Editing Max Nordau

{{Short description|Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic (1849–1923)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Max S. Nordau
| image              = Portrait of Max Nordau.jpg
| alt                = <!-- descriptive text for use by the blind and visually impaired's speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption            = Nordau, {{circa|1906}}
| birth_name         = Simon Maximilian (Simcha) Südfeld
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1849|07|29|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Austrian Empire]] (now [[Budapest]], Hungary)
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1923|01|23|1849|07|29|df=y}}
| death_place        = Paris, France
| nationality        = 
| other_names        = 
| occupation         = {{hlist|Physician|author|[[Social criticism|social critic]]}}
| years_active       = 
| known_for          = Co-founder of [[World Zionist Organization]]
| notable_works      = ''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]'' (1892)
| signature          = Signature of Max Nordau.jpg
}}
'''Max Simon Nordau''' (born '''Simon Maximilian Südfeld'''; 29 July 1849 – 23 January 1923) was a [[Zionism|Zionist]] leader, physician, author, and [[Social criticism|social critic]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwjPZHlDd60C&dq=nordau+political+genius&pg=PA108|title=Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity|first=Mitchell Bryan|last=Hart|date=May 9, 2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804738248 |via=Google Books}}</ref> He was a co-founder of the [[Zionist Organization]] together with [[Theodor Herzl]], and president or vice-president of several Zionist congresses.

In his younger years he was known as a social critic, writing ''The Conventional Lies of Our Civilisation'' (1883), ''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]'' (1892), and ''Paradoxes'' (1896). By 1913, Nordau was established as the earliest major critic of [[modernism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Disease and Health as Contexts of Modernity: Max Nordau as a Critic of Fin-de-Siècle Modernism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1883535 |date=1991 |journal=German Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |author=Hans-Peter Söder |page=473 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.2307/1430965 }}</ref> Although not his most popular or successful work while alive, ''Degeneration'' is the book most often remembered and cited today.

==Biography==
Simon (Simcha) Maximilian Südfeld (later Max Nordau) was born in [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]], then part of the [[Austrian Empire]]. His father, Gabriel Südfeld, was a rabbi,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/baldwin/liberalism_nationalism_and_degeneration.pdf |title=Liberalism, Nationalism and Degeneration: The Case of Max Nordau |access-date=2018-08-08 |archive-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808104652/http://www.history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/baldwin/liberalism_nationalism_and_degeneration.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> but earned his livelihood as a Hebrew tutor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271723205|title=Issues of Assimilation, Language and Identity in the Lives of Young Max Nordau and Tivadar Herzl|access-date=2018-08-08|archive-date=2018-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808135739/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271723205_Issues_of_Assimilation_Language_and_Identity_in_the_Lives_of_Young_Max_Nordau_and_Tivadar_Herzl/fulltext/55e6dae908ae3ad5dab2a906/271723205_Issues_of_Assimilation_Language_and_Identity_in_the_Lives_of_Young_Max_Nordau_and_Tivadar_Herzl.pdf?origin=publication_detail|url-status=live}}</ref> As an [[Orthodox Jew]], Nordau attended a Jewish elementary school and earned a medical degree from the [[University of Pest]] in 1872. He then traveled for six years, visiting the principal countries of Europe. He changed his name before going to Berlin in 1873. In 1878 he began the practice of medicine in Budapest. In 1880 he went to Paris.<ref name="ea">{{Americana|wstitle=Nordau, Max Simon|inline=1}}</ref> He worked in Paris as a correspondent for ''[[Neue Freie Presse]]'', and it was in Paris that he spent most of his life.

Before entering the university, he had begun his literary career in Budapest as contributor and dramatic critic for ''Der Zwischenact''. Subsequently, he was an editorial writer and correspondent for several other newspapers. His newspaper writings were collected and furnished the material for his earlier books. He was a disciple of [[Cesare Lombroso]].<ref name=ea />

Nordau was an example of a fully assimilated and acculturated European Jew. Despite being raised religious, Nordau was an agnostic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Triumph of Survival: The Story of the Jews in the Modern Era 1650-1990|year=1990|publisher=Mesorah Publications|isbn=9780899064987|page=238|author=Berel Wein|quote=Like Herzl, Nordau was an agnostic, if not an atheist.}}</ref> He married a Christian woman of Danish origin.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/1.4886400 Unrequited love] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162832/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4886400 |date=2018-11-25}}, ''[[Haaretz]]''</ref> Despite his [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungarian]] background, he felt affiliated to German culture, writing in an autobiographical sketch "When I reached the age of fifteen, I left the Jewish way of life and the study of the [[Torah]] ... Judaism remained a mere memory and since then I have always felt as a German and as a German only." Max Nordau was the father of the painter [[Maxa Nordau]] (1897–1993).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artcult.fr/_Dictionnaire+des+peintres+juifs/Catalogue/art-20-1306696.htm?Groupe=2&Artiste=N%25 |title=Dictionnaire des peintres juifs |trans-title=Dictionary of Jewish painters |publisher=ArtCult |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511053244/http://www.artcult.fr/_Dictionnaire+des+peintres+juifs/Catalogue/art-20-1306696.htm?Groupe=2&Artiste=N%25 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nordau's conversion to Zionism was eventually triggered by the [[Dreyfus affair]]. Many Jews, amongst them [[Theodor Herzl]], saw in the Dreyfus affair evidence of the universality of [[antisemitism]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/54845739.pdf |title=Max Nordau and the Making of Racial Zionism |access-date=2018-08-08 |archive-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808141337/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/54845739.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nordau went on to play a major role in the [[World Zionist Organization]]; indeed Nordau's relative fame certainly helped bring attention to the Zionist movement. He can be credited with giving the organization a democratic character.

In December 1903 a 24-year-old Russian student attempted to assassinate Nordau at a Parisian [[Hanukkah]] celebration. The attacker shouted "Death to the East African" as he fired his gun.<ref>Desmond Stewart (1974) ''Theodor Herzl: Artist and Politician''. Hamish Hamilton SBN 241 02447 1 p.322</ref><ref name=ea />

When World War I broke out, as a native of Hungary he was accused of German sympathies. He denied the charge and afterward went to reside in [[Madrid]].

== Zionism ==
[[File:Lilien Max Nordau.jpg|thumb|200px|Portrait of Nordau by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]]]]

=== Dreyfus affair ===

Nordau's conversion to Zionism is in many ways typical of the rise of Zionism amongst Western European Jewry. The [[Dreyfus affair]] was central to [[Theodor Herzl]]'s conviction that Zionism was now necessary.  Herzl's views were formed during his time in France where he recognized the universality of antisemitism; the Dreyfus Affair cemented his belief in the failure of assimilation. Nordau also witnessed the Paris mob outside the École Militaire crying ''"à morts les juifs!"'' ("death to the Jews!").

His role of friend and advisor to Herzl, who was working as the correspondent for the Viennese ''Neue Freie Presse'', began here in Paris. This trial went beyond a miscarriage of justice and in Herzl's words "contained the wish of the overwhelming majority in France, to damn a Jew, and in this one Jew, all Jews".  Whether or not the [[antisemitism]] manifested in France during the Dreyfus affair was indicative of the majority of the French or simply a very vocal minority is open to debate. However, the very fact that such sentiment had manifested itself in France was particularly significant. This was the country often seen as the model of the modern [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightened]] age, that had given Europe the Great Revolution and beginnings of [[Jewish emancipation]].

=== Failure of emancipation ===

Nordau's work as a critic of European civilization and where it was heading certainly contributed to his eventual role in Zionism. One of the central tenets of Nordau's beliefs was evolution, in all things, and he concluded that emancipation was not born out of evolution. French rationalism of the 18th century, based on pure logic, demanded that all men be treated equally.  Nordau perceived Jewish Emancipation the result of "a regular equation: Every man is born with certain rights; the Jews are human beings, consequently the Jews are born to own the rights of man."  This Emancipation was written in the statute books of Europe, but contrasted with popular social consciousness. It was this which explained the apparent contradiction of equality before the law. Yet the existence of antisemitism, and in particular 'racial' antisemitism, was no longer based on old religious bigotry.  Nordau cited England as an exception to this continental antisemitism that proved the rule. "In England, Emancipation is a truth … It had already been completed in the heart before legislation expressly confirmed it." Only if Emancipation came from changes within society, as opposed to abstract ideas imposed upon society, could it be a reality. Nordau's rejection of the accepted idea of Emancipation was not based entirely on the Dreyfus Affair. It had manifested itself much earlier in ''The Conventional Lies of Our Civilisation'' ''(Die konventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit)'' (1883), and in reviling 'degenerate' and 'lunatic' antisemitism in ''Degeneration'' ''(Die Entartung)'' (1892).

===Muscular Judaism===
Nordau also, at the 1898 Zionist Congress, coined the term "[[muscular Judaism]]" (''Muskeljudentum'') as a descriptor of a Jewish culture and religion which directed its adherents to reach for certain moral and corporeal ideals which, through discipline, agility and strength, would result in a stronger, more physically assured, Jew who would outshine the long-held stereotype of the weak, intellectually sustained, Jew. He further explored the concept of the "muscle Jew" in a 1900 article of the ''[[Jewish Gymnastics Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NCR5wsB2j8IC&q=%22muscular+Judaism | title = Muscular Judaism: the Jewish Body and the Politics of Regeneration | first = Todd Samuel | last = Presner | publisher = Routledge | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780415771788}}</ref>

== World Zionist Congress ==
[[File:JNF KKL Stamp Max Nordau (1916) OeNB 15758264.jpg|thumb|150px|Nordau stamp issued by [[Jewish National Fund]], 1916]]
Nordau was central to the [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist Congresses]] which played such a vital part in shaping what Zionism would become. Herzl had favoured the idea of a Jewish newspaper and an elitist "Society of Jews" to spread the ideas of Zionism. It was Nordau, convinced that Zionism had to at least appear democratic, despite the impossibility of representing all Jewish groups, who persuaded Herzl of the need for an assembly. This appearance of democracy certainly helped counter accusations that the "Zionists represented no one but themselves". There were to be eleven such Congresses in all. The first, which Nordau organized, was in Basle, 29–31 August 1897. His fame as an intellectual helped draw attention to the project. Indeed, the fact that Max Nordau, the trenchant essayist and journalist, was a Jew came as a revelation for many. Herzl obviously took centre stage, making the first speech at the Congress; Nordau followed him with an assessment of the Jewish condition in Europe. Nordau used statistics to paint a portrait of the dire straits of Eastern Jewry and also expressed his belief in the destiny of Jewish people as a democratic nation state, free of what he saw as the constraints of Emancipation.

Nordau's speeches to the [[World Zionist Congress]] re-examined the Jewish people, in particular stereotypes of the Jews. He fought against the tradition of seeing the Jews as merchants or business people, arguing that most modern financial innovations such as insurance had been invented by gentiles. He saw the Jewish people as having a unique gift for politics, a calling which they were unable to fulfil without their own nation-state. Whereas Herzl favoured the idea of an elite forming policy, Nordau insisted the Congress have a democratic nature of some sort, calling for votes on key topics.

At the [[Sixth Zionist Congress]], Nordau defended a Jewish state in the [[Holy Land]], publicizing a support from the [[British Empire]], the [[Wilhelm II|Kaiser]], the [[Russian Empire]] and a possible support from the [[Federal government of the United States|American government]] in a near future.[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/address-by-max-nordau-at-the-sixth-zionist-congress]

Nordau died in Paris, France in 1923.

==''Degeneration'' (1892)==
[[File:Portrait of Max Nordau in The Bookman - April 1895.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Nordau in April 1895 edition of [[The Bookman (New York City)|''The Bookman'']]]]
Nordau's major work ''Entartung'' (''[[Degeneration (Max Nordau)|Degeneration]]'') is a moralistic attack on what he believed to be [[degenerate art]], as well as a polemic against the effects of a range of the rising social phenomena of the period, such as rapid urbanization and its perceived effects on the human body.

In ''Réflexions sur la question gay'' (translated into English as ''Insult and the Making of the Gay Self''<ref>''Insult and the Making of the Gay Self'' (originally ''Réflexions sur la question gay'' (1999)). Translated by Michael Lucey. Duke University Press, 440 pages. July 2004</ref>), [[Didier Eribon]] refers to a whole section in Nordau's book targeting [[Oscar Wilde]] in aggressive terms: "Wilde loves immorality, sin, and crime". According to Eribon, the two volumes of ''Degeneration'' are centred on a description of the artistic and literary currents of an "end-of-century" that was leading society to "ruin". Nordau attacks [[symbolism (arts)|symbolists]], [[mysticism|mystics]], [[Pre-Raphaelites]], [[Wagner]]ism, [[Aestheticism]], and [[Decadentism]]. [[Joris-Karl Huysmans|Huysmans]] and [[Émile Zola|Zola]] are also targeted by him as "[[neurosis|neurotics]]" and "the worst kind of enemies of society", against whom the latter had "a duty to defend itself". He sustained that society was "at the highest of a serious intellectual epidemic, some kind of Black Death of degeneration and hysteria, such that it is only natural to hear a generalized, anguished questioning: 'What is going to happen?'" Therefore, he called upon [[judge]]s, [[teacher]]s, [[politician]]s, all those who wished to protect [[civilization]], to organize repression and censorship. As for [[psychiatrist]]s, their role would be predominant in such academia of "honest people" in charge of condemning "works that speculate on [[immorality]]". Any artist whom this small cluster of "the most qualified men of the people" might dislike would be doomed, because in such case "both the man and his work would be annihilated".<ref name="Réflexions sur la question gay">{{cite book|title=Réflexions sur la question gay |first=Didier |last=Eribon |year=1999 |publisher=Fayard}}</ref>

Nordau's ''Degeneration'' is cited by [[William James]] in his lecture on Neurology and Religion at the beginning of ''[[The Varieties of Religious Experience]]''. James mocks the author for his "bulky book" on the grounds that he exemplifies the then-current school of medical materialism, stating that Nordau "has striven to impugn the value of works of genius in a wholesale way (such works of contemporary art, namely, as he himself is unable to enjoy, and they are many) by using medical arguments".<ref name="The Varieties of Religious Experience">{{cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/621/pg621.txt |title=The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature |first=William |last=James |year=1902 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201233906/http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/621/pg621.txt |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Commemoration==
[[File:Nordau tomb.JPG|thumb|Tomb of Nordau, Tel Aviv]]
In 1926 Nordau's remains were moved to [[Tel Aviv]]'s [[Trumpeldor Cemetery]]. A major Tel Aviv street is named [[:he:שדרות נורדאו|Nordau Boulevard]].

There has been a literary [[Nordau Prize]] awarded in Israel.

==Published works==
* ''Pariser Studien und Bilder'' (Paris studies and sketches, 1878)
* ''Seifenblasen'' (Soap bubbles, 1879)
* ''Vom Kreml zur Alhambra'' (From the Kremlin to the Alhambra, 1880)
* ''Paris unter der dritten Republik'' (Paris under the Third Republic, 1881)
* ''Der Krieg der Millionen'', a drama (The war of the millions, 1882)
* ''Die konventionelle Lügen der Kulturmenschheit'', in which he shows what he believes to be the essential falsity of some of the social, ethical and religious standards of modern civilization (Conventional Lies of Society, 1883) 
* ''Paradoxe'' (Paradoxes, 1885)
* ''Die Krankheit des Jahrhunderts'' (The Malady of the Century, 1887)
* ''Gefühlskomödie'', a novel (A Comedy of Sentiment, 1891)
* ''Entartung'' (Degeneration, 1892)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carver |first=T. N. |last2=Hamilton |first2=M. A. |date=1912 |editor-last=Nordau |editor-first=Max |title=Nordau's Interpretation of History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1883535 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=519–522 |doi=10.2307/1883535 |issn=0033-5533}}</ref>
* ''Seelen Analysen'' (Analysis of souls, 1892)
* ''Das Recht zu lieben'', a drama (The right to live, 1893)
* ''Die Kugel'', a drama (The ball, 1894)
* ''Die Drohnenschlacht'' (Battle of the drones, 1897)
* ''Dr. Kuhn'', a drama (1898)
* ''The Drones Must Die'' (1899)
* ''Zeitgenossiche Franzosen'' (Contemporary French people, 1901)
* ''Morganatic'' (1904)
* ''On Art and Artists'' (1907)
* ''Die Sinn der Geschichte'' (The sense of history, 1909)
* ''Zionistische Schriften'' (Zionist writings, 1909)
* ''Mörchen'' (Crumbs of ruins, 1910)
* ''Der Lebenssport'' (The sport of life, 1912)

== See also ==
* [[Eugen Bleuler#Dementia Praecox, or the Group of Schizophrenias]]
* [[Gustave Le Bon]]
* [[Ruben Brainin]]
* [[Israel Zangwill]]
* [[Basel Program]]
* [[Dr. Max Nordau Synagogue]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading==

* {{cite book|author=Melanie A. Murphy|title=Max Nordau's fin-de-siècle romance of race|place=NY|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8204-4185-6|publisher=Studies in German History|volume=4}}
* {{cite book|first=Michael|last=Stanislawski|title=Zionism and the Fin de Siècle: Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism from Nordau to Jabotinsky|publisher=University of California Press|date=2001}}
* {{cite book|first=Christoph|last=Schulte|title=Psychopathologie des Fin de Siècle. Der Kulturkritiker, Arzt und Zionist Max Nordau|publisher=Frankfurt am Main: Fischer|date=1997|isbn=3-596-13611-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Anna und Maxa Nordau|title=Max Nordau. A Biography|place=New York|date=1943}}
* {{cite book |last=Lombroso | first=Cesare |author-link1=Cesare Lombroso|editor-first=Max | editor-last=Nordau |title=Degenerazione [Texte imprimé] |edition=2a edizione |series=Biblioteca antropologico-giuridica. Serie III, 8 |year=1896 |publisher=[[Fratelli Bocca]] |location= Torino |language=fr |oclc=660973767 |pages=XXXIX-568 |chapter=La Degenerazione del genio e l'opera di Max Nordau }}
* {{cite journal|last=Mason|first=P.H.|date=2010|title=Degeneracy at multiple levels of complexity|journal=Biological Theory: Integrating Development, Evolution and Cognition|volume=5 |issue=3|ref=277-288}}
*{{cite journal|author=Karola Agnes Franziska Dahmen|title=Spurensuche. Der Mediziner, Romancier, Kulturkritiker und Journalist Max Nordau|journal=Seiner Rolle Als Kunstkritiker der Neuen Freien Presse|publisher=Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang|date=2006}}
*''[[Jonathan-Simon Sellem]] (2022) Max Nordau : Much more than a Tel-Aviv boulevard'', {{ISBN|979-8-3666-2298-1}}
*''In French, Jonathan-Simon Sellem, (2025) [https://www.amazon.fr/Nordau-prince-dIsra%C3%ABl-Jonathan-Sellem/dp/B0F2HX2VCV/ref=sr_1_3?__mk_fr_FR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=2QQ88NW5363ZN&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.O-BA8ctT4adUsKzF9PbM53b3o9PBxDKzP7MLfHA3oR07nr3--3Aqh91Qr5L61JctLTcDg9r_xWfPa1EK-QR3wlUJuBb6hBSnUNj5jFAyI3c.NB2eOHYPEXGDLsBSoJGmoRoi4V6eYz_piyiHZ0hlJeM&dib_tag=se&keywords=jonathan+simon+sellem&qid=1744704302&sprefix=jonathan+simon+sellem%2Caps%2C140&sr=8-3 Max Nordau : le Prince d'Israël], {{ISBN|979-8-3138-7041-0}}''

== External links ==
{{wikisource author}}
*[http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/judaica/search/quick?query=Max+Nordau&offset=11 Literature by and about Max Nordau in University Library JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital Collections Judaica]
* The personal papers of Max Nordau are kept at the [http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/en/Pages/Default.aspx Central Zionist Archives] in Jerusalem
* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?max-nordau-portrait-etching-signed Max Nordau Original Letters and Manuscripts] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511151928/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?max-nordau-portrait-etching-signed |date=2014-05-11 }}). Shapell Manuscript Foundation.
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=332&letter=N Max Nordau page] at the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1408}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Max Simon Nordau}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.boeliem.com/content/1978/240.html|title=Max Nordau|publisher=Boeliem|work=The complete guide to Israeli postage stamps from 1948 onward|access-date=2010-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708082201/http://www.boeliem.com/content/1978/240.html|archive-date=2011-07-08|url-status=usurped}}
* [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-Figures/Nordau-Max Max Nordau Personal Manuscripts and Letters]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/022584}}
* Video lecture on [https://jewishhistorylectures.org/2018/11/21/who-was-max-nordau/ Max Nordau] by [[Henry Abramson|Dr. Henry Abramson]]
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030005394&view=1up&seq=215&skin=2021 Article on Max Nordau in April 1895 edition of ''The Bookman'' (New York)]

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