Editing Maximilian Schell

{{short description|Swiss actor (1930–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name         = Maximilian Schell
| image        = Maximilian Schell - 1970-1.jpg
| caption      = Schell in 1970
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1930|12|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place  = [[Vienna]], Austria
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|2014|2|1|1930|12|8|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Innsbruck]], Austria
| citizenship  = Switzerland<!--Please see talk page; provide reliable, third-party sources for multiple citizenship.-->
| occupation   = {{Hlist|Actor|film director|producer}}
| years_active = 1955–2014
| children     = 1
| relatives    = [[Maria Schell]] (sister)
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Natalya Andreychenko]]|1985|2005|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Iva Mihanovic]]|2013}}
}}
}}
'''Maximilian Schell''' (8 December 1930 – 1 February 2014) was a <!--Per talk page discussion, do NOT Austrian-born-->Swiss<!--Just Swiss, per talk and WP:ETHNICITY.--><ref>{{cite book |last=Johnstone |first=Iain |title=The Arnhem Report: The story behind A Bridge Too Far |year=1977 |publisher=Allen |isbn=0352397756 |quote=I'm Swiss, but I was born in Austria.}}</ref> actor. Born in [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]], his parents were involved in the arts and he grew up surrounded by performance and literature. While he was still a child, his family fled to Switzerland in 1938 when [[Anschluss|Austria was annexed]] by [[Nazi Germany]], and they settled in [[Zürich]]. After World War II ended, Schell took up acting and directing full-time. 

Schell won the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for playing a lawyer in the legal drama ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'' (1961). He was Oscar-nominated for playing a character with multiple identities in ''[[The Man in the Glass Booth]]'' (1975) and for playing a man resisting Nazism in ''[[Julia (1977 film)|Julia]]'' (1977). Fluent in both English and German, Schell earned top billing in a number of Nazi-era themed films. He acted in films such as ''[[Topkapi (film)|Topkapi]]'' (1964), ''[[The Deadly Affair]]'' (1967), ''[[Counterpoint (film)|Counterpoint]]'' (1968), ''[[Simón Bolívar (1969 film)|Simón Bolívar]]'' (1969), ''[[The Odessa File (film)|The Odessa File]]'' (1974), ''[[A Bridge Too Far (film)|A Bridge Too Far]]'' (1977), and ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]'' (1998).

On television, he received two [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations for the [[NBC]] film ''[[Miss Rose White]]'' and the [[HBO]] television film ''[[Stalin (1992 film)|Stalin]]'' (1992), the later of which earned him the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]]. He also portrayed [[Otto Frank]] in the TV film ''[[The Diary of Anne Frank (1980 film)|The Diary of Anne Frank]]'' (1980),  the Russian emperor [[Peter the Great]] in the [[NBC]] series ''[[Peter the Great (miniseries)|Peter the Great]]'' (1986), [[Frederick the Great]] in the British series ''[[Young Catherine]]'' (1991), and [[Trial of Joan of Arc|Brother Jean le Maistre]] in the miniseries ''[[Joan of Arc (miniseries)|Joan of Arc]]'' (1999).

Schell also performed in a number of stage plays, including a celebrated performance as [[Prince Hamlet]].<ref name="Boheme">[http://www.boheme-magazine.net/aug03/schell.html "Maximilian Schell: The Actor of the Millenium"], Bohème Magazine Online, 2003</ref> Schell was an accomplished pianist and conductor, performing with [[Claudio Abbado]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]], and with orchestras in Berlin and Vienna. His elder sister was the internationally noted actress [[Maria Schell]]; he produced the documentary tribute ''My Sister Maria'' in 2002.

== Early life and education ==
Schell was born in [[Vienna]], Austria, the son of Margarethe (née Noe von Nordberg), an actress who ran an acting school, and Hermann Ferdinand Schell, a Swiss poet, novelist, playwright, and pharmacy owner.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/40/Maximilian-Schell.html |title=Maximilian Schell Biography (1930-) |website=www.filmreference.com}}</ref><ref name=Ross>Ross, Lillian and Helen. [https://archive.org/stream/playeraprofileof002609mbp/playeraprofileof002609mbp_djvu.txt ''The Player: A Profile of an Art''], Simon & Schuster (1961) pp. 231–239</ref> His parents were [[Roman Catholic]].<ref name=Ross/>

Schell's father was never enthusiastic about young Maximilian becoming an actor like his mother, feeling that it could not lead to "real happiness". However, Schell was surrounded by acting in his early youth:

{{quote|I grew up in a theatre atmosphere and took it for granted. I remember the theatre, as a child, the way most people remember their mother's cooking. Acting was all around me, and so was poetry. I made my debut in the theatre at the age of three, in Vienna . . .<ref name=Ross/>}}

The Schell family fled from Vienna in 1938 to get "away from [[Hitler]]" after the [[Anschluss]], when Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany. They resettled in [[Zürich]], Switzerland.<ref name=Edlinger>[http://upv.tripod.com/soloistsenglish.htm "Artists of Holocaust Symphony: 'The Train' "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410110037/http://upv.tripod.com/soloistsenglish.htm |date=10 April 2019 }}, 22 November 2004</ref>

In Zürich, Schell "grew up reading the [[classics]]" and, when he was ten, wrote his first play.<ref name=Ross/> Schell recalls that as a child, growing up surrounded by the theatre, he took acting for granted and did not want to become an actor at first: "What I wanted was to become a painter, a musician, or a playwright," like his father.<ref name=Ross/>

Schell later attended the [[University of Zurich]] for a year, where he also played soccer and was on the rowing team, along with writing for newspapers as a part-time journalist for income. Following the end of World War II, he moved to Germany where he enrolled in the [[University of Munich]] and studied philosophy and art history. During breaks, he would sometimes return home to Zürich or stay at his family's farm in the country so he could write in seclusion:

{{quote|My father and my uncle hunt deer there, but I do not like to hunt. I like to walk through the forest by myself. In 1948 and 1949, when I wrote part of my first novel, which I have never shown to anyone, I isolated myself in one of the hunting cabins for three months, without a telephone, without electricity, with heat only from a large open fireplace.<ref name=Ross/>}}

Schell then returned to Zürich, where he served in the [[Swiss Army]] for a year, after which he attended the sixth form of [[University College School]], London, for one year before re-entering the University of Zurich for another year, and later, the [[University of Basel]] for six months. During that period, he acted professionally in small parts, in both classical and modern plays, and decided that he would from then on devote his life to acting rather than pursue academic studies:

{{quote|I then decided, either you are a scientist or an artist. . . . To me it is much more important . . . to admire and feel and be stimulated and inspired. . . Art comes out of chaos, not out of a mechanical analyzing. So as soon as I made up my mind, there was no sense any more in continuing to study and in getting a degree. It is like an award; it does not mean anything in itself. . . . A university degree is just a title. I don't think an artist should have a title. It was time for me to concentrate on acting.<ref name=Ross/>}}

Schell began acting at the Basel Theatre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800019100/bio|title=''Maximillian Schell'' bio at Yahoo! Movies}}</ref>

His elder sister [[Maria Schell]] was also an actor, as were their siblings, Carl (1927–2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzz.ch/panorama/der-schweizer-schauspieler-carl-schell-ist-gestorben-ld.1487530|title=Der Schweizer Schauspieler Carl Schell ist gestorben|first=Michèle|last=Schell*|work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |date=7 June 2019|via=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung|NZZ]]}}</ref> and Immaculata "Immy" Schell (1935–1992).

==Career==
=== 1955–1959: Early work and theater roles ===  
Schell's film debut was in the German anti-war film ''[[Kinder, Mütter und ein General]]'' (''Children, Mothers, and a General'', 1955). It was the story of five mothers who confronted a German general at the front line, after learning that their sons, some as young as 15, had been "slated to be cannon fodder on behalf of the Third Reich." The film co-starred [[Klaus Kinski]] as an officer, with Schell playing the part of an officer-[[deserter]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520210410/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/135122/Kinder-Mutter-und-Ein-General/overview "Kinder, Mutter und Ein General (1955)"], ''New York Times'', accessed, 29 September 2013</ref> The story, which according to one critic, "depicts the insanity of continuing to fight a war that is lost," would become a "trademark" for many of Schell's future roles: "Schell's sensitivity in his portrayal of a young deserter disillusioned with fighting became a trademark of his acting."<ref name=Reimer>Reimer, Robert C. and Carol J., ''The A to Z of German Cinema'', Rowman and Littlefield (2008) pp. 258–260</ref>

Schell subsequently acted in seven more films made in Europe before going to the U.S.<ref name=Monush>Monush, Barry. ''The Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors'', Applause Theatre and Cinema Books (2003) pp. 666–667</ref> Among those was ''[[The Plot to Assassinate Hitler]]'' (also 1955).{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} Later in the same year he had a supporting role in ''[[Jackboot Mutiny]]'', in which he plays "a sensitive philosopher", who uses ethics to privately debate the arguments for assassinating Hitler.<ref name=Reimer/>

In 1958 Schell was invited to the United States to act in the Broadway play, "Interlock" by [[Ira Levin]], in which Schell played the role of an aspiring concert pianist.<ref>[http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/5319/Interlock ''Interlock''], ''Playbill'', 6 February 1958</ref> He made his [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] debut in the [[World War II]] film, [[The Young Lions (film)|''The Young Lions'']] (1958), as the commanding German officer in another anti-war story, with [[Marlon Brando]] and [[Montgomery Clift]]. German film historian Robert C. Reimer writes that the film, directed by [[Edward Dmytryk]], again drew on Schell's German characterisation to "portray young officers disillusioned with a war that no longer made sense."<ref name=Reimer/>

In 1960, Schell returned to Germany and played the title role in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' for German TV, a role that he would play on two more occasions in live theatre productions during his career. Along with [[Laurence Olivier]], Schell is considered "one of the greatest Hamlets ever," according to one writer.<ref name=Boheme/> Schell recalled that when he played Hamlet for the first time, "it was like falling in love with a woman.&nbsp;... not until I acted the part of Hamlet did I have a moment when I knew I was in love with acting."<ref name=Ross/> Schell's performance of Hamlet was featured as one of the last episodes of the American comedy series ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'' in 1999.

=== 1960–1979: Breakthrough and acclaim ===
[[File:Maximilian Schell - 1961-jn.jpg|thumb|In ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' (1961)]]
In 1959, Schell acted in the role of a defence attorney on a live TV production, ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg (Playhouse 90)|Judgment at Nuremberg]]'', a fictionalized re-creation of the [[Nuremberg War Trials]], in an edition of ''[[Playhouse 90]]''. His performance in the TV drama was considered so good that he and [[Werner Klemperer]] were among the only members of the original cast selected to play the same parts in the 1961 film version. He won the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]], which was the first win for a German-speaking actor since World War II.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gz2USfzaCUE |title=Maximilian Schell winning Best Actor |date=11 October 2011 |publisher=[[Oscars]] |via=YouTube |language=en}}, video clip, 2 minutes</ref> After winning the [[New York Film Critics]] award for his role, Schell recalled the pride he felt upon receiving a letter from his older sister [[Maria Schell]], who was already an award-winning actress, "I received the most wonderful letter from Maria. She wrote, 'Now, when you have my letter in your hand, a beautiful day is coming for you. I will be with you, proud, because I knew such recognition would come one day, leading to something even greater and better. . . . not only because you are close to me but because I count you among the truly great actors, and it is wonderful that besides that you are my brother.' Maria and I are very close".<ref name=Ross/>

According to Reimer, Schell gave a "bravura performance," where he tried to defend his clients, Nazi judges, "by arguing that all Germans share a collective guilt" for what happened.<ref name=Reimer/> Biographer James Curtis notes that Schell prepared for his part in the movie by "reading the entire forty-volume record of the Nuremberg trials."<ref>Curtis, James. ''Spencer Tracy: A Biography'', Random House (2011) p. 783</ref> Author Barry Monush describes the impact of Schell's acting, "Again, on the big screen, he was nothing short of electrifying as the counselor whose determination to place the blame for the [[Holocaust]] on anyone else but his clients, and brings morality into question".<ref name=Monush/><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAFeKZ1EsYo |title=Das Urteil von Nürnberg |date=29 August 2010 |publisher=TARONIPP |language=en |via=YouTube}}, video clip, 4 minutes</ref>

Producer-director [[Stanley Kramer]] assembled a star-studded [[ensemble cast]] which included [[Spencer Tracy]] and [[Burt Lancaster]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfOgZXIQ6fo |title=Judgment at Nuremberg Official Trailer #1 - Burt Lancaster Movie (1961) HD |language=en |date=5 October 2012 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes Classic Trailers |via=YouTube}}, videa trailer, 3 minutes</ref> They "worked for nominal wages out of a desire to see the film made and for the opportunity to appear in it," notes film historian George McManus.<ref>Mcmanus, George. ''A Conservative Christian Reviews the Greatest Movies Ever Made'', Xulon Press (2003) p. 94</ref> Actor [[William Shatner]] remembers that, prior to the actual filming, "we understood the importance of the film we were making."<ref>Shatner, William. ''Up Till Now: The Autobiography'', Macmillan (2008) p. 76</ref> It was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, winning two.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} In 2011, Schell appeared at a 50th anniversary tribute to the film and his Oscar win, held in Los Angeles at the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], where he spoke about his career and the film.<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/oscar-alumni-maximilian-schell-academy-judgment-nuremberg-246676 "OSCAR ALUMNI: Maximilian Schell to Appear at Academy Tribute Tuesday"], ''The Hollywood Reporter'', 11 October 2011</ref>

Beginning in 1968 Schell began writing, producing, directing and acting in a number of his own films: Among those were [[The Castle (1968 film)|''The Castle'']] (1968), a German film based on the novel by [[Franz Kafka]], about a man trapped in a [[bureaucratic]] nightmare. Soon after he made [[First Love (1970 film)|''Erste Liebe (First Love)'']] (1970), based on a novel by [[Ivan Turgenev]]. The film was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].

Schell's next film, ''[[The Pedestrian (film)|The Pedestrian]]'' (1974), is about a German tycoon "haunted by his Nazi past". In this film, notes one critic, "Schell probes the conscience and guilt in terms of the individual and of society, reaching to the universal heart of responsibility and moral inertia."<ref>''New York Magazine'', 22 April 1974 p. 14</ref> It was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] Oscar<ref name="Oscars1974">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974 |title=The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners |access-date=3 December 2011 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> and was a "great and commercial success in Germany," notes [[Roger Ebert]].<ref name=Ebert/>

Schell then produced, directed, and acted as a supporting character in ''[[End of the Game]]'' (1975), a German crime thriller starring [[Jon Voight]] and [[Jacqueline Bisset]]. A few years later he co-wrote and directed the Austrian film [[Tales from the Vienna Woods (1979 film)|''Tales from the Vienna Woods'']] (1979). He had previously (1977) directed a stage production of the original play of that name by [[Ödön von Horváth]] at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] in London.

[[File:Maximilian Schell 1961.jpg|thumb|Drawing of Schell after he won an Oscar for ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' (1961). Artist: [[Nicholas Volpe]]]]
During his career, as one of the few German-speaking actors working in English-language films, Schell was top billed in a number of [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]]-era themed films, including ''[[Counterpoint (1968 film)|Counterpoint]]'' (1968), ''[[The Odessa File (film)|The Odessa File]]'' (1974)'', [[The Man in the Glass Booth]]'' (1975), ''[[A Bridge Too Far (1977 film)|A Bridge Too Far]]'' (1977), ''[[Cross of Iron]]'' (1977) and ''[[Julia (1977 film)|Julia]]'' (1977). For the latter film, directed by [[Fred Zinnemann]], Schell was again nominated for an Oscar for his supporting role as an anti-Nazi activist.<ref name=Bock>Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim. ''The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopedia of German Cinema'', Berghahn Books (2009) p. 417</ref>

In a number of films Schell played the role of a Jewish character: as Otto Frank, Anne Frank's father, in ''[[The Diary of Anne Frank (1980 film)|The Diary of Anne Frank]]'' (1980); as the modern Zionist father in ''[[The Chosen (1981 film)|The Chosen]]'' (1981); in 1996, he played an [[Auschwitz]] survivor in ''[[Through Roses]]'', a German film, written and directed by [[Jürgen Flimm]];<ref name=Bock/> and in [[Left Luggage (film)|''Left Luggage'']] (1998) he played the father of a Jewish family.

In ''[[The Man in the Glass Booth]]'' (1975), adapted from the stage play by [[Robert Shaw (British actor)|Robert Shaw]], Schell played both a Nazi officer and a Jewish Holocaust survivor, in a character with a double identity. [[Roger Ebert]] describes the main character, Albert Goldman, as "mad, and immensely complicated, and he is hidden in a maze of identities so thick that no one knows for sure who he really is."<ref name=Ebert>Ebert, Roger. [http://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/interview-with-maximilian-schell "Interview with Maximilian Schell"], 17 August 1975</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23MTR9cVywU |title=The Man in the Glass Booth |via=YouTube |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602181549/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=23MTR9cVywU |url-status=dead}}, video trailer, 2.5 minutes</ref> Schell, who at that period in his career saw himself primarily as a director, felt compelled to accept the part when it was offered to him:

{{quote|It's just that once in a long while a role comes along that I simply can't turn down. This was a role like that — how could I say no to it?<ref name=Ebert/>}}

Schell's acting in the film has been compared favorably to his other leading roles, with film historian Annette Insdorf writing, "Maximilian Schell is even more compelling as the quick-tempered, quicksilver Goldman than in his previous Holocaust-related roles, including ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' and ''The Condemned of Altona"''. She gives a number of examples of Schell's acting intensity, including the courtroom scenes, where Schell's character, after supposedly being exposed as a German officer, "attacks Jewish meekness" in his defense, and "boasts that the Jews were sheep who didn't believe what was happening." The film eventually suggests that Schell's character is in fact a Jew, but one whose sanity has been compromised by "[[survivor guilt]]."<ref name=Insdorf>Insdorf, Annette. ''Indelible Shadows: Film and the Holocaust'', 3rd ed., Cambridge Univ. Press (2003) p. 171</ref> Schell was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Golden Globe Award for Best Actor]] for his performance. To avoid being [[typecasting (acting)|typecast]], Schell also played more diverse characters in numerous films throughout his career: he played a museum treasure thief in ''[[Topkapi (film)|Topkapi]]'' (1964); the [[Simon Bolivar|eponymous Venezuelan revolutionary]] in [[Simón Bolívar (1969 film)|''Simón Bolívar'']] (1969); a 19th-century ship captain in ''[[Krakatoa, East of Java]]'' (1969); a [[Captain Nemo]]-esque scientist/starship commander in the science fiction film, ''[[The Black Hole (1979 film)|The Black Hole]]'' (1979). 

===1980–2009: Career fluctuations ===
[[File:Maximilian Schell edit.jpg|thumb|left|Schell in 2006]]
He took roles such as the Russian emperor in the television miniseries, ''[[Peter the Great (TV Series)|Peter the Great]]'' (1986), opposite [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Vanessa Redgrave]], and [[Trevor Howard]], which won an [[Emmy Award]]; a comedy role with [[Marlon Brando]] in ''[[The Freshman (1990 film)|The Freshman]]'' (1990); [[Reese Witherspoon]]'s surrogate grandfather in ''[[A Far Off Place]]''; a treacherous Cardinal in ''[[John Carpenter's Vampires]]'' (1998); as [[Frederick the Great]] in a TV film, ''Young Catherine'' (1991); as [[Vladimir Lenin]] in the TV series, ''[[Stalin (TV film)|Stalin]]'' (1992), for which he won the [[Golden Globe Award]];<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdQsfwqquZI |title=Maximilian Schell Wins Best Supporting Actor TV Series - Golden Globes 1993 |publisher=AwardsShowNetwork |date=26 January 2011 |language=en |via=YouTube}}, video, 2 minutes</ref> a Russian KGB colonel in ''[[Candles in the Dark]]'' (1993); the Pharaoh in [[Abraham (1993 film)|''Abraham'']] (1994); and [[Tea Leoni]]'s father in the science fiction thriller, [[Deep Impact (film)|''Deep Impact'']] (1998).

From the 1990s until late in his career, Schell appeared in many [[German language|German-language]] made-for-TV films, such as the 2003 film ''[[Alles Glück dieser Erde]]'' (''All the Luck in the World'') opposite [[Uschi Glas]] and in the television miniseries ''{{ill|Die Rückkehr des Tanzlehrers|de|3=Die Rückkehr des Tanzlehrers (Film)|lt=Die Rückkehr des Tanzlehrers}}'' (2004), which was based on [[Henning Mankell]]'s novel ''[[The Return of the Dancing Master]]''. In 2006 he appeared in the stage play of [[Arthur Miller]]'s ''[[Resurrection Blues]]'', directed by [[Robert Altman]], which played in London at the [[Old Vic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/11786/resurrection-blues|title=''Resurrection Blues'' review}}</ref> In 2007, he played the role of [[Albert Einstein]] on the German television series ''Giganten'' (Giants), which enacted the lives of people important in German history.<ref name=Reimer/><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_J6P9lSosw |title=Albert Einstein - Giants (1/4) |publisher=RichardDavidPrecht |date=18 December 2009 |language=en |via=YouTube}}, 10 min. video clip</ref>

[[File:Maximilian and Maria Schell - 1959.jpg|thumb|With his sister, actress [[Maria Schell]], in 1959]]

Schell also served as a writer, producer and director for a variety of films, including the documentary film ''[[Marlene (1984 film)|Marlene]]'' (1984), with the participation of [[Marlene Dietrich]]. It was nominated for an Oscar, received the [[New York Film Critics Award]] and the [[German Film Award]]. Originally, Dietrich, then 83 years of age, had agreed to allow Schell to interview and film her in the privacy of her apartment. However, after he began filming, she changed her mind and refused to allow any actual video footage of her be shown. During a videotaped interview, Schell described the difficulties he had while making the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RimHHAB4UsM |title=Maximilian Schell on Marlene Dietrich |via=YouTube |date=9 June 2013 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227085412/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RimHHAB4UsM |url-status=dead }}, 6-minute video</ref>

Schell creatively showed only [[silhouette]]s of her along with old film clips during their interview soundtrack.<ref name=Reimer/> According to one review, "the true originality of the movie is the way it pursues the clash of temperament between interviewer and star. . . . he draws her out, taunting her into a fascinating display of egotism, lying and contentiousness."<ref>''New York Magazine'', 1 December 1986 p. 166</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAwySztcrqQ |title=Marlene Documentary by Maximilian Schell |publisher=pickypicnic |via=YouTube |date=27 November 2009}}, video clip, 2 minutes</ref>

Schell produced ''[[My Sister Maria]]'' in 2002, an intimate documentary about his sister, the noted actress [[Maria Schell]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fA95jl_j3vw |title=Meine Schwester Maria (Trailer) [My Sister Maria] (with english subtitles) |date=29 May 2012 |publisher=dani77744 |via=YouTube |language=de}}, video, 1 minute</ref> In the film, he chronicles her life, career and eventual diminished capacity due to illness.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} The film, made three years before her death, shows her mental and physical frailty, leading to her withdrawing from the world.<ref name=Reimer/> In 2002, upon the completion of the film, they both received [[Bambi (prize)|Bambi Awards]], and were honored for their lifetime achievements and in recognition of the film.<ref name=Boheme/>

==Personal life==
=== Marriages and relationships ===
[[File:Schell and Bernstein-83-1.jpg|thumb|left|Leonard Bernstein and Schell during a TV series in 1983]]
During the 1960s Schell had a three-year-long affair with [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary]], former second wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last [[Shah of Iran]]. He also was rumored to have been engaged to the first African-American Supermodel [[Donyale Luna]] in the mid 1960s. In 1971 he had an affair with [[Neile Adams]], according to her.<ref>{{cite book|last=Malone|first=Aubrey|date=2015|title=Hollywood's Second Sex|publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786479788 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK8GCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153}}</ref> In 1985, he met the Russian actress [[Natalya Andrejchenko]], whom he married in June 1985; their daughter Nastassja was born in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/feb/02/maximilian-schell |title=Maximilian Schell obituary |date=2 February 2014 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> After 2002, separated from his wife (whom he divorced in 2005), Schell had a relationship with the Austrian art historian Elisabeth Michitsch. In 2008 he became romantically involved with German opera singer [[Iva Mihanovic]], who was 48 years his junior. They eventually married on 20 August 2013.

=== Interest in classical music ===
Schell was a semi-professional pianist for much of his life. He had a piano when he lived in [[Munich]] and said that he would play for hours at a time for his own pleasure and to help him relax: "I find I need to rest. An actor must have pauses in between work, to renew himself, to read, to walk, to chop wood."<ref name=Ross/> Conductor [[Leonard Bernstein]] claimed that Schell was a "remarkably good pianist." In 1982 on a program filmed for the U.S. television network [[PBS]], Schell read from Beethoven's letters to the audience before Bernstein conducted the Vienna Philharmonic playing Beethoven symphonies.

In 1983, he and Bernstein co-hosted an 11-part TV series, ''Bernstein/Beethoven'', featuring nine live symphonies, along with discussions between Bernstein and Schell about Beethoven's works.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuYY1gV8jhU |title=Leonard Bernstein Discussing Beethoven's 6th and 7th Symphony |date=14 January 2011 |publisher=Derek Stoughton |via=YouTube}}, video clip, 9 minutes</ref>

On other occasions, Schell worked with Italian conductor [[Claudio Abbado]] and the [[Berlin Philharmonic]], which included a performance in Chicago of [[Igor Stravinsky]]'s [[Oedipus rex (opera)|''Oedipus Rex'']] and another in [[Jerusalem]] of [[Arnold Schoenberg]]'s ''[[A Survivor from Warsaw]]''.<ref name="Edlinger" /> Schell also produced and directed a number of live operas, including [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' for the [[Los Angeles Opera]]. He worked on the film project ''Beethoven's Fidelio,'' with [[Plácido Domingo]] and [[Kent Nagano]].<ref name="Boheme"/>

Schell was a guest professor at the [[University of Southern California]] and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from [[Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership]] in Chicago.<ref name=Boheme/>

=== Allegations of sexual abuse ===
In 1994, producer Diana Botsford sued Schell for sexual harassment, after he allegedly propositioned her and tried to fondle her while they were working together on a television movie she was an associate producer on. The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman accuses actor Maximilian Schell of harassment - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/01/13/Woman-accuses-actor-Maximilian-Schell-of-harassment/8321758437200/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106513/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cl_sm |title=Candles in the Dark (TV Movie 1993) - IMDb |access-date=2024-11-11 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-12-09 |title=MAYBE SCHELL WILL KEEP HIS AESTHETIC VIEWS QUIET |url=https://www.deseret.com/1994/12/9/19147059/maybe-schell-will-keep-his-aesthetic-views-quiet/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, his niece Marie Theres Relin (daughter of [[Maria Schell]]), wrote in a book that she was abused and lost her virginity to an "uncle" in 1980, when she was 14. She later confirmed to the media that the uncle was Maximilian Schell.<ref name="Spiegel">[https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/maximilian-schell-soll-marie-theres-relin-mit-14-missbraucht-haben-schreibt-sie-a-e0a09af0-6259-479a-81ed-78d4119ea757 "Nichte wirft Maximilian Schell vor, sie mit 14 sexuell missbraucht zu haben"] (Niece accuses Maximilian Schell of sexually abusing her when she was 14), Spiegel, 2023</ref> Shortly thereafter, Schell's daughter Nastassja said to the media that she had known about this, and that she herself had also been sexually abused by her father as a child.<ref name="SZ">[https://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/missbrauch-maximilian-schell-tochter-nichte-1.6263474 "Neue Missbrauchsvorwürfe gegen Maximilian Schell"] (New abuse accusations against Maximilian Schell), Süddeutsche Zeitung, 09/30/2023</ref><ref name="StandardA">[https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000189226/auch-tochter-wirft-maximilian-schell-sexuellen-missbrauch-vor "Auch Tochter wirft Maximilian Schell sexuellen Missbrauch vor"] (Daughter also accuses Maximilian Schell of sexual abuse, Der Standard, 09/30/2023</ref>

=== Illness and death ===
Schell died at the age of 83 on 1 February 2014, in [[Innsbruck]], Austria, after a "sudden and serious illness".<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Oscar-Winning Actor Maximilian Schell Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/02/01/world/europe/ap-eu-austria-obit-schell.html?hp |quote=Schell's agent, Patricia Baumbauer, said Saturday he died overnight at a hospital in Innsbruck following a "sudden and serious illness," the Austria Press Agency reported. |newspaper=[[Associated Press]] in the [[New York Times]] |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> The German television news service ''[[Tagesschau (Germany)|Tagesschau]]'' reported that he had been receiving treatment for [[pneumonia]].<ref name=tagesschau>[https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/schell106.html Maximillian Schell is Dead at Tagesschau (German language)]. Retrieved 1 February 2014</ref>
His funeral was attended by [[Waltraud Haas]], [[Christian Wolff (actor)|Christian Wolff]], [[Karl Spiehs]], Lawrence David Foldes, Elisabeth Endriss, and [[Peter Kaiser]]. His grave is in [[Preitenegg|Preitenegg/Carinthia]] (Austria).

== Filmography ==
=== Film === 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Children, Mother, and the General|Kinder, Mütter und ein General]]''
| Deserteur
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[The Plot to Assassinate Hitler]]''
| Member of the [[Kreisau Circle]]
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Ripening Youth (1955 film)|Ripening Youth]]''
| Jürgen Sengebusch
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[The Girl from Flanders]]''
| Alexander Haller
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz]]''
| Dr. Oswald Hauser
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[A Heart Returns Home]]''
| Wolfgang Thomas
|
|-
| 1957
| ''[[The Last Ones Shall Be First]]''
| Lorenz Darrandt
|
|-
| 1958
| ''[[The Young Lions (film)|The Young Lions]]''
| Captain Hardenberg
|
|-
| 1958
| ''{{Ill|Ludmila (film)|de|3=Ein wunderbarer Sommer|lt=Ludmila}}''
| Josef Ospel
|
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''
| Hans Rolfe
| 
|-
| rowspan=3|1962
| ''[[Five Finger Exercise (film)|Five Finger Exercise]]''
| Walter
|
|-
| ''[[The Condemned of Altona (film)|The Condemned of Altona]]''
| Franz von Gerlach
|
|-
| ''[[The Reluctant Saint]]''
| Giuseppe
|
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Topkapi (film)|Topkapi]]''
| Walter Harper
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1965
| ''[[Return from the Ashes]]''
| Stanislaus Pilgrin
|
|-
| ''The Doctor and the Devil''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1967
| ''[[The Deadly Affair]]''
| Dieter Frey
|
|-
| ''[[The Desperate Ones]]''
| Marek
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1968 
| ''[[Counterpoint (1968 film)|Counterpoint]]''
| General Schiller
|
|-
| ''[[The Castle (1968 film)|The Castle]]''
| [[The Castle (novel)#Characters|'K.']]
|
|-
| ''[[Krakatoa, East of Java]]''
| Captain Hanson
|
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Simón Bolívar (1969 film)|Simón Bolívar]]''
| [[Simón Bolívar]]
|
|-
| 1970
| ''[[First Love (1970 film)|Erste Liebe]]''
| Father
| 
|-
| rowspan=2|1972
| ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Paulina 1880|fr|3=Paulina 1880 (film)}}''
| Michele Cantarini
|
|-
| ''[[Pope Joan (1972 film)|Pope Joan]]''
| Adrian
|
|-
| 1973
| ''[[The Pedestrian (film)|The Pedestrian]]''
| Andreas Giese
| 
|-
| rowspan=2|1974
| ''[[The Odessa File (film)|The Odessa File]]''
| Eduard Roschmann
|
|-
| ''[[The Rehearsal (1974 film)|The Rehearsal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1975
| ''[[The Man in the Glass Booth]]''
| Arthur Goldman
| 
|-
| ''[[End of the Game|Der Richter und sein Henker]]''
| Robert Schmied on Audiotape
| Voice; Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[The Day That Shook the World]]''
| Djuro Sarac
|
|-
| 1976
| ''[[St. Ives (1976 film)|St. Ives]]''
| Dr. John Constable
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1977
| ''[[Cross of Iron]]''
| [[Hauptmann]] von Stransky
|
|-
| ''[[A Bridge Too Far (film)|A Bridge Too Far]]''
| [[Wilhelm Bittrich]]
|
|-
| ''[[Julia (1977 film)|Julia]]''
| Johann
| 
|-
| rowspan=5|1979
| ''[[Players (1979 film)|Players]]''
| Marco
|
|-
| ''Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald''
| Theatre Visitor
| Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Avalanche Express]]''
| Col. Nikolai Bunin
|
|-
| ''[[Together?]]''
| Giovanni
|
|-
| ''[[The Black Hole (1979 film)|The Black Hole]]''
| Dr. Hans Reinhardt
|
|-
| 1980
| ''Arch of Triumph''
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[The Chosen (1981 film)|The Chosen]]''
| Professor David Malter
|
|-
| 1983
| ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Les Îles|fr|3=Les Îles (film)}}''
| Fabrice
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Man Under Suspicion]]''
| Lawyer Landau
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Laughter in the Dark''
|
|
|-
| 1988
| ''An American Place''
| Alfred Steiglitz
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[The Rose Garden (film)|The Rose Garden]]''
| Aaron
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[The Freshman (1990 film)|The Freshman]]''
| Larry London
|
|-
| rowspan=1|1991
| ''[[Labyrinth (1991 film)|Labyrinth]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1993
| ''[[A Far Off Place]]''
| Colonel Mopani Theron
|
|-
| ''[[Justice (1993 film)|Justice]]''
| Isaak Kohler
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Little Odessa (film)|Little Odessa]]''
| Arkady Shapira
|
|-
| 1996
| ''The Vampyre Wars''
| Rodan
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Through Roses''
| Carl Stern
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Telling Lies in America]]''
| Dr. Istvan Jonas
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1998
| ''The Eighteenth Angel''
| Father Simeon
|
|-
| ''[[Left Luggage (film)|Left Luggage]]''
| Mr. Silberschmidt
|
|-
| ''[[Vampires (1998 film)|Vampires]]''
| Cardinal Alba
|
|-
| ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]''
| Jason Lerner
|
|-
| 1999
| ''{{Ill|On the Wings of Love (film)|de|3=Wer liebt, dem wachsen Flügel|lt=On the Wings of Love}}''
| Hochberg
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2000
| ''[[I Love You, Baby (2000 film)|I Love You, Baby]]''
| Walter Ekland
|
|-
| ''Just Messing About''
| Poser
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Festival in Cannes]]''
| Viktor Kovner
|
|-
| 2006
| ''The House of Sleeping Beauties''
| Kogi
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[The Brothers Bloom]]''
| Diamond Dog
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Flores negras''
| Jacob Krinsten
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Les brigands''
| Mr. Escher
| Final film role; filmed in 2012 
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Hamlet (1961 film)|Hamlet]]''
| Hamlet
| Television film
|-
| 1968
| ''[[Heidi (1968 film)|Heidi]]''
| Richard Sessemann
| Television film
|-
| 1980
| ''[[The Diary of Anne Frank (1980 film)|The Diary of Anne Frank]]''
| [[Otto Frank]]
| Television film
|-
| 1983
| ''{{Interlanguage link multi|The Phantom of the Opera (1983 film)|de|3=Das Phantom von Budapest|lt=The Phantom of the Opera}}''
| [[Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)|Sándor Korvin/The Phantom of the Opera]]
| Television film
|-
| 1985
| ''[[The Assisi Underground (film)|The Assisi Underground]]''
| Col. Müller
| Television film 175 minutes
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Peter the Great (TV series)|Peter the Great]]''
| [[Peter the Great]]
| TV miniseries
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Young Catherine]]''
| [[Frederick the Great]]
| TV Miniseries
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Miss Rose White]]''
| Mordecai Weiss
| Television film
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Stalin (1992 film)|Stalin]]''
| [[Vladimir Lenin]]
| Television film
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Candles in the Dark]]''
| Colonel Arkush
| Television film; Also director
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Abraham (1993 film)|Abraham]]''
| [[Pharaoh]]
| Television film
|-
| 1996
| ''[[The Thorn Birds: The Missing Years]]''
| Cardinal Vittorio
| TV miniseries
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Joan of Arc (miniseries)|Joan of Arc]]''
| Brother Jean le Maistre
| TV miniseries
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Coast to Coast (2003 film)|Coast to Coast]]''
| Casimir
| Television film
|-
| 2003–2007
| ''[[Der Fürst und das Mädchen]]''
| Fürst Friedrich von Thorwald
| TV series
|-
| 2004
| ''{{ill|Die Rückkehr des Tanzlehrers|de|Die Rückkehr des Tanzlehrers (Film)}}''
| Fernando Hereira
| Television film
|-
| 2005
| ''Die Liebe eines Priesters''
| Pater Christoph
| Television film
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Shell Seekers (film)|The Shell Seekers]]''
| Lawrence Sterne
| TV miniseries
|-
| 2007
| ''{{Ill|Die Rosenkönigin|de}}''
| Karl Friedrich Weidemann
| Television film
|-
|}

=== Theater ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Playwright 
! Venue
! class= unsortable|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1958
| ''Interlock''
| Paul
| [[Ira Levin]]
| [[August Wilson Theatre|ANTA Theater]], Broadway 
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://playbill.com/production/interlock-anta-playhouse-vault-0000005319|title= Interlock (Broadway, 1958)|website= Playbill|accessdate= February 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 1969
| ''[[A Patriot for Me]]''
| Alfred Redl
| [[John Osborne]]
| [[Imperial Theatre]], Broadway
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://playbill.com/production/a-patriot-for-me-imperial-theatre-vault-0000006049|title= A Patriot for Me (Broadway, 1969)|website= Playbill|accessdate= February 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 
| ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'' 
| Ernst Janning 
| [[Abby Mann]]
| [[Longacre Theater]], Broadway
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://playbill.com/production/judgment-at-nuremberg-longacre-theatre-vault-0000006858|title= Judgement at Nuremberg (Broadway, 2001)|website= Playbill|accessdate= February 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated Work
! Result
! class= unsortable|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=5| 1961
| [[Academy Award]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan=5| ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[BAFTA Award]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Laurel Award]]
| [[Laurel Awards|Top Male Dramatic Performance]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 1975
| [[Academy Award]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan=2| ''[[The Man in the Glass Booth]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama|Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1977
| [[Academy Award]] 
| [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan=4|''[[Julia (1977 film)|Julia]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture Draa]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[National Society of Film Critics]]
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1992
| [[Primetime Emmy Award]]
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| ''[[Miss Rose White]]''
| {{nom}} 
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 1992
| [[Golden Globe Award]] 
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actor - Series, Miniseries or Television Film]]
| rowspan=2| ''[[Stalin (1992 film)|Stalin]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award]]
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|}

* 2002: [[Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf |title=Reply to a parliamentary question |language=de |page=1495 | access-date = 17 January 2013}}</ref>
* 2011: Honorary Award of the Bernhard Wicki Film Award – The Bridge<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bernhardwicki.com/honorarymembers.htm |title="Honorary members of the Bernhard Wicki Memorial Fund" |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214140/http://www.bernhardwicki.com/honorarymembers.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|0001703}}
* {{IBDB name}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Maximilian Schell
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestActor 1961-1980}}
{{GoldenGlobeAwardBestActorMotionPictureDrama 1961-1980}}
{{GoldenGlobeSupportingActorTV 1990-2009}}
{{GoldenOrangeHonoraryAward}}
{{Mary Pickford Award}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schell, Maximilian}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Swiss male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Swiss male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Zurich]]
[[Category:Austrian emigrants to Switzerland]]
[[Category:Best Actor Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Austria]]
[[Category:German Film Award winners]]
[[Category:German-language film directors]]
[[Category:Golden Orange Honorary Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Vienna]]
[[Category:Male Shakespearean actors]]
[[Category:Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Swiss opera directors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bambi (prize)]]
[[Category:Swiss expatriates in Austria]]
[[Category:Swiss expatriates in West Germany]]
[[Category:Swiss male film actors]]
[[Category:Swiss male television actors]]
[[Category:University of Basel alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California faculty]]
[[Category:University of Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:People educated at University College School]]