Editing Mehmed I

{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 to 1421}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Mehmed I
| title        = 
| titletext    = 
| more         = 
| type         = 
| image        = File:Mehmed I miniature.jpg
| alt          = 
| caption      = Miniature of Mehmed I from 16th century manuscript
| moretext     = 
| reign        = 5 July 1413 – 26 May 1421
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = 
| predecessor  = [[Ottoman Interregnum|''Interregnum'']] (1402–1413)<br />[[Bayezid I]]
| regent       = {{List collapsed|title={{nobold|''See list''}}
|[[Süleyman Çelebi]] (1402–1411)
|[[İsa Çelebi]] (1403)
|[[Musa Çelebi]] (1411–1413)
|[[Mustafa Çelebi]] (1419–1421)
}}
| reg-type     = Contenders
| successor    = [[Murad II]]
| succession   = [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| succession1  = Sultan of [[Anatolia]]
| reign1       = 1403 – 5 July 1413
| spouse       = [[Emine Hatun]]<br/>Şahzade Hatun<br/>Kumru Hatun
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = [[Murad II]]<br/>[[Selçuk Hatun]]<br/>[[Küçük Mustafa|Mustafa Çelebi]]
| issue-link   = #Sons
| issue-pipe   = Among others
| full name    = Meḥemmed bin Bāyezīd Ḫān
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Bayezid I]]
| mother       = [[Devlet Hatun]]
| birth_date   = {{ca.}} 1386
| birth_place  = [[Bursa]], [[Ottoman Sultanate]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1421|5|26|1386|df=yes}}
| death_place  = Bursa, Ottoman Sultanate
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Green Tomb]], Bursa, Turkey
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCxTCwAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+sultans+were+sunni+muslims&pg=PT94 The Essential World History, Volume II: Since 1500.] By William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=V8vQAgAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+sultans+were+sunni+muslims&pg=PA88 The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power]. By Soner Cagaptay</ref>
| signature    = Tughra_of_Mehmed_I.svg
}}
[[File:Mehmet I honoraries miniature.jpg|thumb|262px|Mehmed I with his dignitaries. Ottoman miniature painting, kept at [[Istanbul University]].]]
'''Mehmed I''' ({{circa|1386/7}} – 26 May 1421), also known as '''Mehmed Çelebi''' ({{langx|ota|چلبی محمد}}, "the noble-born") or '''Kirişçi''' ({{langx|el|Κυριτζής|Kyritzis}}, "lord's son"),{{sfn|İnalcık|1991|p=973}} was the [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] from 1413 to 1421. Son of Sultan [[Bayezid I]] and his concubine [[Devlet Hatun]], he fought with his brothers over control of the Ottoman realm in the [[Ottoman Interregnum]] (1402–1413). Starting from the province of [[Rûm Eyalet|Rûm]] he managed to bring first [[Anatolia]] and then the European territories ([[Rumelia]]) under his control, reuniting the Ottoman state by 1413, and ruling it until his death in 1421. Called "The Restorer," he reestablished central authority in Anatolia, and he expanded the Ottoman presence in Europe by the conquest of [[Wallachia]] in 1415. Venice destroyed his fleet off [[Gallipoli]] in 1416 as the Ottomans lost a naval war.<ref>, R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, ''The encyclopedia of military history'' (1977) pp 437–439.</ref>

==Early life==
Mehmed was born in 1386 or 1387 as the fourth son of Sultan [[Bayezid I]] ({{reign|1389|1402}}) and one of his consorts, the slave girl [[Devlet Hatun]].{{sfn|İnalcık|1991|p=973}} Following Ottoman custom, when he reached [[adolescence]] in 1399, he was sent to gain experience as provincial governor over the [[Rûm Eyalet]] (central northern [[Anatolia]]), recently conquered from its [[Eretnid]] rulers.{{sfn|İnalcık|1991|pp=973–974}}

On 20 July 1402, his father Bayezid was defeated in the [[Battle of Ankara]] by the Turko-Mongol conqueror and ruler [[Timur]]. The brothers (with the exception of [[Mustafa Çelebi|Mustafa]], who was captured and taken along with Bayezid to [[Samarkand]]) were rescued from the battlefield, Mehmed being saved by [[Bayezid Pasha]], who took him to his hometown of [[Amasya]]. Mehmed later made Bayezid Pasha his [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire|grand vizier]] (1413–1421).

The early Ottoman Empire had no [[order of succession|regulated succession]], and according to Turkish tradition, every son could succeed his father.{{sfn|İnalcık|1991|p=974}} Of Mehmed's brothers, the eldest, Ertuğrul, had died in 1400, while the next in line, Mustafa, was a prisoner of Timur. Leaving aside the underage siblings, this left four princes—Mehmed, [[Süleyman Çelebi|Süleyman]], [[İsa Çelebi|İsa]], and [[Musa Çelebi|Musa]], to contend over control of the remaining Ottoman territories in the civil war known as the "[[Ottoman Interregnum]]".{{sfn|İnalcık|1991|p=974}} In modern historiography, these princes are usually called by the title {{lang|tr|[[Çelebi#Title|Çelebi]]}},{{sfn|İnalcık|1991|p=974}} but in contemporary sources, the title is reserved for Mehmed and Musa. The Byzantine sources translated the title as {{lang|grc-Latn|Kyritzes}} ({{lang|grc|Κυριτζής}}), which was in turn adopted into Turkish as {{lang|tr|kirişçi}}, sometimes misinterpreted as {{lang|tr|güreşçi}}, 'the wrestler'.{{sfn|Kastritsis|2007|p=2 (note 7)}}

During the early interregnum, Mehmed Çelebi behaved as Timur's vassal. Beside the other princes, Mehmed minted coin which Timur's name appeared as {{lang|ota-Latn|Demur khan Gürgân}} ({{lang|ota|تيمور خان كركان}}), alongside his own as {{lang|ota-Latn|Mehmed bin Bayezid khan}} ({{lang|ota|محمد بن بايزيد خان}}).<ref name=ottomancivilwar>{{cite book|title=The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413|year=2007|publisher=Brill|page=49|author=Dimitris J. Kastritsis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Osmanlılarda madenî paralar: Yapı ve Kredi Bankasının Osmanlı madenî paraları kolleksiyonu|year=1968|author=Nuri Pere|publisher=Yapı ve Kredi Bankası|page=64}}</ref> This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of [[Bursa]] after the [[Battle of Ulubad]]. After Mehmed established himself in ''[[Rum (endonym)|Rum]]'', Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the ''status quo'' in Anatolia.<ref name=ottomancivilwar />

==Reign==
After winning the [[Ottoman Interregnum|Interregnum]], Mehmed crowned himself sultan in the [[Thrace|Thracian]] city of [[Edirne]] that lay in the European part of the empire (the area dividing the Anatolian and European sides of the empire, [[Constantinople]] and the surrounding region, was still held by the [[Byzantine Empire]]), becoming Mehmed I. He consolidated his power, made Edirne the most important of the dual capitals, and conquered parts of [[Albania]], the [[Jandarids|Jandarid]] emirate, and the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] from the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]]. Taking his many achievements into consideration, Mehmed is widely known as the "second founder" of the Ottoman Sultanate.

Soon after Mehmed began his reign, his brother [[Mustafa Çelebi]], who had originally been captured along with their father Bayezid I during the [[Battle of Ankara]] and held captive in [[Samarkand]], hiding in Anatolia during the Interregnum, reemerged and asked Mehmed to partition the empire with him. Mehmed refused and met Mustafa's forces in battle, easily defeating them. Mustafa escaped to the Byzantine city of [[Thessaloniki]], but after an agreement with Mehmed, the Byzantine emperor [[Manuel II Palaiologos]] exiled Mustafa to the island of [[Lemnos]].

However, Mehmed still faced some problems, first being the problem of his nephew Orhan, who Mehmed perceived as a threat to his rule, much like his late brothers had been. There was allegedly a plot involving him by [[Manuel II Palaiologos]], who tried to use Orhan against Sultan Mehmed; however, the sultan found out about the plot and had Orhan blinded for betrayal, according to a common Byzantine practice.

Furthermore, as a result of the [[Battle of Ankara]] and other civil wars, the population of the empire had become unstable and traumatized. A very powerful social and religious movement arose in the empire and became disruptive. The movement was led by [[Sheikh Bedreddin]] (1359–1420), a famous Muslim Sufi and charismatic theologian. He was an eminent [[Ulema]], born of a Greek mother and a Muslim father in Simavna (Kyprinos) southwest of [[Edirne]] (formerly [[Adrianople]]). Mehmed's brother [[Musa Çelebi|Musa]] had made Bedreddin his "[[qadi]] of the army," or the supreme judge. Bedreddin created a populist religious movement in the Ottoman Sultanate, "subversive conclusions promoting the suppression of social differences between rich and poor as well as the barriers between different forms of monotheism."<ref name="Islamic World p. 128">Europe and the Islamic World: A History. p. 128.Tolan, John. Princeton university Press. (2013) {{ISBN|978-0-691-14705-5}}</ref> Successfully developing a popular social revolution and [[syncretism]] of the various religions and sects of the empire, Bedreddin's movement began in the European side of the empire and underwent further expansion in western Anatolia.

In 1416, Sheikh Bedreddin started his rebellion against the throne. After a four-year struggle, he was finally captured by Mehmed's [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire|grand vizier]] [[Bayezid Pasha]] and hanged in the city of [[Serres]], a city in modern-day [[Greece]], in 1420.<ref name="Islamic World p. 128"/>

==Death==
[[File:Yeşil Türbe - 01.jpg|thumb|262px|His mausoleum, [[Green Tomb]], in [[Bursa]]]]
[[File:Akçe - Mehmed Çelebi in the name of Timur.png|thumb|1404 AD dated ''[[akçe]]'' of Mehmed citing Timur as overlord]]
The reign of Mehmed I as sultan of the re-united empire lasted only eight years before his death, but he had also been the most powerful brother contending for the throne and ''de facto'' ruler of most of the empire for nearly the whole preceding period of 11 years of the [[Ottoman Interregnum]] that passed between his father's captivity at [[Battle of Ankara|Ankara]] and his own final victory over his brother [[Musa Çelebi]] at the [[Battle of Çamurlu]].<ref>Halil  İnalcık, "Meḥemmed I" (1991). .</ref>

Before his death, to secure passing the throne safely to his son Murad II, Mehmed [[Blinding (punishment)|blinded]] his nephew Orhan Çelebi (son of Süleyman), and decided to send his two sons Yusuf and Mahmud to be held as a hostage by [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Emperor Manuel II]], hoping to ensure the continuing custody of his brother Mustafa.<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=MEHMED I|author=Halil İnalcık|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mehmed-i|lang=tr}}</ref>

He was buried in Bursa, in a mausoleum erected by himself near the celebrated mosque which he built there, and which, because of its decorations of green glazed tiles, is called the [[Green Mosque (Bursa)|Green Mosque]]. Mehmed I also completed another mosque in Bursa, which his grandfather [[Murad I]] had commenced but which had been neglected during the reign of [[Bayezid I|Bayezid]]. Mehmed founded in the vicinity of his own Green Mosque and mausoleum two other characteristic institutions, one a school and one a refectory for the poor, both of which he endowed with royal munificence.

==Family==
===Consorts===
Mehmed I had three known consorts:<ref name="Ulucay">{{cite book|first=Mustafa Çağatay|last=Uluçay|title=Padişahların kadınları ve kızları|pages=27–30, 27 n. 4|publisher=Ankara, Ötüken|year=2011}}</ref>
*[[Emine Hatun]]. Daughter of Nasireddin Mehmed Bey, fifth ruler of [[Beylik of Dulkadir|Dulkadirids]]. She married Mehmed in 1403 and according to tradition she was the mother of Murad II. Her niece [[Sittişah Hatun]] would later marry [[Mehmed II]].
*Şahzade Hatun. Daughter of Dividdar Ahmed Pasha, third ruler of Kutluşah of [[Beyliks of Canik|Canik]]. According to some historians, she was the real mother of Murad II.
* Kumru Hatun. Slave concubine.

===Sons===
Mehmed I had at least five sons:<ref name="Ulucay"/><ref name="imber">{{cite book|first=Colin|last=Imber|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=August 26, 2009|pages=77|isbn=978-1-137-01406-1}}</ref>
* [[Murad II]] (1404–1451) - with Emine Hatun. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
* Mustafa Çelebi, known as ''[[Küçük Mustafa]]'' (1408–1423). He disputed the throne with Murad II, by whom he was defeated and executed. 
* Mahmud Çelebi (1413 - August 1429. Buried in the [[Türbe|mausoleum]]'s Mehmed I, [[Bursa]]) 
* Yusuf Çelebi (1414 - August 1429. Buried in the [[Türbe|mausoleum]]'s Mehmed I, [[Bursa]]) 
* Ahmed Çelebi. Died in infancy.

===Daughters===
Mehmed I had at least eight daughters:<ref name="Ulucay"/>
*[[Selçuk Hatun]] ({{circa}} 1407 - 25 October 1485, buried in Mehmed I Mausoleum, Bursa) - with Kumru Hatun. She married [[Ibrahim II of Candar|Taceddin Ibrahim II Bey]], ruler of [[Isfendiyarids]] (1392 – 30 May 1443), son of [[İsfendiyar Bey]]. They had three sons and three daughters, all died in infancy except a daughter, Hatice Hanzade Hatun. After widowed, she married Anadolu Beylerbeyi Karaca. They had a daughter, who died young.
*Ilaldi Sultan Hatun (? - 1444). In 1425 she married [[Ibrahim II of Karaman|Ibrahim II Bey]], [[Karamanids#List of rulers|ruler of Karamanids]] (died 16 July 1464), son of [[Mehmet II of Karaman|Mehmed II Bey]] (son of [[Nefise Hatun]], a [[Murad I]]'s daughter), and had six sons, amongs them [[Pir Ahmed|Piri Ahmed Bey]], [[Kasım of Karaman|Kasim Bey]], Kaya Bey (who married his cousin [[Murad II#Daughters|Hafsa Hatun]], daughter of Murad II) and Alaeddin Bey; but the marriage was unhappy and her husband hated her and their sons because their Ottoman blood. 
*Hatice Hatun (1408–1442). She married to Karaca Pasha (died on 10 November 1444).
*Hafsa Hatun (? - 1445, buried in Mehmed I Mausoleum, Bursa). She married Mahmud Bey (died in January 1444), son of [[Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger|Çandarlı Halil Pasha]]. By him she had six sons and a daughter. 
*Incu Hatun. In 1427 she married to Isa Bey (died in 1437), son of [[Mehmet II of Karaman|Mehmed II Bey]]. 
* Ayşe Sultan Hatun (1412–1469, buried in Mehmed I Mausoleum, Bursa). In 1427 she married to Alaeddin Ali Bey, [[Karamanids#List of rulers|ruler of Karamanids]], son of Mehmed II Bey.
*Şahzade Sitti Hatun (1413– ?, buried in Mehmed I Mausoleum, Bursa). In 1427 she married Sinan Pasha (died in 1442).
*Fatma Sultan Hatun. She married Kıvameddin Kazim Bey, son of Isfendyar Bey and brother of Selçuk's husband Ibrahim II Bey. 

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Meḥemmed I | last = İnalcık | first = Halil | author-link = Halil İnalcık | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 1991 | isbn = 90-04-08112-7 | pages = 973–978 }}
* {{cite book | last = Kastritsis | first = Dimitris | title = The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13 | publisher = BRILL | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-90-04-15836-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u_evCQAAQBAJ }}

==Further reading==
* Harris, Jonathan, ''The End of Byzantium''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11786-8}}
* {{Imber-The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Mehmed I}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]|| 1386 ||26 May 1421}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Bayezid I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Sultan]]|years= 5 July 1413 – 26 May 1421}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Murad II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}
{{Ottoman Interregnum}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehmed 01}}
[[Category:15th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:People of the Ottoman Interregnum]]
[[Category:1421 deaths]]
[[Category:1380s births]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]
[[Category:Children of Bayezid I]]