | title = Phylogenetic position and revised classification of ''Acacia s.l.'' (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in ''Vachellia'' and ''Senegalia'' | journal = [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] | volume = 172 | issue = 4 | pages = 500–523 | doi = 10.1111/boj.12047| doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Basal Mimosoideae===
{{div col|colwidth=250px}}
* '''''Adenanthera'' group'''<ref name="Cury de Barros">{{cite journal | author1 = Cury de Barros T|author2=Pádua Teixeira S | year = 2016 | title = Revisited anatomy of anther glands in mimosoids (Leguminosae) | journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume = 177 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–33 | doi = 10.1086/683844|s2cid=86054291 }}</ref>
** ''[[Adenanthera]]'' <small>L.</small>
** ''[[Amblygonocarpus]]'' <small>Harms</small>
** ''[[Calpocalyx]]'' <small>Harms</small>
** ''[[Pseudoprosopis]]'' <small>Harms</small>
** ''[[Tetrapleura (plant)|Tetrapleura]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Xylia]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* '''''Entada'' group'''<ref name="Cury de Barros"/>
** ''[[Elephantorrhiza]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Entada]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
** ''[[Piptadeniastrum]]'' <small>Brenan</small>
* '''''Newtonia'' group'''
** ''[[Fillaeopsis]]'' <small>Harms</small>
** ''[[Indopiptadenia]]'' <small>Brenan</small>
** ''[[Lemurodendron]]'' <small>Villiers & P. Guinet</small>
** ''[[Newtonia (plant)|Newtonia]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
* '''''Prosopis'' group'''
** ''[[Neltuma]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
** ''[[Prosopis]]'' <small>L.</small>
** ''[[Xerocladia]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
* '''''Mimozyganthus'' group'''<ref name="Luckow3"/>
** ''[[Mimozyganthus]]'' <small>Burkart</small>
** ''[[Piptadeniopsis]]'' <small>Burkart</small>
** ''[[Prosopidastrum]]'' <small>Burkart</small>
* '''''Leucaena'' group'''<ref name="Luckow1"/><ref name="Luckow3"/>
** ''[[Desmanthus]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
** ''[[Kanaloa (plant)|Kanaloa]]'' <small>Lorence & K.R.Wood</small>
** ''[[Leucaena]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Schleinitzia]]'' <small>Warb. ex Nevling & Niezgoda</small>
* '''''Dichrostachys'' group'''<ref name="Luckow1"/><ref name="Luckow2"/><ref name="Luckow3">{{cite journal | author1 = Luckow M|author2=Fortunato RH|author3=Sede S|author4=Livshultz T | year = 2005 | title = The phylogenetic affinities of two mysterious monotypic mimosoids from southern South America | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 585–602 | doi = 10.1600/0363644054782206|s2cid=85970875}}</ref>
** ''[[Alantsilodendron]]'' <small>Villiers</small>
** ''[[Calliandropsis]]'' <small>H.M.Hern. & P.Guinet</small>
** ''[[Dichrostachys]]'' <small>(DC.) Wight & Arn.</small>
** ''[[Gagnebina]]'' <small>Neck. ex DC.</small>
* '''Unassigned'''
** ''[[Aubrevillea]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small>
** ''[[Chidlowia]]'' <small>Hoyle</small>
** ''[[Cylicodiscus]]'' <small>Harms</small>
** ''[[Neptunia (plant)|Neptunia]]'' <small>Lour</small>
** ''[[Pentaclethra]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Plathymenia]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
{{div col end}}

===''Acacia Clade (Core Mimosoideae)''===
[[Image:Leucaena_leucocephala.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The lead tree, ''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'', is used for fiber and livestock fodder.]]
{{div col|colwidth=250px}}
* '''''Parkia'' group'''
** ''[[Anadenanthera]]'' <small>Speg.</small>
** ''[[Parkia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* '''''Piptadenia'' group'''<ref name="Luckow2"/><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Jobson RW|author2=Luckow M | year = 2007 | title = Phylogenetic study of the genus ''Piptadenia'' (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) using plastid ''trnL''–''F'' and ''trnK''/''matK'' sequence data | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 569–575 | doi = 10.1600/036364407782250544|s2cid=85754653 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Simon MF|author2=Pastore JFB|author3=Souza AF|author4=Borges LM|author5=Scalon VR|author6=Ribeiro PG|author7=Santos-Silva J|author8=Souza VC|author9=de Queiroz LP | year = 2016 | title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Stryphnodendron'' (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) and generic delimitations in the ''Piptadenia'' Group | journal = [[International Journal of Plant Sciences]] | volume = 177 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–59 | doi = 10.1086/684077|s2cid=86335883}}</ref>
** ''[[Adenopodia]]'' <small>C.Presl</small>
** ''[[Microlobius]]'' <small>C.Presl</small>
** ''[[Mimosa]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Simon MF|author2=Grether R|author3=de Queiroz LP|author4=Skema C|author5=Pennington RT|author6=Hughes CE | year = 2009 | title = Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by ''in situ'' evolution of adaptations to fire | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]] | volume = 106 | issue = 48 | pages = 20359–20364 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0903410106|pmid=19918050|pmc=2787167|bibcode=2009PNAS..10620359S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
** ''[[Parapiptadenia]]'' <small>Brenan</small>
** ''[[Piptadenia]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Pityrocarpa]]'' <small>Britton & Rose</small>
** ''[[Pseudopiptadenia]]'' <small>Rauschert</small>
** ''[[Stryphnodendron]]'' <small>Mart.</small>
* '''''Abarema'' group'''<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Iganci JRV|author2=Soares MV|author3=Guerra E|author4=Morim MP | year = 2016 | title = A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of the ''Abarema'' Alliance (Leguminosae) and Implications for Taxonomic Rearrangement | journal = International Journal of Plant Sciences | volume = 177 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–43 | doi = 10.1086/684078|s2cid=85889311}}</ref><ref name="Brown"/><ref name="de Souza1">{{cite journal | author1 = de Souza ER|author2=Lewis GP|author3=Forest F|author4=Schnadelbach AS|author5=van den Berg C|author6=de Queiroz LP | year = 2013 | title = Phylogeny of ''Calliandra'' (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) based on nuclear and plastid molecular markers | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 62 | issue = 6 | pages = 1200–1219 | doi = 10.12705/626.2}}</ref>
** ''[[Abarema]]'' <small>Pittier</small>
** ''[[Balizia (plant)|Balizia]]'' <small>Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small>
** ''[[Hydrochorea]]'' <small>Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small>
<!-- Punjuba was reclassified as Abarema. -->
* '''Ingeae grade''' ([[Paraphyletic]])
** ''[[Acaciella]]'' <small>Britton & Rose</small><ref name="S&E">{{cite journal | author1 = Seigler DS | author2 = Ebinger JE. | year = 2017 | title = ''Parasenegalia'' and ''Pseudosenegalia'' (Fabaceae : Mimosoideae): New genera of the Mimosoideae | journal = [[Novon]] | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–205 | doi = 10.3417/2015050 | s2cid = 90369571 }}</ref>
** ''[[Afrocalliandra]]'' <small>E.R. Souza & L.P. Queiroz</small>
<!-- Anneslia was reclassified as Calliandra. -->
** ''[[Albizia]]'' <small>Durazz.</small>
** ''[[Archidendron]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
** ''[[Archidendropsis]]'' <small>I.C.Nielsen</small>
** ''[[Blanchetiodendron]]'' <small>Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small>
** ''[[Calliandra]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Cathormion]]'' <small>(Benth.) Hassk.</small>
<!-- Cathormium is a misspelling of Cathormion. -->
** ''[[Cedrelinga]]'' <small>Ducke</small>
** ''[[Chloroleucon]]'' <small>(Benth.) Britton & Rose</small>
<!-- Codonandra was reclassified as Calliandra. -->
** ''[[Cojoba]]'' <small>Britton & Rose</small>
** ''[[Enterolobium]]'' <small>Mart.</small>
** ''[[Faidherbia]]'' <small>A.Chev.</small>
** ''[[Falcataria]]'' <small>(I.C.Nielsen) Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small><ref name="Paraserianthes">{{cite journal | author1 = Brown GK|author2=Murphy DJ|author3=Ladiges PY | year = 2011 | title = Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus ''Paraserianthes'' (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of ''Acacia sensu stricto'' and two biogeographical tracks | journal = Cladistics | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 380–390 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00349.x|pmid=34875795|s2cid=85416700}}</ref>
<!-- Guinetia was reclassified as Calliandra. -->
** ''[[Hesperalbizia]]'' <small>Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small>
** ''[[Inga]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
** ''[[Leucochloron]]'' <small>Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small>
** ''[[Lysiloma]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Macrosamanea]]'' <small>Britton & Rose</small>
<!-- Marmaroxylon was reclassified as Zygia. -->
** ''[[Pararchidendron]]'' <small>I.C.Nielsen</small>
** ''[[Pseudosamanea]]'' <small>Harms</small>
** ''[[Samanea]]'' <small>(Benth.) Merr.</small>
** ''[[Sanjappa]]'' <small>E.R. Souza & Krishnaraj</small><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = de Souza ER|author2=Krishnara MV|author3=de Queiroz LP | year = 2016 | title = ''Sanjappa'', a new genus in the tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) from India | journal = [[Rheedea]] | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | url = http://www.iaat.org.in/images/Rheedea_downloads/Rheedea_26_1/Rheedea_26_1_01-12.pdf}}</ref>
** ''[[Serianthes]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Thailentadopsis]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
** ''[[Viguieranthus]]'' <small>Villiers</small>
** ''[[Wallaceodendron]]'' <small>Koord.</small>
** ''[[Zapoteca (plant)|Zapoteca]]'' <small>H.M.Hern.</small>
** ''[[Zygia]]'' <small>P.Browne</small>
* '''''Pithecellobium'' group'''<ref name="Brown">{{cite journal | author1 = Brown GK|author2=Murphy DJ|author3=Miller JT|author4=Ladiges PY | year = 2008 | title = ''Acacia s.s.'' and its relationship among tropical legumes, tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 739–751 | doi = 10.1600/036364408786500136|s2cid=85910836}}</ref><ref name="de Souza1"/>
** ''[[Ebenopsis]]'' <small>Britton & Rose</small>
** ''[[Havardia]]'' <small>Small</small>
** ''[[Painteria]]'' <small>Britton & Rose</small>
** ''[[Pithecellobium]]'' <small>Mart.</small>
** ''[[Sphinga]]'' <small>Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small>
* '''Unassigned'''
** ''[[Acacia]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
** ''[[Mariosousa]]'' <small>Seigler & Ebinger </small>
** ''[[Paraserianthes]]'' <small>I.C.Nielsen</small>
** ''[[Parasenegalia]]'' <small>Seigler & Ebinger</small>
** ''[[Pseudosenegalia]]'' <small>Seigler & Ebinger</small>
** ''[[Senegalia]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
** ''[[Vachellia]]'' <small>Wight & Arn.</small>
{{div col end}}

===Fossils===
The following fossil wood morphogenera have been described:<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.4072/rbp.2010.2.03| title = ''Microlobiusxylon paranaensis'' gen. ''et'' sp. nov. (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene of Ituzaingó Formation, Paraná Basin, Argentina| year = 2010| last1 = Franco| first1 = María Jimena| last2 = Brea| first2 = Mariana| journal = Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 103–114| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.09.006 | title = ''Prosopisinoxylon anciborae'' nov. gen. et sp. (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from the Late Miocene Chiquimil Formation (Santa María Group), Catamarca, Argentina | year = 2010 | last1 = Martínez | first1 = Leandro C.A. | journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume = 158 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 262–271 | bibcode = 2010RPaPa.158..262M | hdl = 11336/69035 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
* [[Extinction|†]]''Acacioxylon'' <small>Schenk 1883</small>
* †''Adenantheroxylon'' <small>Prakash & Tripathi 1968</small>
* †''Albizinium'' <small>Prakash 1975</small>
* †''Albizzioxylon'' <small>Nikitin 1935</small>
* †''Anadenantheroxylon'' <small>Brea et al. 2001</small>
* †''Cathormion'' <small>Gros 1990</small>
* †''Dichrostachyoxylon'' <small>Müller-Stoll & Mädel 1967</small>
* †''Eucacioxylon'' <small>Müller-Stoll & Mädel 1967</small>
* †''Ingoxylon'' <small>Müller-Stoll & Mädel 1967</small>
* †''Menendoxylon'' <small>Lutz 1979</small>
* †''Metacacioxylon'' <small>Gros 1981</small>
* †''Microlobiusxylon'' <small>Franco & Brea 2010</small>
* †''Mimosoxylon'' <small>Müller-Stoll & Mädel 1967</small>
* †''Mimosaceoxylon'' <small>Lakhanpal & Prakash1970</small>
* †''Paraalbizioxylon'' <small>Gros 1992</small>
* †''Paracacioxylon'' <small>Müller-Stoll & Mädel 1967</small>
* †''Piptadenioxylon'' <small>Suguio & Mussa 1978</small>
* †''Prosopisinoxylon'' <small>Martínez</small>
* †''Tetrapleuroxylon'' <small>Müller-Stoll & Mädel 1967</small>
{{div col end}}

==Systematics==
Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggests the following relationships:<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Bruneau A|author2=Forest F|author3=Herendeen PS|author4=Klitgaard BB|author5=Lewis GP | year = 2001 | title = Phylogenetic Relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as Inferred from Chloroplast ''trnL'' Intron Sequences | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 487–514 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.487 | doi = 10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.487|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Miller1">{{cite journal | author1 = Miller JT|author2=Grimes JW|author3=Murphy DJ|author4=Bayer RJ|author5=Ladiges PY | year = 2003 | title = A phylogenetic analysis of the Acacieae and Ingeae (Mimosoideae: Fabaceae) based on ''trnK'', ''matK'', ''psbA''–''trnH'', and ''trnL''/''trnF'' sequence data | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 558–566 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/02-48.1 | doi = 10.1043/02-48.1 | jstor = 25063895|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Bruneau A|author2=Mercure M|author3=Lewis GP|author4=Herendeen PS | year = 2008 | title = Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes | journal = [[Botany (journal)|Botany]] | volume = 86 | issue = 7 | pages = 697–718 | doi = 10.1139/B08-058}}</ref><ref name="Miller2">{{cite journal | author1 = Miller JT|author2=Murphy DJ|author3=Brown GK|author4=Richardson DM|author5=González-Orozco CE | year = 2011 | title = The evolution and phylogenetic placement of invasive Australian ''Acacia'' species | journal = Diversity and Distributions | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 848–860 | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00780.x|bibcode=2011DivDi..17..848M |hdl=10019.1/117082|s2cid=86727446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Manzanilla V|author2=Bruneau A | year = 2012 | title = Phylogeny reconstruction in the Caesalpinieae grade (Leguminosae) based on duplicated copies of the sucrose synthase gene and plastid markers | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 149–162 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.035 | pmid = 22699157|bibcode=2012MolPE..65..149M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] | year = 2013 | title = Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: Progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–248 | doi = 10.12705/622.8| hdl = 10566/3455 | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/78167/1/Taxon_2013_217-248.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Miller3">{{cite journal | author1 = Miller JT|author2=Seigler D|author3=Mishler BD | year = 2014 | title = A phylogenetic solution to the ''Acacia'' problem | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages  = 653–658 | doi = 10.12705/633.2}}</ref><ref name="S&E"/>

{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1=''[[Diptychandra]]''
    |2=''[[Moldenhawera]]''
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=''[[Pachyelasma]]''
    |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Erythrophleum]]''
      |label2=Mimosoideae
      |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Chidlowia]]''
        |2={{clade
          |1=''Adenanthera'' Group
          |2=''[[Pentaclethra]]''
          |3=''Newtonia'' Group
          |4=''[[Plathymenia]]''
          |5=''Entada'' Group
          |6={{clade
            |1=''[[Cylicodiscus]]''
            |2=''Prosopis'' Group
            |3=''Mimozyganthus'' Group
            |4=''[[Neptunia (plant)|Neptunia]]''
            |5=''Leucaena'' Group
            |6=''Dichrostachys'' Group
            |label7=''Acacia'' Clade<ref name="Miller3"/>
            |7={{clade
              |1=''[[Vachellia]]''
              |2={{clade
                |1=''Parkia'' Group
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''Piptadenia'' Group
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Senegalia]]''
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=''[[Parasenegalia]]''
                      |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Mariosousa]]''
                        |2={{clade
                            |1=''Abarema'' Group
                            |2=Ingeae Grade
                            |3=''Pithecellobium'' Group
                            |4={{clade
                              |1=''[[Paraserianthes]]''<ref name="Paraserianthes"/>
                              |2=''[[Acacia|Austroacacia]]''<ref name="Miller3"/>
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

== Acacieae ==
[[File:Acacia catechu - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-003.jpg|thumb|''[[Senegalia catechu]]'']]
Acacieae ([[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|Dumort.]], 1829<ref name=tt1>{{cite web|title=Taxon: Tribe Acacieae Dumort. (1829) (plant) |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=100685 |website=The Taxonomicon |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref>) is a wide-ranging, [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] tribe of legumes in the Mimosoideae<ref name=lew>{{cite web|last1=Lewis |first1=G.P. |title=Acacieae Dumort 1829 |url=http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/resources/legumes-of-the-world/tribe/acacieae |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906052957/http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/resources/legumes-of-the-world/tribe/acacieae |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2015 |website=Kew |access-date=19 November 2015 }}</ref> that is native to the [[pantropical|tropics]], subtropics, and warm-temperate regions. It includes five or six genera and some 1,450 species.
* Subdivision – 5 or 6 genera
** ''[[Acacia]]'' <small>Mill.</small> – type genus<ref name=lew/>
** ''[[Vachellia]]'' <small>Wight & Arn.</small>
** ''[[Senegalia]]'' <small>Rafinesque</small>
** ''[[Acaciella]]'' <small>Britton & Rose</small>
** ''[[Mariosousa]]'' <small>Seigler & Ebinger</small>
** ''[[Racosperma]]'' <small>Martius</small>

=== Relationships ===
In [[George Bentham|Bentham]]'s 1842 [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the subfamily Mimosoideae, Acacieae was one of its three constituent tribes, the others being [[Ingeae]] Benth. & Hook.f. and [[Mimoseae]] Bornn.<ref name=shin>{{cite journal|last1=Shinwari|first1=Zabta K. |last2=Jamil |first2=Khansa |last3=Zahra |first3=Nadia Batool |title=Molecular systematics of selected genera of subfamily Mimosoideae-Fabaceae |journal=Pak. J. Bot. |date=2014 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=591–598 |url=http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/46(2)/27.pdf |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> His Acacieae tribe of 1842 included many genera that were subsequently assigned to tribe Ingeae Benth. In 1875, however, Bentham narrowed his definition of Acacieae so as to include only ''[[Acacia sensu lato|Acacia]]'' Mill.<ref name=millerjt>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Joseph T. |last2=Bayer|first2=Randall J. |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) based on the chloroplast MATK coding sequence and flanking TRNK intron spacer regions |journal=Am. J. Bot. |date=April 2001 |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=697–705 |doi=10.2307/2657071|pmid=11302857 |jstor=2657071 }}</ref>

The only morphological character of Acacieae used to distinguish it from the Ingeae is the presence of free stamens (as in tribe Mimoseae).<ref name=shin/> In the Ingeae they are fused in the form of a tube, whereas in the Acacieae only a few species have the stamens fused at the base. Several characters of the foliage, seeds, seed pods, pollen, and stipules are shared by the two tribes.<ref name=shin/> The flower morphology of ''Acacia s.l.'' has characteristics in common with the genera ''[[Leucaena]]'', ''[[Piptadenia]]'', and ''[[Mimosa]]'' (tribe Mimoseae) and ''[[Enterolobium]]'' and ''[[Lysiloma]]'' (tribe Ingeae).<ref name=rico>{{cite journal |last1=Rico Arce |first1=M. de L. |last2=Bachman |first2=S. |title=A taxonomic revision of ''Acaciella'' (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) |journal=Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid |date=2006-12-30 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=189–244 |doi=10.3989/ajbm.2006.v63.i2.7 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The tribal position of monotypic genus ''[[Faidherbia]]'' <small>A. Chevalier</small> is equivocal.<ref name=lew/> It was included in the Acacieae by Vassal (1981) and Maslin et al. (2003), but Lewis & Rico Arce placed it in tribe Ingeae following Polhill (1994) and Luckow et al. (2003).<ref name=lew/><ref name=tt2>{{cite web|title=Taxon: Genus Faidherbia A. Chevalier, 1934 (plant) |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=100685 |website=The Taxonomicon |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> In the latter case, tribe Acacieae may conform to genus ''[[Acacia sensu lato|Acacia s.l.]]'', pending the latter's relationship to other mimosoid genera. ''Faidherbia'' is troublesome as its stamens are shortly united at their base and its pollen is similar to some taxa in the Ingeae.<ref name=millerjt/>

=== Description ===
They are trees, shrubs or lianas, which may be armed or unarmed.<ref name=delin>{{cite web |last1=吴德邻 |first1=Wu Delin |last2=Nielsen |first2=Ivan C. |title=Flora of China, 6. Tribe ACACIEAE |url=http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume10/FOC_10_Acacieae.pdf |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden Press | date = 2009 |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> Where they have spines, these are modified stipules. In some, prickles arise from the stem's cortex and epidermis.<ref name=ww>{{cite web |last1=Armstrong |first1=W. P. |title=Botany 115 Vegetative Terminology, Modified Roots, Stems and Leaves |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph30a.htm |website=Waynes Word |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114014209/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph30a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The leaves are bipinnate or are modified to vertically oriented phyllodes. A few have cladodes rather than leaves.<ref name=eol>{{cite web |title=Acacia, Thorntree |url=http://eol.org/pages/13650/details |website=EOL |access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> [[Extrafloral nectary|Extrafloral nectaries]] may be present on the petiole and rachis, and the pinnule tips may carry protein-lipid [[Beltian body|Beltian bodies]].<ref name=ww/> The leaflets are usually opposite, and are carried on shortly stalks or are sessile. The heartwood is typically red and hard,<ref name=nic>{{cite book |editor-last1=Nicholson |editor-first1=Paul T. |editor-last2=Shaw |editor-first2=Ian |title=Ancient Egyptian materials and technology |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521452571 |page=335 |edition=1. publ., repr.}}</ref> and the sap of various species hardens into gum.<ref name=eol/>

The inflorescences are dense pedunculate heads or spikes borne in axillary clusters, or are aggregated in terminal panicles.<ref name=delin/> The tetra- or pentamerous flowers are uniformly bisexual, or male and bisexual. Sepals are connate (i.e. fused) and valvate (i.e. not overlapping). The reduced petals are valvate, or rarely absent. The flowers have numerous exserted (i.e. protruding) stamens (>2× as many as the corolla lobes),<ref name=rico/> and their filaments are sometimes connate at their base (forming a short stemonozone).<!--Anthers glandular or not.--> Male flowers of some [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]] species have a reduced staminal tube (cf. ''[[Acacia albicorticata|A. albicorticata]]'', ''[[Acacia hindsii|A. hindsii]]'', ''[[Acacia farnesiana|A. farnesiana]]'', and ''[[Senegalia picachensis|S. picachensis]]'').<ref name=rico/> Flowers are usually yellow or cream-coloured, but may be white, red, or purple.<ref name=eol/>

The ovary is sessile or stipitate (i.e. supported by a stipe), with many ovules or ovules arranged in two rows. The ovary is attached by a filiform style to a small, capitate stigma. The legume's endocarp is attached to the exocarp, but is otherwise very variable, and may be dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds are usually elliptic to oblong and flattened to varying degrees. Seeds have a hard black-brown testa (i.e. seed coat) with a pleurogram, visible as a closed or almost closed O-shaped line. Some phyllodinous species have a colourful [[aril]] or [[elaiosome]] on the seed.<ref name=delin/>

==References==
{{Reflist|26em}}

==External links==
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Acacieae}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

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[[Category:Mimosoids| ]]
[[Category:Rosid subfamilies]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]]