Editing Mexico City

{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of Mexico}}
{{About|the capital of Mexico}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Mexico City
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = {{native name|es|Ciudad de México}}<br/>{{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|
* {{native name|nhn|Mexihco Hueyaltepetl}}
* {{native name|yua|U noj kaajil México}} 
* {{native name|oto|'Monda}}<!-- , {{IPA-xx|xx|IPA}} -->}}
| native_name_lang   = es
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city|Capital]] and [[megacity]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
    | caption_align = center
    | border         = infobox
    | total_width    = 300
    | perrow      = 1/3/2/2
    | image1   = Sobrevuelos CDMX HJ2A4913 (25514321687) (cropped).jpg
    | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Mexico City|Skyline of Mexico City]] with the [[Torre Latinoamericana]]
    | image2   = Angel-de-la-Independencia--Mexico-D.F.jpg
    | caption2 = [[Angel of Independence]]
    | image3   = Ext 06Museo Soumaya FREE Fernando Romero EnterprisE photo by Adam Wiseman (cropped).jpg
    | caption3 = [[Museo Soumaya]]
    | image4   = Monumento a la Revolución 2 (cropped).jpg
    | caption4 = [[Monumento a la Revolución|Monument to the Revolution]]
    | image5   = CDMX - Paseo de la Reforma.jpg
    | caption5 = [[Paseo de la Reforma]] from the [[Chapultepec Castle]]
    | image6   = MX MM PANORÁMICAS DESFILE ZÓCALO.jpg
    | caption6 = [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral]] and [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] in the [[Zócalo]]
    | image7   = Bellas Artes 01.jpg
    | caption7 = [[Palacio de Bellas Artes|Palace of Fine Arts]]
    | image8   = Lago y plataformas de césped.jpg
    | caption8 = [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] business district
 | color   = white
}}
| image_flag         = <!--As per the consensus reached at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mexico]] (oldid: 1007177146), this article should not use a flag because none is officially recognized by the government of the city-->
| flag_size          = 
| flag_alt           = 
| image_seal         = 
| seal_size          = 
| image_shield       = Coat of arms of Mexico City, Mexico.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Gobierno de la Ciudad de México.svg
| shield_size        = 65px
| nickname           = CDMX, {{lang|es|La Ciudad de los Palacios}}<br /><small>''(The City of Palaces)''</small>
| motto              = {{lang|es|Capital de la transformación}} <small>''(Capital of the transformation)''</small>
| anthem             = {{lang|es|Himno de la Ciudad de México}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cultura.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/182-24|title=Presenta gobierno capitalino Himno de la Ciudad de México, primero en la historia en ser compuesto por una mujer|date=20 June 2024|work=Secretariat of Culture of Mexico City|access-date=23 June 2024|language=es|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624015510/https://www.cultura.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/182-24|url-status=live}}</Ref>
| image_map          = Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg
| map_caption        = Mexico City within Mexico
| pushpin_map        = Mexico#North America
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates        = {{Coord|19|26|N|99|8|W|type:adm1st_region:MX-CMX|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Mexico}}
| subdivision_type1  = 
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = {{unbulleted list|
* {{start date|1325|3|13|df=y}}:<br />[[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |title = Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – México |publisher = Sre.gob.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110420232605/http://www.sre.gob.mx/ligas/info_general/fechas.htm |archive-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>
* {{start date|1521|8|13|df=y}}:<br />{{lang|es|Ciudad de México|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |title = De la Colonia / 13 agosto de 1521: rendición de México-Tenochtitlan |publisher = Redescolar.ilce.edu.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701210417/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/colonia/c_coteno.htm |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{start date|1824|11|18|df=y}}:<br />{{lang|es|Distrito Federal|italic=no}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |title = Conmemora la SecretarĂa de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de CreaciĂłn del Distrito Federal |publisher = Cultura.df.gob.mx |access-date = 17 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225100/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09- |archive-date = 22 July 2011}}</ref>
* {{start date|2016|1|29|df=y}}:<br />Ciudad de México<ref name="Guardian 2016-01-29">{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df |title = Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City |work = [[The Guardian]] |first = David |last = Agren |date = 29 January 2015 |access-date = 30 January 2016 |archive-date = 24 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200424045620/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}
| founder            = {{unbulleted list|
* [[Tenoch]] (as Mexico-Tenochtitlan)
* [[Hernán Cortés]] (as Mexico City)
}}
| seat_type          = 
| seat               = 
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[Head of Government of Mexico City|Head of Government]]
| leader_name        = [[Clara Brugada]] ([[Morena (political party)|MORENA]])
| leader_title1      = [[List of Mexican state legislatures|Legislature]]
| leader_name1       = [[Congress of Mexico City]]
| unit_pref          = [[Metric]]
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web|title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130091033/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/default.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archive-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>{{Ref label|engfactobox|b|}}
| area_total_km2     = 1,485
| area_metro_km2     = 7,866
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_note          = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 32nd]]
| elevation_m        = 2,240
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_max_point = [[Ajusco]]
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302151509/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/df/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |archive-date=2 March 2011}}</ref>
| population_total   = 9,209,944
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref name="inegi_pop_2020">{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |website=inegi.org.mx |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Geography|INEGI]] |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=es |date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214192634/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 23,146,802
| population_metro   = 21,804,515
| population_rank    = [[List of North American cities by population|1st]] in North America<br />[[List of cities in Mexico|1st]] in Mexico
| population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|1st]]
| population_demonyms = {{Unbulleted list|Capitalino (a)|Mexiqueño (a) (archaic)|[[Chilango]] (a) (colloquial)}}
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2023.pdf|title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023|author=Citibanamex|language=es|date=June 13, 2023|access-date=August 13, 2023|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617233622/https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Capital city|Capital]] and [[megacity]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[Mexican peso|MXN]] 4.3 trillion<br>[[US$]] 212 billion (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Metro 
| demographics2_info2 = [[Mexican peso|MXN]] 6.8 trillion<br>[[US$]] 340 billion (2022)
| timezone1          = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset1        = −06:00
| timezone1_DST      = 
| utc_offset1_DST    = 
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 00–16
| area_code          = [[Area code 55 (Mexico)|55]]/[[Area code 56 (Mexico)|56]]
| area_code_type     = [[Area code]]
| iso_code           = MX-CMX
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Patron saint|Patron Saint]]
| blank_info_sec1    = [[Philip of Jesus]] ({{langx|es|San Felipe de Jesús|links=no}})
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank1_info_sec1   = {{increase}} 0.839 <span style="color:#090">very high</span> <small>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 1st of 32]]</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico - Sub-national HDI|url= https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/MEX/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|access-date=26 Sep 2024|website=Global Data Lab|publisher=Radboud University Institute for Management Research}}</ref>
| footnotes          = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Historic center of Mexico City]], [[Xochimilco]] and Central University City Campus of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]]
| designation1_date = 1987, 2007 <small>(11th, 31st [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])</small>
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, v
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412 412], [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1250 1250]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
}}{{note|engfactobox}}b. Area of Mexico City that includes non-urban areas at the south
| elevation_max_m    = 3930
| website            = {{URL|https://www.cdmx.gob.mx/|cdmx.gob.mx}}
| blank_emblem_type  = Government logo
}}

'''Mexico City'''{{efn|{{langx|es|link=no|Ciudad de México|lit=City of Mexico}},{{efn|In [[Peninsular Spanish]], the spelling variant ''Méjico'', is also used alongside ''México''. According to the ''[[Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]'' by the [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and the [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], the spelling version with J is correct, however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one is used in [[Mexican Spanish]].}}<ref>"México" in ''[[iarchive:diccionariopanhi0000unse|Diccionario panhispánico de dudas]]'' by [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and [[Association of Academies of the Spanish Language]], Madrid: Santillana. 2005. ISBN 978-8-429-40623-8.</ref> {{IPA|es|sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko|local|Es-Ciudad de Mexico.ogg}}; abbr.: '''CDMX'''; [[Central Nahuatl languages|Central Nahuatl]]: {{Lang|nah|Mexihco Hueyaltepetl}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=IHUEYTLANAHUATIL MEXIHCO HUEYALTEPETL |url=https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/n-huatl.pdf |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131211312/https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/n-huatl.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> {{IPA|nah|meːˈʃiʔko wejaːlˈtepeːt͡ɬ }};<ref>[[Yucatec Maya language|Maya]]: {{Lang|yua|u noj kaajil México}} {{Cite web |title=U NOJ A'ALAMAJT'AANIL U NOJ KAAJIL MÉXICO |url=https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/Maya.pdf |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228223456/https://comisiondebusqueda.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/Maya.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Otomi language|Otomi]]: {{Lang|ote|'Monda}}}} is the [[capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest city]] of [[Mexico]], as well as the [[List of North American cities by population|most populous city]] in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Artículo 44 |url = http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |publisher = Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos |access-date = 14 May 2010 |archive-date = 17 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200117163053/http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Constitucion/articulos/44.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|title=Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City|first=David|last=Agren|date=29 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424045620/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world, and is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Alpha]] world city according to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] (GaWC) 2024 ranking.<ref>{{cite web |work=Foreign Policy |title = The 2008 Global Cities Index |year = 2008 |url = https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |access-date = 27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110131155/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4509&page=1 |archive-date = 10 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cities 2024 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=GaWC |language=en-US}}</ref> Mexico City is located in the [[Valley of Mexico]] within the high Mexican central [[plateau]], at an altitude of {{convert|2240|m|ft|sp=us}}. The city has 16 [[Boroughs of Mexico City|boroughs]] or {{Lang|es|demarcaciones territoriales}}, which are in turn divided into [[List of neighborhoods in Mexico City|neighborhoods]] or {{Lang|es|colonias}}. 

The 2020 population for the [[city proper]] was 9,209,944,<ref name="inegi_pop_2020" /> with a land area of {{convert | 1495 | km2 | sqmi | sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Brian W. | last1=Blouet | first2=Olwyn M. | last2=Blouet | title=OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009 | publisher=OECD Publishing | year=2009 | pages=418, 299 | isbn=978-92-64-06012-8}}</ref> According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of [[Greater Mexico City]] is 21,804,515, which makes it the [[list of largest cities#List|sixth-largest metropolitan area]] in the world, the second-largest [[urban area|urban agglomeration]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]] (behind [[São Paulo]], Brazil), and the largest [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] city (city proper) in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf |year=2019 |title=World Urbanization Prospects 2018 |author=United Nations |access-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211222646/https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Greater Mexico City]] has a [[gross domestic product|GDP]] of $411 billion in 2011, which makes it one of the [[list of cities by GDP|most productive urban areas in the world]].<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 Global MetroMonitor {{!}} Brookings Institution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |date=5 June 2013}}. Brookings.edu. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</ref> The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of the country's GDP.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Key Economic Facts and Figures |url=http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426013125/http://www.mexicocityexperience.com/business_center/key_economic_facts_and_figures/ |archive-date=26 April 2010 |access-date=19 August 2010 |website=Mexico City Experience}}</ref> If it were an independent country in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in [[Latin America]]<!--, five times as large as [[Costa Rica]] and about the same size as [[Peru]]-->.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Parish Flannery |first=Nathaniel |date=Dec 23, 2013 |title=Mexico City Is Focusing on Tech Sector Development |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Forbes]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220020613/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/12/23/mexico-city-is-focusing-on-tech-sector-development/?sh=1382733d26a4 |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

Mexico City is the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities#Americas|oldest capital city in the Americas]] and one of two founded by [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous people]].{{efn|[[Quito]], the capital city of [[Ecuador]], is the other such city.}} The city was originally built on a group of islands in [[Lake Texcoco]] by the [[Mexica]] around 1325, under the name [[Tenochtitlan]]. It was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 [[Fall of Tenochtitlan|siege of Tenochtitlan]] and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the [[Spanish architecture#Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish urban standards]]. In 1524, the [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] of Mexico City was established, known as {{lang|es|México Tenochtitlán}},<ref name="gobdf" /> and as of 1585, it was officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (Mexico City).<ref name="gobdf">{{cite web |author=Government of the Federal District |title=Historia de la Ciudad de México |trans-title=History of Mexico City |url=http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219215021/http://www.df.gob.mx/wb/gdf/historia_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico |archive-date=19 December 2009 |access-date=27 December 2009 |website=df.gob.mx |language=es}}</ref> Mexico City played a major role in the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial empire]] as a political, administrative, and financial center.<ref name="UN">{{cite web |author = United Nations |title = Mexico City, Mexico |url = https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |access-date = 27 December 2009 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100502045456/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/profiles/mexico.asp |archive-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref> Following [[Mexican War of Independence|independence from Spain]], the [[federal district]] was established in 1824.

After years of demanding greater political [[autonomy]], residents were finally given the right to [[election|elect]] both a [[List of mayors of Mexico City|head of government]] and the representatives of the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Legislative Assembly of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]] by election in 1997. Ever since, left-wing parties (first the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]] and later the [[National Regeneration Movement]]) have controlled both of them.<ref>Daniel C. Schechter, Josephine Quintero. ''[[iarchive:mexicocity00nobl|Lonely Planet Mexico City, City Guide [With Pullout Map]]]''. Third Edition. Lonely Planet, 2008. p. 288 (pp. 20–21). {{ISBN|978-1-74059-182-9}}.</ref> The city has several progressive policies,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gallo |first=Rubén |date=6 April 2021 |title=A Chronicle of Mexico City and Its Multitudes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/books/review/horizontal-vertigo-mexsico-city-juan-villoro.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055542/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/books/review/horizontal-vertigo-mexsico-city-juan-villoro.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/my-mexico-city-is-everyones-now/|title=My Mexico City is everyone's now|date=27 April 2017|access-date=7 January 2023|first=Luisita|last=Lopez Torregrosa|location=Mexico City|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055558/https://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/my-mexico-city-is-everyones-now/|url-status=live}}</ref> such as elective [[abortion in Mexico|abortions]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/26/mexicos-quintana-roo-state-decriminalises-abortion|title=Mexico's Quintana Roo state decriminalises abortion|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=26 October 2022|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=6 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106101005/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/26/mexicos-quintana-roo-state-decriminalises-abortion|url-status=live}}</ref> a limited form of [[euthanasia in Mexico|euthanasia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/people-want-die-will-countries-allow-euthanasia-rcna3307|title=These people want to die. Will their countries allow euthanasia?|first=Albinson|last=Linares|agency=[[Telemundo]]|work=[[NBC News]]|date=21 October 2021|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055542/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/people-want-die-will-countries-allow-euthanasia-rcna3307|url-status=live}}</ref> [[No-fault divorce#Mexico|no-fault divorce]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Malkin |first=Elisabeth |date=21 July 2009 |title=Express Route to Divorce Has Familiar Delays |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/world/americas/22divorce.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108055549/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/world/americas/22divorce.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> [[same-sex marriage in Mexico City|same-sex marriage]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|title=Mexico City legalises same-sex marriage|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=22 December 2009|access-date=7 January 2023|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108184954/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[LGBT rights in Mexico City|legal gender change]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogue |first=Tom |date=25 June 2023 |title=Mexico City holds mass celebration for same-sex weddings, gender ID changes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-city-holds-mass-celebration-same-sex-weddings-gender-id-changes-2023-06-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115025405/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-city-holds-mass-celebration-same-sex-weddings-gender-id-changes-2023-06-24/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> On 29 January 2016, it ceased to be the ''Federal District'' ({{langx|es|Distrito Federal|links=no}} or {{lang|es|D.F.}}) and is now officially known as {{lang|es|Ciudad de México}} (or {{lang|es|CDMX}}), with a greater degree of autonomy.<ref name="Federal District Now Officially">{{cite web |last=Richards |first=Tony |date=30 January 2016 |title=Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital |url=http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721155716/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/federal-district-is-now-officially-mexico-city/ |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=Mexico News Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 January 2016 |title=From DF to CDMX, Mexico City changes name, status |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/760075/from-df-to-cdmx-mexico-city-changes-name-status |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411160014/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/760075/from-df-to-cdmx-mexico-city-changes-name-status |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Inquirer News}}</ref> A clause in the [[Constitution of Mexico]], however, prevents it from becoming a state within the Mexican federation, as long it remains the capital of the country.<ref name="UN2">{{cite web |author= |date=January 28, 2016 |title=La Ciudad de México no será estado, sino entidad federal autónoma |url=http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035714/http://www.diariodemexico.com.mx/la-ciudad-mexico-no-sera-estado-sino-entidad-federal-autonoma/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Diario de México |language=es}}</ref>

== Nicknames and mottos ==
Mexico City was traditionally known as ''La Ciudad de los Palacios'' ("the City of the Palaces"), a [[nickname]] attributed to Baron [[Alexander von Humboldt]] when visiting the city in the 19th century, who, sending a letter back to Germany, said Mexico City could rival any major city in Europe. But it was English politician [[Charles La Trobe|Charles Latrobe]] who really penned the following: "... look at their works: the moles, aqueducts, churches, roads—and the luxurious ''City of Palaces'' which has risen from the clay-built ruins of Tenochtitlan...", on page 84 of the Letter V of ''The Rambler in Mexico''.<ref>''Diccionario Porrúa. Historia, Biografía y Geografía de México'', Editorial Porrúa, S.A., Mexico City, Fifth Edition, 1986, Vol. II, page 1638.</ref>

During the colonial period, the city's [[motto]] was "Muy Noble e Insigne, Muy Leal e Imperial" (Very Noble and Distinguished, Very Loyal and Imperial).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esteticas.unam.mx/revista_imagenes/anotaciones/ano_dallal01.html|title=La Ciudad de México: el espectáculo más grande del mundo|author=Alberto Dallal|website=Electronic magazine Imágenes of the [[Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas|Institute of Aesthetic Research]] of the National Autonomous University of Mexico|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109073642/http://www.esteticas.unam.mx/revista_imagenes/anotaciones/ano_dallal01.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=La muy noble, muy leal, insigne é imperial ciudad de México, cabeza de los reynos y provincias de Nueva España y en si nombre los señores presidente y vocales que componen la Real Junta de Policía de esta Córte con anuencia del Exmo. Sr. virey de este reyno hacemos saber al piadoso vecindario lo que sigue|trans-title=The very noble, very loyal, distinguished and imperial city of Mexico, head of the kingdoms and provinces of New Spain and in its name the sirs president and members of the Royal Police Board of this Court with the consent of the Excellency Sr. Viceroy of this kingdom let the pious neighborhood know what's coming next|author=Ramón Gutiérrez del Mazo ([[Intendant (government official)|Intendent]] of Mexico: 1811–1821)|year=1811|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdygYgEACAAJ|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204605/https://books.google.com/books?id=IdygYgEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> During [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]'s administration a political slogan was introduced: ''la Ciudad de la Esperanza'' ({{lit|The City of Hope}}). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname but has faded since the new motto, ''Capital en Movimiento'' ("Capital in Movement"), was adopted by the administration headed by [[Marcelo Ebrard]], though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. 
Up until 2013, it was common to refer to the city by the initialism 
"DF" from "Distrito Federal de México". Since 2013, the abbreviation "CDMX" (Ciudad de México) has been more common, particularly in relation to government campaigns.

The city is colloquially known as ''Chilangolandia'' after the locals' nickname ''[[chilango]]s''.<ref>1994 Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary</ref> Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person".{{sfn|Lida|2008|page=15}} For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in ''la provincia'' ('the provinces', 'the periphery') and many proudly embrace the term chilango.{{sfn|Lida|2008|page=15}} Residents of Mexico City are formally called ''capitalinos'' (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but "[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized".{{sfn|Lida|2008|page=16}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mexico City}}
{{For timeline}}
The oldest signs of human occupation in the area of Mexico City are those of the "[[Peñon woman|Peñón woman]]" and others found in San Bartolo Atepehuacan ([[Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City|Gustavo A. Madero]]). They were believed to correspond to the lower Cenolithic period (9500–7000 BC).<ref>The evidence consists of a burial in the first case, and of [[lithic flake]]s associated with remains of extinct fauna. They were estimated to be about 10 000 years old. ''Cfr. Acosta Ochoa'', 2007: 9.</ref> However, a 2003 study placed the age of the Peñon woman at 12,700 years old (calendar age),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Silvia |last2=Jiménez-López |first2=José Concepción |last3=Hedges |first3=Robert |last4=Huddart |first4=David |last5=Ohman |first5=James C |last6=Turner |first6=Alan |last7=Pompa y Padilla |first7=José Antonio |title=Earliest humans in the Americas: new evidence from México |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=March 2003 |volume=44 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00004-6 |page=381 |pmid=12674097 |bibcode=2003JHumE..44..379. |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00004-6 |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204608/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248403000046?via%3Dihub |url-status=live | issn = 0047-2484 }}</ref> one of the oldest human remains discovered in the Americas. Studies of her mitochondrial DNA suggest she was either of Asian<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2003/65456.html |title=El ADN de La Mujer del Peñón confirma el origen asiático del hombre americano |website=www.cronica.com.mx |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073700/http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2003/65456.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or European<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44lXDwAAQBAJ&q=pe%C3%B1on+woman+european&pg=PT91|title=Scattered Skeleton in Our Closet|author=Karen Mutton|year=2011|isbn=978-1-935487-41-8|publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204606/https://books.google.com/books?id=44lXDwAAQBAJ&q=pe%C3%B1on+woman+european&pg=PT91#v=snippet&q=pe%C3%B1on%20woman%20european&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> or Aboriginal Australian origin.<ref>{{Cite news |author=David Epstein |author-link=David Epstein (journalist) |title=First Americans May Have Come From Australia |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/28-first-americans-may-have-come-from-australia |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=2 January 2005 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018065929/https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/28-first-americans-may-have-come-from-australia |url-status=live }}</ref>

The area was the destination of the migrations of the [[Chichimeca|Teochichimecas]] during the 8th and 13th centuries, people that would give rise to the [[Toltec]], and [[Aztecs|Mexica]] (Aztecs) cultures. The latter arrived around the 14th century to settle first on the shores of the lake.

=== Aztec period ===
{{Main|Mexico-Tenochtitlan}}
[[File:Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_(9755215791).jpg|thumb|left|The city was the place of [[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]], the Aztec capital.]]

The city of [[Mexico-Tenochtitlan]] was founded by the [[Mexica]] people in 1325 or 1327.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Mexico City |volume=18 |page=346|quote=The City of Mexico dates, traditionally, from the year 1325 or 1327}}</ref> The old Mexica city that is now referred to as [[Tenochtitlan]] was built on an island in the center of the inland lake system of the [[Valley of Mexico]], which is shared with a smaller city-state called [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]].<ref>Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, pp. 10–14.</ref> According to legend, the Mexicas' principal god, [[Huītzilōpōchtli|Huitzilopochtli]], indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting a [[golden eagle]] perched on a [[Opuntia|prickly pear]] devouring a [[rattlesnake]].<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14">Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston 1982, p. 14.</ref>

Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around [[Lake Texcoco]] and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the [[Aztec]] Empire had reached much of [[Mesoamerica]], touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Frances F. Berdan 1982, p. 14" />

=== Spanish conquest ===
[[File:Cortez & La Malinche.jpg|left|thumb|The panel dedicated to the Tenochtitlan campaign, as depicted in the 1552 ''[[Canvas of Tlaxcala]]''. Hernando Cortés and [[La Malinche|Malintzin]] (right) meet [[Moctezuma II]] in [[Tenochtitlan|Mexico-Tenochtitlan]], 8 November 1519.]]
After landing in [[Veracruz]], Spanish explorer [[Hernán Cortés]] advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the other native peoples,<ref name="Ciudad Mexico">{{cite web |url = http://www.ciudadmexico.com.mx/historia.htm |title = Historia de la Ciudad de México |language = es |access-date = 14 October 2008 |archive-date = 1 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501144358/http://ciudadmexico.com.mx/historia.htm |url-status = live }}</ref>
arriving there on 8 November 1519.<ref name="Marroqui">{{Cite book |title = La Ciudad de Mexico |last = Marroqui |first = Jose Maria |year = 1969 |publisher = Ayuntamiento del Distrito Federal |location = Mexico City |pages = 21–25 }}</ref> Cortés and his men marched along the causeway leading into the city from [[Iztapalapa]] (Ixtapalapa), and the city's ruler, [[Moctezuma II]], greeted the Spaniards; they exchanged gifts, but the camaraderie did not last long.<ref name="pbs1">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November 1519, The Most Beautiful Thing in the World |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 26 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190426165811/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_e00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cortés put Moctezuma under [[house arrest]] at his [[Palace of Axayacatl|father's palace]], hoping to rule through him.<ref name="pbs2">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. November, 1519 – Montezuma Arrested |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 18 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418033417/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_f00.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

Tensions increased until, on the night of 30 June 1520 – during a struggle known as "[[La Noche Triste]]" – the Aztecs rose up against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their [[Tlaxcaltec|Tlaxcalan]] allies.<ref name="pbs4">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. June 1520 – Massacre at Tenochtitlán |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 22 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190422021242/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_g00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, [[Cuitláhuac]], but he soon died; the next king was [[Cuauhtémoc]].<ref name="pbs6">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. December 1520 – Siege, Starvation & Smallpox |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 28 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190528141631/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_h00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cortés began a [[siege of Tenochtitlan]] in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of [[smallpox]] brought by the Europeans.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" /> Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and slowly fought their way through the city.<ref name="pbs7">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html |title = Conquistadors – Cortés. The Last Stand: An Aztec Iliad |publisher = PBS |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 20 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190420100622/http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_i00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Cuauhtémoc surrendered in August 1521.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" /> The Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest.<ref name="Marroqui" />

Cortés first settled in [[Coyoacán]], but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order.<ref name="Marroqui" /> He did not establish a territory under his own [[Sovereignty|personal rule]], but remained loyal to the Spanish crown. The first Spanish [[viceroy]] arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. By that time, the city had again become a [[city-state]], having power that extended far beyond its borders.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |language=es |title = Mexico, Ciudad de |year = 2000 |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |volume = 9 |pages = 5242–5260 }}</ref> Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlan's basic layout, they built [[Catholic Church|Catholic churches]] over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /> Tenochtitlan was renamed "Mexico" because the Spanish found the word easier to pronounce.<ref name="Marroqui" />

=== Growth of colonial Mexico City ===
[[File:Ignacio Serrano - Catedral de México.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]]'s (1571–1813) 18th century painting. The cathedral was built by the Spaniards over the ruins of the main Aztec temple.]]

The city had been the capital of the [[Aztec Empire]] and in the colonial era, Mexico City became the capital of [[New Spain]]. The [[viceroy of Mexico]] or vice-king lived in the viceregal palace on the main square or [[Zócalo]]. The [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]], the seat of the Archbishopric of New Spain, was constructed on another side of the Zócalo, as was the archbishop's palace, and across from it the building housing the city council or ''ayuntamiento'' of the city. A late seventeenth-century painting of the Zócalo by [[Cristóbal de Villalpando]] depicts the main square, which had been the old Aztec ceremonial center. The existing central plaza of the Aztecs was effectively and permanently transformed to the ceremonial center and seat of power during the colonial period, and remains to this day in modern Mexico, the central plaza of the nation. The rebuilding of the city after the siege of Tenochtitlan was accomplished by the abundant indigenous labor in the surrounding area. Franciscan friar [[Toribio de Benavente Motolinia]], one of the [[Twelve Apostles of Mexico]] who arrived in New Spain in 1524, described the rebuilding of the city as one of the afflictions or plagues of the early period:

<blockquote>The seventh plague was the construction of the great City of Mexico, which, during the early years used more people than in the construction of Jerusalem. The crowds of laborers were so numerous that one could hardly move in the streets and causeways, although they are very wide. Many died from being crushed by beams, or falling from high places, or in tearing down old buildings for new ones.<ref>Toribio de Benavente Motolinia, ''Motolinia's History of the Indians of New Spain'', translated and edited by Elizabeth Adnros Foster. Wesport: Greenwood Press, (1950) 1973, pp. 41–42</ref></blockquote> 
[[File:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B13 078-Panorama van- NOVA MEXICO.jpeg|thumb|Mexico City in 1690. Atlas Van der Hagen.]]

Preconquest Tenochtitlan was built in the center of the inland lake system, with the city reachable by [[canoe]] and by wide causeways to the mainland. The causeways were rebuilt under Spanish rule with indigenous labor. Colonial Spanish cities were constructed on a grid pattern, if no geographical obstacle prevented it. In Mexico City, the Zócalo (main square) was the central place from which the grid was then built outward. The Spanish lived in the area closest to the main square in what was known as the ''traza'', in orderly, well laid-out streets. Indigenous residences were outside that exclusive zone and houses were haphazardly located.<ref>Edmundo O'Gorman, ''Reflexiones sobre la distribución urbana coloinal de la ciudad de México'', Mexico 1938, pp. 16ff.</ref> Spaniards sought to keep indigenous people separate but since the Zócalo was a center of commerce for Amerindians, they were a constant presence in the central area, so strict segregation was never enforced.<ref>Magnus Mörner and Charles Gibson, "Diego Muñoz Camargo and the Segregation Policy of the Spanish Crown," ''Hispanic American Historical Review'', vol. 42, pp. 558ff.</ref> At intervals Zócalo was where major celebrations took place as well as executions. It was also the site of two major riots in the seventeenth century, one in 1624, the other in 1692.<ref>Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, ''The Early History of Greater Mexico'', Pearson 2003, pp. 246–249.</ref>

The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the [[desagüe]], compelled thousands of indigenous over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for indigenous cultivation close to the capital.<ref>Noble David Cook, ''Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650.'' New York: Cambridge University Press 1998.</ref> The 16th century saw a proliferation of churches, many of which can still be seen today in the [[Historic center of Mexico City|historic center]].<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" />
Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade. Unlike Brazil or [[Peru]], Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all commerce in the city, it had only partial success.<ref name="Hamnett 1998">{{Cite book |title = Concise History of Mexico. |last = Hamnett |first = Brian R. |year = 1998 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Port Chester, NY |isbn = 978-0-521-58120-2 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000hamn }}</ref>
[[Image:Palacio de mineria.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palacio de Minería]], Mexico City. The elevation of silver mining as a profession and the ennoblement of silver miners was a development of the eighteenth-century [[Bourbon Reforms]].]]

The concept of [[nobility]] flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a [[Mexican nobility|noble title in Mexico]] did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not.<ref name="Ladd 1998">{{Cite book |title = Artes deMexico Palacios de la Nueva España The Mexican Nobility |last = Ladd |first = Doris M |year = 1998 |publisher = Artes de Mexico y del Mundo |location = Mexico City |isbn = 978-968-6533-61-3 |pages = 84–86 }}</ref> The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by [[Alexander von Humboldt|Alexander Von Humboldt]].<ref name="Marroqui" /><ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /><ref name="Ladd 1998" />

The [[Grito de Dolores]] ("Cry of Dolores"), also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), marked the beginning of the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. After a decade of war, Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on 27 September 1821.<ref name="Iturbide">{{cite web |url = http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040411084151/http://www.casaimperial.org/augustin.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date = 11 April 2004 |title = Don Agustín de Iturbide |access-date = 20 October 2008 }}</ref> [[Agustín de Iturbide]] is proclaimed Emperor of the [[First Mexican Empire]] by Congress, crowned in the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral of Mexico]]. 

The Mexican Federal District was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a [[federal district]] was adapted from the [[United States Constitution]].<ref name="Countries of the World">{{Cite book |first = Thomas E. |last = Weil |chapter = Mexico: Chapter 3B. Evolution of a Nation |title = Countries of the World |publisher = Bureau Development, Inc. |date = 1 January 1991 }}</ref> Before this designation, Mexico City had served as the [[seat of government]] for both the [[State of Mexico]] and the nation as a whole. [[Texcoco de Mora, State of Mexico|Texcoco de Mora]] and then [[Toluca]] became the capital of the State of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book |first = Ashoka |last = Mody |chapter = Infrastructure Delivery |title = Countries of the World |publisher = World Bank Publications |year= 1996 |page = 187 |isbn = 978-0-8213-3520-8 }}</ref>

=== Battle of Mexico City in the U.S.–Mexican War of 1847 ===
[[File:Nebel Mexican War 11 Chapultepec Quitman (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The American assault on the [[Chapultepec Castle]]'', 1847 by [[Carl Nebel|Nebel]] and [[Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot|Bayot]]]]
During the 19th century, Mexico City was the center stage of all the political disputes of the country. It was the imperial capital on two occasions (1821–1823 and 1864–1867), and of two [[Federalism|federalist]] states and two [[Unitary state|centralist]] states that followed innumerable coups d'états in the space of half a century before the triumph of the Liberals after the [[Reform War]]. It was also the objective of one of the two French invasions to Mexico ([[Second French intervention in Mexico|1861–1867]]), and occupied for a year by American troops in the framework of the [[Mexican–American War]] (1847–1848).

The [[Battle for Mexico City]] was the series of engagements from 8 to 15 September 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the [[Mexican–American War|U.S. Mexican War]]. Included are major actions at the battles of [[Battle of Molino del Rey|Molino del Rey]] and [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]], culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the [[Battle of Churubusco]] on 8 August, where the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexicans, fought for the Mexican cause, repelling the American attacks. After defeating the [[Saint Patrick's Battalion]], the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States [[Deployments of the United States Military|deployed]] [[Military organization|combat units]] deep into [[Mexico]] resulting in the capture of Mexico City and [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th [[Division (military)|Divisions]].<ref name="Cerro">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/cerro_gordo.html |title = The Battle of Cerro Gordo |website = [[PBS]] |access-date = 18 October 2008 |archive-date = 23 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023110409/https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/cerro_gordo.html |url-status = live }}</ref> The invasion culminated with the storming of [[Chapultepec Castle]] in the city itself.<ref name="Storming of Chapultepec">{{cite web |url = https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/chapultepec_pillows_attack.html |title = The Storming of Chapultepec (General Pillow's Attack) |website = [[PBS]] |access-date = 18 October 2008 |archive-date = 2 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902101312/https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/chapultepec_pillows_attack.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

During this battle, on 13 September, the 4th Division, under [[John A. Quitman]], spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] generals [[George E. Pickett]] and [[James Longstreet]] participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as ''[[Niños Héroes|Los Niños Héroes]]'' (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The [[treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] was signed in what is now the far north of the city.<ref name="treaty">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |author=Richard Griswold del Castillo |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=18 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213210803/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) ===
[[File:Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks,_Mexico_City.jpg|thumb|Corpses in front of the National Palace during the [[Ten Tragic Days]]. Photographer, Manuel Ramos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/mex/searchterm/Ag1996.1039/mode/exact |title=Album, Mexican Revolution |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129211250/http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/mex/searchterm/Ag1996.1039/mode/exact |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The capital escaped the worst of the violence of the ten-year conflict of the [[Mexican Revolution]]. The most significant episode of this period for the city was the [[Decena trágica|Decena Trágica]] ("Ten Tragic Days") of February 1913, when forces counter to the elected government of [[Francisco I. Madero]] staged a successful coup. The center of the city was subjected to artillery attacks from the army stronghold of the ''ciudadela'' or citadel, with significant civilian casualties and the undermining of confidence in the Madero government. [[Victoriano Huerta]], chief general of the [[Huerta's Federal Army|Federal Army]], saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to [[Palacio de Lecumberri|Lecumberri prison]].<ref name="redescolar">{{cite web |url = http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |title = La Decena Trágica, febrero de 1913 |language = es |access-date = 19 October 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620151846/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/act_permanentes/historia/histdeltiempo/mexicana/sigloxx/xx_dece.htm |archive-date = 20 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Huerta's ouster in July 1914 saw the entry of the armies of [[Pancho Villa]] and [[Emiliano Zapata]], but the city did not experience violence. Huerta had abandoned the capital and the conquering armies marched in. [[Venustiano Carranza]]'s [[Constitutionalist]] faction ultimately prevailed in the revolutionary civil war and Carranza took up residence in the presidential palace.

=== 20th century to present ===

[[File:Casa_Estudio_Diego_Rivera_y_Frida_Kahlo_(2566206309).jpg|thumb|left|Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera house in [[San Ángel]] designed by [[Juan O'Gorman]]]]

In the 20th century the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences dominate. In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000.<ref name="LaRosa 2005">{{Cite book |title = Atlas and Survey of Latin American History. |editor-last = LaRosa |editor-first = Michael J. |year = 2005 |publisher = M.E. Sharpe, Inc. |pages = 118–125 |isbn = 9780765615978 }}</ref> The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early part of the 20th century<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /> and then began to grow upwards in the 1950s, with the [[Torre Latinoamericana]] becoming the city's first skyscraper.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" />

The rapid development of Mexico City as a center for [[modernist architecture]] was most fully manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the [[Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City]], the main campus of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]. Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including [[Mario Pani]], [[Eugenio Peschard]], and [[Enrique del Moral]], the buildings feature murals by artists [[Diego Rivera]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], and [[José Chávez Morado]]. It has since been recognized as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1250/ |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029064104/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1250 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympic Games]] brought about the construction of large sporting facilities.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" /> In 1969, the [[Mexico City Metro]] was inaugurated.<ref name="Ciudad Mexico" /> Explosive growth in the population of the city started in the 1960s, with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into the neighboring State of Mexico, especially to the north, northwest, and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to nearly 9&nbsp;million.<ref name="Enc Mex 2000" />

In 1980, half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge [[shanty town]]s.

The inhabitants of Mexico City faced serious [[air pollution in Mexico City|air pollution]] and [[water pollution]] problems, as well as [[groundwater-related subsidence]].<ref name="water">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC |page = 4 }}</ref> Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.
[[Image:Estudiantes sobre cammión quemado (A68).JPG|thumb|Students in a burned bus during the [[Tlatelolco massacre]] 1968]]
 
The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, mostly because of the continued economic expansion since World War II. This was the case even though this government could not handle the population and pollution problems adequately. Nevertheless, discontent and protests began in the 1960s leading to the [[Tlatelolco massacre|massacre of an unknown number of protesting students]] in [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Kate |date=May 29, 2023 |title=TLATELOLCO MASSACRE: DECLASSIFIED U.S. DOCUMENTS ON MEXICO AND THE EVENTS OF 1968 |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB10/nsaebb10.htm |url-status=live |publisher=National Security Archive |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203130342/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB10/nsaebb10.htm }}</ref>

Three years later, a demonstration in the Maestros avenue, organized by former members of the 1968 student movement, was violently repressed by a paramilitary group called "[[Los Halcones]]", composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs who received training in the US.
[[File:Paloma Cordero Nancy Reagan Mexico City 1985 earthquake.jpg|right|thumb|First ladies [[Paloma Cordero]] of Mexico (left) and [[Nancy Reagan]] of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, [[John Gavin]] observing the damage done by the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake|1985 earthquake]]]]

On 19 September 1985, at 7:19am [[Central Standard Time|CST]], the area was struck by the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]].<ref name="Campus">{{Cite news |first = Yunnven |last = Campus |title = A 20 años del sismo del 85 |url = http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |publisher = Televisa |location = Mexico City |date = 19 September 2005 |access-date = 4 October 2008 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922025641/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |archive-date = 22 September 2008 }}</ref> The earthquake proved to be a disaster politically for the [[one-party state]] government. The Mexican government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.<ref name="haber">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Haber |first = Paul Lawrence |encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |title = Earthquake of 1985 |year = 1995 |publisher = Taylor & Frances Ltd. |pages = 179–184 }}</ref>

In 1987, the [[Historic center of Mexico City]], a central neighborhood of Mexico City was enlisted as [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] for its large collection of ancient Aztec and colonial architecture.

However, the last straw may have been the controversial elections of 1988. That year, the presidency was set between the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|P.R.I.]]'s candidate, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and a coalition of left-wing parties led by [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]], son of the former president [[Lázaro Cárdenas]]. The counting system "fell" because coincidentally the power went out and suddenly, when it returned, the winning candidate was Salinas, even though Cárdenas had the upper hand.

As a result of the fraudulent election, Cárdenas became a member of the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]]. Discontent over the election eventually led [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]] to become the first [[mayor|elected mayor]] of Mexico City in 1997. Cárdenas promised a more [[democracy|democratic government]], and his party claimed some victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems. He resigned in 1999 to run for the presidency.

== Geography ==
[[File:Mexico city ESA348919.jpg|thumb|[[Satellite image]] of Mexico City]]

Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the [[Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico.<ref name="Porrua Cuenca">{{Cite book |title = Diccionario Porrua de Historia, Biografia y Geografia de Mexico 6th ed. – Mexico, Cuenca de |year = 1995 |publisher = Editorial Porrua |location = Mexico City |language=es |isbn = 978-968-452-907-6 |page = 2238 |volume = 3 }}</ref><ref name="case study">{{cite web |url = http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |title = Mexico City: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Management of Urban Water Resources |date = December 2004 |access-date = 25 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207190625/http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=100 |archive-date = 7 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It has a minimum altitude of {{convert|2200|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over {{convert|5000|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="National Research">{{Cite book |title = Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. |author = National Research Council Staff |year = 1995 |publisher = National Academies Press |location = Washington, DC |isbn = 978-0-309-05245-0 }}</ref> This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.<ref name="Porrua Cuenca" /><ref name="National Research" />

Mexico City primarily rests on what was [[Lake Texcoco]].<ref name="Porrua Cuenca" /> Seismic activity is frequent there.<ref name="Yip 2002">{{Cite web |last = Yip |first = Maricela |author2 = Madl, Pierre |title = Air Pollution in Mexico City |page = 16 |publisher = University of Salzburg, Austria |date = 16 April 2002 |url = http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm |access-date = 25 November 2008 |archive-date = 14 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110914131727/http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called ''[[groundwater-related subsidence]]''.

Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as {{convert|9|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} in some areas, and it continues to sink almost {{convert|50|cm|in}} every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eos.org/research-spotlights/the-looming-crisis-of-sinking-ground-in-mexico-city |title=The Looming Crisis of Sinking Ground in Mexico City |last=O’Hanlon |first=L. |date=22 April 2021 |website=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]] |access-date=24 March 2022 |quote=The ground in Mexico City is sinking at a rate of almost 50 centimeters (20 inches) per year... |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402144840/https://eos.org/research-spotlights/the-looming-crisis-of-sinking-ground-in-mexico-city |url-status=live }}</ref> This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the summer.<ref name="National Research" /><ref name="Yip 2002" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/17/world/americas/mexico-city-sinking.html?emc=edit_ta_20170217&nl=top-stories&nlid=73270920&ref=headline&_r=0 New York Times: "Mexico City, Parched and Sinking, Faces a Water Crisis" By Michael Kimmelman] 17 February 2017</ref> The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of [[Milpa Alta]], [[Tlalpan]] and [[Xochimilco]].<ref name="Yip 2002" />

{|class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="margin:1em auto; width:600px; float:center; padding:0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%;"
|colspan="4" style=" color:white; font-size:100%; text-align:center; background-color:black;"|Mexico City geophysical maps
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|Topography
|Hydrology
|Climate patterns
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=== Environment ===
{{See also|Water management in Greater Mexico City}}
[[File:Xochimilco trajineras.jpg|thumb|[[Trajinera]]s in the canals of [[Xochimilco]]. Xochimilco and the [[historic center of Mexico City]] were declared a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987.]]

Originally much of the valley lay beneath the waters of [[Lake Texcoco]], a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The [[Aztec]]s built dikes to separate the [[Freshwater|fresh water]] used to raise crops in ''[[chinampa]]s'' and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside Mexico City, in the municipality of [[San Salvador Atenco|Atenco]], [[State of Mexico]].

Architects [[Teodoro González de León]] and [[Alberto Kalach]] along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists have developed the project plan for ''Recovering the City of Lakes''. If approved by the government the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the [[Valley of Mexico]], the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning.

=== Pollution ===
{{Further|Air pollution in Mexico City}}

[[File:AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg|thumb|left|Air pollution over Mexico City. Air quality is poorest during the winter.]]

By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however, the city has since become a model for drastically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 [[carbon monoxide]] pollution had dropped drastically, while [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]] were at levels about a third of those in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|title=Los Angeles and Mexico City: A Tale of Two Cities|first=Julia|last=Cooke|date=27 February 2008|website=laweekly.com|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920103306/http://www.laweekly.com/news/los-angeles-and-mexico-city-a-tale-of-two-cities-2152222|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most [[ozone]]-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond [[WHO]]-defined safe limits.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |title = Coming up for air |work = Harvard Gazette |access-date = 16 December 2015 |date = 28 October 2014 |archive-date = 18 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150818144109/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/coming-up-for-air/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and [[nitrogen oxide]]s.<ref name="clean">{{cite news |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28391130 |title = Mexico City cleans up its reputation for smog |date = 26 December 2008 |access-date = 11 November 2019 |archive-date = 23 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224721/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28391130 |url-status = live }}</ref> When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the ''[[Hoy No Circula|A day without a car]]'' program to two days of the week.<ref name="clean" /> The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and [[diesel fuel]]s.<ref name="clean" /> The introduction of [[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] [[bus rapid transit]] and the [[EcoBici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]] bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.<ref name="harvard" />

=== Parks and recreation ===
[[File:Sobrevuelos CDMX HJ2A5116 (26515134738).jpg|thumb|The [[Chapultepec]] was an important park during the Aztecs whose access had been limited to its [[Pipiltin|nobility]], was declared open to the public by a decree of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1530,<ref name="NY Times 1987-12-13">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/travel/chapultepec-park-mexico-in-microcosm.html|title=Chapultepec Park: Mexico in Microcosm|website=[[The New York Times]]|author=Larry Rother|date=13 December 1987|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118032228/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/travel/chapultepec-park-mexico-in-microcosm.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/historia/historia.php |title= Historia del Bosque de Chapultepec |publisher= Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec |location= Mexico City |language= es |trans-title= History of the Forest of Chapultepec|url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101114082249/http://www.chapultepec.org.mx/web2010/chapultepec/historia/historia.php |archive-date= 14 November 2010 }}</ref> it is one of the world's largest city parks.<ref name="NY Times 1987-12-13" />]]

[[Chapultepec]], the city's most iconic public park, has history back to the Aztec emperors who used the area as a retreat. It is south of [[Polanco]] district, and houses the [[Chapultepec Zoo]] the main city's zoo, several ponds and seven museums, including the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]]. Other iconic city parks include the [[Alameda Central]], it is recognized as the oldest [[public park]] in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meade|first1=Julie|title=Moon Mexico City|date=2016|publisher=Avalon Publishing|isbn=9781631214097|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BELXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|language=en|quote=Just west of Bellas Artes, the Alameda Central is the largest green space in the center of the city and the oldest public park in the Americas.|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204607/https://books.google.com/books?id=BELXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three Kings Day in Mexico, a holiday in flux|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/01/mexico-city-holidays-safety-crowds-revitalization-ebrard.html|website=LA Times Blogs – La Plaza|date=6 January 2011|quote=Consider the scene this week at the Alameda Central, the downtown Mexico City park historians describe as the oldest planned urban green space in the Americas.|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228061252/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2011/01/mexico-city-holidays-safety-crowds-revitalization-ebrard.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Parque México]] and [[Parque España (Mexico City)|Parque España]] in the hip [[Condesa]] district; [[Parque Hundido]] and ''Parque de los Venados'' in [[Colonia del Valle]], and [[Parque Lincoln]] in [[Polanco]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = El Universal |url = http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/benitojuarez/nota18622.html |title = 5 parques representativos del DF |trans-title = 5 iconic parks of Mexico City |author = Lidia Arista |date = 16 January 2011 |access-date = 2 October 2013 |archive-date = 27 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527090127/http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/benitojuarez/nota18622.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are many smaller parks throughout the city. Most are small "squares" occupying two or three square blocks amid residential or commercial districts. Several other larger parks such as the {{ill|Bosque de Tlalpan|es||no}} and [[Viveros de Coyoacán]], and in the east {{ill|Alameda Oriente|es}}, offer many recreational activities. Northwest of the city is a large ecological reserve, the {{ill|Bosque de Aragón|ceb|Bosque de San Juan de Aragón|es|Bosque de San Juan de Aragón|no|Bosque de San Juan de Aragón}}. In the southeast is the [[Xochimilco Ecological Park and Plant Market]], a [[World Heritage Site]]. West of [[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] district are the pine forests of the [[Desierto de los Leones National Park]]. Amusement parks include [[Six Flags México]], in Ajusco neighborhood which is the largest in Latin America. There are numerous seasonal fairs present in the city.

Mexico City has three zoos. [[Chapultepec Zoo]], the {{ill|San Juan de Aragon Zoo|es|Zoológico de San Juan de Aragón|no|Zoológico de San Juan de Aragón}} and [[Zoológico Los Coyotes|Los Coyotes Zoo]]. Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo. It was opened in 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123052/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122547/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_chapultepec/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Colección animal|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. In this zoo, opened in 1964,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004113006/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=4 October 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004211309/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_aragon/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2015|title=Colección animal|date=4 October 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. It was inaugurated on 2 February 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094602/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/quienes-somos/historia-del-zoologico|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Historia del zoológico|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref> It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the area, featuring eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, white-tailed deer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114313/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/zoo_coyotes/index.php/aprende/coleccion-animal|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Colección animal|date=22 December 2015|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[Image:B (70011807).jpeg|thumb|left|[[Lightning]] in the background of the [[Torre Mayor]]]]

Mexico City has a [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwb''), due to its tropical location but high elevation. The lower region of the valley receives less rainfall than the upper regions of the south; the lower boroughs of [[Iztapalapa]], [[Iztacalco]], [[Venustiano Carranza, D.F.|Venustiano Carranza]] and the east portion of [[Gustavo A. Madero, D.F.|Gustavo A. Madero]] are usually drier and warmer than the upper southern boroughs of [[Tlalpan]] and [[Milpa Alta]], a mountainous region of [[pine]] and [[oak]] trees known as the range of [[Ajusco]]. The average annual temperature varies from {{convert|12|to|16|C|F|0}}, depending on the altitude of the borough. The temperature is rarely below {{convert|3|C|0}} or above {{convert|30|C|0}}.<ref name="weatherspark">{{cite web |title = Average Weather for Mexico City |url = http://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |publisher = Weather Spark |access-date = 29 October 2013 |archive-date = 5 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105013644/https://weatherspark.com/averages/32574/Mexico-City-Distrito-Federal |url-status = live }}</ref> At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever registered was {{convert|−4.4|C|0}} on 13 February 1960, and the highest temperature on record was {{convert|34.7|C}} on 25 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/CDMX-rompe-por-segundo-dia-consecutivo-record-de-calor-alcanza-los-34.7-celsius-20240525-0034.html|title=CDMX rompe por segundo día consecutivo récord de calor; alcanza los 34.7° celsius|date=25 May 2024|access-date=26 May 2024|language=es|work=El Economista|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526152006/https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/CDMX-rompe-por-segundo-dia-consecutivo-record-de-calor-alcanza-los-34.7-celsius-20240525-0034.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Overall precipitation is heavily concentrated in the summer months, and includes dense [[hail]].

Snow falls in the city scarcely, although somewhat more often on nearby mountaintops. Throughout its history, the Central Valley of Mexico was accustomed to having several snowfalls per decade (including a period between 1878 and 1895 in which every single year—except 1880—recorded snowfalls<ref name="Clima-CDMX" />), mostly [[lake-effect snow]]. The effects of the draining of [[Lake Texcoco]] and [[global warming]] have greatly reduced snowfalls after the snow flurries of 12 February 1907.<ref>"Snow in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). 13 February 1907. p. 2.</ref> Since 1908, snow has only fallen thrice: snow on 14 February 1920;<ref>"Snow Falls in Mexico City". ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland USA). p. 1.</ref> snow flurries on 14 March 1940;<ref>"Snowfall Startles Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. 15 March 1940. p. 3.</ref> and on 12 January 1967, when {{convert|8|cm|0|sp=us}} of snow fell on the city, the most on record.<ref>"6 Die As Snow Storm Covers Mexico City". ''The New York Times''. 12 January 1967. p. 13.</ref> The 1967 snowstorm coincided with the operation of ''[[Lake Texcoco#Artificial drainage|Deep Drainage System]]'' that resulted in the total draining of what was left of Lake Texcoco.<ref name="Clima-CDMX">{{Cite book|last=Jáuregui Ostos |first=Ernesto |title=El clima de la Ciudad de México |year=2000 |publisher=Instituto de Geografía de la UNAM |isbn=978-968-856-819-4 |language=es |location=México, D.F.}}</ref><ref name="DAMsxix">{{Cite book|last=Escobar Ohmstede |first=Antonio |title=Desastres agrícolas en México: Siglo XIX Tomo 2 (1822–1900) |year=2004 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE); Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) |editor=Juan Manuel Pérez Zevallos |isbn=978-968-16-7188-4 |language=es |location=México, D.F.}}</ref> After the disappearance of Lake Texcoco, snow has never fallen again over Mexico City.<ref name="Clima-CDMX" /> The region of the [[Valley of Mexico]] receives [[Anticyclone|anti-cyclonic]] systems. The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the [[air pollution|air pollutants]] which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4&nbsp;million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |title = Program to improve air quality in the Metropolitan zone of the valley of Mexico – 2002. Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070126231119/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/proaire_2002-2010.pdf |archive-date = 26 January 2007 }}</ref>

The area receives about {{convert|820|mm|in|0|sp=us}} of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from May through October with little or no precipitation for the remainder of the year.<ref name="National Research" /> The area has two main seasons. The wet humid summer runs from May to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea, the wettest month being July. The cool sunny winter runs from November to April, when the air is relatively drier, the driest month being December. This season is subdivided into a cold winter period and a warm spring period. The cold period spans from November to February, when polar [[air mass]]es push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when subtropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain to form.<ref name="Lafragua 2003">{{Cite web |last = Lafregua |first = J |author2 = Gutierrez, A |author3=Aguilar E |author4=Aparicio J |author5=Mejia R |author6=Santillan O |author7=Suarez MA |author8=Preciado M |title = Balance hídrico del Valle de Mexico |publisher = Anuario IMTA |year = 2003 |url = http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |access-date = 1 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230728/http://www.imta.gob.mx/instituto/historial-proyectos/th/2003/HDR1-Balance.pdf |archive-date = 16 December 2008 }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Mexico City ([[Tacubaya]]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1877–2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2024-04-16/ciudad-de-mexico-rompe-record-de-temperatura-con-342-grados-que-es-una-onda-de-calor-como-se-produce-y-cuanto-durara-la-actual.html|title=Ciudad de México rompe récord de temperatura con 34,2 grados: ¿qué es una onda de calor, cómo se produce y cuánto durará la actual?|language=Es|date=16 April 2024|work=[[El País]]|first=Alejandro|last=Guzmán|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416205553/https://elpais.com/mexico/2024-04-16/ciudad-de-mexico-rompe-record-de-temperatura-con-342-grados-que-es-una-onda-de-calor-como-se-produce-y-cuanto-durara-la-actual.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|collapsed =
|Jan record high C = 28.2
|Feb record high C = 30.8
|Mar record high C = 32.9
|Apr record high C = 34.2
|May record high C = 34.7
|Jun record high C = 33.8
|Jul record high C = 29.6
|Aug record high C = 29.4
|Sep record high C = 28.6
|Oct record high C = 29.2
|Nov record high C = 31.5
|Dec record high C = 29.4
|year record high C = 34.7
|Jan high C = 22.4
|Feb high C = 24.3
|Mar high C = 26.1
|Apr high C = 27.5
|May high C = 27.2
|Jun high C = 25.8
|Jul high C = 24.7
|Aug high C = 24.6
|Sep high C = 23.7
|Oct high C = 23.5
|Nov high C = 22.8
|Dec high C = 22.4
|year high C = 24.6
|Jan mean C = 15.4
|Feb mean C = 16.9
|Mar mean C = 18.6
|Apr mean C = 20.3
|May mean C = 20.4
|Jun mean C = 19.8
|Jul mean C = 18.8
|Aug mean C = 18.9
|Sep mean C = 18.4
|Oct mean C = 17.6
|Nov mean C = 16.4
|Dec mean C = 15.4
|year mean C = 18.1
|Jan low C = 8.5
|Feb low C = 9.5
|Mar low C = 11.1
|Apr low C = 13.1
|May low C = 13.7
|Jun low C = 13.8
|Jul low C = 13.0
|Aug low C = 13.2
|Sep low C = 13.1
|Oct low C = 11.8
|Nov low C = 9.9
|Dec low C = 8.5
|year low C = 11.6
|Jan record low C = −4.2
|Feb record low C = −4.4
|Mar record low C = -4.0
|Apr record low C = −0.6
|May record low C = 3.7
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 1.0
|Aug record low C = 1.0
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = -3.0
|Dec record low C = -3.0
|year record low C = −4.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 11.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 5.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 11.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 24.2
|May precipitation mm = 59.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 132.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 174.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 175.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 158.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 71.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 17.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.0
|year precipitation mm = 846.9
| Jan rain days = 2.7
| Feb rain days = 2.1
| Mar rain days = 3.8
| Apr rain days = 6.7
| May rain days = 11.1
| Jun rain days = 16.3
| Jul rain days = 21.8
| Aug rain days = 20.8
| Sep rain days = 18.2
| Oct rain days = 10.1
| Nov rain days = 3.7
| Dec rain days = 1.2
| year rain days = 118.5
|Jan humidity = 54.0
|Feb humidity = 48.0
|Mar humidity = 43.5
|Apr humidity = 45.2
|May humidity = 52.8
|Jun humidity = 63.7
|Jul humidity = 69.6
|Aug humidity = 69.2
|Sep humidity = 69.9
|Oct humidity = 64.0
|Nov humidity = 57.1
|Dec humidity = 55.3
|year humidity = 57.7
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.4
|Feb precipitation days = 1.7
|Mar precipitation days = 2.8
|Apr precipitation days = 4.7
|May precipitation days = 8.9
|Jun precipitation days = 13.6
|Jul precipitation days = 16.5
|Aug precipitation days = 16.9
|Sep precipitation days = 14.1
|Oct precipitation days = 8.5
|Nov precipitation days = 2.9
|Dec precipitation days = 0.7
|year precipitation days = 92.6
|Jan sun = 233.4
|Feb sun = 232.5
|Mar sun = 262.3
|Apr sun = 238.6
|May sun = 232.2
|Jun sun = 180.9
|Jul sun = 178.6
|Aug sun = 176.9
|Sep sun = 148.3
|Oct sun = 190.9
|Nov sun = 224.4
|Dec sun = 226.9
|year sun = 2525.8
|source 1 = [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)|Servicio Meteorologico Nacional]]<ref name="SMN normales">{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales_Climatologicas/Normales9120/df/nor9120_09048.txt
| title = Estado de Ciudad de Mexico-Estacion: Tacubaya Central (OBS)
| work = Normales Climatologicas 1991–2020
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
| language = es
| access-date = 25 August 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201025736/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales_Climatologicas/Normales9120/bcs/nor9120_03066.txt
|archive-date=December 1, 2024
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="SMN extremes">{{cite web
| url = https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00009/00009048.TXT
| title = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Tacubaya Central (OBS)
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
| language = es
| access-date = 15 October 2021
| archive-date = 13 December 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241213063053/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales_Climatologicas/Normales9120/df/nor9120_09048.txt
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[World Meteorological Organization]] (humidity and sun 1981–2010)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-4-WMO-Normals-9120/Mexico/CSV/Tacubaya_76680.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Tacubaya |format=CSV | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="WMO">
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211015224024/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx
| archive-date = 15 October 2021
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 15 October 2021}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1950|3,365,081|1960|5,479,184|1970|8,830,947|1980|13,027,620|1990|15,642,318|2000|18,457,027|2010|20,136,681|2019|21,671,908|align=right|footnote=for Mexico City Agglomeration:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mexico-city-population/|website=worldpopulationreview.com|title=Mexico City Population|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106103422/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mexico-city-population/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Historically, and since [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] times, the [[Valley of Mexico|Valley of Anahuac]] has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc borough]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, {{clarify span|the ''elites''|date=October 2024}} began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of [[Mixcoac]] and [[San Ángel]] were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |title = The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico |publisher = Houstonculture.org |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-date = 4 August 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090804090647/http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html |url-status = live }}</ref>{{failed verification |date=October 2024}}

Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous [[Political divisions of Mexico|federal entity]] in Mexico, but since then, its population has remained stable at around 8.7&nbsp;million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the city proper to 59 municipalities of the [[State of Mexico]] and 1 in the state of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]].<ref name="CONAPOzm2005">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013007/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005]}}. Retrieved 27 September 2008. {{Cite web |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 February 2009 |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100054/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> With a population of approximately 19.8&nbsp;million inhabitants (2008),<ref name="CONAPOProy2">{{cite web|url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |title=Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005–2050 |access-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 }} Total projected population of Mexico City and the 60 other municipalities of ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'', as defined in 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</ref> it is one of the [[List of largest cities|most populous]] conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the [[Greater Mexico City|Metropolitan Area of Mexico City]] is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico,<ref name="Sintesis" /> a phenomenon most likely attributable to the [[environmental policy]] of decentralization. The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City from 1995 to 2000 was negative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Metropolitan area ===
{{Main|Greater Mexico City}}
[[File:Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Area_Map.svg|thumb|right|[[Greater Mexico City]] and Mexico City]]

The metropolitan area, [[Greater Mexico City]] ('Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México' or 'ZMVM' in Spanish) consists of Mexico City itself plus 60 municipalities in the [[State of Mexico]] and one in [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo state]]. With a population of 21,804,515 (2020 census), Greater Mexico City is both the [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico|biggest]] and the densest metropolitan area in the country. Of the ca. 21.8 million, 9.2 million live in Mexico City proper<ref name="inegi_pop_2020" /> and 12.4 million in the State of Mexico (ca. 75% of the state's population), including the municipalities of:<ref name="inegi_pop_2020" />
* [[Ecatepec de Morelos]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 1,645,352)
* [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 1,077,208)
* [[Naucalpan]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 834,434)
* [[Chimalhuacán]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 705,193)
* [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]] ({{abbr|pop.|population}} 672,202)

====Megalopolis====
[[File:Megapolis Mexico Nombres.svg|thumb|The Mexico City Megalopolis as defined prior to 2019. Since then Querétaro state is also included.]]
Greater Mexico City, in turn, forms part of an even larger [[megalopolis]] officially known as the ''Corona regional del centro de México'' ([[Mexico City megalopolis]]), with a population of 33.4 million, more than one quarter of the country's population according to the 2020 census. The megalopolis as defined by the Environmental Commission of the Megalopolis (''CAMe'') covers Mexico City and the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Morelos, and since 2019, Querétaro,<ref name="qro-mega">{{cite news |title=Querétaro ya será parte de la megalópolis ('Querétaro will now be part of the megalopolis') |url=https://www.diariodequeretaro.com.mx/local/queretaro-ya-sera-parte-de-la-megalopolis-4363398.html |access-date=August 20, 2023 |publisher=Diario de Querétaro |date=October 25, 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820141049/https://www.diariodequeretaro.com.mx/local/queretaro-ya-sera-parte-de-la-megalopolis-4363398.html |url-status=live }}</ref> thus encompassing the metropolitan areas of Mexico City, [[Greater Puebla|Puebla]], [[Querétaro metropolitan area|Querétaro]], [[Greater Toluca|Toluca]], [[Cuernavaca]], [[Pachuca]], and others.<ref name="mega-came">{{cite web |author1=Comisión Ambiental de la Megalópolis |title=La megalópolis de la ZMVM (The Greater Mexico City Megalopolis) |url=https://www.gob.mx/comisionambiental/articulos/la-megalopolis-de-la-zmvm?idiom=es |website=Gobierno de Mexico (Government of Mexico) |publisher=Comisión Ambiental de la Megalópolis |access-date=August 20, 2023 |language=es |date=September 2018 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820141047/https://www.gob.mx/comisionambiental/articulos/la-megalopolis-de-la-zmvm?idiom=es |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Growth====
Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country until the late 1980s. Since then, government policies have supported decentralization with the aim of reducing pollution in Greater Mexico City. While still growing, the annual rate of growth has decreased and is lower than that of [[Greater Guadalajara]] and [[Greater Monterrey]].<ref name="Sintesis">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209124039/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/proyectos/conteos/conteo2005/sintesis.pps |date=9 February 2007 }} INEGI</ref>

The [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City proper from 1995 to 2000 was negative,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |title=Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas |publisher=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155316/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3883&e=09 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> which implies that residents are moving to the suburbs of the metropolitan area, or to other states of Mexico. In addition, some inner suburbs are losing population to outer suburbs, indicating the continuing expansion of Greater Mexico City.
{{wide image|Panorama of Mexico City from Torre Latinoamericana.jpg|2200px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Mexico City from [[Torre Latinoamericana]]}}

=== Religion ===
[[File:Día_de_la_virgen.jpg|thumb|[[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]] in [[Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City|La Villa de Guadalupe]], the main [[Christian pilgrimage|Catholic pilgrimage]] site in the Americas. It houses the original image of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]].]]
The majority (82%) of the residents in Mexico City are [[Catholic]], slightly lower than the 2010 census national percentage of 87%, making it the largest [[Christianity|Christian]] denomination, though it has been decreasing over the last decades.<ref>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/df/poblacion/diversidad.aspx?tema=me&e=09 Volumen y porcentaje de la población de 5 y más años católica por entidad federativa, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507144955/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/df/poblacion/diversidad.aspx?tema=me&e=09 |date=7 May 2012 }} INEGI</ref> Many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] groups, different types of [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Jewish communities]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Islamic]] and other [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and [[philosophical]] groups. There are also growing<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Mora Duro|first=Carlos Nazario|title=Agnostics and Atheists in Mexico|date=2019|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4_369|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions|pages=66–70|editor-last=Gooren|editor-first=Henri|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4_369|isbn=978-3-319-27077-7|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204612/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4_369|url-status=live}}</ref> numbers of irreligious people, whether [[agnostic]] or [[atheist]].
The patron saint of Mexico City is Saint [[Philip of Jesus]], a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[Catholic]] missionary who became one of the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan]].<ref>Ronald J. Morgan, ''Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600–1810.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2002, pp. 143–169</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico]] is the largest [[archdiocese]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web | website = Crux | access-date = 1 October 2019 | url = https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-americas/2019/09/30/three-new-dioceses-carved-out-of-archdiocese-of-mexico/ | title = Three new dioceses carved out of Archdiocese of Mexico | date = 30 September 2019 | agency = Catholic News Service | first = David | last = Agren | archive-date = 15 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115143905/https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-americas/2019/09/30/three-new-dioceses-carved-out-of-archdiocese-of-mexico | url-status = live }}</ref> There are two Catholic cathedrals in the city, the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]] and the [[Iztapalapa Cathedral, Mexico City|Iztapalapa Cathedral]], and three former Catholic churches who are now the cathedrals of other rites, the [[San José de Gracia Cathedral, Mexico City|San José de Gracia Cathedral]] (Anglican church), the [[Porta Coeli Cathedral, Mexico City|Porta Coeli Cathedral]] (Melkite Greek Catholic church) and the [[Valvanera Cathedral, Mexico City|Valvanera Cathedral]] (Maronite church).

=== Ethnic groups ===

Representing around 18.74% of the city's population, [[Indigenous peoples in Mexico|indigenous peoples]] from different areas of Mexico have migrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities. [[Nahuatl]], [[Otomi language|Otomi]], [[Mixtec]], [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]] and [[Mazahua language|Mazahua]] are the indigenous languages with the greatest number of speakers in Mexico City.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 Población de 5 y más años hablante de lengua indígena por principales lenguas, 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722062155/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen23&c=4169&e=09 |date=22 July 2011 }} INEGI</ref> According to the 2020 Census, 2.03% of Mexico City's population identified as Black, [[Afro-Mexican]], or of African descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/tableros/panorama/|title=Panorama sociodemográfico de México|website=www.inegi.org.mx|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013823/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/tableros/panorama/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, Mexico City is home to large communities of [[expatriate]]s and immigrants from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from [[Argentine people|Argentina]] and [[Colombian people|Colombia]], but also from [[Brazilian people|Brazil]], [[Chilean people|Chile]], [[Uruguayan people|Uruguay]] and [[Venezuelan people|Venezuela]]), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from [[Cubans|Cuba]], [[Demographics of Guatemala|Guatemala]], [[List of Salvadorans|El Salvador]], [[Haitian people|Haiti]] and [[Hondurans|Honduras]]); from Europe (mainly from [[Spanish people|Spain]], [[Germans|Germany]] and [[Swiss people|Switzerland]], but also from [[Czechs|Czech Republic]], [[Hungarian people|Hungary]], [[French people|France]], [[Italian people|Italy]], [[Irish people|Ireland]], [[Dutch people|the Netherlands]], [[Polish people|Poland]] and [[Romanians|Romania]]),<ref name="extranjeros">{{cite web|url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |title=Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704104421/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/151/15103202.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa? |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> and from the Arab world (mostly from Lebanon, and other countries like Syria and Egypt).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |title=Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124211/https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos2/GarciaRE.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref>

Mexico City is home to the largest population of [[Demographics of the United States|Americans]] living outside the United States. Estimates are as high as 700,000 Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Carl Franz |author2 = Lorena Havens |name-list-style = amp |url = http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%232americans.html |title = How Many Americans Live in Mexico? |publisher = Peoplesguide.com |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-date = 15 August 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070815013459/http://www.peoplesguide.com/1pages/retire/work/bil-maste/%232americans.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |title = Private American Citizens Residing Abroad |publisher = Overseasdigest.com |access-date = 17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326040310/http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |archive-date = 26 March 2010 }}</ref>

=== Health ===
[[File:Centro_Médico_Nacional_Siglo_XXI_-_2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[XXI Century National Medical Center]], managed by the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (IMSS)]]
Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country, including Hospital Ángeles, Hospital ABC and Médica Sur. The national [[Publicly-funded health care|public healthcare]] institution for [[private sector|private-sector]] employees, [[Mexican Social Security Institute|IMSS]], has its largest facilities in Mexico City—including the National Medical Center and the [[La Raza]] Medical Center—and has an annual budget of over 6&nbsp;billion pesos. The IMSS and other [[public health]] institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.

=== Education ===
[[File:Explanada_de_El_Colegio_de_México.jpg|thumb|[[El Colegio de México]] dedicated to higher education and research in the social sciences and humanities, with a particular emphasis on Mexican and Latin American studies.]]

Among its many public and private schools (K–13), the city offers [[Multiculturalism|multi-cultural]], [[Multilingualism|multi-lingual]] and [[international school]]s attended by Mexican and [[International student|foreign students]]. Best known are the [[Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt (Mexico City)|Colegio Alemán]] (German school with three main campuses), the [[Liceo Mexicano Japonés]] (Japanese), the Centro Cultural Coreano en México (Korean), the [[Lycée Franco-Mexicain]] (French), the [[ASF Mexico|American School]], The [[Westhill Institute]] (American School), the [[Edron Academy]] and the [[Greengates School]] (British). Mexico City joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-05 |title=Mexico City, Mexico - UNESCO Learning City Awardee 2015 {{!}} UIL |url=https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/mexico-city-mexico-unesco-learning-city-awardee-2015 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=uil.unesco.org |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012032110/https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/mexico-city-mexico-unesco-learning-city-awardee-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas]] is the [[Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco]] that is recognized for being the first and oldest European school of [[higher learning]] in the [[Americas]]<ref name="catalog.hathitrust.org" /> and the first major school of interpreters and translators in the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/336?lang=es|title=The Imperial College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|author=Lourdes Arencibia Rodriguez|chapter=The Imperial College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco : The First School of Translators and Interpreters in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America1|series=Regards sur la traduction &#124; Perspectives on Translation|date=27 September 2017|pages=263–275|publisher=Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa {{!}} University of Ottawa Press|isbn=9780776626208|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202204304/https://books.openedition.org/uop/336?lang=es|url-status=live}}</ref> Other, the now-defunct [[Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico]] is considered the father of the UNAM, and it was located in the city and was the [[List of colonial universities in Hispanic America|third oldest university in the Americas]].
[[File:Ciudad_Universitaria_(5535011417).jpg|thumb|left|Central Campus of the [[University City of Mexico|University City]] of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM]]. Since 2007 the University City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref name="MexDes"/>]]

The [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's [[scientific method|scientific research]] and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centers. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World [[College and university rankings|University Ranking]] published by [[Times Higher Education]] (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144076.html |title = Times Higher Education Supplement, 2006 |publisher = Eluniversal.com.mx |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-date = 9 August 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809035739/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144076.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as [[University City of Mexico|Ciudad Universitaria]], was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.<ref name="MexDes">{{cite journal |last= Tavares Lopez|first=Edgar|date=February 2008 |title=Ciudad Universitaria |journal=México Desconocido |volume= 372  |pages=90–92  }}</ref>

The second largest higher-education institution is the [[National Polytechnic Institute]] (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the [[CINVESTAV|Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados]] (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University]] (UAM), the [[National School of Anthropology and History]] (ENAH), the [[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México]] (ITAM), the [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]] (3 campuses), the [[Universidad Panamericana Sede México|Universidad Panamericana]] (UP), the [[Universidad La Salle]], the [[Universidad Intercontinental]] (UIC), the [[Universidad del Valle de México]] (UVM), the [[Anahuac Universities Network|Universidad Anáhuac]], [[Simón Bolívar University (Mexico)|Simón Bolívar University]] (USB), the [[Universidad Intercontinental]] (UIC), the [[Alliant International University]], the [[Universidad Iberoamericana]], [[El Colegio de México]] (Colmex), [[Escuela Libre de Derecho]] and the [[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas|Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica]], (CIDE).
In addition, the prestigious [[University of California]] maintains a campus known as "Casa de California" in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |title = University of California Mexico City |publisher = Universityofcalifornia.edu |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613212934/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/casa/welcome.html |archive-date = 13 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Universidad Tecnológica de México]] is also in Mexico City.

== Politics ==
=== Political structure ===
[[File:Palacio Nacional 2012-09-29 22-45-57.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Palace of Mexico]]]]
[[File:Senado de México 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Senate of the Republic]]]]
[[File:LegPalaceDF.JPG|thumb|right|[[Legislative Palace of San Lázaro]]]]
[[File:Edificio Tlatelolco (S.R.E).JPG|thumb|right|Offices of the [[Secretariat of Foreign Affairs]]]]
[[File:Cámara de Diputados 2012-09-09 03-36-12.jpg|thumb|right|Mexico City's Legislative Assembly building]]

The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of 31 January 1824, and the Federal Constitution of 4 October 1824,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |title = Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824) |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html |archive-date = 18 March 2012 }}</ref> fixed the political and administrative organization of the [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and [[Querétaro, Querétaro|Querétaro]].<ref>[http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410153948/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/boletin/cont/85/art/art13.htm |date=10 April 2014 }}. Juridicas.unam.mx. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</ref>

Due in large part to the persuasion of representative [[Servando Teresa de Mier]], Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though [[Queretaro]] was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on 18 November 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the [[Zócalo|Zocalo]]. This area was then separated from the [[State of Mexico]], forcing that state's government to move from the [[Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine)|Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine)]] in the city to [[Texcoco, Mexico State|Texcoco]]. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco]], [[San Mateo Mexicaltzingo|Mexicaltzingo]] and [[Tlalpan]], all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.<ref name="EncMex2003">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Alvarez |first = Jose Rogelio |encyclopedia = Enciclopedia de Mexico |title = Distrito Federal |year = 2003 |publisher = Sabeco International Investment Corp. |volume = IV |language=es |isbn = 978-1-56409-063-8 |pages = 2293–2314 }}</ref>

In 1854 president [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original {{convert|220|to|1700|sqkm|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The [[Mexican–American War]] had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of Mexico City were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current {{convert|1479|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} by adjusting the southern border with the state of [[Morelos]]. By that time, the total number of municipalities within Mexico City was twenty-two. In 1941, the [[Pedro María de Anaya|General Anaya]] borough was merged with the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve ''delegaciones'' and Mexico City. In 1970, Mexico City was split into four different ''delegaciones'': [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]], [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]], [[Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City|Venustiano Carranza]] and [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez]], increasing the number of ''delegaciones'' to 16. Since then, the whole Federal District, whose ''delegaciones'' had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered ''de facto'' a synonym of Mexico City.<ref name="df.gob.mx">[http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 Statute of Government of the Federal District] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313061806/http://www.df.gob.mx/leyes/normatividad.html?materia=1&apartado=15&disp=140 |date=13 March 2008}}</ref>

The lack of a ''de jure'' stipulation left a legal vacuum that led to a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept had engulfed the other or if the latter had ceased to exist altogether. In 1993, the situation was solved by an amendment to the 44th article of the [[Constitution of Mexico]]; Mexico City and the Federal District were stated to be the same entity. The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.<ref name="df.gob.mx" />

On 29 January 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the ''Federal District'' (Spanish: ''Distrito Federal'' or D.F.), and was officially renamed "Ciudad de México" (or "CDMX").<ref name="Federal District Now Officially" /> On that date, Mexico City began a transition to becoming the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. It will have its own constitution and its legislature, and its ''delegaciones'' will now be headed by mayors.<ref name="Federal District Now Officially" /> Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as it is the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere.<ref name="UN2" />

In response to the demands, Mexico City received a greater degree of autonomy, with the 1987 elaboration the first Statute of Government (''Estatuto de Gobierno'') and the creation of an assembly of representatives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tavera Fenollosa |first1=Ligia |editor1-last=Rossi |editor1-first=Federico M. |editor2-last=Bülow |editor2-first=Marisa von |title=Social Movement Dynamics: New Perspectives on Theory and Research from Latin America |date=3 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-05370-5 |language=en |chapter=Eventful temporality and the unintended outcomes of Mexico's earthquake victims movement}}</ref>{{rp|pages=149–150}} The city has a Statute of Government, and as of its ratification on 31 January 2017, a [[:es:Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México|constitution]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004223/http://www.infodf.org.mx/documentospdf/constitucion_cdmx/Constitucion_%20Politica_CDMX.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Política de la Ciudad de México |url=http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219175548/http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/ACCM/GP/20170130-AA.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |date=30 January 2019}}</ref> similar to the states of the Union. As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the [[List of mayors of Mexico City|head of government]] and approved by the [[Congress of Mexico City|Legislative Assembly]]. Nonetheless, it is the [[Congress of Mexico|Congress of the Union]] that sets the ceiling to internal and external [[government debt|public debt]] issued by the city government.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |title = Codigo Financiero Del Distrito Federal* |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808005758/http://www.finanzas.df.gob.mx/documentos/CodigoFinanciero_2007.pdf |archive-date = 8 August 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City at the end of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country,<ref>{{cite book|title=Mexico City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|first=Nicholas|last=Caistor|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London, England|year=2019|isbn=9781789141108|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018204608/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQieDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/10080662|title=Mexico Bares Its Liberal Side, and More|work=[[NPR]]|date=8 May 2007|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182209/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/10080662|url-status=live}}</ref> whether with the support of the federal government, as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s, or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand [[abortion in Mexico]] beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |title = Aprueba ALDF en lo general reforma sobre el aborto |newspaper = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |date = 24 April 2007 |access-date = 25 April 2007 |archive-date = 27 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070427035819/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/420927.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> In December 2009, the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|title=Mexico City legalises same-sex marriage|agency=Associated Press|date=22 December 2009|work=The Guardian|location=Mexico City|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182209/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/22/mexico-city-same-sex-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Boroughs and neighborhoods ===
{{See also|Boroughs of Mexico City|List of neighborhoods in Mexico City|l2=Neighborhoods in Mexico City}}

[[File:Boroughs of Mexican Federal District numbered.svg|thumb|The 16 boroughs of Mexico City]]

After the political reforms in 2016, the city is divided for administrative purposes into 16 boroughs ({{Lang|es|demarcaciones territoriales}}, colloquially ''alcaldías''), formerly called ''delegaciones''. While they are not fully equivalent to municipalities, the boroughs have gained significant autonomy.<ref name="cdmxconst">{{cite web|url=https://data.consejeria.cdmx.gob.mx/images/leyes/estatutos/Constitucion_Politica_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico_3.pdf|title=Constitution of Mexico City|language=es|publisher=Gobierno de la Ciudad de México|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715022650/https://data.consejeria.cdmx.gob.mx/images/leyes/estatutos/Constitucion_Politica_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico_3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Formerly appointed by the Federal District's head of government, local authorities were first elected directly by [[plurality voting system|plurality]] in 2000. From 2016, each borough is headed by a mayor, expanding their local government powers.<ref name="cdmxconst" />

The boroughs of Mexico City with their 2020 populations are:<ref name="census2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL|language=es|publisher=INEGI|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164521/https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|cellspacing="8"
|-
|style="width:50%;"|
1. [[Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City|Álvaro Obregón]] (pop. 759,137)<br />
2. [[Azcapotzalco]] (pop. 432,205)<br />
3. [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez]] (pop. 434,153)<br />
4. [[Coyoacán]] (pop. 614,447)<br />
5. [[Cuajimalpa]] (pop. 217,686)<br />
6. [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]] (pop. 545,884)<br />
7. [[Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City|Gustavo A. Madero]] (pop. 1,173,351)<br />
8. [[Iztacalco]] (pop. 404,695)
|style="width:33%;"|
9. [[Iztapalapa]] (pop. 1,835,486)<br />
10. [[Magdalena Contreras|La Magdalena Contreras]] (pop. 247,622)<br />
11. [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]] (pop. 414,470)<br />
12. [[Milpa Alta]] (pop. 152,685)<br />
13. [[Tláhuac]] (pop. 392,313)<br />
14. [[Tlalpan]] (pop. 699,928)<br />
15. [[Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City|Venustiano Carranza]] (pop. 443,704)<br />
16. [[Xochimilco]] (pop. 442,178)
|}

The [[Human Development Index]] report of 2005<ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |title=Panorama de la entidad (Panorama of the entity) |language=es |access-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203130742/http://www.undp.org.mx/IMG/pdf/Distrito_Federal.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2012 }}</ref> shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85), and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). [[Benito Juarez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez]] borough had the highest HDI of the country (0.9510) followed by [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]], which came up fourth nationally with an HDI of (0.9189), and [[Coyoacán]] was fifth nationally, with an HDI of (0.9169). [[Cuajimalpa]] (15th), [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]] (23rd), and [[Azcapotzalco]] (25th) also had very high values of 0.8994, 0.8922, and 0.8915, respectively.<ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL" />

In contrast, the boroughs of [[Xochimilco]] (172nd), [[Tláhuac]] (177th), and [[Iztapalapa]] (183rd) presented the lowest HDI values of Mexico City, with values of 0.8481, 0.8473, and 0.8464, respectively, which are still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not have a high HDI was that of rural [[Milpa Alta]], which had a "medium" HDI of 0.7984, far below those of all the other boroughs (627th nationally, the rest being in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was 0.9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of 0.9225 (very high), or (by newer methodology) 0.8307, was Mexico's highest.<ref name="DISTRITO FEDERAL" />

=== Law enforcement ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Mexico City}}

[[File:FederalPoliceDF.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Federal Police (Mexico)|Federal Police]] headquarters in Mexico City]]

The Secretariat of Public Security of Mexico City (Secretaría de Seguridad Pública de la Ciudad de México – SSP) manages a combined force of over 90,000 officers in Mexico City. The SSP is charged with maintaining [[Public order crime|public order]] and safety in the heart of Mexico City. The historic district is also roamed by tourist police, aiming to orient and serve tourists. These horse-mounted agents dress in traditional uniforms. The investigative Judicial Police of Mexico City (Policía Judicial de la Ciudad de México – PJCDMX) is organized under the Office of the [[Attorney General of Mexico]] City (the Procuraduría General de Justicia de la Ciudad de México). The PGJCDMX maintains 16 precincts (delegaciones) with an estimated 3,500 judicial police, 1,100 investigating agents for prosecuting attorneys (agentes del ministerio público), and nearly 1,000 criminology experts or specialists (peritos).

Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime".<ref>{{cite news|title=Police say Giuliani helps cut Mexico City crime |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609044928/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20040512-1639-crime-mexico.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2004 |newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune |date=12 May 2004 |access-date=15 September 2009 }}</ref> Under policies enacted by Mayor [[Marcelo Ebrard]] between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 [[security camera]]s around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/security-central-in-mexico-citys-makeover/article2084076 |title = Security central in Mexico City's makeover |work = The Globe and Mail |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-date = 23 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323030031/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/security-central-in-mexico-citys-makeover/article2084076/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Since 1997 the prison population has increased by more than 500%.<ref name="mueller">{{cite news |url = http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--mexico-city--punishing-the-informal.html |title = Punishing the informal |work = Digital Development Debats. |access-date = 31 August 2016 |archive-date = 14 September 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160914083812/http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--mexico-city--punishing-the-informal.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Political scientist Markus-Michael Müller argues that mostly informal street vendors are hit by these measures. He sees punishment "related to the growing politicization of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalization of the people living at the margins of urban society, in particular those who work in the city's informal economy".<ref name="mueller" />

In 2016, the incidence of [[femicide]]s was 3.2 per 100 000 inhabitants, the national average being 4.2.<ref>{{cite news |author=Arturo Páramo |title=Suma la ciudad 39 feminicidios |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/11/16/1128502 |date=16 November 2016 |newspaper=Excélsior |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007031633/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/11/16/1128502 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2015 city government report found that two of three women over the age of 15 in the capital suffered some form of violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mujeres en la capital están luchando contra el acoso desenfrenado |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/05/11/1092037 |date=12 May 2016 |newspaper=Excélsior |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007031636/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2016/05/11/1092037 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to [[street harassment]], one of the places where women in Mexico City are subjected to violence is on and around public transport. Annually the Metro of Mexico City receives 300 complaints of [[sexual harassment]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Así se vive el acoso en el Metro de la CDMX |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2017/03/09/1151067 |date=9 March 2017 |newspaper=Excélsior |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007031621/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2017/03/09/1151067 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===International relations===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico}}

Mexico City is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name="Acuerdos">{{cite web|title=Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Ciudad de México|url=https://coordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx/index.php/entidades/76-distrito-federal|website=sre.gob.mx|publisher=Secretaría de relaciones exteriores|language=es|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409042616/https://coordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx/index.php/entidades/76-distrito-federal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco|url=https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php|website=aatccusco.com|publisher=Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco|language=es|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329013108/https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cusco]], Peru, 1987
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany, 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaft Mexiko-Stadt |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/politik/senatskanzlei/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/mexiko-stadt/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=berlin.de |date=12 September 2023 |language=de |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092736/https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/politik/senatskanzlei/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/mexiko-stadt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Havana]], Cuba, 1997
* {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Quito]], Ecuador, 1999
* {{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Tegucigalpa]], Honduras, 1999
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[San Antonio de los Baños]], Cuba, 1999
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cerro, Havana|Cerro (Havana)]], Cuba, 1999
* {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], Costa Rica, 2000
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, 2006
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Nagoya]], Japan, 2007
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States, 2007
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Cádiz]], Spain, 2009
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], China, 2009
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey, 2010
* {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait, 2011
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico City|url=http://www.chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/mexico-city-mexico/|website=chicagosistercities.com|publisher=Chicago Sister Cities International|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610154307/http://www.chicagosistercities.com/sister-cities/mexico-city-mexico/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Economy ==
[[File:Mexico City Reforma Street.jpg|thumb|The [[Paseo de la Reforma]] is a wide avenue designed by [[Ferdinand von Rosenzweig]] in the 1860s and was modeled after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prudentialprivatecapital.com/offices/mexico-city|title=Mexico City CORPORATE FINANCE|website=Prudential Private Capital, [[Prudential Financial]]|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812131211/https://www.prudentialprivatecapital.com/offices/mexico-city|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in [[Latin America]]. The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Participación sectorial por entidad federative |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |archive-date=14 July 2007 }}</ref> In 2002, Mexico City had a [[Human Development Index]] score of 0.915,<ref>{{cite web |title=HDR 2006 &#124; Spanish &#124; Human Development Reports (HDR) &#124; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Hdr.undp.org |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142405/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/chapters/spanish/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> identical to that of [[international rankings of South Korea|South Korea]]. In 2007, residents in the top twelve percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean [[disposable and discretionary income|disposable income]] of {{US$|98,517|link=yes}}. The high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and [[luxury goods]]. According to a 2009 study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]], Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and the richest in Latin America.<ref name="ukmediacentre.pwc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |title=Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |author=PricewaterhouseCoopers |publisher=UK Media Centre |date=11 February 2009 |access-date=27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> In 2009, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world.<ref name="emporis">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |title=Emporis |access-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317113146/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101008 |archive-date=17 March 2008 }}</ref>

Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of Mexico City in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country.<ref name="INEGI" /> The economic reforms of President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). This led to decentralization<ref name="furness">{{Cite journal |last = Furness |first = Charlie |date = April 2008 |title = Boomtown |journal = Geographical |volume = 80 |issue = 4 |pages = 36–45 |id = 0016741X }}</ref> and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the [[State of Mexico]], or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.
[[File:MexicoCityStockExchange01.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Mexican Stock Exchange]]]]

Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in [[Traditional fixed markets in Mexico|fixed indoor markets]], in [[tianguis|mobile markets (''tianguis'')]], from [[Street vendors in Mexico City|street vendors]], from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, in [[big-box store]]s, and in modern shopping malls. In addition, "[[tianguis]]" or mobile markets set up shop on streets in many neighborhoods, depending on day of week. Sundays see the largest number of these markets.

The city's main source of fresh produce is the [[Central de Abasto]]. This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in [[Iztapalapa]] borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. The wholesale market supplies most of the city's "mercados", supermarkets and restaurants, as well as people who come to buy the produce for themselves. Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day. The principal fish market is known as [[La Nueva Viga Market|La Nueva Viga]], in the same complex as the Central de Abastos.<ref name="actecon">{{cite web |url=http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102040000_2005.html |title=Economía reciente, 1990-2005 |publisher=Borough of Iztapapala |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans-title=Economy |accessdate=March 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225432/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102040000_2005.html |archivedate=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> The world-renowned market of [[Tepito]] occupies 25 blocks, and sells a variety of products. A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of [[aguas frescas]] and [[atole]].

Street vendors ply their trade from stalls in the ''tianguis'' as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at ''plazas comerciales'', where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk.<ref name="pena">{{cite web |url=http://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23(3)%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |title=Informal Markets: Street Vendors in Mexico City |author=Sergio Peña |publisher=Florida State University |year=1999 |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025356/https://utminers.utep.edu/spena2/HABITAT%20V23%283%29%20INFORMAL%20MARKETS.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/content/download/21212/105355/file/ITSDM001%20Comercio%20Ambulante.pdf |publisher = Cámara de Diputados (Mexico), Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública |title = Reporte Temático No. 2: Comercio Ambulante |date = June 2005 |access-date = 9 April 2014 |archive-date = 13 April 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145720/http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/content/download/21212/105355/file/ITSDM001%20Comercio%20Ambulante.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> In the center of the city informal street vendors are increasingly targeted by laws and prosecution.<ref name="mueller" /> The weekly [[San Felipe de Jesús Tianguis]] is reported to be the largest in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maspormas.com/ciudad/tianguis-la-san-felipe-no-podras-recorrerlo-dia/|title=Tianguis de la San Felipe: no podrás recorrerlo en un día|date=23 January 2017|publisher=Máspormás|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821090406/https://www.maspormas.com/ciudad/tianguis-la-san-felipe-no-podras-recorrerlo-dia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Historic Center of Mexico City]] is widely known for specialized, often low-cost retailers. Certain blocks or streets are dedicated to shops selling a certain type of merchandise, with areas dedicated to over 40 categories such as home appliances, lamps and electricals, closets and bathrooms, housewares, wedding dresses, jukeboxes, printing, office furniture and safes, books, photography, jewelry, and opticians.<ref>{{cite journal |journal = Km.cero |url = http://guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/sites/default/files/km40_0.pdf |date = November 2011 |title = Calles con vocación |page = 7 |access-date = 9 April 2014 |archive-date = 22 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140522233249/http://guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/sites/default/files/km40_0.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
{{wide image|Vista_panorámica_del_lago_en_el_Parque_La_Mexicana.jpg|700px|[[Santa Fe, Mexico City|Santa Fe]] is one of the centers of greatest economic activity in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17104003|title=Santa Fé (México): Megaproyectos para una ciudad dividida|author=Alfonso Valenzuela|date=2007|journal=Cuadernos Geográficos|number=40|pages=53–66|publisher=[[University of Granada]], Spain|language=es|issn=0210-5462|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731090003/https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17104003|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Tourism===
{{See also|Barrios Mágicos of Mexico City}}
[[File:Turibus Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright|The Turibus runs through many of the most important tourist attractions in the city.]]

Mexico City is a destination for many foreign tourists. The [[Historic center of Mexico City]] (''Centro Histórico'') and the "floating gardens" of [[Xochimilco]] in the southern borough have been declared [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]]. Landmarks in the Historic Center include the [[Zócalo|Plaza de la Constitución]] (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] and [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], ancient Aztec temple ruins [[Templo Mayor]] ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).

The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden [[Angel of Independence]] on the wide, elegant avenue [[Paseo de la Reforma]], modeled by the order of the Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Mexico]] after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] (seat of government) with the [[Chapultepec Castle|Castle of Chapultepec]], the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the [[Mexican Stock Exchange]] and several [[corporate headquarters]] are located. Another important avenue is the [[Avenida de los Insurgentes]], which extends {{convert|28.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.

[[Chapultepec]] Park houses the [[Chapultepec Castle]], now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología|National Museum of Anthropology]] (which houses the [[Aztec calendar stone|Aztec Calendar Stone]]). 
[[File:Aztec_Stone_of_the_Sun_(2088976462).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Aztec sun stone]] in the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]]]]

Another piece of architecture is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]], a white marble theater/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of [[Porfirio Díaz]] and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the 1920s.

The [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas]], in this square are located the [[Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco]], that is [[List of oldest buildings in the Americas|the first and oldest]] European school of higher learning in the [[Americas]],<ref name="catalog.hathitrust.org">{{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101392426|title=The first college in America: Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco.|location=Washington DC|year=1936|author1=Steck|author2=Francis Borgia|series=Achievement and influence of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927215841/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101392426|url-status=live}}</ref> and the archeological site of the [[Tlatelolco (archaeological site)|city-state of Tlatelolco]], and the shrine and [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]] are also important sites. There is a [[double-decker bus]], known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.

In addition, according to the Secretariat of Tourism, the city has about 170 [[museums]]—is among the top ten of cities in the world with highest number of museums<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/cultura/patrimonio/2016/05/17/cdmx-una-de-las-urbes-con-mas-museos-en-el-mundo|title=CDMX, una de las urbes con más museos en el mundo|date=17 May 2016|website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)]]|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016232312/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/cultura/patrimonio/2016/05/17/cdmx-una-de-las-urbes-con-mas-museos-en-el-mundo|url-status=live}}</ref>—over 100 [[art museum|art galleries]], and some 30 [[List of concert halls|concert halls]], all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the [[National Institute of Cardiology]]) have murals painted by [[Diego Rivera]]. He and his wife [[Frida Kahlo]] lived in [[Coyoacán]], where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where [[Leon Trotsky]] was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán. In addition, there are several ''[[hacienda]]s'' that are now restaurants, such as the San Ángel Inn, the Hacienda de Tlalpan, Hacienda de Cortés and the Hacienda de los Morales.

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Mexico City}}

=== Airports ===
[[File:AICM_AIR_T2.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City International Airport]]]]
[[Mexico City International Airport]] is Mexico City's primary airport ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: MEX), and serves as the hub of [[Aeroméxico]] ([[SkyTeam|Skyteam]]). [[Felipe Ángeles International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]]: NLU) is Mexico City's secondary airport, and was opened in 2022, rebuilt from the former Santa Lucía Air Force Base. It is located in [[Zumpango]], [[State of Mexico]], {{convert|48.8|km|mi|sigfig=1}} north-northeast of the [[historic center of Mexico City]] by car.<ref>{{cite news |title=¿Quién es Felipe Ángeles y por qué el aeropuerto se llama así? ("Who was Felipe Angeles and why is the airport called that?") |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/quien-es-felipe-angeles-y-por-que-el-aeropuerto-se-llama-asi |publisher=El Universal (Mexico City) |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008005537/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/quien-es-felipe-angeles-y-por-que-el-aeropuerto-se-llama-asi |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sistema de Movilidad Integrada ===
In 2019, the graphic designer [[Lance Wyman]] was engaged to create an integrated map of the multimodal public transportation system; he presented a new logo for the [[Movilidad Integrada|Sistema de Movilidad Integrada]], describing eight distinct modes of transportation. The head of the government, [[Claudia Sheinbaum]], said the branding would be used for a new single payment card to streamline public transportation fare collection.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/presentan-imagen-para-el-sistema-de-movilidad-integrada-de-la-cdmx |title=Presentan imagen para el Sistema de Movilidad Integrada de la CDMX |trans-title=Presenting the symbols for the Integrated Mobility System of Mexico City |language=es |author=Suárez, Gerardo |date=15 April 2019 |work=El Universal |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606204205/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/presentan-imagen-para-el-sistema-de-movilidad-integrada-de-la-cdmx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Metro ===
[[File:FE-10_06.jpg|thumb|[[Mexico City Metro]]]]
{{Main|Mexico City Metro}}
Mexico City is served by the [[Mexico City Metro]], a {{convert|225.9|km|0|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with [[List of Mexico City metro stations|195 stations]], transporting 4.4&nbsp;million people every day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|title=World Metro Figures: Statistics Brief|date=October 2015|publisher=UITP|page=2|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629233425/http://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP-Statistic%20Brief-Metro-A4-WEB_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Tren Suburbano ===
{{Main|Tren Suburbano}}
A suburban rail system, the [[Tren Suburbano]] serves the metropolitan area, beyond the reach of the [[Mexico City Metro|metro]], with one line serving to municipalities such as [[Tlalnepantla de Baz|Tlalnepantla]] and [[Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], but with future lines planned to serve e.g. [[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]] and [[Los Reyes Acaquilpan|La Paz]].

Electric transport other than the metro also exists, in the form of several [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|Mexico City trolleybus]] routes and the [[Xochimilco Light Rail]] line, both of which are operated by [[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos]]. The central area's last [[Tram|streetcar]] line (tramway, or ''[[:es:Tranvía|tranvía]]'') closed in 1979.

=== Bus ===
{{Main|Mexico City Metrobús|Red de Transporte de Pasajeros}}
[[File:15-07-17-Mexico-D-F-RalfR-WMA_1274.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mexico City Metrobús|Metrobús]] rapid transit bus stop station at [[Mina (Mexico City Metrobús)|Mina]]]]
Mexico City has an extensive bus network, consisting of public buses, [[bus rapid transit]], and [[trolleybuses]].

=== Roads ===
Mexico City has a large road network, and relatively high private car usage, estimated at more than 4.5 million in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Cuantos-autos-circulan-en-la-CDMX-diariamente-20160922-0101.html|title=¿Cuántos autos circulan en la CDMX diariamente?|work=[[El Economista (Mexico)|El Economista]]|date=22 September 2016|agency=[[Notimex]]|access-date=6 April 2022|language=es|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153924/https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Cuantos-autos-circulan-en-la-CDMX-diariamente-20160922-0101.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There is an environmental program, called [[Hoy No Circula]] ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their [[Vehicle registration plate|license plates]], in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite web |title = Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula |trans-title=Update of the "Hoy No Circula" Program |url = http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |access-date = 21 September 2013 |publisher = Gobierno Del Distrito Federal, Secretaría Del Medio Ambiente, Dirección General De Gestión Ambiental Del Aire, Dirección De Instrumentación De Políticas |page = 19 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923095052/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/sma/download/archivos/actualizacion_phnc_dip.pdf |archive-date = 23 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |title = Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. GVWR |work = meca.org |access-date = 6 June 2016 |archive-date = 23 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923072222/http://www.meca.org/galleries/files/Mexico06.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Programa de Verificación Vehicular. Segundo semestre de 2013. |trans-title=Vehicle Verification Program. Second semester 2013. |url=http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |publisher=Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente |language=es |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183101/http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/verificentros/index.php?op=inicio |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

=== Cycling ===
{{Main|Ecobici (Mexico City)}}
[[File:15-07-12-Mexico-D-F-RalfR-N3S_9031.jpg|thumb|right|Bicycles available for rental in [[Zona Rosa, Mexico City|Zona Rosa]]]]

The Mexico City local government oversees the administration of [[Ecobici (Mexico City)|Ecobici]], North America's second-largest [[bicycle sharing system]]. Established to promote sustainable urban transportation, Ecobici facilitates convenient access to bicycles for residents and visitors alike. As of September 2013, the system comprised 276 stations strategically positioned across an expansive area extending from the [[Historic center of Mexico City|Historic center]] to [[Polanco]], a prominent district in the city. Within this network, approximately 4,000 bicycles are available for public use, enabling individuals to navigate the metropolitan landscape efficiently and reduce reliance on traditional motorized modes of transportation. Ecobici serves as a model for environmentally conscious urban mobility initiatives, reflecting Mexico City's commitment to fostering sustainable development and enhancing the quality of life for its populace.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = km0 |url = http://www.guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/kmcero/acciones-de-gobierno/nuevas-estaciones-de-ecobici |date = September 2013 |author = Jesús de León Torres |title = Nuevas estaciones de EcoBici |trans-title = New EcoBici stations |language = es |access-date = 20 October 2013 |archive-date = 6 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806132705/http://www.guiadelcentrohistorico.mx/kmcero/acciones-de-gobierno/nuevas-estaciones-de-ecobici |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |title = Untitled Document |work = df.gob.mx |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141112160203/http://www.fimevic.df.gob.mx/ciclovia/cartel.htm |archive-date = 12 November 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |title="Ciclovía Reforma", ''Transeunte'' |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000458/http://transeunte.org/temas/ciclovia-reforma/ |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Art ===
{{Main|Mexican art}}
[[File:Al benemerito Benito Juarez, Ciudad de México MEX.jpg|thumb|Monument "To the Meritorious [[Benito Juárez]]", Mexico City]]

Secular works of art of this period include the [[equestrian statue|equestrian sculpture]] of [[Charles IV of Spain]], locally known as ''El Caballito'' ("The little horse"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of [[Manuel Tolsá]] and it has been placed at the [[Plaza Tolsá]], in front of the [[Palacio de Mineria]] (Mining Palace). Directly in front of this building is the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]] (Munal) (the National Museum of Art).

[[File:ReceptHallMUNAL.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Receptions Hall at the [[Museo Nacional de Arte]]]]
During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the [[Academy of San Carlos|Academia de San Carlos]] (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas (the [[National School of Arts (UNAM)|National School of Arts]]) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's [[art school]]s. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos ([[National Museum of San Carlos]]). One of the students, [[José María Velasco Gómez|José María Velasco]], is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. [[Porfirio Díaz]]'s regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. those of [[José Guadalupe Posada]] and [[Manuel Manilla]]. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens.

[[File:Monument to Lázaro Cárdenas (outstretched hand welcoming Spanish immigrants), Parque España, col. Condesa, Condesa, Mexico City.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] (outstretched hand welcoming Spanish immigrants), [[Parque España (Mexico City)|Parque España]]]]

After the [[Mexican Revolution]], an [[avant-garde]] [[art movement|artistic movement]] originated in Mexico City: [[mural]]ism. Many of the works of muralists [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] and [[Diego Rivera]] are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]] and the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]]. [[Frida Kahlo]], wife of Rivera, with a strong nationalist expression, was also one of the most renowned of Mexican painters. Her house has become a museum that displays many of her works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museofridakahlo.org.mx/en/the-blue-house/#back-top|title=The Blue House – Frida Kahlo Museum|website=www.museofridakahlo.org.mx|language=en-US|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102344/http://www.museofridakahlo.org.mx/en/the-blue-house/#back-top|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The former home of Rivera muse [[Dolores Olmedo]] houses the namesake museum. The facility is in Xochimilco borough in southern Mexico City and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns. It houses a large collection of Rivera and Kahlo paintings and drawings, as well as living ''Xoloizcuintles'' ([[Mexican Hairless Dog]]). It also regularly hosts small but important temporary exhibits of classical and [[modern art]] (e.g. Venetian Masters and Contemporary New York artists).

During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as [[Leopoldo Méndez]], an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular ([[Popular Graphics Workshop]]), designed to help [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as [[Catalonia|Catalan]] painter [[Remedios Varo]] and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. [[José Luis Cuevas]] opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.

=== Museums ===
[[File:Hochob Campeche - Rekonstruktion des Tempels.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the entrance to the Hochob temple in the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]]]]
[[File:Museo Soumaya Plaza.jpg|thumb|[[Museo Soumaya]]]]

Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and [[contemporary art]], and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by Mexican painter [[Rufino Tamayo]]. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The [[Museo de Arte Moderno]] is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, [[Gunther Gerzso|Gerzso]], Carrington, Tamayo, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the [[Carrillo Gil Museum]] showcases avant-garde artists, as does the [[Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo]], designed by Mexican architect [[Teodoro González de León]], inaugurated in late 2008.

The [[Museo Soumaya]], named after the wife of Mexican magnate [[Carlos Slim]], has the largest private collection of original [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] sculptures outside of France.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Jo|last1=Tuckman|date=2 March 2011|title=Mexican billionaire's new museum gives The Thinker much to ponder|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/02/carlos-slim-mexico-art-museum|access-date=30 October 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104064301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/02/carlos-slim-mexico-art-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> It also has a large collection of [[Dalí]] sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including [[El Greco]], [[Velázquez]], [[Picasso]] and [[Canaletto]]. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in [[Museo Soumaya#Plaza Loreto|Plaza Loreto]] in southern Mexico City. The [[Colección Júmex]] is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the [[Jumex]] juice company in the northern industrial suburb of [[San Cristóbal Ecatepec|Ecatepec]]. It has the largest private contemporary art collection in [[Latin America]] and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the [[Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City|Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso]] in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art. The [[Museo Nacional de Arte]] is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits.

[[Jack Kerouac]], the noted American author, spent extended periods of time in the city, and wrote his 1959 masterpiece volume of poetry ''[[Mexico City Blues]]'' here. Another American author, [[William S. Burroughs]], also lived in [[Colonia Roma]] where he accidentally shot his wife. Most of Mexico City's museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10am to 5pm, although some of them have extended schedules, such as the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open to 7pm. In addition to this, entrance to most museums are free on Sunday. In some cases a modest fee may be charged.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |title = Ciudad de México.- atractivos turísticos |publisher = Mexicocity.com.mx |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225110752/http://www.mexicocity.com.mx/visita.html |archive-date = 25 February 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The [[Memory and Tolerance Museum]], inaugurated in 2011, showcases historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on [[Tibet]] was inaugurated by the [[Dalai Lama]] in September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Dalai Lama inaugura la exposición: Tíbet. Recuerdos de la patria perdida {{!}} La Crónica de Hoy|url=https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2011/604782.html|website=www.cronica.com.mx|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308212533/https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2011/604782.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Music, theater and entertainment ===

[[File:Teatro de la Ciudad de Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Teatro de la Ciudad|City Theatre]] built in 1918]]
{{Further|Music of Mexico|Regional styles of Mexican music}}
Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the [[Mexico City Philharmonic]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021052/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/Filarmonica/|url-status=dead|title=Mexico City Philharmonic|archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the [[National Symphony Orchestra (Mexico)|National Symphony Orchestra]], whose home base is the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] (Palace of the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]]), a masterpiece of [[Art Nouveau|art nouveau]] and art decó styles; the [[Orchestra|Philharmonic Orchestra]] of the National Autonomous University of Mexico ([[OFUNAM]]),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070422104348/http://www.musicaunam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=13 |url-status=dead |archive-date = 22 April 2007 |title = Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico |publisher = Musicaunam.net |access-date = 17 April 2010 }}</ref> and the [[Minería Symphony Orchestra]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sinfonicademineria.org/ |title = Minería Symphony Orchestra |publisher = Sinfonicademineria.org |access-date = 17 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705094712/http://www.sinfonicademineria.org/ |archive-date = 5 July 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> both of which perform at the [[Sala Nezahualcóyotl]], which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the [[Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony]], the [[Cuarteto Latinoamericano]], the [[New World Symphony Orchestra|New World Orchestra]] (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the [[National Polytechnical Symphony]] and the [[Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra]] (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes).

The city is also a leading center of [[popular culture]] and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat [[National Auditorium]] that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading [[performing arts]] ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts [[grand opera]] performances from New York's [[Metropolitan Opera]] on giant, high definition screens. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media. Other sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat [[Teatro Metropolitan]], the 15,000-seat [[Palacio de los Deportes]], and the larger 50,000-seat [[Foro Sol]] Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis. The [[Cirque du Soleil]] has held several seasons at the [[Carpa Santa Fe]], in the [[Santa Fe (Mexico City)|Santa Fe]] district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the [[Hard Rock Live]], Bataclán, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voilá Acoustique. Recent additions include the 20,000-seat [[Arena Ciudad de México]], the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry.

The Centro Nacional de las Artes ([[National Center for the Arts]]) has several venues for music, theater, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the [[University Culture Center]]) (CCU). The CCU also houses the [[National Library of Mexico|National Library]], the interactive [[Universum (UNAM)|Universum, Museo de las Ciencias]],<ref>{{cite web |author = Dgdc-Unam |url = http://www.universum.unam.mx/ |title = Universum, Museo de las Ciencias |publisher = Universum.unam.mx |access-date = 17 April 2010 |archive-date = 12 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100412062821/http://www.universum.unam.mx/ |url-status = live }}</ref> the Sala Nezahualcóyotl concert hall, several theaters and cinemas, and the new [[Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo|University Museum of Contemporary Art]] (MUAC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220023046/http://difusion.cultural.unam.mx/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=38&Itemid=86|url-status=dead|title=University Museum of Contemporary Art|archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former [[Foreign minister|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City.
[[File:Biblioteca Vasconcelos, Ciudad de México, México, 2015-07-20, DD 16-18 HDR.JPG|thumb|[[Biblioteca Vasconcelos]]]]
The [[José Vasconcelos Library]], a national library, is located on the grounds of the former Buenavista railroad station in the northern part of the city. The [[Papalote Museo del Niño]] (Kite Children's Museum), which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of [[Chapultepec]], near the [[Museo Tecnológico]], and [[Aztlán Parque Urbano]], an [[amusement park]]. The theme park [[Six Flags México]] (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the [[Ajusco]] neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the [[Zócalo]] is transformed into a gigantic [[ice rink|ice skating rink]], which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's [[Red Square]].

The {{ill|Cineteca Nacional|es|Cineteca Nacional}} (Mexican Film Library), near the Coyoacán suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual [[Muestra Internacional de Cine|International Showcase]], and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films. [[Cinépolis]] and [[Cinemex]], the two biggest film [[chain store|business chains]], also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. Mexico City has a number of [[IMAX]] theaters, providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to blockbusters on these large screens.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main article|Cuisine of Mexico City}}
[[File:Street_tacos_in_Mexico_City_(8495923877).jpg|thumb|[[Street food|Street]] [[tacos]] in Mexico City]]

Once considered plebeian fare, by the 19th century [[taco]]s had become a standard of Mexico City's cuisine. Furthermore, as authorities struggled to tax local [[taquerias]], imposing licensing requirements and penalties, they recorded some details of the types of foods being served by these establishments. The most frequent reference was for ''tacos de [[barbacoa]]''. Also mentioned are [[enchiladas]], ''tacos de minero'' and ''[[gorditas]]'', along with oyster shops and fried fish stands. There is evidence of some regional specialties being made available for recent migrants; at least two shops were known to serve ''[[pozole]]'', a type of stew similar to [[hominy]] that is a staple of [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pilcher |first=Jeffrey M. |title=Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food |page=94}}</ref> Mexico City is known for having some of the freshest fish and seafood in Mexico's interior. [[La Nueva Viga Market]] is the second largest seafood market in the world after the [[Tsukiji fish market]] in Japan.

Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines: restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city, and the city also has several branches of internationally recognized restaurants. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and [[Brasserie Lipp]], Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, [[Quintonil]], Morimoto; Pámpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera singer [[Plácido Domingo]]. There are branches of [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] restaurant [[Suntory]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] restaurant Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses [[Morton's Restaurant Group|Morton's]] and [[The Palm (restaurant)|The Palm]], and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of [[Lima, Peru|Lima]]'s [[Haute cuisine|Haute]] restaurants, serving [[Peruvian cuisine]], have locations in Mexico City: La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gastón.

For the 2023 list of [[Restaurant (magazine) Top 50|World's 50 Best Restaurants]] as named by the British magazine ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]'', Mexico City ranked 13th best with the Mexican avant-garde restaurant [[Pujol (restaurant)|Pujol]] (owned by Mexican chef [[Enrique Olvera]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eater.com/worlds-50-best-restaurants-awards/23767356/the-worlds-50-best-restaurants-2023-the-list-so-far|title=The World's 50 Best Restaurants 2023: The Full List of Winners|date=20 June 2023|first=Hillary Dixler|last=Canavan|work=Eater|access-date=17 May 2024|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070901/https://www.eater.com/worlds-50-best-restaurants-awards/23767356/the-worlds-50-best-restaurants-2023-the-list-so-far|url-status=live}}</ref> Also notable is the Basque-Mexican fusion restaurant [[Biko (restaurant)|Biko]] (run and co-owned by Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso), which placed outside the list at 59th, but in previous years has ranked within the top 50.<ref name="2014 awards">[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]], [http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners The World's 50 Best Restaurant Awards: 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521055609/https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50 |date=21 May 2021 }}</ref> Other that has been placed on the list in 2019 is the restaurant Sud 777 at 58th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t51-100|title=The World's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50 2019|website=theworlds50best.com|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124036/https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t51-100|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, [[List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Mexico|seven restaurants in the city]] received [[Michelin stars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/mexico-michelin-guide-restaurants-list-2024|title=These Are Mexico's First Michelin-Starred Restaurants, 2024|date=15 May 2024|access-date=18 May 2024|first=Sam|last=Stone|work=[[Bon Appétit]]|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523165131/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/mexico-michelin-guide-restaurants-list-2024|url-status=live}}</ref> At the other end of the scale are working class [[pulque]] bars known as ''pulquerías'', a challenge for tourists to locate and experience.

=== Media ===
[[File:TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg|thumb|[[Televisa]] headquarters in Mexico City]]

Mexico City is Mexico's most important hub for the printed media and [[publishing|book publishing]] industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including ''[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]'', ''[[Excélsior]]'', ''[[Reforma (newspaper)|Reforma]]'' and ''[[La Jornada]]''. Other major papers include ''[[Milenio]]'', ''[[Crónica, Buenos Aires|Crónica]]'', ''[[El Economista (Mexico)|El Economista]]'' and {{lang|es|[[El Financiero]]}}.<ref name="SIC">{{cite web |work=Sistema de Información Cultural |publisher=Gobierno de Mexico |language=es |access-date=14 March 2020 |url=https://sic.gob.mx/?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=9 |title=Publicaciones periódicas en Ciudad de México |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731042243/https://sic.gob.mx/?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews |title=Latin American & Mexican Online News |work=Research Guides |publisher=[[University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries]] |location=US |archive-date= 7 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307192643/http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews }}</ref> Leading magazines include {{Lang|es|[[Expansión (Mexico)|Expansión]]}}, ''[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]'', ''[[Poder]]'', as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as ''[[Vanidades]]'', ''[[Quién (magazine)|Quién]]'', ''[[Chilango]]'', ''[[TVNotas|TV Notas]]'', and local editions of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[GQ]]'', and ''[[Architectural Digest]]''.

It is also a leading center of the [[advertising industry]]. Most international ad firms have offices in the city, including Grey, [[J. Walter Thompson|JWT]], [[Leo Burnett]], [[Euro RSCG]], [[BBDO]], Ogilvy, [[Saatchi & Saatchi]], and [[McCann Erickson]]. Many local firms also compete in the sector, including Alazraki, Olabuenaga/Chemistri, Terán, Augusto Elías, and Clemente Cámara, among others. There are 60 [[List of radio stations in Mexico City|radio stations]] operating in the city and many [[local community]] radio transmission networks.

The two largest media companies in the Spanish-speaking world, [[Televisa]] and [[TV Azteca]], are headquartered in Mexico City. [[Televisa]] often presents itself as the largest producer of Spanish-language content.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Concentración y convergencia de medios en América Latina|first1=Martín|last1=Becerra|first2=Guillermo|last2=Mastrini|journal=Communiquer|volume=20|year=2017|issue=20|pages=104–120|doi=10.4000/communiquer.2277|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/76220|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Other [[television channel|local television]] channels include:

[[XHDF-TDT|XHDF]] 1 (Azteca Uno),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aztecauno.com/|title=Azteca Uno – Transmisión EN VIVO|website=aztecauno.com|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403143727/https://www.aztecauno.com/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[XEW-TDT|XEW]] 2 (Televisa W),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisa.com/|title=Home|first=Televisa|last=TIM|website=Televisa|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408091907/https://www.televisa.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[XHCTMX-TDT|XHCTMX]] 3,
[[XHTV-TDT|XHTV]] 4,
[[XHGC-TDT|XHGC]] 5,
[[XHTDMX-TDT|XHTDMX]] 6,
[[XHIMT-TDT|XHIMT]] 7,
[[XEQ-TDT|XEQ]] 9,
[[XEIPN-TDT|XEIPN]] 11,
[[XHUNAM-TDT|XHUNAM]] 20,
[[XHCDM-TDT|XHCDM]] 21,
[[XEIMT-TDT|XEIMT]] 22,
[[XHTRES-TDT|XHTRES]] 28,
[[XHTVM-TDT|XHTVM]] 40 and
[[XHHCU-TDT|XHHCU]] 45.

=== Sports ===
[[File:ACMX16.JPG|thumb|left|[[Mexico City Arena]]]]

[[Association football]] is the country's most popular and most [[Broadcasting of sports events|televised franchised sport]]. Its important venues in Mexico City include the [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]], home to the [[Mexico national football team]] and giants [[Club América|América]] and [[Cruz Azul]], which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|Olympic Stadium]] in [[University City of Mexico|Ciudad Universitaria]] is home to the football club giants [[Club Universidad Nacional|Universidad Nacional]], with a [[seating capacity]] of over 52,000. The [[Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes|Sports City Stadium]], which seats 33,042 fans, is near the [[World Trade Center Mexico City]] in the Nochebuena [[Colonia (Mexico)|neighborhood]], and is home to the historical [[Atlante F.C.|Atlante]]. América, Cruz Azul and Universidad Nacional are based in Mexico City and play in the [[Primera División de México|First Division]]; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants [[Club Deportivo Guadalajara]], of Mexico's traditional "Big Four". The city's three derbies are the "[[Clásico Joven]]", played between América and Cruz Azul, the capital's two most popular and successful teams; the "[[Clásico Capitalino]]", between América and Universidad Nacional, and the "Clásico Metropolitano", between Cruz Azul and Universidad Nacional.

The country hosted the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]], and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice. The city will be one of the host cities for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026 |title=FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026™ |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153555/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mexico City is the first Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the [[1968 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1968, winning bids against [[Buenos Aires]], [[Lyon]] and Detroit. The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 [[Pan American Games]], the latter after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew. The [[ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships]] were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. [[Lucha libre]] is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are [[Arena México]] and [[Arena Coliseo]].

[[File:Autódromo_Hermanos_Rodríguez,_June_4,_2018_SkySat_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]]]]

The [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]] is the main venue for motorsport, and hosts the Formula 1 [[Mexican Grand Prix]] since its return to the sport in 2015, the event being held in the past from 1962 to 1970, and again from 1986 to 1992. Since 2016, it also hosts the Formula E [[Mexico City ePrix]]. From 1980 to 1981 and again from 2002 to 2007, the circuit hosted the [[Champ Car]] World Series [[Gran Premio de México]]. Beginning in 2005, the [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]] ran the [[Corona México 200|Telcel-Motorola México 200]]. 2005 also marked the first running of the Mexico City 250 by the [[Grand American Road Racing Association|Grand-Am]] [[Rolex Sports Car Series]]. Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009.

Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city. Mexico City is home of the [[Diablos Rojos del México|Mexico City Red Devils]] of the [[Mexican League (baseball)|Mexican League]], which is considered a Triple-A league by Major League Baseball. The Devils play their home games at [[Estadio Alfredo Harp Helú]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mexicodesign.com/estadio-diablos-la-integracion-comunitaria/|title=Estadio Diablos: la integración comunitaria|date=5 April 2019|website=México Design|language=es-MX|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408190420/http://www.mexicodesign.com/estadio-diablos-la-integracion-comunitaria/|url-status=live}}</ref> designed by international Mexican-American architect [http://fgp-atelier.com FGP Atelier] Founder [[Francisco Gonzalez Pulido]] in collaboration with local architect Taller ADG. Mexico City has some 10 Little Leagues for young baseball players. In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an [[National Football League|NFL]] regular season game outside of the United States, at the [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]]. The crowd of 103,467 people attending this game was the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history until 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-regular-season-record-crowd-of-105-121-sees-giants-cowboys-09000d5d812c91b4 |title = NFL regular-season-record crowd of 105,121 sees Giants-Cowboys |website = NFL.com |agency = Associated Press |access-date = 2 January 2015 |archive-date = 8 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108005049/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d812c91b4/article/nfl-regularseasonrecord-crowd-of-105121-sees-giantscowboys |url-status = live }}</ref>

The city has also hosted several [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] pre-season games and has hosted international basketball's [[FIBA Americas Championship]], along with north-of-the-border Major League Baseball exhibition games at [[Foro Sol]]. In 2017, NBA commissioner [[Adam Silver]] expressed interest in placing an [[NBA G League]] expansion team in Mexico City as early as 2018. This came to fruition on 12 December 2019 when commissioner Silver announced at a press conference in [[Mexico City Arena]] that [[Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional|LNBP]] team, [[Capitanes de Ciudad de México]] will be joining the G League in the 2020–21 season on a five-year agreement.

Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the [[Palacio de los Deportes]] indoor arena, [[Alberca Olímpica Francisco Márquez|Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool]], the [[Hipódromo de las Américas|Hipódromo de Las Américas]], the [[Agustin Melgar Olympic Velodrome]], and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, ice hockey, [[rugby football|rugby]], American-style football, baseball, and basketball. Prior to the 2025 ban on traditional bullfights enacted by Mexico City's Congress, [[bullfighting]] was held every Sunday during the season at the 50,000-seat [[Plaza de Toros México|Plaza México]], the world's largest bullring. Mexico City's [[golf course]]s have hosted Women's [[LPGA]] action, and two [[World Cup (men's golf)|Men's Golf World Cups]]. Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues.
{{multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| align             = center
| width1            = 200
| width2            = 220
| width3            = 200
| width4            = 180
| image1            = Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_(25513748117).jpg
| image2            = Estadio Olímpico Universitario - 5.jpg
| image3            = Sobrevuelos_CDMX_HJ2A6001_(40386252041).jpg
| image4            = Estadio_Alfredo_Harp_Helú_(2019).jpg
| caption1          = [[Estadio Azteca|Azteca Stadium]]
| caption2          = [[Estadio Olímpico Universitario|University Olympic Stadium]]
| caption3          = [[Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes|Sports City Stadium]]
| caption4          = [[Estadio Alfredo Harp Helú|Alfredo Harp Helú Stadium]]
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Mexico|Mesoamerica|Latin America|North America|Geography}}
* [[Cuisine of Mexico City]]
* [[Gentrification of Mexico City]]
* [[Barrios Mágicos of Mexico City]]
* [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
* [[Largest cities in the Americas]]
* [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico]]
* [[Outline of Mexico]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book|first=David |last=Lida |title=First Stop in the New World: Mexico City, the Capital of the 21st Century |location=New York |publisher=Riverhead Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59448-378-3 }}

== External links ==
* {{Osmrelation|1376330}}
* [https://mexicocity.cdmx.gob.mx/ Mexico City Government] {{in lang|en}}

{{Mexico City}}
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[[Category:Mexico City| ]]
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