Editing Matilda of Flanders

{{short description|Queen of England from 1066 to 1083}}
{{distinguish|Matilda of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = Luxembourg - La Reine Mathilde.jpg
| caption      = Statue of Matilda of Flanders, one of the twenty [[Reines de France et Femmes illustres]] in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg]], Paris, by Carle Elshoecht (1850)
| consort      = yes
| succession   = [[Queen consort of England]]
| coronation   = 11 May 1068
| cor-type     = [[Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda|Coronation]]
| reign        = 25 December 1066 – 2 November 1083
| spouse       = [[William I of England]] (m. 1051/2)
| issue        = {{plain list|
* [[Robert II, Duke of Normandy]]
* [[Richard (son of William the Conqueror)|Richard of Normandy]]
* [[Adeliza]]
* [[Cecilia of Normandy|Cecilia]]
* [[William II, King of England]]
* [[Constance of Normandy|Constance, Duchess of Brittany]]
* [[Adela of Normandy|Adela, Countess of Blois]]
* [[Henry I, King of England]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Children
| house        = [[House of Flanders|Flanders]]
| father       = [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders]]
| mother       = [[Adela of France, Countess of Flanders|Adela of France]]
| birth_date   = {{circa|1031}}
| death_date   = 2 November 1083 (aged {{Circa|52}})
| burial_place = l'[[Abbaye aux Dames]] [[Caen]], Normandy
}}

'''Matilda of Flanders''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|Mathilde}}; {{langx|nl|Machteld}}; German: ''Mechtild)'' ({{circa}} 1031 – 2 November 1083) was [[List of English consorts|Queen of England]] and [[Duchess of Normandy]] by marriage to [[William the Conqueror]], and [[regent]] of Normandy during his absences from the duchy.{{sfn|van Houts|2004b}} She was the mother of nine children who survived to adulthood, including two kings, [[William II of England|William II]] and [[Henry I of England|Henry I]].{{sfn|Gathagan|2016}}

== Family background ==
Matilda was born into the [[House of Flanders]], in 1031, as the only daughter of Count [[Baldwin V of Flanders]] and [[Adela of France]]. [[Flanders]] was of strategic importance to England and most of Europe as a "stepping stone between [[England]] and the Continent" necessary for strategic trade and for keeping the Scandinavian intruders from England.{{sfn|Oksanen|2012|p=6}} In addition, her mother was the daughter of [[Robert II of France]]. For these reasons, Matilda was of grander birth than William, who was illegitimate. 

== Rumours of romances ==
There were rumours that Matilda had been in love with the English ambassador to [[Flanders]] and with the great [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[thegn]] [[Brictric son of Algar|Brictric, son of Algar]], who (according to the account by the ''Continuator of [[Wace]]'' and others{{sfn|Thorn|Thorn|Morris|1985|loc=Part 2 (notes), 24,21, quoting {{harvnb|Freeman|1871|loc=Appendix, note 0}}}}) in his youth declined her advances. Whatever the truth of the matter, years later she is said to have used her authority to confiscate Brictric's lands and throw him into prison, where he died.{{sfn|Freeman|1871|pp=761–764}}

==Marriage==
Matilda, or Maud, was the daughter of [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders]], and [[Adela of France, Countess of Flanders|Adela]], herself daughter of King [[Robert II of France]].{{sfn|Schwennicke|1984|loc=Tafeln 5, 11, 81}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matilda: William the Conqueror's queen |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/matilda-william-the-conquerors-queen/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=HistoryExtra |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:GuillaumeSceau.png|250px|right|thumb|Seal of [[William the Conqueror]]]]

According to legend, when the Norman duke [[William the Bastard]] (later called ''the Conqueror'') sent his representative to ask for Matilda's hand in marriage, she told the representative that she was far too high-born to consider marrying a [[Legitimacy (family law)|bastard]].<ref group=lower-alpha>Matilda's principal attribute was her descent from [[Charlemagne]] and her many royal ancestors, her closest being her grandfather Robert II of France. She was the niece of King [[Henry I of France]], William's suzerain, and at his death in 1060, first cousin to his successor King [[Philip I of France]]. A member of the [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]], she was closely related to most of the royal families of Europe. A marriage to a member of the (Carolingian) royal family was a means of upward mobility for a soldier or [[Nobility|nobleman]] like William. Her descent from [[Alfred the Great]] (whose daughter [[Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders|Ælfthryth]] was the mother of [[Arnulf I, Count of Flanders]], and great-great-great-great-grandmother of Matilda) also proved a legitimizing factor as queen of England. See {{harvnb|Hilton|2010|p=17}}, {{harvnb|Le Jan|2000|p=56|loc=Notes 14, 57}}, {{harvnb|Wareham|2005|p=3}}</ref> After hearing this response, William rode from Normandy to [[Bruges]], forced himself into her bedroom and soundly beat her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Bayeux, France, the story of the last conquest of England comes alive|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-05-12-8501300010-story.html|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Chicago Tribune|date=12 May 1985 }}</ref> Another version has the illegitimate duke dragging her from her horse and pursuing his rough courtship in the roadside mud.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Strickland|first=Agnes|title=Lives of the Queens of England|publisher=Aldine Book Publishing Company|year=1840|location=Boston|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Naturally, Baldwin took offence at this; but, before they could [[Duel|draw swords]], Matilda settled the matter{{sfn|Hilliam|2004|p=20}} by refusing to marry anyone but William.{{sfn|Hilton|2010|p=17}}

Historians have regarded the tale as more fictional than historical; the marriage itself may in fact have been arranged by William and Baldwin, as both would have welcomed an alliance between Flanders and Normandy.{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=79}}{{sfn|Gillingham|1975|p=26}} William and Matilda were married after a delay in {{circa|1051–2}},{{sfn|Keats-Rohan|1999|p=495}} despite a papal ban by [[Pope Leo IX]] at the [[Council of Reims]] on the grounds of [[consanguinity]].{{sfn|Morris|2012|p=67}} A papal [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]] was finally awarded in 1059 by [[Pope Nicholas II]].{{sfn|Hilton|2010|p=18}} Lanfranc, at the time prior of [[Bec Abbey]], negotiated the arrangement in Rome and it came only after William and Matilda agreed to found two churches as penance: the [[Abbaye aux Hommes]] and the [[Abbaye aux Dames]].{{sfn|Bates|1982|p=199}}

According to some more romantic tellings of the story, she initially refused his proposal on this account. Like many royal marriages of the period, it breached the rules of [[consanguinity]], then at their most restrictive (to seven generations or degrees of relatedness); Matilda and William were third-cousins once removed. She was about 20 when they married in 1051/2; William was some four years older, and had been [[Duke of Normandy]] since he was about eight (in 1035).

The marriage appears was by all accounts very happy and fruitful. Matilda bore her husband at least eight children in a period of twenty years, and most contemporaries believed that William was never unfaithful to her.{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=393}}{{sfn|Gillingham|1975|p=26}} 

When William embarked on the [[Norman Conquest]] of England, sailing in his flagship ''[[Mora (ship)|Mora]]'', which Matilda had given him. She governed the [[Duchy of Normandy]] in his absence, joining him in England after more than a year, to be crowned in an elaborate ceremony.{{sfn|Gathagan|1999}} She subsequently returned to Normandy, but crossed to England repeatedly, and ruled England in William's absence between the years 1081 and 1083. Matilda also regularly served as regent in [[Normandy]]. She was about 52 when she died in Normandy in 1083.

Apart from governing Normandy and supporting her brother's interests in Flanders, Matilda took a close interest in the education of her children, who were unusually well educated for contemporary royalty. The boys were tutored by the Italian [[Lanfranc]], who was made [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1070, while the girls learned Latin in [[Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen|Sainte-Trinité Abbey]] in [[Caen]], founded by William and Matilda as part of the papal [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]] allowing their marriage

==Duchess of Normandy==
When William was preparing to invade England, Matilda outfitted a ship, the ''[[Mora (ship)|Mora]]'', out of her own funds and gave it to him.{{sfn|van Houts|1988|p=166}} Additionally, William gave [[Normandy]] to his wife during his absence. Matilda successfully guided the duchy through this period in the name of [[Robert Curthose|her fourteen-year-old son]]; no major uprisings or unrest occurred.{{sfn|Hilton|2010|pp= 31–32}} She served as regent in Normandy during the absence of William six times: in 1066–1067, in 1067–1068, in 1069, in 1069–1072, in 1074 and, finally, in 1075–1076.{{sfn|Borman|2011|p=}}

Even after William conquered England and became its king, she delayed her visit to her new kingdom until she could be crowned on Pentecost (Whit Sunday) in 1068, almost two years after it was won.{{sfn|Huneycutt|2003|p=50}}{{sfn|Gathagan|2020|p=90}} Despite William's conquest, she spent most of her time in Normandy, governing the duchy, supporting her brother's interests in Flanders, and sponsoring ecclesiastic houses there. Only one of her children was born in England; [[Henry I of England|Henry]] was born in Yorkshire when Matilda accompanied her husband in the [[Harrying of the North]].{{sfn|Hilton|2010|p=35}} She arrived in England in April 1068 and was crowned alongside William, who was re-crowned at the same time in order to demand the court's respect.<ref name=":1" />

==Queen of England==
Matilda was [[Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda|crowned queen]] on 11 May 1068 in [[Westminster]] during the feast of [[Pentecost]], in a ceremony presided over by the [[Ealdred (bishop)|archbishop of York]]. Three new phrases were incorporated to cement the importance of a queen, stating that she was divinely placed by God, shared in royal power, and blessed her people by her power and virtue.{{sfn|Hilton|2010|p= 33}}{{sfn|Huneycutt|2003|p=51}} Her claims to authority were enhanced through a special acclamation, or laudes, crafted especially for her.{{sfn|Gathagan|2001|p= 37}}

For many years it was thought that Matilda had some involvement in the creation of the [[Bayeux Tapestry]] (commonly called ''La Tapisserie de la Reine Mathilde'' in French), but historians no longer believe that; it seems to have been commissioned by William's half-brother [[Odo of Bayeux|Odo, Bishop of Bayeux]], and made by English artists in [[Kent]].{{sfn|Norton|2001|p=3}}

Matilda and William had nine or ten children together. He is believed to have been faithful to her and neither he or she are known to have produced a child outside their marriage; there is no evidence of any illegitimate children born to William.{{sfn|Given-Wilson|Curteis|1984|p=59}} Despite her royal duties, Matilda was deeply invested in her children's well-being. All were known for being remarkably educated. Her daughters were educated and taught to read Latin at [[Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen|Sainte-Trinité]] in [[Caen]], founded by Matilda and William in response to the recognition of their marriage.{{sfn|Hilton|2010|p=29}} For her sons, she secured [[Lanfranc]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] of whom she was an ardent supporter. Both she and William approved of the Archbishop's desire to revitalise the Church.{{sfn|Hilton|2010|p=37}}

William was furious when he discovered she sent large sums of money to their exiled son Robert.<ref name="Epistolae" /> She effected a truce between them at Easter 1080.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Lancelott|first=Francis|title=The Queens of England and Their Times|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|year=1890|location=New York|pages=15–18}}</ref>

She stood as godmother for [[Matilda of Scotland]], who would become Queen of England after marrying Matilda's son [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]. During the christening, the baby pulled Queen Matilda's headdress down on top of herself, which was seen as an omen that the younger Matilda would be queen some day as well.{{sfn|Huneycutt|2003|p=10}}

== Death and burial ==
[[File:Queen Matilda's grave in the Women's Abbey at Caen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Tomb of Matilda of Flanders at the [[Abbaye aux Dames]], Caen]]
[[File:Church of Saint-Étienne Abbaye aux Hommes Caen 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Tomb of [[William the Conqueror]] at the [[Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen]]]]

Matilda fell ill during the summer of 1083 and died on 2 November 1083.{{sfn|van Houts|2004b}} Her husband was present for her final confession.{{sfn|Hilton|2010|p=39}} William swore to give up hunting, his favorite sport, to express his grief after the death of his wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/matilda-of-flanders-3529626|title=Matilda of Flanders: William the Conqueror's Queen|last1=B. A.|first1=Mundelein College|last2=M. Div.|first2=Meadville/Lombard Theological School|website=ThoughtCo|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Hilliam|2004|p=91}}{{sfn|Hilliam|2011|p=172}} He himself died four years later in 1087.{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=362}}

Contrary to the common belief that she was buried at St. Stephen's, also called l'[[Abbaye-aux-Hommes]] in [[Caen]], Normandy, where William was eventually buried, she is entombed in Caen at l'[[Abbaye aux Dames]], which is the community of Sainte-Trinité. Of particular interest is the 11th-century slab, a sleek black [[ledger stone]] decorated with her epitaph, marking her grave at the rear of the church. In contrast, the grave marker for William's tomb was replaced as recently as the beginning of the 19th century.

Over time Matilda's tomb was desecrated and her original coffin destroyed. Her remains were placed in a sealed box and reburied under the original black slab.{{sfn|Dewhurst|1981|pp=271–272}} In 1959 Matilda's incomplete skeleton was examined and her femur and tibia were measured to determine her height. Her height was {{convert|5|ft|cm|0}}, a normal female height for the time.{{sfn|Dewhurst|1981|pp=271–272}} However, as a result of this examination she was misreported as being {{convert|4|ft|2|in|cm}}{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=370}} leading to the myth that she was extremely small.

==Children==
Matilda and William had four sons and at least five daughters.{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=393}} The birth order of the boys is clear, but no source gives the relative order of birth of the daughters.{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=393}}

# [[Robert Curthose|Robert]] (c.1053 – 10 February 1134),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=Ralph V.|title=The Children of Anglo-Norman Royalty and Their Upbringing|date=1990|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45048108|journal=Medieval Prosopography|volume=11|issue=2|page=45|jstor=45048108|issn=0198-9405}}</ref>{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=394}} Duke of Normandy, married [[Sybil of Conversano]], daughter of [[Geoffrey of Conversano]].{{sfn|Thompson|2004}}
# [[Richard, Duke of Bernay|Richard]], (c.1055 – c.1069-74)<ref name=":0" />
#[[Adeliza]] (or Adelida,{{sfn|van Houts|2004a}} Adelaide{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1996|p=35}}), (c.1057, – c.1073),<ref name=":0" /> reportedly betrothed to [[Harold II of England]], probably a nun of St Léger at Préaux.{{sfn|van Houts|2004a}}
#[[Cecilia of Normandy|Cecilia]] (or Cecily), (c.1058 – 1127).<ref name=":0" /> Abbess of [[Abbaye aux Dames|Holy Trinity, Caen]].<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Gathagan|2017|p=841}}
# [[William II of England|William Rufus]], (c.1060 – 2 August 1100),<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=394}} King of England, killed in the New Forest.
#Matilda (c.1061 – c.1086)<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1996|p=35}} possibly died much later (according to Trevor Foulds's suggestion that she was identical to Matilda d'Aincourt{{sfn|Sharpe|2007|pp=1–27}}<ref>Nottingham Medieval Studies 36: 42–78.</ref>).
# [[Constance of Normandy|Constance]] (c.1062 – 1090),<ref name=":0" /> married [[Alan IV, Duke of Brittany|Alan IV Fergent]], [[Duke of Brittany]].{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=395}}
# [[Adela of Normandy|Adela]], (c.1067 – 1137),<ref name=":0" /> married [[Stephen, Count of Blois]].{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=395}} Mother of King [[Stephen, King of England|Stephen of England]].
# [[Henry I of England|Henry]] (late 1068 – 1 December 1135)<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=394}} King of England, married [[Matilda of Scotland]], daughter of [[Malcolm III of Scotland]]. His second wife was [[Adeliza of Louvain]].{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1996|p=35}}
# [[Agatha of Normandy|Agatha]], betrothed to [[Harold II of England]], [[Alfonso VI of Castile]], and possibly [[Herbert I, Count of Maine]], but died unmarried.<ref group=lower-alpha>It is not certain Adeliza and Agatha were not the same daughter, but if they were different daughters [[William of Jumièges]] seems to bear the responsibility for confusing the two. None of the daughters' ages is known according to [[Orderic Vitalis]].  See {{harvnb|Douglas|1964|p=395}}; {{harvnb|Ordericus Vitalis|1854|pp=181–182 |loc=n. 1}}</ref>{{sfn|Douglas|1964|p=395}}

== In fiction ==
Novels featuring Matilda of Flanders include:

# '''Queen of the Conqueror: The Life of Matilda, Wife of William I''' by Tracy Borman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen of the Conqueror: The Life of Matilda, Wife of Wi… |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12851815-queen-of-the-conqueror?form=MG0AV3 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref>
# '''Wife to the Bastard''' by Hilda Lewis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Hilda |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/819426.Wife_to_the_Bastard |title=Wife to the Bastard |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-3945-7 |location=Stroud}}</ref>
# '''The Heart of the Conqueror''' by G. Lawrence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Heart of the Conqueror (The Chronicles of Matilda, … |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34604035-the-heart-of-the-conqueror |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref>
# '''The Conqueror’s Queen''' by Joanna Courtney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Conqueror's Queen (Queens of Conquest, #3) |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34337434-the-conqueror-s-queen |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref>

Shows featuring Matilda of Flanders include:

# '''Blood Royal: William the Conqueror''' portrayed by Anna Calder-Marshall.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jefferies |first=Peter |title=Blood Royal: William the Conqueror |type=Drama, History, War |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0121114/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |others=Adam Bareham, Brian Blessed, Anna Calder-Marshall}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Epistolae">{{Cite web |title=Matilda of Flanders, duchess of Normandy, queen of England |work=Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters |access-date=17 October 2019 |url= https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/woman/18.html }}</ref>
}}

===Sources===
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*{{cite book |editor1-last=Thorn|editor1-first= Caroline |editor2-last=Thorn|editor2-first=Frank|title= Domesday Book|editor3-last=Morris|editor3-first= John|volume= 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2|publisher= Phillimore Press|location= Chichester|date=1985}}
*{{citation |last=van Houts |first=Elisabeth |title=The Ship List of William the Conqueror |work=Anglo-Norman Studies X; Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge |date=1988}}
*{{cite ODNB |last=van Houts |first=Elisabeth |title=Adelida [Adeliza] (d. before 1113) |id=164 |year=2004a}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=van Houts |first=Elisabeth |publisher=Oxford University Press |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |title=Matilda [Matilda of Flanders] (d. 1083) |year=2004b |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-18335 |access-date=23 April 2020 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/18335|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }} {{ODNBsub}}
*{{cite book |last=Ordericus Vitalis |title=The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy |translator=Thomas Forester |volume=II |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |location=London |date=1854}}
*{{cite book|last=Wareham|first=Andrew |title=Lords and Communities in Early Medieval East Anglia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYb50wLI6a0C|year=2005|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-155-6|via=Institute of Historical Research }}
{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Flanders]]|c.|1031|2 November|1083}}
{{s-roy}}
{{S-bef|before = [[Adela of France, Countess of Flanders|Adela of France]]}}
{{S-ttl| title = [[Duchess consort of Normandy]]| years = 1053 – 2 November 1083|}}
{{S-vac|next = [[Sybilla of Conversano]]}}
|-
{{S-vac|last = [[Ealdgyth, daughter of Earl Ælfgar|Edith of Mercia]]}}
{{S-ttl| title = [[Queen consort of England]]| years = 25 December 1066 – 2 November 1083|}}
{{S-vac|next = [[Matilda of Scotland]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{English consort}}{{Norman Conquest}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matilda of Flanders}}
[[Category:1030s births]]
[[Category:1083 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:11th-century English people]]
[[Category:11th-century English women]]
[[Category:11th-century French nobility]]
[[Category:11th-century French women]]
[[Category:11th-century women regents]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Normandy]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:English royal consorts]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:House of Flanders]]
[[Category:William the Conqueror]]
[[Category:Medieval letter writers]]
[[Category:11th-century regents]]
[[Category:Daughters of counts]]
[[Category:Mothers of English monarchs]]