Editing Milton Babbitt

{{short description|American award-winning composer (1916–2011)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Milton Babbitt
| image              = Milton_Babbitt.jpg
| alt                = 1.2
| caption            = Babbitt with the [[RCA Mark II synthesizer]]
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1916|05|10}}
| birth_place        = [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2011|01|29|1916|05|10}}
| death_place        = [[Princeton, New Jersey]]
| education          = {{ubl| [[New York University College of Arts & Science]] | [[Princeton University]] }}
| occupation         = {{ubl| Composer | Academic teacher }}
| organizations      = [[Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center]]
| awards             = {{ubl| [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] | [[Pulitzer Prize]] }}
}}
'''Milton Byron Babbitt''' (May 10, 1916 – January 29, 2011) was an American composer, [[music theorist]], mathematician, and teacher. He was a [[Pulitzer Prize]] and [[MacArthur Fellowship]] recipient, recognized for his [[Serialism|serial]] and [[electronic music]].

==Biography==
Babbitt was born in [[Philadelphia]]{{sfn|Barkin & Brody|2001}} to Albert E. Babbitt and Sarah Potamkin, who were Jewish.{{sfn|Anon. n.d.(b)}} He was raised in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], and began studying the violin when he was four but soon switched to clarinet and saxophone. Early in his life he was attracted to [[jazz]] and [[theater music]], and "played in every pit-orchestra that came to town".{{sfn|Duckworth|1995|p=56}} Babbitt was making his own arrangements of popular songs by age 7, "wrote a lot of pop tunes for school productions",{{sfn|Duckworth|1995|p=60}} and won a local songwriting contest when he was 13.{{sfn|Kozinn|2011}} A Jackson newspaper called Babbitt a "whiz kid" and noted "that he had perfect pitch and could add up his family's grocery bills in his head. In his teens he became a great fan of jazz cornet player [[Bix Beiderbecke]]".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Lynn |last=Raley |title=Babbitt, Milton |url=https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/milton-babbitt/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Mississippi Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>

Babbitt's father was a mathematician, and Babbitt intended to study mathematics when he entered the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1931. But he soon transferred to [[New York University]], where he studied music with [[Philip James]] and [[Marion Bauer]]. There he became interested in the music of the composers of the [[Second Viennese School]] and wrote articles on [[twelve-tone music]], including the first description of [[combinatoriality]] and a serial "time-point" technique. Babbitt was a pioneer in integral serialism, serially organizing dynamics and rhythms, not just pitches. He emphasized the importance of composers pursuing composition as research rather than focusing on societal approval.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mailman |first=Joshua Banks |date=2021-05-04 |title=On Milton Babbitt: Progressive Artistic Research, Decorous Pranks, and Pig-Stand Jazz |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07494467.2021.2031066 |journal=Contemporary Music Review |volume=40 |issue=2-3 |pages=125-126 |doi=10.1080/07494467.2021.2031066 |issn=0749-4467}}</ref> After receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree from [[New York University College of Arts & Science]] in 1935 with [[Phi Beta Kappa]] honors, he studied under [[Roger Sessions]], first privately and then at [[Princeton University]]. He joined Princeton's music faculty in 1938 and received one of Princeton's first Master of Fine Arts degrees in 1942.<ref name="princeton news 2011">{{cite news |last1=Quiñones |first1=Eric |title=Famed composer, music scholar Milton Babbitt dies |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2011/01/31/famed-composer-music-scholar-milton-babbitt-dies |access-date=23 June 2024 |agency=[[Princeton University]] |date=31 Jan 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Barkin & Brody|2001}} During the [[Second World War]], Babbitt divided his time between mathematical research in Washington, D.C. and Princeton, where he was a member of the mathematics faculty from 1943 to 1945.{{sfn|Barkin & Brody|2001}}

In 1948, Babbitt returned to Princeton's music faculty and in 1973 he joined the faculty of the [[Juilliard School]]. Among his students are music theorists [[David Lewin]] and [[John Rahn]], composers [[Bruce Adolphe]], [[Michael Dellaira]], [[Kenneth Fuchs]], [[Laura Karpman]], [[Paul Lansky]], [[Donald Martino]], [[John Melby]], [[Kenneth Lampl]], [[Tobias Picker]], and [[James K. Randall]], the theater composer [[Stephen Sondheim]], composers and pianists [[Frederic Rzewski]] and [[Richard Aaker Trythall]], and the jazz guitarist and composer [[Stanley Jordan]].

In 1958, Babbitt achieved unsought notoriety through an article in the popular magazine ''[[High Fidelity (magazine)|High Fidelity]]''.{{sfn|Babbitt|1958}} His title for the article was originally "The Composer as Specialist" (as later published several times{{sfn|Babbitt|2003|pp=48–54}}) but, he said, "The editor, without my knowledge and—therefore—my consent or assent, replaced my title by the more 'provocative' one: '[[Who Cares if You Listen]]?', a title which reflects little of the letter and nothing of the spirit of the article".{{sfn|Babbitt|1991|p=15}} In 1991, Babbitt said of the article's lasting notoriety, "For all that the true source of that offensively vulgar title has been revealed many times, in many ways, even—eventually—by the offending journal itself, I still am far more likely to be known as the author of 'Who Cares if You Listen?' than as the composer of music to which you may or may not care to listen".{{sfn|Babbitt|1991|p=15}} In 2006, Babbitt told the ''[[Princeton Alumni Weekly]]'', "Now obviously, I care very deeply if you listen [...] if nobody listens and nobody cares, you're not going to be writing music for very long".<ref name="princeton news 2011" />

Around 1960, Babbitt became interested in [[electronic music]]. [[RCA]] hired him as consultant composer to work with its [[RCA Mark II Synthesizer]] at the [[Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center]] (known since 1996 as the Columbia University Computer Music Center). In 1960, Babbitt was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milton Babbitt - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/milton-babbitt/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.gf.org}}</ref> in music composition. In 1961, he wrote ''Composition for Synthesizer'', marking the beginning of a second period in his output. Babbitt was less interested in producing new timbres than in the rhythmic precision he could achieve with the synthesizer, a degree of precision previously unobtainable in performance.{{sfn|Barkin & Brody|2001}} 

Through the 1960s and 1970s, Babbitt wrote both electronic music and music for conventional [[musical instrument]]s, often combining the two. ''[[Philomel (Babbitt)|Philomel]]'' (1964), for example, is for soprano and a synthesized accompaniment (including the recorded and manipulated voice of [[Bethany Beardslee]], for whom the piece was composed) stored on [[magnetic tape]].

By the end of the 1970s, Babbitt was beginning his third creative period by shifting his focus away from electronic music, the genre that first gained him public notice.{{sfn|Cook|2013}} Babbitt's compositions are typically considered atonal, but it has also been shown that, especially in his third-period music, notes from his serial structures (all-partition arrays and superarrays) are sometimes arranged and coordinated to forge tonal chords, cadential phrases, simulated tonal voice-leading, and other tonal allusions, allowing for double meaning (serial and tonal), like many of his composition titles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mailman |first=Joshua Banks |date=2020-06-01 |title=Portmantonality and Babbitt's Poetics of Double Entendre |url=https://mtosmt.org/issues/mto.20.26.2/mto.20.26.2.mailman.html |journal=Music Theory Online |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2|doi=10.30535/mto.26.2.9 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This phenomenon of "double meaning" of notes (pitches) in the context of his double-meaning titles has been called ''portmantonality''.<ref name=":0" />

From 1985 until his death, Babbitt served as the Chairman of the [[BMI Student Composer Award]]s, the international competition for young classical composers. A resident of [[Princeton, New Jersey]], he died there on January 29, 2011, aged 94.{{sfn|Kozinn|2011}}{{sfn|Anon.|2011b}}

Filmmaker [[Robert Hilferty]]'s ''Babbitt: Portrait of a Serial Composer'' broadly depicts Babbitt's thinking, attitudes about his past, and work in footage largely from 1991–1992. The film was not completed and fully edited until 2010, and was presented on [[NPR]] online upon Babbitt's death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-13 |title=Milton Babbitt: Portrait Of A Serial Composer |language=en |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/13/144763523/milton-babbitt-portrait-of-a-serial-composer |access-date=2022-07-25}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuTRWHAd_IM Babbitt: Portrait of a Serial Composer]</ref>

==Honors and awards==
* 1960 – [[Guggenheim Fellowship|John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship]]<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.gf.org/fellows/milton-babbitt/
| title = Milton Babbitt - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
| website = www.gf.org
| access-date = 2024-06-17
}}</ref>
* 1965 – Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
* 1974 – Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]{{sfn|Anon.|2011a}}
* 1982 – [[Pulitzer Prize]], [[Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards|Special Citation]], "for his life's work as a distinguished and seminal American composer"{{sfn|Columbia University|1991|p=70}}{{sfn|Anon. n.d.(c)}}
* 1986 – [[MacArthur Fellowship|MacArthur Fellow]]
* 1988 – [[Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award]] for music composition
* 1999 – [[American Classical Music Hall of Fame]]<ref name="american classical music hall of fame">{{cite web |title=Babbit, Milton |url=https://classicalwalkoffame.org/view-inductees/?id=6 |website=[[American Classical Music Hall of Fame]] |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref>
* 2000 – National Patron of [[Delta Omicron]], an international, professional music fraternity{{sfn|Klafeta & Beckner|2009}}{{sfn|Anon.|2000}}
* 2010 – The Max Reger Foundation of America – Extraordinary Life Time Musical Achievement Award

==Articles==
* (1955). "Some Aspects of Twelve-Tone Composition". ''The Score and I.M.A. Magazine'' 12:53–61.
* (1958). "[http://www.palestrant.com/babbitt.html Who Cares if You Listen?]". ''[[High Fidelity (magazine)|High Fidelity]]'' (February). [Babbitt called this article "The Composer as Specialist". The original title was changed without his knowledge or permission by an editor at ''High Fidelity''.]
* (1960). "Twelve-Tone Invariants as Compositional Determinants," ''[[The Musical Quarterly]]'' 46/2.
* (1961). "Set Structure as Compositional Determinant," ''[[Journal of Music Theory]]'' 5/1.
* (1965). "The Structure and Function of Musical Theory," ''College Music Symposium'' 5.
* (1972). "Contemporary Music Composition and Music Theory as Contemporary Intellectual History", ''Perspectives in Musicology: The Inaugural Lectures of the Ph. D. Program in Music at the City University of New York'', edited by Barry S. Brook, Edward Downes, and Sherman Van Solkema, 270–307. New York: W. W. Norton. {{ISBN|0-393-02142-4}}. Reprinted, New York: Pendragon Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-918728-50-9}}.
* (1987) ''Words About Music: The Madison Lectures'', edited by Stephen Dembski and Joseph Straus. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.{{sfn|Dembski & Strauss|1987}}
* (1992) "The Function of Set Structure in the Twelve-Tone System." PhD Dissertation. Princeton: Princeton University.
* (2003). ''The Collected Essays of Milton Babbitt'', edited by Stephen Peles, Stephen Dembski, Andrew Mead, Joseph Straus. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

==List of compositions==
===First period===
{{div col}}
*1935 ''Generatrix'' for orchestra (unfinished)
*1939–41 String Trio
*1940 ''Composition for String Orchestra'' (unfinished)
*1941 Symphony (unfinished)
*1941 ''Music for the Mass I'' for mixed chorus
*1942 ''Music for the Mass II'' for mixed chorus
*1946 ''Fabulous Voyage'' (musical, libretto by Richard Koch)
*1946 ''Three Theatrical Songs'' for voice and piano (taken from Fabulous Voyage)
*1947 ''Three Compositions for Piano''
*1948 ''[[Composition for Four Instruments]]''
*1948 String Quartet No. 1 (withdrawn)
*1948 ''[[Composition for Twelve Instruments]]''
*1949 ''Into the Good Ground'' film music (withdrawn)
*1950 ''Composition for Viola and Piano''
*1951 ''The Widow's Lament in Springtime'' for soprano and piano
*1951 ''Du'' for soprano and piano, [[August Stramm]]
*1953 Woodwind Quartet
*1954 [[String Quartet No. 2 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 2]]
*1954 ''Vision and Prayer'' for soprano and piano (unpublished, unperformed)
*1955 ''Two Sonnets'' for baritone, clarinet, viola, and cello, two poems of [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]
*1956 Duet for piano
*1956 ''Semi-Simple Variations'' for piano
*1957 ''[[All Set (Babbitt)|All Set]]'' for jazz ensemble (alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, trumpet, trombone, contrabass, piano, vibraphone, and percussion){{sfn|Anon. n.d.(a)}}
*1957 ''Partitions'' for piano
*1960 ''Composition for Tenor and Six Instruments''
*1960 ''Sounds and Words'' for soprano and piano
{{div col end}}

===Second period===
{{div col}}
*1961 ''Composition for Synthesizer''
*1961 ''Vision and Prayer'' for soprano and synthesized tape, setting of a poem by [[Dylan Thomas]]
*1964 ''[[Milton Babbitt's Philomel|Philomel]]'' for soprano, recorded soprano, synthesized tape, setting of a poem by [[John Hollander]]
*1964 ''Ensembles for Synthesizer''
*1965 ''Relata I'' for orchestra
*1966 ''Post-Partitions'' for piano
*1966 ''Sextets'' for violin and piano
*1966 ''Play on Notes'' for bells and voice
*1967 ''[[Correspondences (Babbitt)|Correspondences]]'' for string orchestra and synthesized tape
*1968 ''Relata II'' for orchestra
*1968–69 ''Four Canons'' for SA
*1969 ''Phonemena'' for soprano and piano
*1970 [[String Quartet No. 3 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 3]]
*1970 [[String Quartet No. 4 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 4]]
*1968–71 ''Occasional Variations'' for synthesized tape
*1972 ''Tableaux'' for piano
*1974 ''Arie da capo'' for five instrumentalists
*1975 ''Reflections'' for piano and synthesized tape
*1975 ''Phonemena'' for soprano and synthesized tape
*1976 Concerti for violin, small orchestra, synthesized tape
*1976 ''A Birthday Double Canon'' for SATB
*1977 ''A Solo Requiem'' for soprano and two pianos
*1977 ''Minute Waltz (or 3/4 ± 1/8)'' for piano
*1977 ''Playing for Time'' for piano
*1978 ''My Ends Are My Beginnings'' for solo clarinet
*1978 ''My Complements to Roger'' for piano
*1978 ''More Phonemena'' for twelve-part chorus
*1978 ''Eppesithalamium'' for solo cello
*1979 ''An Elizabethan Sextette'' for six-part women's chorus
*1979 ''Images'' for saxophonist and synthesized tape
{{div col end}}

===Third period===
{{div col}}
*1979 ''Paraphrases'' for ten instrumentalists
*1980 ''Dual'' for cello and piano
*1981 ''Ars Combinatoria'' for small orchestra
*1981 ''Don'' for four-hand piano
*1982 ''The Head of the Bed'' for soprano and four instruments
*1982 [[String Quartet No. 5 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 5]]
*1982 ''Melismata'' for solo violin
*1982 ''About Time'' for piano
*1983 ''Canonical Form'' for piano
*1983 ''Groupwise'' for flautist and four instruments
*1984 ''Four Play'' for four players
*1984 ''It Takes Twelve to Tango'' for piano
*1984 ''Sheer Pluck'' (composition for guitar)
*1985 Concerto for piano and orchestra
*1985 ''Lagniappe'' for piano
*1986 ''Transfigured Notes'' for string orchestra
*1986 ''The Joy of More Sextets'' for piano and violin
*1987 ''Three Cultivated Choruses'' for four-part chorus
*1987 ''Fanfare'' for double brass sextet
*1987 ''Overtime'' for piano
*1987 ''Souper'' for speaker and ensemble
*1987 ''Homily'' for snare drum
*1987 ''Whirled Series'' for saxophone and piano
*1988 ''In His Own Words'' for speaker and piano
*1988 ''The Virginal Book'' for contralto and piano, setting of a poem by [[John Hollander]]
*1988 ''Beaten Paths'' for solo marimba
*1988 ''Glosses for Boys' Choir''
*1988 ''The Crowded Air'' for eleven instruments
*1989 ''Consortini'' for five players
*1989 ''Play It Again, Sam'' for solo viola
*1989 ''Emblems (Ars Emblematica)'', for piano
*1989 ''Soli e duettini'' for two guitars
*1989 ''Soli e duettini'' for flute and guitar
*1990 ''Soli e duettini'' for violin and viola
*1990 ''Envoi'' for four hands, piano
*1991 ''Preludes, Interludes, and Postlude'' for piano
*1991 ''Four Cavalier Settings'' for tenor and guitar
*1991 ''Mehr "Du"'' for soprano, viola and piano
*1991 ''None but the Lonely Flute'' for solo flute
*1992 ''Septet, But Equal''
*1992 ''Counterparts'' for brass quintet
*1993 ''Around the Horn'' for solo horn
*1993 ''Quatrains'' for soprano and two clarinets
*1993 ''Fanfare for All'' for brass quintet
*1993 [[String Quartet No. 6 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 6]]
*1994 ''Triad'' for viola, clarinet, and piano
*1994 ''No Longer Very Clear'' for soprano and four instruments, setting of a poem by [[John Ashbery]]
*1994 ''Tutte le corde'' for piano
*1994 ''Arrivals and Departures'' for two violins
*1994 ''Accompanied Recitative'' for soprano sax and piano
*1995 ''Manifold Music'' for organ
*1995 ''Bicenquinquagenary Fanfare'' for brass quintet
*1995 Quartet for piano and string trio
*1996 Quintet for clarinet and string quartet
*1996 ''Danci'' for solo guitar
*1996 ''When Shall We Three Meet Again?'' for flute, clarinet and vibraphone
*1998 Piano Concerto No. 2
*1998 ''The Old Order Changeth'' for piano
*1999 ''Composition for One Instrument'' for celesta
*1999 ''Allegro Penseroso'' for piano
*1999 ''Concerto Piccolino'' for vibraphone
*2000 ''Little Goes a Long Way'' for violin and piano
*2000 ''Pantuns'' for soprano and piano
*2001 ''A Lifetime or So'' for tenor and piano
*2002 ''From the Psalter'' soprano and string orchestra
*2002 ''Now Evening after Evening'' for soprano and piano, setting of a poem by [[Derek Walcott]]
*2002 ''A Gloss on 'Round Midnight'' for piano
*2003 ''Swan Song No. 1'' for flute, oboe, violin, cello, mandolin (or guitar), and guitar
*2003 ''A Waltzer in the House'' for soprano and vibraphone, setting of a poem by [[Stanley Kunitz]]
*2004 ''Round'' for SATB
*2004 Concerti for Orchestra, for James Levine and the Boston Symphony Orchestra
*2004 ''Autobiography of the Eye'' for soprano and cello, setting of a poem by [[Paul Auster]]
*2005–6 ''More Melismata'' for solo cello
*2006 ''An Encore'' for violin & piano
{{div col end}}

===String quartets===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
;First period
*1948 String Quartet No. 1 (withdrawn)
*1954 [[String Quartet No. 2 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 2]]
{{Col-3}}
;Second period
*1970 [[String Quartet No. 3 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 3]]
*1970 [[String Quartet No. 4 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 4]]
{{Col-3}}
;Third period
*1982 [[String Quartet No. 5 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 5]]
*1993 [[String Quartet No. 6 (Babbitt)|String Quartet No. 6]]
{{Col-end}}

==Selected discography==
*''Piano Works.'' Three Compositions (1947-48); Duet (1956);Semi-Simple Variations (1956); Partitions (1957); Post-Partitions (1966); Tableaux (1973); Reflections (1974) For Piano And Synthesized Tape; Canonical Form (1983); Lagniappe (1985). Robert Taub, piano. Harmonia Mundi 905160.
*''Clarinet Quintets''. Phoenix Ensemble (Mark Lieb, clarinet; Aaron Boyd, Kristi Helberg, and Alicia Edelberg, violins; Cyrus Beroukhim, viola; Alberto Parinni and Bruce Wang, cellos). (Morton Feldman, ''Clarinet and String Quartet''; Milton Babbitt, Quintet for Clarinet and String Quartet). Innova 746. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Composers Forum, 2009.
* ''Concerto for Piano And Orchestra/The Head Of The Bed.'' [[Alan Feinberg]], piano; [[American Composers Orchestra]], [[Charles Wuorinen]], conductor; [[Judith Bettina]], soprano, Parnassus, [[Anthony Korf]]. New World Records 80346.
* ''The Juilliard Orchestra''. Vincent Persichetti: ''Night Dances'' (cond. James DePreist); Milton Babbitt: ''Relata I'' (cond. Paul Zukofsky); David Diamond: Symphony No. 5 (cond. Christopher Keene). New World Records 80396–2. New York: Recorded Anthology od Music, 1990.
* ''The Juilliard String Quartet: Sessions, Wolpe, Babbitt''. Roger Sessions, String Quartet No. 2 (1951); Stefan Wolpe, String Quartet (1969); Milton Babbitt, String Quartet No. 4 (1970). The Juilliard Quartet (Robert Mann, Joel Smirnoff, violins; Samuel Rhodes, viola; Joel Krosnick, cello). CRI CD 587. New York: Composers Recordings, Inc., 1990.
* ''Occasional Variations'' (String Quartets no. 2 and No. 6, ''Occasional Variations'', ''Composition for Guitar''). William Anderson, guitar; Fred Sherry Quartet, Composers String Quartet. Tzadik 7088. New York: Tzadik, 2003.
* ''Philomel'' (''Philomel'', ''Phonemena'' for soprano and piano, ''Phonemena'' for soprano and tape, ''Post-Partitions'', ''Reflections''). Bethany Beardslee and Lynne Webber, sopranos; Jerry Kuderna and Robert Miller, pianos. New World Records 80466-2 / DIDX 022920. New York: Recorded Anthology of American Music, 1995. The material on this CD was issued on New World LPs NW 209 and NW 307, in 1977 and 1980, respectively.
* Quartet No. 3 for Strings. (With Charles Wuorinen, Quartet for Strings.) The Fine Arts Quartet. Turnabout TV-S 34515.
* ''Sextets; The Joy of More Sextets''. Rolf Schulte, violin; Alan Feinberg, piano. New World Records NW 364–2. New York: Recorded Anthology of American Music, 1988.
* ''Soli e Duettini'' (''Around the Horn'', ''Whirled Series'', ''None but the Lonely Flute'', ''Homily'', ''Beaten Paths'', ''Play it Again Sam'', ''Soli e Duettini'', ''Melismata''). [[The Group for Contemporary Music]]. Naxos 8559259.
*''Three American String Quartets''. Mel Powell, String Quartet (1982); Elliott Carter, Quartet for Strings No. 4 (1986); Milton Babbitt, Quartet No. 5 (1982). Composers Quartet (Matthew Raimondi, Anahid Ajemian, violins; Maureen Gallagher, Karl Bargen, violas; Mark Shuman, cello). Music & Arts CD-606. Berkeley: Music and Arts Program of America, Inc., 1990.
* ''An Elizabethan Sextette'' (''An Elizabethan Sextette'', ''Minute Waltz'', ''Partitions'', ''It Takes Twelve to Tango'', ''Playing for Time'', ''About Time'', ''Groupwise'', ''Vision And Prayer''). [[Alan Feinberg]], piano; [[Bethany Beardslee]], soprano; The Group for Contemporary Music, [[Harvey Sollberger]], conducting. CRI CD 521. New York: Composers Recordings, Inc., 1988. Reissued on CRI/New World NWCR521.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon. n.d.(a)}}|reference=Anon. (n.d.(a)). "[http://hunsmire.tripod.com/music/allset.html Milton Babbitt: ''All Set'' (1957)]". www.hunsmire.net website (accessed 30 October 2012).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon. n.d.(b)}}|reference=Anon. (n.d.(b)). "[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/entertain.html Jewish Entertainers]". Jewish Virtual Library (accessed 4 September 2013).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon. n.d.(c)}}|reference=Anon. (n.d.(c)). "[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Special-Awards-and-Citations Special Awards and Citations]. The Pulitzer Prizes, website (accessed 3 December 2013).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|2000}}|reference=Anon. (2000). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120305115651/http://www.delta-omicron.org/news/archives_old.html Delta Omicron Announcements: Two Distinguished Musicians Inducted Into Delta Omicron]". www.delta-omicron.org archives (accessed April 4, 2010; archive from 5 March 2012, accessed 12 June 2017)}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|2011a}}|reference=Anon. (2011a). {{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 28, 2011}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|2011b}}|reference=Anon. (2011b). {{cite journal|url=http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=19334|title=Obituaries: Milton Babbitt|journal=[[Opera News]]}} 75, no. 10 (April).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Babbitt|1958}}|reference=Babbitt, Milton (1958). "[http://www.palestrant.com/babbitt.html Who Cares if You Listen?]". ''High Fidelity'' (February).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Babbitt|1991}}|reference=Babbitt, Milton (1991). "[http://www.acls.org/Publications/OP/Haskins/1991_MiltonBabbitt.pdf A Life of Learning: Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 1991]". ACLS Occasional Paper 17. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Babbitt|2003}}|reference=Babbitt, Milton (2003). ''The Collected Essays of Milton Babbitt'', edited by Stephen Peles, Stephen Dembski, Andrew Mead, Joseph Straus. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-08966-3}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Barkin & Brody|2001}}|reference=[[Elaine Barkin|Barkin, Elaine]], and Martin Brody (2001). "Babbitt, Milton (Byron)". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Columbia University|1991}}|reference=Columbia University (1991). ''The Pulitzer Prizes, 1917–1991''. New York: Columbia University.}}
*{{cite web|first=Amanda|last=Cook|title=Milton Babbitt: Synthesized Music Pioneer|date=2013-06-08|url=https://betweentheledgerlines.wordpress.com/2013/06/08/milton-babbitt-synthesized-music-pioneer/|website=BetweenTheLedgerLines|access-date=2019-07-24}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dembski & Strauss|1987}}|reference=Dembski, Stephen, and Joseph N. Straus, eds. (1987). ''Milton Babbitt: Words about Music.'' Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-10790-6}}.}}
* {{cite book|last=Duckworth|first=William|author-link=William Duckworth (composer)|year=1995|title=Talking Music|publisher=Schirmer Books|isbn=978-0-306-80893-7}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Klafeta & Beckner|2009}}|reference=Klafeta, Jennifer A., and Debbie Beckner (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100620003116/http://delta-omicron.org/index00.html Delta Omicron International Music Fraternity, National Website]. Front page. (Accessed April 2010)}}
*{{cite news|last=Kozinn|first=Allan|author-link=Allan Kozinn|title=Milton Babbitt, a Composer Who Gloried in Complexity, Dies at 94|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/arts/music/30babbitt.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|year=2011}} (January 29). Retrieved January 30, 2011.

==Further reading==
* <!-- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Crawford & Hamberlin|2013}}|reference= -->Crawford, Richard, and Larry Hamberlin (2013). ''An Introduction to America's Music'', second edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|978-0-393-90475-8}}. <!-- }} -->
* <!-- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Fisk & Nichols|1997}}|reference= -->Fisk, Josiah, and Jeff Nichols (1997). ''Composers on Music: Eight Centuries of Writings'', second edition. Boston: Northeastern University Press. {{ISBN|1-55553-278-0}} (cloth); {{ISBN|1-55553-279-9}} (pbk). <!-- }} -->
* Gagne, Cole and Tracy Caras (1982). ''Soundpieces: Interviews with American Composers''. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN| 0-8108-1474-9}}.
* <!-- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mead|1994}}|reference= -->Mead, Andrew (1994). ''An Introduction to the Music of Milton Babbitt.'' Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-03314-5}}. <!-- }} -->
* [[Rockwell, John]] (1984). ''All American Music''. New York: Vintage Books. {{ISBN| 0-394-72246-9}} (pbk).
* <!-- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Westergaard|1965}}|reference= -->Westergaard, Peter (1965). "Some Problems Raised by the Rhythmic Procedures in Milton Babbitt's Composition for Twelve Instruments". ''[[Perspectives of New Music]]'' 4, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter): 109–18. <!-- }} -->

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721193042/http://avantgardeproject.conus.info/mirror/agp72/index.htm Avant Garde Project AGP72: Piano music of Milton Babbitt as played by Robert Taub]
*[http://www.schirmer.com/composers/babbitt_bio.html Schirmer.com: Milton Babbitt]
*{{NewMusicBox|id=milton-babbitt-a-discussion-in-12-parts|title=Milton Babbitt: A Discussion in 12 Parts|composer=Milton Babbitt|author=[[Frank J. Oteri]]|conducted=October 16, 2001|published=December 1, 2001|ref=none}}
*[http://www.furious.com/perfect/ohm/babbitt.html Furious.com Milton Babbitt talks about ''Philomel'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713080741/http://www.jamesromig.com/TEXT.html Two Discussions With Milton Babbitt]. Interviewed by James Romig at the Dickinson College Arts Awards on April 11, 2002.
*[http://musicmavericks.publicradio.org/features/interview_babbitt.html An interview with Milton Babbitt]. Interviewed by Gabrielle Zuckerman, American Public Media, July 2002
*[http://www.bruceduffie.com/babbitt.html Interview with Milton Babbitt], November 6, 1987
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu021009 Milton Babbitt Collection, 1970-2005] at the [[Library of Congress]]

===Listening===
*[http://doi.org/10.30535/smtv.5.1 Babbitt's Beguiling Surfaces, Improvised Inside], Three-part video essay from the [[Society for Music Theory]] by [[Joshua Banks Mailman]], 2019.
*[https://midnightsledding.net/recordings/babbitt/ Slowly Expanding Milton Babbitt Album] (since 2018), produced by Erik Carlson
*[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5396502 Milton Babbitt interview] from National Public Radio ''Performance Today'' program, May 10, 2006
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703183239/http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=SOM.1984.11.15.A Speaking of Music: Milton Babbitt] Interviewed by [[Charles Amirkhanian]], 1984
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20021129045634/http://www.artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/composer.pl?comp=6 Art of the States: Milton Babbitt]}}
*[http://www.lunanova.org/podcasts/babbitt.mp3 Recording] Concerto Piccolino – Lee Ferguson, vibraphone [http://www.lunanova.org/ Luna Nova New Music Ensemble]
*[http://www.lunanova.org/podcasts/Belvedere11/BabbittNone.mp3 Recording] None But the Lonely Flute – John McMurtery, flute Luna Nova New Music Ensemble
*[http://depts.washington.edu/ventorum/mp3Babbitt4tet86.mp3 Woodwind Quartet (1953)], performed by members of the [[Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet]].
*[https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2011/02/02/133372983/npr-exclusive-new-documentary-on-the-late-composer-milton-babbitt Robert Hilferty documentary on Milton Babbitt]
* [http://cdm15264.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16075coll3/id/16 Milton Babbitt "The Revolution in Musical Thought" The Baltimore Museum of Art: Baltimore, Maryland, 1963] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506082117/http://cdm15264.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16075coll3/id/16 |date=May 6, 2015 }} Accessed June 26, 2012
* [http://depts.washington.edu/ventorum/oggBabbitt4tet86.ogg Soni Ventorum plays the Woodwind Quartet]

===Bibliography===
* {{LCAuth|n81144515|Milton Babbitt|111|}}

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