Editing Mausolus

{{Short description|Satrap of Caria from 377 BCE to 353 BCE}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type         = monarch
| name         = Mausolus
| image        = Mausolus portrait.jpg
| caption      = Mausolus, 377–353 BCE. Casting from the [[Pushkin museum]].
| alt          = Probable portrait of Mausolus.
| reign-type   = In office
| reign        = 377–353 BCE
| coronation   = 
| succession   = [[Satrap]] of [[Caria]]
| predecessor  = [[Hecatomnus]]
| successor    = [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia II]]
| suc-type     = Successor
| reg-type     = 
| regent       = 
| spouse       = [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia II]]
| issue        = 
| issue-link   = #Issue
| full name    = 
| house        = [[Hecatomnids]]
| father       = [[Hecatomnus]]
| mother       = 
| birth_date   = 
| birth_place  = [[Caria]]<br />(modern-day [[Turkey]])
| death_date   = 353 BCE
| death_place  = [[Halicarnassus]], Caria, [[Achaemenid Empire]]<br />(modern-day [[Bodrum]], Muğla, Turkey)
| burial_place = [[Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]]
| religion     = 
| signature    = 
| signature_alt = 
}}

'''Mausolus''' ({{langx|grc|Μαύσωλος}} or {{lang|grc|Μαύσσωλλος}}, {{langx|xcr|[𐊪𐊠]𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦}} ''Mauśoλ'') was a ruler of [[Caria]] (377–353 [[Common Era|BCE]]) and a [[satrap]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. He enjoyed the status of king or [[dynast]] by virtue of the powerful position created by his father [[Hecatomnus]] ({{langx|xcr|𐊴𐊭𐊪𐊳𐊫}} {{transliteration|xcr|K̂tmño}}), who was the first satrap of Caria from the hereditary [[Hecatomnid dynasty]]. Alongside Caria, Mausolus also ruled [[Lycia]] and parts of [[Ionia]] and the [[Dodecanese]] islands. He is best known for his monumental tomb and one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]], the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]], the construction of which has traditionally been ascribed to his wife and sister [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia]].

== Name ==

Mausolus' name is only known directly in Greek ({{langx|grc|Μαύσωλος}} or {{lang|grc|Μαύσσωλλος}}).{{ref|https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009840X14001747}} It is clearly of [[Carian language|Carian]] origin, though, and would have been written as *𐊪𐊠𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 (''*Mauśoλ'') or similar.<ref name="Adiego 2007">{{Cite book|last=Adiego Lajara|first=Ignacio-Javier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alQqw2IxJO0C&q=the+carian+language&pg=PP1|title=The Carian Language|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15281-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Melchert 2013">{{Cite web|last=Melchert|first=H. Craig|title=Naming Practices in Second- and First-Millennium Western Anatolia |date=2013 |url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/westernanatoliannames.pdf}}</ref> This is a compound name perhaps meaning "much blessed". The first part, ''*Ma-'', may mean "much", similar to the same word in [[Hieroglyphic Luwian]].<ref name="Melchert 2013" /> The second part, ''*-uśoλ'', meaning "blessed", is very common in Carian [[onomastics]]. Other examples include just ''Uśoλ'' (𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 = {{langx|grc|Υσσωλλος}}, "blessed"), ''Šaruśoλ'' (𐤭𐊠𐊥𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 = Σαρυσ(σ)ωλλος, "highly blessed"), and ''Pnuśoλ''/''Punwśoλ'' (𐊷𐊵𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦/𐊷𐊲𐊵𐊿𐊸𐊫𐊦 = Πονυσσωλλος, "blessed by all").<ref name="Adiego 2007" />

== Early life ==

Mausolus was the eldest son of [[Hecatomnus]], a native Carian who became the [[satrap]] of Caria shortly after [[Tissaphernes]] died, {{circa|395|392}} BCE.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> Mausolus succeeded his father upon Hecatomnus' death in 377 BCE.<ref name="Diod. 16.36.2" /><ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> The two may have shared the rule of Caria in the early 370s BCE, though, shortly before the death of Hecatomnus.<ref name="Carney (2005)" /> Their close relationship is illustrated in the family scenes from the sarcophagus of [[Hecatomnus' Tomb|the tomb of Hecatomnus and Aba]].<ref name="Diler 2021">{{cite book |last=Diler |first=Adnan |editor-last1=Pedersen |editor-first1=Poul |editor-last2=Poulsen |editor-first2=Birte |editor-last3=Lund |editor-first3=John |title=Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic |date=2021 |publisher=Oxbow |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-78925-511-9 |pages=87–106 |chapter=Hekatomneion in Mylasa: preliminary studies on the cult |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/48875811}}</ref> They were also depicted alongside one another in a statue group from [[Caunos]].<ref name="Işık Marek 2005">{{cite book |last1=Işık |first1=Cengiz |last2=Marek |first2=Christian |editor-last1=Pedersen |editor-first1=Brandt |editor-last2=Gassner |editor-first2=Verene |editor-last3=Landstätter |editor-first3=Sabina |title=Synergia: Festschrift für Friedrich Krinzinger II. |date=2005 |publisher=Phoibos |location=Wien |pages=239–247 |chapter=Die Basen der Hekatomniden in Kaunos-Kbid}}</ref> Whether Mausolus held any real or ceremonial office before the period of his reign proper, however, is speculative.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /><ref name="Carney (2005)" />

== Reign ==

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| header = Mausolus
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Mausolus 1907.jpg
| caption1 = Early 20th century photograph
| image2 = Hekatomid.jpg
| caption2 = Modern photograph
| footer = Statue of a [[Hecatomnus|Hecatomnid]] ruler from the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]], traditionally identified as Mausolus ([[British Museum]])
| footer_align = center
}}

[[File:SATRAPS of CARIA. Maussolos. Circa 377-6-353-2 BC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Coinage of Maussolos as Achaemenid [[satrap]] of [[Caria]]. Head of [[Apollo]] facing, [[Zeus Labrandos]] standing, legend {{lang|grc|MAYΣΣΩΛΛO}} ("of Mausolus"). {{circa|377/6|353/2}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=CNG: SATRAPS of CARIA. Maussolos. Circa 377/6–353/2 BC. AR Tetradrachm (23mm, 15.13 g, 12h). Halikarnassos mint. Struck circa 370–360 BC. |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=324499}}</ref>]]

Mausolus became [[satrap]] when his father Hecatomnus died in 377/6 BCE. He ruled alongside [[List of coupled siblings#Sibling marriage and incest|his wife, who was also his sister]], [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia]] (known as Artemisia II to avoid confusion with the earlier [[Artemisia I of Caria|Artemisia I Lygdamis]]). Because the two had no children, and incest of this type was not otherwise known in Caria, it is thought that their unusual marriage was entirely symbolic.<ref name="Carney (2005)" /> Although only Mausolus was ever referred to as satrap, it is clear that Artemisia had some political authority as joint [[dynast]] while the two were still alive.<ref name="Carney (2005)" /><ref name="Sebillotte Cuchet 2015">{{cite book |last=Sebillotte Cuchet |first=Violine |editor-last1=Fabre-Serris |editor-first1=Jacqueline |editor-link1=Jacqueline Fabre-Serris |editor-last2=Keith |editor-first2=Alison |title=Women and War in Antiquity |date=2015 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |chapter=The Warrior Queens of Caria (Fifth to Fourth Centuries BCE) |pages=228–246}}</ref>

=== Revolt of the Satraps ===

{{Main|Revolt of the Satraps}}

Mausolus participated in the [[Revolt of the Satraps]], a long and complex affair in which many [[satraps]] in the west of the Achaemenid Empire rebelled against [[Artaxerxes II Memnon]], mostly during the 360s BCE. The Revolt of the Satraps, also called the Great Revolt, was not a coordinated affair, but consisted of multiple separate rebellions throughout Anatolia. Mausolus primarily participated on the side of Artaxerxes, although Greek sources say that he also briefly rebelled against him.

[[Diodorus Siculus]] includes Mausolus in his list of satraps who rebelled against Artaxerxes II.<ref name="Diod. 15.90" /><ref name="Moysey 1975">{{cite thesis |last=Moysey |first=Robert Allen |date=1975 |title=Greek Relations with the Persian Satraps: 371-343 B.C. |publisher=Princeton University}}</ref><ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> Also in this list were [[Tachos]] of [[Egypt#Achaemenid Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ariobarzanes of Phrygia|Ariobarzanes]] of [[Hellespontine Phrygia]], [[Orontid dynasty#Orontid Kings and satraps of Armenia|Orontes]] of [[Mysia]], [[Autophradates]] of [[Lydia (satrapy)|Lydia]], and miscellaneous populations of Anatolia and [[Phoenicia]]. With the majority of Anatolia, [[the Levant]], and Egypt in revolt, Diodorus said that half of Artaxerxes' revenues were cut off from him.<ref name="Diod. 15.90" /> Another participant was [[Agesilaus II|King Agesilaus II]] of [[Sparta]], who was a [[Xenia (Greek)|guest-friend]] of Mausolus.<ref name="Xen. Ages. 2.27">{{cite book |last1=Xenophon |title=Agesilaos |at=2.27 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=xen.+ages.+2.27&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084|author1-link=Xenophon }}</ref><ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

The most evidence for Mausolus' participation in the Great Satraps' Revolt, however, is on the side of his nominal sovereign. Mausolus, together with Autophradates the satrap of Lydia, led the siege of [[Adramyttium]] in 366 BCE at the request of Artaxerxes. [[Ariobarzanes of Phrygia|Ariobarzanes]] had taken refuge there after Autophradates had driven him out of [[Assos]].<ref name="Xen. Ages. 2.26">{{cite book |last1=Xenophon |title=Agesilaos |at=2.26 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Ages.+2.26&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0210|author1-link=Xenophon }}</ref> According to [[Xenophon]], Mausolus was allegedly persuaded to abandon the siege by Agesilaus, whom Mausolus and Tachos of Egypt provided an escort to escape safely.<ref name="Xen. Ages. 2.27" /> This may be a sign that Mausolus only defied his overlord covertly, as there is no evidence that he actually made war against Artaxerxes.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /><ref name="Brosius 2006">{{cite book |last1=Brosius |first1=Maria |title=The Persians |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=0415320895}}</ref>

Diodorus also tells us that Mausolus and Autophradates, who secretly did not pursue Ariobarzanes, assisted Orontes of Mysia in his later rebellion in 362 BCE. Unlike Tachos or Agesilaus, however, Mausolus and Artemisia are mostly absent from narratives of Orontes' revolt, and there is no evidence that they took any concrete action against Artaxerxes II.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /><ref name="Brosius 2006" />

Mausolus was not punished for his alleged participation in the Revolt of the Satraps, unlike more flagrant rebels such as [[Datames]] or Ariobarzanes. He remained in office after the revolt was squashed in 362/1 BCE and was even rewarded by being given Lycia to govern over.

=== Lycia ===

After the Satraps' Revolt, Mausolus and Artemisia came to rule [[Lycia]], adding this territory to the southeast of Caria to their satrapy. Lycia had first been conquered by the Achaemenids at the same time as Ionia and Caria, by [[Harpagus]], a general under [[Cyrus the Great]].<ref name="Hdt. 1.176">{{cite book |last1=Herodotus |title=Historia |at=1.176 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.176&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084|author1-link=Herodotus }}</ref><ref name="Bryce 1986">{{cite book |last1=Bryce |first1=Trevor R. |title=The Lycians. Vol. I: The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources. |date=1986 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |location=Copenhagen |isbn=9788772890234}}</ref><ref name="Keen 1998">{{cite book |last1=Keen |first1=Antony G. |title=Dynastic Lycia. A Political History of the Lycians and their Relations with Foreign Powers c.545-362 B.C. |date=1998 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-10956-8}}</ref> After the time of Harpagus, however, Achaemenid presence in Lycia was minimal and contested by the [[Delian League]]. The country came to be ruled by a series of minor dynasts, such as [[Kuprlli]] and [[Kheriga]] of [[Xanthos]], [[Erbbina]] of [[Telmessos]], and Arppakhu of [[Phellos]].<ref name="Keen 1998" /> [[Pericles, Dynast of Lycia|Pericles]] ([[Lycian language|Lycian]]: 𐊓𐊁𐊕𐊆𐊋𐊍𐊁, ''Perikle'') of [[Limyra]], a dynast based in eastern Lycia, came to dominate all of Lycia in the 370s and 360s BCE, breaking the historical dominance of the western dynasts based in and around Xanthos. He cast himself as a native Lycian fighting for liberation against Persians in western Lycia; one inscription explicitly describes his rival [[Artumpara|Arttum̃para]] as a [[Medes|Mede]] ([[Lycian language|Lycian]]: 𐊀𐊕𐊗𐊗𐊒𐊐𐊓𐊀𐊕𐊀:𐊎𐊁𐊅𐊁, ''Arttum̃para mede'').<ref name="TL 29">{{cite book |last1=Kalinka |first1=Ernst |title=Tituli Asiae Minoris. Volumen 1: Tituli Lyciae |date=1901 |publisher=Alfredi Hoelderi |location=Vindobonae |at=29}}</ref><ref name="Keen 1998" /> Arttum̃para may have been one of two Achaemenid officials in Lycia whom Pericles contested, the other being Mithrapata.<ref name="Keen 1998" /> By rejecting Persian rule in the 370s and 360s BCE, Pericles was participating in the Revolt of the Satraps.<ref name="Diod. 15.90">{{cite book |last1=Diodorus Siculus |title=Bibliotheca historica |at=15.90 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+15.90&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126|author1-link=Diodorus Siculus }}</ref> Pericles' domination of an independent Lycia was ended by the [[Autophradates]], the satrap of [[Lydia]], at the end of the great revolt {{circa|362 BCE}}.<ref name="Keen 1998" /> Autophradates ruled Lycia himself for as 'king' and/or 'satrap' (TL 61: 𐊚𐊏𐊚 𐊜𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊇𐊀𐊗𐊀 𐊇𐊀𐊗𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊅𐊅𐊀𐊗𐊁𐊛𐊁, ''ẽnẽ xñtawata Wataprddatehe'', "while Autophradates was king"; [[Tomb of Payava|TL 40d]]: 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊅𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 𐊓𐊀[𐊕𐊈]𐊀, ''xssadrapa Pa[rz]a'', "Persian satrap").<ref name="TL 61">{{cite book |last1=Kalinka |first1=Ernst |title=Tituli Asiae Minoris. Volumen 1: Tituli Lyciae |date=1901 |publisher=Alfredi Hoelderi |location=Vindobonae |at=61}}</ref><ref name="TL 40d">{{cite book |last1=Kalinka |first1=Ernst |title=Tituli Asiae Minoris. Volumen 1: Tituli Lyciae |date=1901 |publisher=Alfredi Hoelderi |location=Vindobonae |at=40d}}</ref><ref name="Keen 1998" /> Lycia had returned to the Achaemenid control. Autophradates ruled for only a short period, though, and rule of Lycia was transferred to Mausolus sometime in the period {{circa|362|353}} BCE.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /><ref name="Keen 1998" />

Mausolus ruled Lycia as satrap in the later part of his reign. From this time onwards, independent Lycian coins were no longer struck, and instead coins of Mausolus and his successors circulated in Lycia. Although he did not conquer Lycia, he may have been militarily active there, as [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] tells us that he campaigned in [[Milyas]] to the north of Lycia.<ref name="Keen 1998" /> How Mausolus and Artemisia governed Lycia is not clear. The Pseudo-Aristotelian [[Economics (Aristotle)|''Economics'']] records that Mausolus had a [[Satrap#Medo-Persian|hyparch]] (ὕπαρχος, 'deputy') active in Lycia, although this account is far from trustworthy.<ref name="Keen 1998" /> A later [[Letoon trilingual|trilingual inscription]] shows that their brother [[Pixodarus]] had garrison-commanders in Lycia ({{langx|grc|ἐπιμελητής}}), which may have been true in Mausolus' time as well.<ref name="Keen 1998" />

Mausolus and Artemisia made an alliance with [[Phaselis]], a city at the eastern border of Lycia with [[Pamphilia]], showing the extent of their domain.<ref name="Hornblower M10">{{cite book |last1=Hornblower |first1=Simon |title=Mausolus |date=1982 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198148449 |at=M10}}</ref> [[Theodectes]] of Phaselis, a [[tragedy|tragic poet]], wrote a play called ''Mausolus'' to honour the satrap at his funeral.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

=== Social War ===
{{Main|Social War (357-355 BC)}}

Mausolus and Artemisia cooperated with the rebels against [[Athens]] in the [[Social War (357-355 BC)|Social War]] (357{{en dash}}355 BCE), by which they helped to extend their authority among the Greek islands and cities neighbouring Caria.

After the [[Peace of Antalcidas]] concluded the [[Corinthian War]] in 387 BCE, Artaxerxes II had given control of the Greek cities of Anatolia to his satraps, while guaranteeing the independence of the Greek off the coast of Anatolia. [[Agesilaus II|King Agesilaus II]] of [[Sparta]] was deputised to enforce this peace among the Greeks.<ref name="Cawkwell 1981">{{cite journal |last1=Cawkwell |first1=George |title=The King's Peace |journal=Classical Quarterly |date=1981 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=69–83 |doi=10.1017/S000983880002108X |jstor=63846 |s2cid=170486439 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/63846}}</ref> The Athenians subsequently formed what is called the [[Second Athenian League]] (in contrast to the earlier [[Delian League]]) as a counterbalance to Spartan [[hegemony]]. Among the Greek communities which founded this alliance in 378 BCE were [[Rhodes]], [[Chios]], and [[Byzantium]]. All three rebelled against Athens in 357 BCE, after the Athenians had begun to collect financial contributions (''syntaxeis'') from their allies and established an aggressive colony (a ''[[cleruchy]]'') on [[Samos]] in the 360s BCE.<ref name="Cawkwell 1981b">{{cite journal |last1=Cawkwell |first1=George |title=Notes on the Failure of the Second Athenian Confederacy |journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies |date=1981 |volume=101 |pages=40–55 |doi=10.2307/629842 |jstor=629842 |s2cid=159818710 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/629842}}</ref>

[[Demosthenes]] described the outbreak of the Social War is his speech [[On the Liberty of the Rhodians]]: "We were charged by the Chians, Byzantines and Rhodians with plotting against them, and that was why they concerted the last war against us; but ... Mausolus [was] the prime mover and instigator in the business".<ref name="Dem. 15.3">{{cite book |last1=Demosthenes |title=Orations |at=15.3 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Dem.+15+3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0070|author1-link=Demosthenes }}</ref><ref name="Cawkwell 1981b" /> In this speech, our main source for Carian involvement in the Social War, Demosthenes makes clear that Mausolus and Artemisia supported the rebels in naval warfare against Athens.<ref name="Radicke 1995">{{cite book |last1=Radicke |first1=Jan |title=Die Rede des Demosthenes für die Freiheit der Rhodier (or. 15) |date=1995 |publisher=B.G. Teubner |location=Stuttgart und Leipzig |isbn=9783598776144}}</ref> Although the precise causes of the Social War are obscure, it may be the case that Mausolus himself incited it in order to expand his sphere of influence into the neighbouring Greek islands of the [[Dodecanese]].<ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

The Social War ended quickly in 355 BCE. The Athenians were already weakened after [[Philip II of Macedon]] captured [[Amphipolis]]; they suffered several naval defeats to the rebels, such as at the [[Battle of Ecbatana]]; and the city was nearly bankrupt.<ref name="Cawkwell 1981b" /> The intervention of [[Artaxerxes III]] set the terms of the peace. Either during or shortly after the Social War, the Carian satraps controlled the Greek islands of Rhodes, Cos, and Chios, in part because they had undermined Athenian authority in the region.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

Rhodes, which had previously been governed by a democracy aligned with Athens, came to be ruled instead by an [[oligarchy]] backed by a [[Carian]] garrison.<ref name="Radicke 1995" /> [[Vitruvius]] relates a story about how, when Mausolus died shortly after the end of the Social War, the Rhodian democrats briefly overthrew their Hecatomnid-aligned oligarchy and unsuccessfully rebelled against [[Artemisia II|Artemisia]].<ref name="Vitr. 2.8.14">{{cite book |last1=Vitruvius |title=Ten Books on Architecture |at=2.8.14 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0073%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D14|author1-link=Vitruvius }}</ref><ref name="Kim 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Patricia Eunji |title=Race, Gender, and Queenship in Book 2 of Vitruvius's de Architectura |journal=Arethusa |date=2022 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.1353/are.2022.0001 |s2cid=251574514 |url=https://www.academia.edu/84740951}}</ref>

Mausolus also invaded parts of [[Ionia]] and controlled other 
at undetermined points in his reign. As well as their new capital at [[Halicarnassus]], Mausolus and Artemisia had considerable control over the other Greek cities on the coast of Caria, such as [[Iasos]], [[Miletus]], and [[Cnidus]].<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> Part of this control had diplomatic elements. For example, the astronomer [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]], who developed a cosmic model of [[concentric spheres]], lived at the court of Mausolus and may have helped steer the politics of Cnidus as the satrap wished.<ref name="Diod. Laert. 8.8">{{cite book |last1=Diogenes Laertius |title=Lives of Eminent Philosophers |at=8.8 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D8|author1-link=Diogenes Laertius }}</ref><ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> Mausolus' rule was enforced by violence, though. [[Polyaenus]] reports that Mausolus had deputised his brother [[Idrieus]] to capture the fortified town of [[Heraclea at Latmus|Latmus]]; later, he pretended to return the Latmian hostages which Idrieus had captured, and after winning the trust of the townspeople, ambushing the city at night after all the inhabitants had left its walls to watch his military procession. Separately, the same author writes how Mausolus' sister and wife Artemisia captured the same town by a similar deception, distracting the Latmians with a religious procession of women, [[eunuchs]], and musicians, instead of soldiers.<ref name="Moysey 1975" /><ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

=== Tyrannical reputation ===

Mausolus was not beloved by all his subjects. Mausolus appears as a stereotypical [[Despotism#Ancient Greek|despot]] or [[tyrant]] in the accounts of contemporary Greeks. The [[Economics (Aristotle)|''Economics'']] attributed to [[Aristotle]] tells many stories about the injustice of his rule, in part because he needed to raise funds to pay tribute to the Achaemenid [[King of Kings#Achaemenid usage|Great King]].<ref name="Ps.-Ar. Oec. 1348a">{{cite book |last1=Pseudo-[[Aristotle]] |title=Economics |at=1348a |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0048%3Abook%3D2%3Asection%3D1348a}}</ref> He supposedly deceived the people of [[Mylasa]] by telling them that [[Artaxerxes II Memnon]] was about to attack the unwalled city; after the local elites gave much money to Mausolus so that he could build walls for Mylasa, he told them that omens prevented him from providing anything. The city was not attacked and Mausolus kept his citizens' funds.<ref name="Ps.-Ar. Oec. 1348a" /> [[Polyaenus]] tells a similar story about how he lied to his subjects that Artaxerxes threatened to take dominion; he showed them his treasures, which he would sell to keep it, and so his subjects willingly gave him an immense amount of goods, ignorant of his deception.<ref name="Polyaen. 7.23.1">{{cite book |last1=Polyaenus |title=Strategemata |at=7.23.1|author1-link=Polyaenus }}</ref>

Mausolus' hyparch Condalos was also authoritarian, according to the ''Economics''. While collecting money for Mausolus, Condalos noted that the people of [[Lycia]] wore their hair long, unlike the [[Carians]]. He told his Lycian subjects that Artaxerxes demanded hair to make wigs (προκομία) for [[Achaemenid Empire#Cavalry|his horses]]. Mausolus therefore demanded that the Lycians shave their heads and send him their hair. If the Lycians did not want to shave their heads, they could pay their Carian governors in money instead of hair, and Mausolus could buy hair from the Greeks instead. The entire thing was a sham. No hair was sent anywhere, but Condalos and Mausolus made a lot of money.<ref name="Ps.-Ar. Oec. 1348a" />

Not all of Mausolus' subjects accepted his authoritarian rule easily. A series of inscriptions from [[Iasos]] and [[Mylasa]] record how Mausolus punished nobles who conspired against him.<ref name="I.Iasos 1">{{cite book |last1=Blümel |first1=Wolfgang |title=Die Inschriften von Iasos |date=1985 |location=Bonn |at=1}}</ref><ref name="PHI Iasos 78">{{cite web |title=PHI Iasos 78 |url=https://inscriptions.packhum.org/text/258935?bookid=497&location=1682}}</ref><ref name="I.Mylasa 1">{{cite book |last1=Blümel |first1=Wolfgang |title=Die Inschriften von Mylasa, I. Inschriften der Stadt |date=1987 |location=Bonn |at=1}}</ref><ref name="PHI Mylasa 112">{{cite web |title=PHI Mylasa 112 |url=https://inscriptions.packhum.org/text/261041?bookid=512&location=1682}}</ref><ref name="I.Mylasa 2">{{cite book |last1=Blümel |first1=Wolfgang |title=Die Inschriften von Mylasa, I. Inschriften der Stadt |date=1987 |location=Bonn |at=2}}</ref><ref name="PHI Mylasa 113">{{cite web |title=PHI Mylasa 113 |url=https://inscriptions.packhum.org/text/261042?bookid=512&location=1682}}</ref><ref name="I.Mylasa 3">{{cite book |last1=Blümel |first1=Wolfgang |title=Die Inschriften von Mylasa, I. Inschriften der Stadt |date=1987 |location=Bonn |at=3}}</ref><ref name="PHI Mylasa 114">{{cite web |title=PHI Mylasa 114 |url=https://inscriptions.packhum.org/text/261043?bookid=512&location=1682}}</ref> The most dramatic is from 355/4 BCE, late in Mausolus' reign, when he survived an [[List of heads of state and government who survived assassination attempts|assassination attempt]] by disaffected subjects during the royal procession at the yearly festival at [[Labraunda]].<ref name="I.Mylasa 3" /><ref name="PHI Mylasa 114" /> A similar plot had been thwarted in Mylasa over a decade earlier (367/6 BCE).<ref name="I.Mylasa 1" /><ref name="PHI Mylasa 112" /> Alongside these attempts on Mausolus' life, he also punished a group of brothers who conspired to desecrate a statue of his father Hekatomnos in Mylasa (361/0 BCE).<ref name="I.Mylasa 2" /><ref name="PHI Mylasa 113" /> These same brothers were celebrated in Iasos, where the city granted them [[proxeny]] around this time, perhaps in defiance of Mausolus.<ref name="Fabiani 2013">{{cite book |last=Fabiani |first=Roberta|editor-last1=Brun |editor-first1=Patrice |editor-last2=Cavalier |editor-first2=Laurence |editor-last3=Konuk |editor-first3=Koray |editor-last4=Prost |editor-first4=Francis |title=Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques. Actes du colloque de Bordeaux 5, 6, 7 novembre 2009 |date=2013 |publisher=Ausonius |location=Bordeaux |chapter=Iasos between Maussollos and Athens |pages=312–330 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5026480}}</ref> Nonetheless, Iasos still punished a series of unknown conspirators against Mausolus in the 360s BCE, putting their property to auction.<ref name="I.Iasos 1" /><ref name="PHI Iasos 78" />

== Building projects ==

Mausolus and Artemisia moved their capital from [[Mylasa]] to [[Halicarnassus]] early in their reign.<ref name="Konuk 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Konuk |first1=Koray |title=Maussollos and the Date of the Transfer of the Seat of the Karian Satrapy to Halikarnassos |journal=Philia |date=2021 |volume=7 |pages=93–97 |doi=10.36991/PHILIA.202106 |s2cid=248043865 |url=https://www.academia.edu/63964478}}</ref> Halicarnassus had historically been a [[Greek colonisation|Greek colony]] with a sizeable native population of Carians and [[Leleges]].<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> The city was refounded by Mausolus, being rebuilt on a new grid pattern. Its population was enlarged through a process of [[synoecism]]: residents of Carian villages nearby were relocated to the new capital city.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> [[Pliny the Elder]], who incorrectly<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> attributed the synoecism to [[Alexander the Great]], lists the villages assimilated into Halicarnassus as [[Theangela]], Sibde, Medmasa, Euralium, [[Pedasa|Pedasus]], and [[Telmessos (Caria)|Telmissus]].<ref name="Pliny. NH 5.29">{{cite book |last1=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History|at=5.29 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D29|author1-link=Pliny the Elder }}</ref><ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

The city of Halicarnassus, newly rebuilt by Mausolus and Artemisia, had a number of Greek features, including a large [[Theatre at Halicarnassus|theatre]] and [[agora]]. New city walls expanded into harbour fortifications, turning Halicarnassus into the primary port of the Hecatomnid navy.<ref name="Pedersen 2010">{{cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Poul |editor-last1=Van Bremen |editor-first1=Riet |editor-last2=Carbon |editor-first2=Jan-Mathieu |title=Hellenistic Karia |date=2010 |publisher=Ausonius |location=Paris |chapter=The City Wall of Halikarnassos |pages=269–316}}</ref> The Hecatomnids built themselves a palace on the promontory of Zephyrion, next to the older Temple of [[Apollo]], which has since been built over by the medieval [[Bodrum Castle|Castle of St Peter]].

The synoecism of Halicarnassus may have been inspired by the earlier synoecism of [[Rhodes]], when the three major [[polis|Greek cities]] of the island ([[Ialysus]], [[Camirus]], and [[Lindus]]) came together the found [[Rhodes (city)|the city of Rhodes]] as their capital in {{circa|408 BCE}}. Rhodes and Halicarnassus had close ties. Both claimed mythic [[Dorians|Dorian]] ancestry (although the people of Halicarnassus spoke [[Ionian Greek]]<ref name="Abe 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Abe |first1=Takuji |title=Herodotus' First Language: The State of Language in Halicarnassus |journal=Talanta |date=2015 |volume=47 |pages=145–164 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29492063}}</ref>) and both cities were allied within the [[Doric Hexapolis]] in the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]].

Another former island member of the Doric Hexapolis, [[Kos|Cos]], underwent synoecism shortly after Halicarnassus.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> This similar synoecism of Cos may have been politically induced by Mausolus — especially because [[Demosthenes]] said that [[Idrieus]] controlled Cos while he was satrap — although the evidence is inconclusive.<ref name="Dem. 5.25">{{cite book |last1=Demosthenes |title=Orations|at=5.25 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0070%3Aspeech%3D5%3Asection%3D25|author1-link=Demosthenes }}</ref><ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> Other cities and towns which may have been relocated or rebuilt by Mausolus or his family include [[Latmus (town)|Latmus]] (which became [[Heraclea at Latmus]]), [[Cnidus]] (which moved from [[Datça]] to Tekir around this time), and [[Priene]] (which may instead have been relocated by [[Alexander the Great]] after the time of Mausolus).<ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

As well as cities, Mausolus rebuilt major Carian religious sanctuaries at [[Amyzon (city)|Amyzon]], [[Labraunda]], and [[Sinuri]]. All three were located in the Carian mountains, away from major urban centres. Religious activity included annual processions up the mountain to the new monumental temples at these sanctuaries. Investment at Labraunda by both Mausolus and his brother [[Idrieus]] was especially intensive; the annual procession to Labraunda from Mylasa became a centrepiece of the Hecatomnid royal cult.<ref name="Carstens 2009" /><ref name="Williamson (2021)">{{cite book |last1=Williamson |first1=Christina |title=Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004461260 }}</ref>

=== 'Hellenisation' and the Ionian Renaissance ===

Mausolus embraced [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenic culture]] to an extent. It is debated whether Caria underwent "Hellenisation", "Carianisation", or a complex combination of the two (e.g. [[creolisation]]<ref name="Carstens 2009">{{cite book |last1=Carstens |first1=Anne Marie |title=Karia and the Hekatomnids. The creation of a dynasty |date=2009 |publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford |isbn=9781407304236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0MAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>), under his watch.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /><ref name="LaBuff (2013)">{{cite journal |last1=LaBuff |first1=Jeremy |title=Who(')s(e) Karian? Language, Names, and Identity |journal=The Ancient History Bulletin |date=2013 |volume=27 |issue=3–4 |pages=86–107 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7335802}}</ref><ref name="Herda 2013">{{cite book |last=Herda |first=Alexander |editor-last1=Mouton |editor-first1=Alice |editor-last2=Rutherford |editor-first2=Ian |editor-last3=Yakubovich |editor-first3=Ilya |title=Luwian Identities. Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |pages=421–506 |chapter=Greek (and our) Views on the Karians |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3498385}}</ref><ref name="Pedersen 2013">{{cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Poul |editor-last1=Henry |editor-first1=Olivier |title=4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian identity under the Hekatomnids |date=2013 |publisher=Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil |location=Istanbul |chapter=The 4th century BC 'Ionian Renaissance' and Karian identity |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=33–64 |chapter-url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/anatv_1013-9559_2013_ant_28_1_1282}}</ref>

All the original construction at Halicarnassus was distinctive of the so-called Ionian Renaissance, which the Hecatomnids sponsored throughout their territories, and which continued in the early [[Hellenistic Period]] at sites such as [[Priene]].<ref name="Pedersen 1994">{{cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Poul |editor-last1=Isager |editor-first1=Jacob |title=Hekatomnid Caria and the Ionian Renaissance. Acts of the International Symposium at the Department of Greek and Roman Studies, Odense University, 28-29 November, 1991
|date=1994 |publisher=Odense University Press |location=Odense |chapter=The Ionian Renaissance and some aspects of its origin within the field of architecture and planning |pages=11–35 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/45034712}}</ref><ref name="Pedersen 2013" /><ref name="Pedersen 2021">{{cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Poul |editor-last1=Pedersen |editor-first1=Poul |editor-last2=Poulsen |editor-first2=Birte |editor-last3=Lund |editor-first3=John |title=Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic |date=2021 |publisher=Oxbow |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-78925-511-9 |chapter=From Classical to Hellenistic: the Maussolleion and the Ionian Renaissance}}</ref> Many cities and religious centres in and around Caria bear features of the Ionian Renaissance following direct sponsorship by Mausolus and his family.

=== Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ===

{{Main|Mausoleum at Halicarnassus}}

[[File:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus at the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology.jpg|thumb|Model of the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]], at the [[Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology]].]]

Mausolus is best known by his monumental tomb: the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]]. Tradition maintains that it was erected and named for him by order of his wife and sister [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia]] after his death.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sears|first=Matthew A.|date=2014|title=Alexander and Ada Reconsidered|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676285|journal=Classical Philology|volume=109|issue=3|page=213|doi=10.1086/676285|jstor=10.1086/676285 |s2cid=170273543 |issn=0009-837X|quote=Hecatomnus had several children, all of whom would rule at some point following his death. After his eldest son Mausolus, his other children were Artemisia, Idrieus, Ada, and Pixodarus. The children of Hecatomnus practiced monogamous sibling marriage, with Mausolus marrying Artemisia and Idrieus marrying Ada.}}</ref> The tomb was only finished after her death. It is likely that construction began while Mausolus was still alive, and that he oversaw it alongside Artemisia.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" />

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was emblematic of the Ionian Renaissance, combining Greek architectural styles with those of Anatolian structures such as the [[Nereid Monument]] at [[Xanthos]] in [[Lycia]]. The leading craftsmen who designed and built the Mausoleum included famous Greeks and Carians: the architects [[Satyros|Satyrus]] and [[Pythius of Priene|Pythis]], and the sculptors [[Scopas]] of [[Paros]], [[Leochares]], [[Bryaxis]] and [[Timotheus (sculptor)|Timotheus]].<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> The [[Hecatomnus' Tomb|tomb of Hecatomnus]] in the centre of [[Mylasa]] has been considered an unfinished 'proto-Mausoleum', having a similar terrace structure but lacking similar above-ground elements.<ref name="Rumscheid 2010">{{cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Poul |editor-last1=Van Bremen |editor-first1=Riet |editor-last2=Carbon |editor-first2=Jan-Mathieu |title=Hellenistic Karia |date=2010 |publisher=Ausonius |location=Paris |chapter=Maussollos and the ‘Uzun Yuva’ in Mylasa: an unfinished Proto-Maussolleion at the heart of a new urban centre? |series=Études |pages=69–102 |isbn=9782356132833 |url=https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/2708?lang=en}}</ref>

The tomb was famous even in antiquity. Although the Mausoleum ({{langx|grc|Μαυσωλεῖον}}) was named for Mausolus, the term ''[[mausoleum]]'' has come to be used generically for any grand above-ground tomb. This was true in antiquity; [[Martial]] used the term in reference to the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]] (died AD 14).<ref name="Martial 5.64">{{cite book |last1=Martial |title=Epigrams |at=5.64 |url=https://topostext.org/work/677#5.64|author1-link=Martial }}</ref> [[Antipater of Sidon]] listed the Mausoleum as one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]].<ref name="Antipater 9.58">{{cite book |last1=Antipater of Sidon |title=Greek Anthology |at=9.58 |url=https://topostext.org/work/534#9.58|author1-link=Antipater of Sidon }}</ref>

The site of the Mausoleum and a few remains can still be seen in the [[Turkey|Turkish]] town of [[Bodrum]] (ancient [[Halicarnassus]]). The majority of surviving sculptural elements are now kept in the [[British Museum]], where they were taken by [[Charles Thomas Newton]] in the 1850s.<ref name="Britannica, Newton">{{cite web |title=Sir Charles Thomas Newton |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Thomas-Newton |website=Britannica|date=12 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Cook 1997">{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Ian |editor-last1=Waywell |editor-first1=Geoffrey B. |title=Sculptors and Sculpture of Caria and the Dodecanese |date=1997 |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |chapter=Sir Charles Newton, KCB (1816-1894) |pages=10–23 |isbn=9780714122120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-_VAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Modern excavations of the site of the Mausoleum, as with other archaeological features of ancient Halicarnassus at Bodrum, have been led by the Danish Archaeological Project in conjunction with the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology.<ref name="Pedersen DHP">{{cite web |last1=Pedersen |first1=Poul |title=THE DANISH HALIKARNASSOS PROJECT. Andet forskningsprojekt |url=https://www.carlsbergfondet.dk/da/Forskningsaktiviteter/Forskningsprojekter/Andre-forskningsprojekter/Poul_Pedersen_The_Danish_Halikarnassos_Project |website=Carlsbergfondet}}</ref>

== Death ==

Mausolus died shortly after the failed assassination attempt at [[Labraunda]]. [[Diodorus Siculus]] tells us that he died in 353/2 BCE.<ref name="Diod. 16.36.2">{{cite book |last1=Diodorus Siculus |title=Bibliotheca historica |at=16.36.2 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D16%3Achapter%3D36%3Asection%3D2|author1-link=Diodorus Siculus }}</ref> Modern consensus agrees with this date, in part because Mausolus was known to have participated in the [[Social War (357-355 BC)|Social War (357–355 BCE)]], but had died by the time [[Demosthenes]] wrote his speech ''[[On the Liberty of the Rhodians]]'' (351 BCE).<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> [[Pliny the Elder]] incorrectly claimed that Mausolus died in 351 BCE, which is when his sister and wife [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia]] passed away.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> It is unknown what he died of.

When Mausolus died, his remains were interred in the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]], which he and Artemisia had been building while they were still alive. It is likely that the Mausoleum functioned as a [[heroön]] and that Mausolus received cult worship after his death.<ref name="Carstens 2013">{{cite book |last=Carstens |first=Anne Marie |editor-last1=Brun |editor-first1=Patrice |editor-last2=Cavalier |editor-first2=Laurence |editor-last3=Konuk |editor-first3=Koray |editor-last4=Prost |editor-first4=Francis |title=Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques. Actes du colloque de Bordeaux 5, 6, 7 novembre 2009 |date=2013 |publisher=Ausonius |location=Bordeaux |chapter=Tracing Elite Networks. A View from the Grave. |pages=101–110 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5667673}}</ref> Archaeological evidence suggests that worship of Mausolus continued until approximately the mid-2nd century BCE.<ref name="Lund 2021">{{cite book |last=Lund |first=John |editor-last1=Pedersen |editor-first1=Poul |editor-last2=Poulsen |editor-first2=Birte |editor-last3=Lund |editor-first3=John |title=Karia and the Dodekanese: Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean. Vol. I: Late Classical to Early Hellenistic |date=2021 |publisher=Oxbow |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-78925-511-9 |chapter=The function of the Maussolleion terrace after 350 BC: the testimony of the finds}}</ref>

Artemisia threw a lavish funeral for Mausolus, including games and ceremonies, in which many distinguished Greeks participated, many of whom were students of [[Isocrates]] from Greek cities within the Hecatomnid sphere of influence.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> [[Theopompus]] of [[Chios]] won the prose competition, defeating Isocrates.<ref name="Plut. Mor. 838b">{{cite book |last1=Plutarch |title=Vitae decem oratorum |at=838b |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0344%3Astephpage%3D833b|author1-link=Plutarch }}</ref> This may have been [[Apollonia (Illyria)#Notable people|Isocrates of Apollonia]], rather than the more famous Isocrates of Athens, who would have been very old at the time.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> [[Theodectes]] of [[Phaselis]] won the verse competition with a tragic play entitled ''Mausolus''.<ref name="Hornblower 1982" /> This coming together of famous and influential Greeks at Halicarnassus on the occasion of Mausolus' death, overseen by Artemisia, may be why she became so renowned for her grief in later tradition.

Mausolus and Artemisia had no children.<ref name="Strabo 14.2.17">{{cite book |last1=Strabo |title=Geography |at=14.2.17 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D17|author1-link=Strabo }}</ref><ref name="Hornblower 1982">{{cite book |last1=Hornblower |first1=Simon |title=Mausolus |date=1982 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198148449}}</ref> After he died, his sister-wife Artemisia ruled alone for a short period before she herself died (353{{ndash}}351 BCE). She was then succeeded by her brother and sister [[Idrieus]] and [[Ada of Caria|Ada]], who were themselves married. There is no evidence that Artemisia was ever formally a satrap of the Achaemenid Empire, rather than just a local dynast. Only the men of the Hekatomnid family were ever referred to as satraps, as far as we know.<ref name="Carney (2005)">{{cite journal |last1=Carney |first1=Elizabeth Donnelly |title=Women and Dunasteia in Caria |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=2005 |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=65–91 |doi=10.1353/ajp.2005.0016 |jstor=1562184 |s2cid=162235783 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1562184}}</ref> So, although Artemisia succeeded Mausolus in real terms, his successor to the office of satrap was probably his brother Idrieus.

Centuries after the death of Mausolus, [[Lucian of Samosata]] wrote a dialogue between the deceased satrap and the philosopher [[Diogenes]] the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynic]], conversing in the [[Greek underworld|afterlife]].<ref name="Lucian DMort 24">{{cite book |last1=Lucian of Samosata |title=Dialogues of the Dead |at=29 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0524%3Abook%3D24|author1-link=Lucian of Samosata }}</ref> Although Mausolus ruled widely as satrap, was rich in his lifetime, and left behind a magnificent tomb in Halicarnassus, Diogenes taunts him, as they both have nothing after their deaths.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[Simon Hornblower]]: ''Mausolus'', Clarendon Press, Oxford 1982

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mausolus}}
*[http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/maussolus/ Mausolus] by Jona Lendering
*[https://www.livius.org/cao-caz/caria/caria.html Caria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101024001/https://www.livius.org/cao-caz/caria/caria.html |date=2015-01-01 }}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Mausolus|volume=17|page=917}}

{{Achaemenid rulers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek cities in Anatolia|Greek cities on the Anatolian mainland]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:353 BC deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century BC monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Carian people]]
[[Category:Achaemenid satraps of Caria]]
[[Category:Hecatomnid dynasty]]
[[Category:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]]