Editing Max Ernst

{{Short description|German artist (1891–1976)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox artist
| name             = Max Ernst
| image            = Max Ernst 1968.jpg
| caption          = Max Ernst in 1968
| birth_name       = Maximilian Maria Ernst
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1891|4|2}}
| birth_place      = [[Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia|Brühl]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] [[German Empire]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1976|4|1|1891|4|2}}
| death_place      = Paris, France
| spouse           = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Luise Straus-Ernst|Luise Straus]]|1918|1927}}
* {{marriage|Marie-Berthe Aurenche|1927|1942}}
* {{marriage|[[Peggy Guggenheim]]|1942|1946}}
* {{marriage|[[Dorothea Tanning]]|1946|1976}}}}
| field            = Painting, sculpture, poetry
| movement         = [[Dada]], [[Surrealism]]
| works            = ''[[A Week of Kindness]]'' (1934)
| awards           = 
| signature        = Max Ernst Signature.svg
| nationality      = German<br>American (since 1948)<br>French (since 1958)
}}

'''Max Ernst''' ({{IPAc-en|ɜr|n|s|t}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ernst "Ernst"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA|de|ɛʁnst|lang}} 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German-born painter, sculptor, printmaker, [[graphic artist]], and poet.<ref name="kasmin">{{cite web |title=MAX ERNST |url=https://www.kasmingallery.com/artist/max-ernst |website=Kasmin Gallery |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> A prolific artist, Ernst was a primary pioneer of the [[Dada]] movement and [[surrealism]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="kasmin"/> He had no formal artistic training, but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of [[frottage (surrealist technique)|frottage]]—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of textured objects and relief surfaces to create images—and [[Grattage (art)|grattage]], an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. Ernst is noted for his unconventional drawing methods as well as for creating novels and pamphlets using the method of [[collage]]s. He served as a soldier for four years during [[World War I]], and this experience left him shocked, traumatised and critical of the modern world. During World War II he was designated an "undesirable foreigner" while living in France.

Ernst was born in Brühl. He began painting in 1909 while studying at the University of Bonn, and later joined the Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists. Ernst's work often featured ironic juxtapositions of grotesque elements with [[Cubism|cubist]] and [[Expressionism|expressionist]] motifs. He had a fascination with birds, often including his alter ego, Loplop, a bird, in his work. He eventually settled in France and achieved financial success in the 1950s. He died in Paris on 1 April 1976.

==Early life==
Max Ernst was born in [[Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia|Brühl]], south of [[Cologne]], the third of nine children of a middle-class [[Catholic]] family. His father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter, a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian. He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority, while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}} 

In 1909, Max Ernst enrolled in the [[University of Bonn]], to read philosophy, art history, literature, psychology, and psychiatry.<ref name="guggenheim">{{cite web |title=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/max-ernst |website=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> He visited [[lunatic asylum|asylums]] and became fascinated with the art work of the mentally ill patients; he also began painting that year, producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle, and portraits of his sister and himself. In 1911, Max befriended [[August Macke]] and joined his ''Die Rheinischen Expressionisten'' group of artists, deciding to become an artist.<ref name="guggenheim" />

In 1912, Max Ernst visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, where works by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[post-Impressionist]]s such as [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Paul Gauguin]] profoundly influenced him. His work was exhibited that year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group, at Galerie Feldman in Cologne, and then in several group exhibitions in 1913.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}} In his paintings of this period, Ernst adopted an ironic style that juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside [[Cubism|Cubist]] and [[German Expressionism|Expressionist]] motifs.{{sfn|Ernst|Metken|Schneede|von Maur|1991|p=56}}

In 1914, Ernst met [[Hans Arp]] in Cologne. The two became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years. After Ernst completed his studies in the summer, his life was interrupted by World War I. Ernst was drafted and served both on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western]] and the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Fronts]]. The effect of the war on Ernst was devastating; in his autobiography, he wrote of his time in the army thus: "On the first of August 1914 M[ax].E[rnst]. died. He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918".{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|p=xiv}} For a brief period on the Western Front, Ernst was assigned to chart maps, which allowed him to continue painting.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}} Several [[German Expressionist]] painters died in action during the war, among them [[August Macke]] and [[Franz Marc]].

==Dada and surrealism==
[[File:Ubu Imperator.jpg|thumb|left|Max Ernst, ''[[Ubu Roi|Ubu Imperator]]'', 1923, [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]], [[Centre Pompidou]], Paris]]
In 1918, Ernst was demobilised and returned to Cologne. He soon married art history student [[Luise Straus-Ernst|Luise Straus]], of [[Jews|Jewish]] ancestry, whom he had met in 1914. In 1919, he visited [[Paul Klee]] in [[Munich]] and studied paintings by [[Giorgio de Chirico]]. In the same year, inspired by de Chirico and mail-order catalogues, teaching-aide manuals and similar sources, he produced his first [[collage]]s (notably ''Fiat modes'', a portfolio of [[lithograph]]s), a technique which later dominated his artistic pursuits. Also in 1919, Ernst, social activist [[Johannes Theodor Baargeld]] and several colleagues founded the Cologne [[Dada]] group. In 1919–20, Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as ''Der Strom'', ''die Schammade'' and organised Dada exhibitions.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}}

Ernst and Luise's son [[Jimmy Ernst|Ulrich 'Jimmy' Ernst]] was born on 24 June 1920; he later would also become a painter.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}} Ernst's marriage to Luise was short-lived. In 1921, he met [[Paul Éluard]], who became a lifelong friend. Éluard bought two of Ernst's paintings (''[[The Elephant Celebes|Celebes]]'' and ''Oedipus Rex'') and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection ''Répétitions''. A year later the two collaborated on ''Les malheurs des immortels'' and then with [[André Breton]], whom Ernst met in 1921, on the magazine ''[[Littérature (magazine)|Littérature]]''. In 1922, unable to secure the necessary papers, Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a [[ménage à trois]] with Éluard and his wife [[Gala Dalí|Gala]] in the Paris suburb of  Saint-Brice, leaving behind his wife and son.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}} During his first two years in Paris, Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint. In 1923, the Éluards moved to a new home in [[Eaubonne]] north of Paris, where Ernst painted numerous [[mural]]s. The same year his works were exhibited at ''Salon des Indépendants''.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}}

Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois, Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair. In 1924, he abruptly left, first for [[Monaco]] and then for [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon, Vietnam]].{{sfn|Warlick|2001|p=83}} He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him; both had to sell paintings to finance the trip. Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a long-time friend, [[Johanna Ey]], owner of gallery ''Das Junge Rheinland''.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}} After a brief time together in Saigon, the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul. The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September, while Ernst followed them some months later, after exploring more of [[southeast Asia]]. He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot which allowed him to paint full-time. In 1925, Ernst established a studio at 22, rue Tourlaque.{{sfn|Spies|Derenthal|Gaehtgens|Storr|2005|pp=285–286}}

In 1925, Ernst invented a graphic art technique called [[frottage (surrealist technique)|frottage]] (see [[surrealist techniques]]), which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images.{{sfn|Ernst|Metken|Schneede|von Maur|1991|p=128}} He also created the '[[Grattage (art)|grattage]]' technique, in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. He used this technique in his famous painting ''[[Forest and Dove]]'' (as shown at the Tate Modern). The next year he collaborated with [[Joan Miró]] on designs for [[Sergei Diaghilev]]. With Miró's help, Ernst developed grattage, in which he trowelled pigment from his canvases. He also explored with the technique of [[decalcomania]], which involves pressing paint between two surfaces.{{refn|group=note|Max Ernst working in decalcomania is shown in the 1978 documentary on the Dada and Surrealist art movement, ''Europe After the Rain''.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}}} Ernst was also active, along with fellow surrealists, at the [[Atelier 17]].<ref name="Swann Galleries">{{cite web |title=Atelier 17: Europe and the Early Years |url=https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/19th-20th-century-prints-drawings/2011/10/atelier-17-europe-early-years/ |website=Swann Galleries News |access-date=20 February 2020 |date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Düsseldorf - Grabbeplatz+Kunsthalle - Habakuk 02 ies.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|''Habakuk'' (1934), bronze, Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf]]

Ernst developed a fascination with birds which was prevalent in his work. His alter ego in paintings, which he called [[Loplop]], was a bird. He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans.{{sfn|Ernst|Metken|Schneede|von Maur|1991|p=285}} He said that one night when he was young, he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died; a few minutes later, his father announced that his sister was born. Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists' work, such as ''Loplop presents André Breton''. Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting ''The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses: André Breton, Paul Éluard, and the Painter''.<ref>Image: [http://www.metmuseum.org/special/Max_Ernst/view_1.asp?item=4&view=l The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus Before Three Witnesses: A.B., P.E. and the Artist]</ref> In 1927, he married {{Ill|Marie-Berthe Aurenche|de}} and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of ''The Kiss'' and other works of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flint|first=Lucy|publisher= Guggenheim Collection|title=''The Kiss (Le Baiser)''|url=http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/search/?q=76.2553.71|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706214957/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/search/?q=76.2553.71|archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> He appeared in the 1930 film ''[[L'Âge d'Or]]'', directed by the surrealist [[Luis Buñuel]]. Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with [[Alberto Giacometti]]. In 1938, the American heiress and artistic [[patron]] [[Peggy Guggenheim]] acquired a number of Max Ernst's works, which she displayed in her new gallery in London. Ernst and Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946.

==World War II and later life==
[[File:L'Ange du Foyeur.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|One of two versions of ''L'Ange du Foyer'' or ''The Angel of Hearth and Home'' (1937) oil on canvas, 112.5 x 144 cm., private collection]]
In September 1939, the outbreak of [[World War II]] caused Ernst, being German, to be interned as an "undesirable foreigner" in [[Camp des Milles]], near [[Aix-en-Provence]], along with fellow surrealist, [[Hans Bellmer]], who had recently emigrated to Paris. He had been living with his lover and fellow surrealist painter, [[Leonora Carrington]] who, not knowing whether he would return, saw no option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain. Thanks to the intercession of [[Paul Éluard]] and other friends, including the journalist [[Varian Fry]], he was released a few weeks later. Soon after the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation of France]], he was arrested again, this time by the [[Gestapo]], but managed to escape to America with the help of Fry and [[Peggy Guggenheim]], a member of a wealthy American art collecting family.<ref name=abc>{{Cite web|last=Olga's Gallery|title=Max Ernst biography|url=http://www.abcgallery.com/E/ernst/ernstbio.html}}</ref> Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married at the end of the year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Iyengar|first1=Rishi|title=New Google Doodle Honors Surrealist Painter Leonora Carrington|url=https://time.com/3771801/google-doodle-leonora-carrington-surrealist-painter/|access-date=6 April 2015|magazine=Time|date=6 April 2015}}</ref> Along with other artists and friends ([[Marcel Duchamp]] and [[Marc Chagall]]) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City, Ernst helped inspire the development of [[abstract expressionism]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Max Ernst: German Painter and Sculptor |url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ernst-max/|access-date=|website=theartstory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Max Ernst|url=https://www.ordovasart.com/artist/max-ernst/#:~:text=Max%20Ernst%20was%20one%20of,to%20hold%20great%20sway%20today|access-date=|website=Ordovasart}}</ref>

His marriage to Guggenheim did not last. In October 1946 he married American [[Surrealism|surrealist]] painter [[Dorothea Tanning]] in a double ceremony with [[Man Ray]] and Juliet P. Browner in [[Beverly Hills, California]].<ref name="Juliet's obituary">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/21/obituaries/juliet-man-ray-79-the-artist-s-model-and-muse-is-dead.html | title=Juliet Man Ray, 79, The Artist's Model And Muse, Is Dead | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=21 January 1991 | access-date=3 December 2014 | author=Flint, Peter B.}}</ref> The couple made their home in [[Sedona, Arizona]] from 1946 to 1953, where the high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernst's earlier imagery.{{sfn|Waldman|1975|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}} Although Sedona was remote and populated by fewer than 400 ranchers, orchard workers, merchants and small Native American communities, their presence helped begin what would become an American [[artists' colony]]. Among the monumental red rocks, Ernst built a small cottage with his own hands on Brewer Road and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]] and [[Yves Tanguy]]. Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists and for Ernst, who compiled his book ''Beyond Painting'' and completed his sculptural masterpiece ''Capricorn'' while living in Sedona. As a result of the book and its publicity, Ernst began to achieve financial success. From the 1950s he lived mainly in France. In 1954 he was awarded the Grand Prize for painting at the [[Venice Biennale]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/max-ernst-1065 | work = Tate Etc. | title = Max Ernst 1891–1976}}</ref> He died at the age of 84 on 1 April 1976 in Paris and was interred at [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]].<ref name=abc/>

==Legacy==
Ernst's son [[Jimmy Ernst]], a well-known German/American [[abstract expressionist]] painter, who lived on the south shore of [[Long Island|Long Island, New York]] died in 1984.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Ernst's Biography |url=http://jimmyernst.net/pages/chronicle.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=jimmyernst.net}}</ref> His memoirs, ''A Not-So-Still Life'', were published shortly before his death.<ref name=":0" /> Max Ernst's grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Max Ernst's life and career are examined in [[Peter Schamoni]]'s 1991 documentary ''Max Ernst''. Dedicated to the art historian [[Werner Spies]], it was assembled from interviews with Ernst, stills of his paintings and sculptures, and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy. The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment.

The '''Max Ernst Museum''' opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl, Germany. It is housed in a late-classicist 1844 building integrated with a modern glass pavilion. The historic ballroom was once a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his youth. The collection spans 70 years of his career including paintings, drawings, frottages, collages, nearly the entire lithographic works, over 70 bronze sculptures. and more than 700 documents and photographs by [[Man Ray]], [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]], [[Lee Miller]], and others. The core of the collection dates back to 1969 with works donated to the City of Brühl by the artist. Thirty-six paintings, gifts from the artist to his fourth wife [[Dorothea Tanning]], are on permanent loan from the Kreissparkasse Köln. Some noteworthy works include the sculptures ''The King playing with the Queen'' (1944) and ''Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers'' (1967). The museum also host temporary exhibitions by other artist.<ref>[https://maxernstmuseum.lvr.de/en/startseite_1.html Max Ernst Museum], Brühl, Germany (accessed 11 February 2021)</ref>

The '''[[Menil Collection]]''', in [[Houston]] houses a significant collection of surrealist art including well over 100 pieces by Max Ernst. Notable paintings include ''In Praise of Freedom'' (1926), ''[[Loplop|Loplop Presents Loplop]]'' (1930), ''Day and Night'' (1941–1942), ''Surrealism and Painting'' (1942), ''Euclid'' (1945), ''A Swarm of Bees in the Palais de Justice'' (1960), ''The Marriage of Heaven and Earth'' (1964). Ernst's work in the Menil Collection is typically exhibited a few pieces at a time along with other surrealist art in the collection on a rotating basis.<ref>The Menil Collection: [https://www.menil.org/collection/5136-surrealism Surrealism] (accessed 11 February 2021)</ref>

===Exhibitions, retrospectives, and honors===
* [[Venice Biennale]], Venice (1954), received Grand Prize for Painting
* [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]] Paris (1959), awarded the Grand Prix national des arts
* [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York (1961)
* [[Tate Gallery]], London (1962)
* [[Kunsthaus Zürich]] (1963)
* [[Moderna Museet]], Stockholm (1969)
* A retrospective of 104 works spanning the years 1920–1968, drawn entirely from the [[Menil Collection]], toured Europe from 1970 to 1972 ([[Hamburger Kunsthalle]], [[Kestnergesellschaft]], [[Frankfurter Kunstverein]], [[Academy of Arts, Berlin]], Kunsthalle, Cologne, [[Musée de l'Orangerie]], [[Musée Cantini]], [[Maison de la Culture de Grenoble]], [[Ancienne Douane (Strasbourg)]], [[Musée d'Arts de Nantes]]) and later the US ([[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]], [[Fogg Art Museum]], [[The Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]) The opening of the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 April 1971, Max Ernst's 80th birthday.{{sfn|Hofmann|Schmied|Spies|1973|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}
* In 2005, "Max Ernst: A Retrospective" opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and included works like ''Celebes'' (1921), ''Ubu Imperator'' (1923), and ''Fireside Angel'' (1937), which is one of Ernst's few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled ''The Triumph of Surrealism'' depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism that enveloped Europe. The exhibition also includes Ernst's works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of [[frottage (art)|frottage]], created from a rubbing from a textured surface; [[Grattage (art)|grattage]], involving scratching at the surface of a painting; and [[decalcomania]], which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A Max Ernst Retrospective Opens Today in NY|journal=Art+Auction|date=7 April 2005|url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/117/a-max-ernst-retrospective-opens-today-in-ny/|access-date=23 April 2008}}</ref>
* ''Dada is Dada'' retrospective group exhibition at [[Bildmuseet]], Umeå University, Sweden, running from 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018<ref name="Bildmuseet">{{cite web |title=DADA IS DADA |url=http://www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574 |website=Bildmuseet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224064353/https://www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574 |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Documentary images'''
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Exposition Max Ernst Paris 1921.jpg|Opening of the Max Ernst exhibition at the gallery Au Sans Pareil, May 2, 1921. Left to right: René Hilsum, [[Benjamin Péret]], [[Serge Charchoune]], [[Philippe Soupault]] (top of the ladder), [[Jacques Rigaut]] (upside down), [[André Breton]] and Simone Kahn-Breton
File:Houghton Typ 915.22.3605 Répétitions, 1922 - cover.jpg|Cover of ''Répétitions'' (1922) by [[Paul Éluard]], with illustrations by Max Ernst
File:Les Fusains.jpg|"Les Fusains": 22, rue Tourlaque, [[18th arrondissement of Paris]] where Max Ernst established a studio in 1925
File:Max Ernst Der Assistent-Der Frosch-Die Schildkroete 1967.jpg|Three bronze sculptures: left to right: ''Large Frog'' (1967), ''Turtle'' (1944), and ''The Spirit of the Bastille'' (1961), [[Lenbachhaus]], Munich
File:Max-Ernst-Museum 02.jpg|Max Ernst Museum, Brühl, Germany (photo 2004)
</gallery>

==Selected works==
=== Early work, Germany (1891–1922) ===
{|
|----- valign="top"
|
* ''Crucifixion'' (1913), [[Wallraf-Richartz Museum]], Cologne
* ''Town with Animals or Landscape'' (c. 1916), [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Solomon Guggenheim Museum]], New York
* ''[[Aquis Submersus]]'' (1919), [[Städel]], Frankfurt
* ''Fiat modes'' (1919), portfolio of eight [[lithographs]]
* ''[[Trophy, Hypertrophied]]'' (1919), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''[[Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person]]'' (1919–1920), [[Peggy Guggenheim Collection]]
|
* ''He's Not Very Well, the Hairy-hoofed Horse'' (1920) [[Turin Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art|Turin Civic Gallery]]
* ''Dada Gauguin'' (1920), [[The Art Institute of Chicago]]
* ''[[Murdering Airplane]]'' (1920), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''[[The Hat Makes the Man]]'' (1920), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''[[The Elephant Celebes|The Elephant of the Celebes]]'' (1921), [[Tate Modern]], London
* ''Oedipus Rex'' (1922), Private Collection
|}

=== First French period (1922–1940) ===
{|
|----- valign="top"
|
* ''All Friends Together'' (1922), [[Wallraf-Richartz Museum]], Cologne
* ''[[Pietà or Revolution by Night]]'' (1923), [[Tate Modern]], London
* ''The Wavering Woman'' (1923), [[Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen]], Düsseldorf
* ''Saint Cecilia'' (1923), [[Staatsgalerie]], Stuttgart
* ''[[Of This Men Shall Know Nothing]]'' (1923), [[Tate Modern]], London
* ''Ubu Imperator'' (1923), [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]], Paris
* ''Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale'' (1924), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''Woman, Old Man and Flower'' (1924), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''Paris Dream'' (1924–25), [[Yale University Art Gallery]], New Haven
* ''The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus'' (1926), [[Museum Ludwig]], Cologne
* ''The Great Forest'' (1927), [[Kunstmuseum Basel|Kunstmuseum]], Basel
* ''[[Forest and Dove]]'' (1927), [[Tate Modern]], London
* ''[[The Wood (Max Ernst)|The Wood]]'' (1927), [[National Museum Cardiff]], Cardiff
* ''Shell Flowers'' (1929), [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]], Paris
|
* ''Inside Sight: the Egg'' (1929), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''[[Loplop|Loplop Introduces Loplop]]'' (1930), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''Loplop Introduces a Young Girl'' (1930), [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]], Paris
* ''Oedipus I and II'' (both 1934), bronze sculpture (multiples)
* ''Lunar Asparagus'' (1935), plaster sculpture, [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''Garden Plane Trap'' (1934–35), [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], Philadelphia
* ''[https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-giant-snake The Giant Snake]'' (1935).
* ''The Entire City'' (1935–36), [[Kunsthaus Zürich|Kunsthaus]], Zürich
* ''The Blind Swimmer, Effect of Touch'' (1934), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''The Joy of Living'' (1936), [[Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art]], Edinburg
* ''The Nymph Echo'' (1936), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''The Angel of Hearth and Home'' (1937), [[Neue Pinakothek]], Munich
* ''[[The Barbarians (painting)|The Barbarians]]'' (1937), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York
* ''The Fascinating Cypress'' (1940), [[Sprengel Museum]], Hanover
* ''The Robing of the Bride'' (1940), [[Peggy Guggenheim Collection]], Venice
|}

=== American period (1941–1952) ===
{|
|----- valign="top"
|
* ''Totem and Taboo'' (1941), [[Pinakothek der Moderne]], Munich, [see Freud, ''[[Totem and Taboo]]'']
* ''Marlene'' (1941), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''[[Napoleon in the Wilderness]]'' (1941), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
* ''Day and Night'' (1941–42), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''The Antipope'' (1942), [[Peggy Guggenheim Collection]], Venice
* ''Europe After the Rain II'' (1940–42), [[Wadsworth Athenaeum]], Hartford
* ''Surrealism and Painting'' (1942), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''The Bewildered Planet'' (1942), [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]], Tel-Aviv
* ''Vox Angelica'' (1943), Private collection
* ''Everyone Here Speaks Latin'' (1943), [[New Orleans Museum of Art]], New Orleans
* ''Painting for Young People'' (1943), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''Moonmad'' (1944), bronze sculpture (multiples)
|
* ''An Anxious Friend'' (1944), bronze sculpture (multiples)
* ''[[The Eye of Silence]]'' (1944), [[Washington University Gallery of Art]], St. Louis
* ''[[The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Ernst painting)|The Temptation of Saint Anthony]]'' (1945), [[Lehmbruck Museum]], Duisburg
* ''The Phases of the Night'' (1946), Private collection
* ''Dream and Revolution'' (1947), Private collection
* ''Design in Nature'' (1947), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''Capricorn'' (1948), bronze sculpture (multiples)
* ''A Beautiful Day'' (1948), featured in the [[Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art|''Painting toward architecture'' exhibition]] (1947–52)<ref>(15 March 2019). [https://www.artdesigncafe.com/max-ernst-a-beautiful-day-1948 Max Ernst. ''A beautiful day'', (1948)]. ''artdesigncafe.com''. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref>
* ''Feast of the Gods'' (1948), [[Mumok]], Vienna
* ''Paramythes'' (1949), collages with poems
* ''Inspired Hill'' (1950), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''Spring in Paris'' (1950), [[Wallraf-Richartz Museum]], Cologne
|}

=== Second French period (1953–1976) ===
{|
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* ''Colorado of Medusa'', Color-Raft of Medusa (1953), Private collection
* ''Cry of the Gull'' (1953), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''Father Rhine'' (1953), [[Kunstmuseum Basel|Kunstmuseum]], Basel
* ''The King Playing with the Queen'' (1954), bronze sculpture (multiples)
* ''The Twentieth Century'' (1955), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''Bird-head'' (1955–56), bronze sculpture (multiples)
* ''The Dark Gods'' (1957), [[Museum Folkwang]], Essen
* ''Albertus Magnus'' (1957), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''After Me Comes Sleep: Tomb of the Poet'' (1958), [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]], Paris
* ''Little Girls out to Hunt the White Butterflies'' (1958), [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]], Madrid
* ''Mundus est fabula'' (1959), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
|
* ''Explosion in a cathedral'' (1960), [[Museo Botero]], Bogotá
* ''The Garden of France'' (1962), [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]], Paris
* ''Serenity'' (1963), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''The Marriage of Heaven and Earth'' (1964), [[Menil Collection]], Houston
* ''The World of the Naive'' (1965), Private collection
* ''Ubu, Father and Son'' (1966), Private collection
* ''Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers'' (1967), bronze sculptures (multiples)
* ''Birth of a Galaxy'' (1969), [[Beyeler Foundation]], Riehen
* ''The Last Forest'' (1960–1970), Private collection
* ''The Night Prowling Fish'' (1974), Private collection
|}

===Prints, collages, and illustrations===
* Illustrations for books by [[Paul Éluard]]: ''Répétitions'' (1922), ''Les malheurs des immortels'' (1922), ''Au défaut du silence'' (1925)
* ''Histoire Naturelle'' (ca. 1925–1926), a set of 34 collotypes after frottages
* ''La femme 100 têtes'' (1929, graphic novel)
* ''Rêve d'une petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel'' (1930, graphic novel)
* ''[[Une Semaine de Bonté]]'' (1934, graphic novel)
* Illustrations for editions of works by [[Lewis Carroll]]: ''Symbolic Logic'' (1966, under the title ''Logique sans peine''), ''The Hunting of the Snark'' (1968), and ''Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn'' (1970, an anthology of texts)
* ''Deux Oiseaux'' (1970, lithograph in colors)
* ''Aux petits agneaux'' (1971, lithographs)
* ''Paysage marin avec capucin'' (1972, illustrated book with essays by various authors)
* ''Maximiliana: the illegal practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning'' (1974, art book)
* ''Oiseaux en péril'' (1975, etchings with aquatint in colours; published posthumously)

==See also==
* [[List of German painters]]
* [[Transatlantic (TV series)|Transatlantic]] (portrayal in 2023 TV series)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|24em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Ernst |first1=Max |last2=Metken |first2=Sigrid |last3=Schneede |first3=Uwe M. |last4=von Maur |first4=Karin |last5=Wilson |first5=Sarah |editor1-last=Spies |editor1-first=Werner |title=Max Ernst: A Retrospective |date=1991 |publisher=Prestel |isbn=978-3-7913-1140-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNLpAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hofmann |first1=Werner |last2=Schmied |first2=Wieland |last3=Spies |first3=Werner |title=Max Ernst: Inside the Sight |date=1973 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-914412-06-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKAPzQEACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last1=Spies |first1=Werner |last2=Derenthal |first2=Ludger |last3=Gaehtgens |first3=Thomas |last4=Storr |first4=Robert |last5=Karmel |first5=Pepe |last6=Heroy |first6=Catherine |editor1-last=Spies |editor1-first=Werner |editor2-last=Rewald |editor2-first=Sabine |title=Max Ernst: A Retrospective |date=2005 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |isbn=978-0-300-10718-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g645i-qeTuoC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Waldman |first1=Diane |title=Max Ernst: A Retrospective |date=1975 |publisher=Guggenheim Museum (NY) |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLkQzQEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Warlick |first1=M. E. |title=Max Ernst and Alchemy: A Magician in Search of Myth |date=15 March 2001 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-79136-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duCKypeXVKsC }}

==Further reading==
* John Russell; [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/2034599&referer=brief_results ''Max Ernst: life and work''] (New York, H.N. Abrams, 1967) {{OCLC|2034599}}
* [[Bodley Gallery]] (New York, N.Y.) [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/54157692&referer=brief_results Max Ernst : paintings, collages, drawings, sculpture : 30 October – 25 November 1961 : Bodley Gallery, 223 East 60, New York] (exhibition catalogue and commentary; published by the gallery, 1961) {{OCLC|54157692}}
* ''Max Ernst Books and Graphic Works''. Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen, 1977
* {{cite book |last1=Legge |first1=Elizabeth M. |title=Max Ernst: The Psychoanalytic Sources |date=1989 |publisher=UMI Research Press |isbn=978-0-8357-1964-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE64AAAAIAAJ }} [https://archive.org/details/maxernstpsychoan0000legg Max Ernst : the psychoanalytic sources]
* David Hopkins; ''Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst: The Bride Shared'' (Oxford, 1998)
* William Camfield; ''Max Ernst Dada and the Dawn of Surrealism'' (MoMA, 1993)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{MoMA artist|1752}}
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2005/max-ernst Max Ernst, ''A Retrospective'', The Metropolitain Museum of Art]
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/ernst_max.html Paintings in Museums and Public Art Galleries Worldwide], Artcyclopedia
* [https://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/artists-a-z/e/artist/max-ernst Works in the National Galleries of Scotland]
* {{FrenchSculptureCensus}}

{{Max Ernst|state=expanded}}
{{Surrealism}}
{{Dada}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ernst, Max}}
[[Category:Max Ernst| ]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German male artists]]
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[[Category:20th-century German sculptors]]
[[Category:Artists from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:Atelier 17 alumni]]
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[[Category:Dada]]
[[Category:German Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:German collage artists]]
[[Category:German dadaists]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:German male painters]]
[[Category:German male sculptors]]
[[Category:German surrealist artists]]
[[Category:Guggenheim family]]
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