Editing Massacre of Glencoe

{{short description|1692 killing of clan Macdonald members}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Massacre of Glencoe
| image             = Peter Graham - After the Massacre of Glencoe - Google Art Project.jpg
| image_size        = 280px
| caption           = ''After the Massacre of Glencoe'', Peter Graham
| partof            = [[Jacobite rising of 1689]]
| date              = 13 February 1692
| place             = [[Glen Coe]], [[Argyll]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]
| coordinates       = 
| map_type          = Scotland
| map_relief        = yes
| latitude          = 
| longitude         = 
| map_size          = 
| map_marksize      = 
| map_caption       = 
| map_label         = 
| result            = 
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Scotland}} [[Kingdom of Scotland]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
*  Major [[Robert Duncanson (Army officer)|Duncanson]]
* Captain [[Robert Campbell of Glenlyon|Glenlyon]]
* Colonel Hamilton
* Colonel Hill
}}
| strength1         = 920
| casualties1       = None
| combatant2        = [[Clan MacDonald of Glencoe]]
| commander2        = Alasdair MacIain
| strength2         = Unknown
| casualties2       = About 30 killed{{sfn|Campsie}}
| notes             = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Jacobite rising of 1689}}

The '''Massacre of Glencoe'''{{efn|{{langx|gd|Murt Ghlinne Comhann}}}} took place in [[Glen Coe]] in the [[Argyll]] region of the [[Scottish Highlands]] on 13 February 1692. An estimated 30 members and associates of Clan [[MacDonald of Glencoe]] were killed by Scottish government forces, allegedly for failing to pledge allegiance to the new monarchs, [[William II of Scotland|William III]] and his wife [[Mary II]].

Although the [[Jacobite rising of 1689]] had largely been suppressed by May 1690, a continuing need to police the Highlands diverted military resources from the [[Nine Years' War]] in [[Flanders]]. In late 1690, clan leaders loyal to the exiled [[House of Stuart]] agreed to swear allegiance to William and Mary, in return for a cash payment of £12,000. However, disagreements over how to divide this meant by December 1691 none of the clans had taken the oath. 

In response, [[John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair|Lord Stair]], Scottish [[Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)|Secretary of State]], decided to show the consequences of further delay. While others, including the [[Clan MacDonald of Keppoch|Keppoch MacDonalds]], also missed the deadline, the Glencoe MacDonalds appear to have been selected due to a combination of clan politics, and a reputation for lawlessness.

While similar events were not unknown in earlier Scottish history, this was no longer the case by 1692, and the brutality of the massacre shocked contemporaries. It became a significant element in the persistence of [[Jacobitism]] in the Highlands during the first half of the 18th century, and remains a powerful symbol to this day.

== Background ==
{{Location map many|Scotland Highland
 |caption = Scottish Highlands: key locations mentioned in article 
 |width   = 250
 |float   = left
 |relief  = yes
 |label1  = Fort William |lat1_deg = 56.8198|lon1_deg = -5.1052|pos1 = right
 |label2  = Glencoe|lat2_deg = 56.667778|lon2_deg = -4.986667|pos2 = left
 |label3  = Invergarry Castle|lat3_deg = 57.065833|lon3_deg =-4.780833|pos3 = top
 |label4  = Achallader|lat4_deg=56.5599|lon4_deg=-4.7316|pos4=right}}

Some historians argue the late 17th-century [[Scottish Highlands]] were more peaceful than often suggested, the exception being [[Lochaber]], identified as a refuge for cattle raiders and thieves by government officials, other chiefs and Gaelic poets.{{sfn|MacInnes|1986|pp=174–176}}  Much of this instability was blamed on the questionable legal status of lands ostensibly leased from [[Clan Mackintosh]] and occupied by [[Clan MacDonald of Keppoch]], though the later disputed this claim.{{sfn|Hopkins|1998|p=380}} Four Lochaber clans were consistently identified as prone to lawlessness, the Keppoch and [[MacDonald of Glencoe|Glencoe MacDoanlds]], the [[MacGregors]], and [[Clan Cameron|Camerons]].{{sfn|MacInnes|1986|pp=174–176}} 

Levies from all four served in the [[Independent Highland Companies]] used to suppress the [[Conventicle#Scotland|Conventicles]] in 1678–80. They also took part in the raid led by the [[John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl|Marquess of Atholl]] that followed [[Argyll's Rising]] in 1685. Primarily directed against Lowland migrants settled in [[Cowal]] and [[Kintyre]], the damage inflicted by Atholl's raid destabilised large parts of the central and southern Highlands. In September 1688, [[James VII and II]] outlawed the Keppoch MacDonalds, shortly before he was deposed by the November 1688 [[Glorious Revolution in Scotland|Glorious Revolution]].{{sfn|MacInnes|1986|pp=193–194}}

In March 1689, James landed in [[Williamite War in Ireland|Ireland]] in an attempt to regain his kingdoms, with Camerons and Keppoch MacDonalds among those who joined [[John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee|Viscount Dundee]] for a [[Jacobite rising of 1689|supporting campaign in Scotland]]. Victory over a government army at [[Battle of Killiecrankie|Killiecrankie]] on 27 July cost the lives of Dundee and 600 Highlanders, while organised [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] military resistance largely ended after [[Battle of Cromdale|Cromdale]] in May 1690.{{sfn|Lenman|1980|pp=37–38}} However, the ongoing need to police the Highlands used resources needed for the [[Nine Years' War]] in [[Flanders]], while close links between Western Scotland and [[Ulster]] meant unrest in one country often spilled into the other.{{sfn|Lang|1912|pp=284–286}} Since peace in the Highlands required control of Lochaber, achieving this had wider strategic importance than might appear.{{sfn|MacInnes|1986|p=195}}

==Oath of allegiance to William and Mary==
[[File:Achallader Farm Tower - geograph.org.uk - 55403.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Ruins of [[Achallader Castle]], site of the Declaration of June 1691]]

After Killiecrankie, the Scottish government tried to negotiate a settlement with the Jacobite chiefs,{{efn|How far "Jacobite" implied loyalty to the [[House of Stuart]], versus a desire to increase individual clan power, remains a matter of debate}} terms varying based on events in Ireland and Scotland. In March 1690, [[Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)|Secretary of State]] [[John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair|Lord Stair]] offered to pay £12,000 in return for their agreement to take an [[oath of allegiance]] to William and Mary. The chiefs agreed to do so in the June 1691 Declaration of Achallader, with [[John Campbell, 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland|John Campbell, Earl of Breadalbane]], signing for the government. Crucially, it did not specify how the money was to be divided, and disputes over this delayed the oath. In addition, Breadalbane argued part of it was owed him as compensation for damage done to his estates by the Glencoe MacDonalds.{{sfn|Harris|2007|p=439}}

The [[Battle of Aughrim]] on 12 July ended Jacobite chances of victory in the [[Williamite War in Ireland]], and any immediate prospects of a Stuart restoration. On 26 August, the Scottish government issued a Royal Proclamation that offered a pardon to anyone taking the oath prior to 1 January 1692, with severe reprisals for those who did not. Two days later, secret articles began circulating which cancelled the Achallader agreement in the event of a Jacobite invasion. These were allegedly signed by all the attendees, including Breadalbane, who claimed they had been manufactured by the MacDonald chief [[Lord MacDonell|Glengarry]].{{sfn|Levine|1999|p=139}} Stair's letters now focused on enforcement, reflecting his belief that forged or not, none of the signatories intended to keep their word.{{sfn|Gordon|1845|pp=44–47}}

In early October, the Jacobite chiefs asked the exiled James VII for permission to take the oath unless he could mount an invasion before the deadline, a condition they knew was impossible.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=45}} A document granting his approval was sent from [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye|Saint-Germain]] on 12 December and received by Glengarry on 23 December, who did not share it until 28th. While his reasons for the delay are unclear, one suggestion attributes it to an internal power struggle between [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalian]] MacDonalds like Glencoe, and the [[Catholic]] minority headed by Glengarry.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|p=30}} 

As a result, it was not until 30 December that MacIain of Glencoe left for [[Fort William, Scotland|Fort William]] to take the oath from its commander, Lieutenant Colonel John Hill. Since he was not authorised to accept it, Hill sent MacIain to [[Inveraray]] with a letter for Sir Colin Campbell, the local magistrate. He administered the oath on 6 January, after which MacIain returned home.{{sfn|Buchan|1933|p=59}} 

[[File:1stEarlOfStair.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|Lord Stair, Secretary of State for Scotland]]

Glengarry himself did not take the oath until 4 February, while others did so by proxy, but only MacIain was excluded from the indemnity issued by the Scottish Privy Council.{{sfn|Levine|1999|p=140}} Stair's letter of 2 December to Breadalbane shows the decision to make him an example was taken well before the deadline for the oath, originally as a much bigger operation; '...the clan Donell must be rooted out and Lochiel. Leave the McLeans to Argyll...'{{sfn|Goring|2014|pp=94–96}} 

In January, Stair wrote three letters in quick succession to [[Thomas Livingstone, 1st Viscount Teviot|Sir Thomas Livingstone]], military commander in Scotland; on the 7th, the intention was to '....destroy entirely the country of Lochaber, Locheal's lands, Kippochs, Glengarrie and Glenco...;' on the 9th, '...their chieftains all being '''papists''', it is well the vengeance falls there; for my part, I regret the MacDonalds had not divided and...'''Kippoch and Glenco are safe'''.' The last, on 11 January, states; '...my lord Argile tells me Glenco hath not taken the oaths at which I rejoice....'{{sfn|Goring|2014|pp=97–100}}

The [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]] passed a Decree of Forfeiture in 1690, depriving Glengarry of his lands, but he continued to hold [[Invergarry Castle]], whose garrison included the senior Jacobite officers [[Alexander Cannon (general)|Alexander Cannon]] and [[Thomas Buchan]]. This suggests the Episcopalian Glencoe MacDonalds only replaced the Catholic Glengarry as the target on 11 January; MacIain's son John MacDonald told the 1695 Commission the soldiers came to Glencoe from the north '...Glengarry's house being reduced.'{{sfn|Cobbett|1814 |p=904}}

The targeting of the Glencoe MacDonalds appears to have been driven by a variety of factors. After two years of negotiations, Stair was under pressure to ensure the deal stuck, while [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll|Argyll]] was competing for political influence with his kinsman Breadalbane, who also found it expedient to concur with the plan.{{sfn|Levine|1999|p=141}} Glengarry managed to eliminate an internal rival, was pardoned and had his lands returned by the Williamite government, while enhancing his reputation with the exiled court in Saint-Germain by being the last to swear.{{sfn|MacConechy|1843|p=77}}

==The Massacre==
In late January 1692, approximately 120 men from the [[Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot]] arrived in Glencoe. Their commander was [[Robert Campbell of Glenlyon]], an impoverished local landowner whose niece was married to one of MacIain's sons.{{efn|John MacDonald, who along with his brother Alistair served in the Jacobite defeat at [[Battle of Cromdale|Cromdale]] in May 1690{{sfn|Prebble|1967|p=185}}}} Campbell carried orders for 'free quarter', an established alternative to paying taxes in what was a largely non-cash society.{{sfn|Kennedy|2014|p=141}} The Glencoe MacDonalds had themselves been similarly billeted on the Campbells when serving with the Highland levies used to police [[Argyll]] in 1678.{{sfn|Lenman|Mackie|1991|pp=238–239}}

[[File:Glencoe winter2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Glencoe in winter; conditions would have been similar at the time of the Massacre]]

On 12 February, Hill ordered Lieutenant Colonel James Hamilton to take 400 men and block the northern exits from Glencoe at [[Kinlochleven]]. Meanwhile, another 400 men under [[Robert Duncanson (Army officer)|Major Duncanson]] would join Glenlyon and sweep northwards up the glen, killing anyone they found, removing property and burning houses.{{sfn|Somers|1843|p=538}} Later that evening, Glenlyon received orders from Duncanson carried by Thomas Drummond, who commanded the Argylls' [[Grenadier]] company and was thus Glenlyon's superior. His presence appears to have been to ensure the orders were enforced, since witnesses later claimed he shot two people who asked Glenlyon for mercy.{{sfn|Somers|1843|p=536}}

In letters written on 30 January to Hamilton and Hill, Stair expresses concern that the MacDonalds would escape if warned, and emphasises the need for secrecy. This correlates with evidence from James Campbell, one of Glenlyon's company, stating that they had no knowledge of the plan until the morning of 13 February.{{sfn|Somers|1843|p=537}} MacIain was killed, although his two sons escaped, and the 1695 Commission was given various figures for the number of casualties. The often-quoted figure of 38 dead was provided by Hamilton's men, who were at the opposite end of the glen from where the killing took place,{{efn|As below, none of the Argyll regiment were in Scotland when the Commission heard evidence in 1695}} while the MacDonalds themselves claimed 'the number they knew to be slaine were about 25'.{{sfn|Cobbett|1814|pp=902–903}} Modern research estimates deaths resulting from the Massacre as 'around 30', while claims others died of exposure cannot be substantiated.{{sfn|Campsie}}

[[File:GlencoeOrder.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Duncanson's written orders to Glenlyon{{efn|You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebells, the McDonalds of Glenco, and put all to the sword under seventy. you are to have a speciall care that the old Fox and his sones doe upon no account escape your hands, you are to secure all the avenues that no man escape. This you are to putt in execution att fyve of the clock precisely; and by that time, or very shortly after it, I’ll strive to be att you with a stronger party: if I doe not come to you att fyve, you are not to tarry for me, but to fall on. This is by the Kings speciall command, for the good & safety of the Country, that these miscreants be cutt off root and branch. See that this be putt in execution without feud or favour, else you may expect to be dealt with as one not true to King nor Government, nor a man fitt to carry Commissione in the Kings service. Expecting you will not faill in the full-filling hereof, as you love your selfe, I subscribe these with my hand &nbsp;att Balicholis &nbsp;Feb: 12, 1692.}}]]

Since he arrived two hours late at 7:00 am, Duncanson joined Glenlyon only after most of the killings had been carried out, then advanced up the glen burning houses and removing livestock. Hamilton was not in position at Kinlochleven until 11:00; his detachment included two lieutenants, Francis Farquhar and Gilbert Kennedy, who often appear in anecdotes claiming they 'broke their swords rather than carry out their orders.' This differs from their testimony to the Commission and is unlikely since they arrived hours after the killings, which were carried out at the opposite end of the glen.{{sfn|Howell|2017|p=903}}

In May, fears of a French invasion meant the Argylls were posted to [[Brentford]] in England, then [[Flanders]], where they served until the end of the [[Nine Years' War]] in 1697 when the regiment was disbanded. No action was taken against those involved; Glenlyon died in Bruges in August 1696, Duncanson was killed in Spain in May 1705, while Drummond survived to take part in another famous Scottish disaster, the [[Darien scheme]].{{sfn|Prebble|1968|p=103}}

==Investigation==
On 12 April 1692, the ''Paris Gazette'' published a copy of Glenlyon's orders, allegedly found in an [[Edinburgh]] tavern and taken to France.{{sfn|Levine|1999|p=143}} Despite criticism of the government, there was little sympathy for the MacDonalds, Livingstone writing ''it's not that anyone thinks the thieving tribe did not deserve to be destroyed, but that it should have been done by those quartered amongst them makes a great noise.''{{sfn|Prebble|1973|p=198}} The motivation for investigating the affair was largely political; having served in the old and new regimes, Stair was unpopular with supporters of both.{{sfn|Levine|1999|p=141}}

[[File:Moord op de gebroeders De Witt, door Pieter Frits (1627-1708).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|The killing of the De Witt brothers, 1672; the Massacre was first mentioned in a broadsheet accusing William of their murder]]

In the debate that followed, Colonel Hill claimed most Highlanders were peaceful, and even in Lochaber, {{lang|sco|a single person may travell safley where he will witout harme.}} He argued lawlessness was deliberately encouraged by leaders like Glengarry, while ''the midle sort of Gentrey and Commons....never got anything but hurt from it.'' The 1693 Highland Judicial Commission encouraged using the law to resolve issues like cattle theft, but the clan chiefs opposed it as reducing control over their tenants.{{sfn|Kennedy|2017|pp=32–60}}

The issue appeared settled until the English [[Licensing of the Press Act 1662]] expired in May 1695. The result was a huge increase in the number of political pamphlets published in London, among them ''Gallienus Redivivus, or Murther will out, &c. Being a true Account of the De Witting of Glencoe, Gaffney''. Written by Jacobite activist [[Charles Leslie (nonjuror)|Charles Leslie]], it focused on William's alleged complicity in the 1672 death of [[Johan de Witt]], with Glencoe and other crimes as secondary charges.{{sfn|Frank|1983|pp=103–115}}

A Commission was set up to determine whether there was a case to answer under 'Slaughter under trust', a Scottish act introduced in 1587 to reduce endemic feuding. The law applied to murder committed in "cold-blood", when articles of surrender had been agreed, or hospitality accepted.{{sfn|Harris|2015|pp=53–54}} It was first used in 1588 against [[Lachlan Mor Maclean]], whose objections to his mother's second marriage led him to murder his new stepfather, John MacDonald, and 18 members of the wedding party. Interpretation varied, such as in the cases of James MacDonald, who locked his parents in their house before setting it on fire in 1597, and the killing of prisoners after the 1647 [[Battle of Dunaverty]]. Both were deemed to have been committed in "hot blood", and thus excluded.{{sfn|Levine|1999|p=129}}

As a capital offence and treason, it was an awkward weapon with which to attack Stair, since William himself signed the orders, and the intent was widely known in government circles. The Commission instead considered whether participants had exceeded orders, not their legality, and concluded Stair and Hamilton had a case to answer, but left the decision to William.{{sfn|Somers|1843|p=545}} While Stair was dismissed as Secretary of State, he returned to government in 1700 and was made an earl by the last Stuart monarch, [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].{{sfn|Hopkins|1998 |p=395}} An application by the survivors for compensation was ignored; they rebuilt their houses, and participated in the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite risings.{{sfn|Prebble|1973|p=214}} An [[Survey (archaeology)|archaeological survey]] in 2019 showed Glencoe was occupied until the [[Highland Clearances]] of the mid-18th century.{{sfn|MacDonald}}

== Aftermath and legacy ==
[[File:McCulloch, Glencoe, Argyllshire.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Glencoe, by Horatio McCulloch, 1864; depopulated in the 18th century by the [[Highland Clearances]], McCulloch shows it as the remote and empty landscape it remains today.]]

The brutality of the Massacre shocked Scottish society and became a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] symbol of post-1688 oppression. In [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745]], [[Charles Edward Stuart|Prince Charles]] ordered Leslie's pamphlet and the 1695 Parliamentary minutes reprinted in the Edinburgh ''Caledonian Mercury''.{{sfn|Hopkins|1998 |p=1}} Glencoe then largely disappeared from public knowledge until it was referenced by historian [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Thomas Macaulay]] in his 1850 ''[[The History of England from the Accession of James the Second|History of England]]''.{{sfn|Macaulay|1859|p=277}} He sought to exonerate William from every one of Leslie's charges, and is the origin of the claim that the Massacre was simply part of an ongoing feud between the MacDonalds and [[Clan Campbell]].{{sfn|Firth|1918|p=287}}

[[Victorian era]] Scotland developed values that were both [[Unionism in the United Kingdom|Unionist]] and [[British Empire|Imperialist]], while also being uniquely Scottish.{{sfn|Morris|1992|pp=37–39}} Historical divisions meant this was largely expressed through a shared cultural identity, while the teaching of Scottish, rather than British history, virtually disappeared from universities.{{sfn|Kidd|1997|p=100}} One modern historian suggests this meant that instead of being analysed as an historical event, Glencoe was incorporated into 'the emotional trappings of the Scottish past...bonnie Scotland of the bens, [[glen]]s and misty [[shieling]], the Jacobites, [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], tartan mania and the raising of historical statuary.'{{sfn |Ash|1980|p=10}} 

Even when the study of Scottish history re-emerged in the 1950s, Leslie's writings continued to shape views of William's reign as disastrous for Scotland. The Massacre became one of several incidents used to illustrate this perspective, others including the Darien scheme, the [[Seven ill years|famine of the late 1690s]], and the [[Acts of Union 1707|1707 Union]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2017|pp=32–33}} 

The Massacre is still commemorated in an annual ceremony by the Clan Donald Society. Initiated in 1930, this is held at the Upper Carnoch memorial, a tapering Celtic cross installed in 1883 at the eastern end of Glencoe village.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/71831/ |title=Site Record for Glencoe, Massacre Of Glencoe Memorial; Macdonald's Monument; Glencoe Massacre |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |access-date=4 November 2013}}. Memorial is at {{gbmapping|NN1050958793}}.</ref> Another memorial includes the [[Henderson Stone]], a granite boulder south of Carnach, originally known as the 'Soldier's Stone'.{{sfn|Dorson|1971|p=156}} In the late 19th century, it was renamed ''Clach Eanruig'', or 'Henry's Stone', after the man reputed to be [[Bagpipes|Piper]] to MacIain.{{sfn|Donaldson|1876|pp=298, 301}}

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Glencoe Massacre Memorial.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.0|Glencoe Massacre Memorial]]

Glencoe was a popular topic with 19th-century poets, notably Sir [[Walter Scott]]'s "Massacre of Glencoe".{{sfn|Scott}} It was used as a subject by [[Thomas Campbell (poet)|Thomas Campbell]] and [[George Gilfillan]], as well as by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] in her 1823 work "Glencoe", [[T. S. Eliot]]'s "Rannoch, by Glencoe" and "Two Poems from Glencoe" by [[Douglas Stewart (poet)|Douglas Stewart]].<ref>Stewart Douglas. [http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/stewart-douglas/two-poems-from-glencoe-0614003 Two Poems from Glencoe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715225925/http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/stewart-douglas/two-poems-from-glencoe-0614003 |date=15 July 2015 }}, at Australian Poetry Library. Accessed 5 October 2015</ref>

The massacre is alluded in Beethoven's [[25 Irish Songs, WoO 152 (Beethoven)|25 Irish songs, WoO 152]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.beethoven.de/en/work/view/6178302293180416/?fromArchive=6502094441807872 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=63 Irish Songs, part 1 (Nos. 1-29) for one or two voices, violin, violoncello and piano WoO 152 }}</ref>

Examples in literature include "The Masks of Purpose" by [[Eric Linklater]], and the novels ''[[Fire Bringer]]'' by [[David Clement-Davies]], ''Corrag'' (known as ''Witch Light'' in paperback) by [[Susan Fletcher (British author)|Susan Fletcher]] and ''[[Lady of the Glen]]'' by [[Jennifer Roberson]]. [[William Croft Dickinson]] references Glencoe in his 1963 short story "The Return of the Native". ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' author, [[George R. R. Martin]], cites the Glencoe Massacre as one of two historical influences on the infamous "Red Wedding" in his 2000 book ''[[A Storm of Swords]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Hibberd|first=James|date=2 June 2013|title=Game of Thrones author George R R Martin why he wrote the red wedding|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/06/02/game-of-thrones-author-george-r-r-martin-why-he-wrote-the-red-wedding/2/|access-date=12 March 2019|magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>

In 1962, Jim McLean wrote the song "The Massacre Of Glencoe", which was published under Duart Music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/john-mcdermott/massacre-of-glencoe |website=Song Facts |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref> The song was later adapted and performed by The Corries,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/7378298-The-Corr%C3%ADes-Scotland-Will-Flourish-And-The-Massacre-Of-Glencoe |website=Discogs |access-date=27 June 2024 |title=The Corríes - Scotland Will Flourish and the Massacre of Glencoe |date=1978 }}</ref> as well as adapted for the Highland Bagpipes by various artists. In 1972 the Scottish band [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]] released the song "1692 (Glencoe Massacre)" on their album, ''[[Exercises (album)|Exercises]]''.

In the eleventh episode of [[Mad Men]]'s seventh season, [[Pete Campbell]]'s daughter is refused admission into [[Greenwich Country Day School]] directly by the headmaster, a MacDonald, over Clan Campbell's role in the massacre.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://subslikescript.com/series/Mad_Men-804503/season-7/episode-11-Time__Life | title=Mad Men: Season 7, Episode 11 script &#124; Subs like Script }}</ref>

The event is the name sake to the traditional [[Piobaireachd]] "Massacre of Glencoe". The original author is unknown, however numerous settings exist, the most common source being Donald MacDonald's.<ref>https://www.pipesdrums.com/core/docengines/064AF52DA174434CA3EAC2DB0B8BDAC2.pdf</ref>

==Recent archaeological work==
[[File:Glencoe Visitor Centre - geograph.org.uk - 4669281.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Glencoe Visitor Centre]]

After the Massacre, the Glencoe MacDonalds rebuilt their homes; a military survey undertaken between 1747 and 1755 shows seven separate settlements along the glen, each containing between six and eleven buildings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Derek |title='A roof o'er their heads': exploring the archaeology of Achtriachtan township in Glencoe |url=https://the-past.com/feature/a-roof-oer-their-heads-exploring-the-archaeology-of-achtriachtan-township-in-glencoe/ |website=The Past |date=11 August 2021 |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> In 2018, a team of [[archaeologist]]s organised by the [[National Trust for Scotland]] began [[Survey (archaeology)|surveying]] several areas related to the massacre, with plans to produce detailed studies of their findings.{{sfn|Treviño}} 

Work in the summer of 2019 focused on the settlement of Achadh Triachatain, or Achtriachtan, at the extreme end of the glen; home to an estimated 50 people, excavations show it was rebuilt after 1692 and still occupied in the mid-18th century.{{sfn|MacDonald}} A hoard of coins was found in a house linked to MacIain in August 2023, which archaeologists believe may have been hidden there by a victim of the Massacre.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-67031984 | title=Coin hoard could be linked to 1692's Glencoe Massacre | work=BBC News | date=8 October 2023 }}</ref>

In 2021, a full-size reconstruction of one of the buildings excavated at Achtriachtan was created using traditional techniques and materials at the [[National Trust for Scotland]] Visitor Centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turf and Creel House |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/glencoe/highlights/turf-and-creel-house |website=National Trust for Scotland |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|15em}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Argyll Transcripts |first1=ICA |title=An Account of the depredations committed on the Clan Campbell and their followers during the years 1685 and 1686 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/94919570#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=5&xywh=0%2C-151%2C5049%2C3743 |journal=Historical Manuscripts Commission |date=1891}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ash |first1=Marinell |title=The Strange Death of Scottish History |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |volume=76 |issue=201 |date=1980 |jstor=25530740}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Buchan |first1=John |title=Massacre of Glencoe |date=1933 |publisher=Lang Syne Publishers Ltd |isbn=1-85217-164-2 |edition=1990}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Campsie |first1=Alison |title=The Scotsman |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/archaeologists-trace-lost-settlements-of-glencoe-destroyed-after-1692-massacre-1-4687371 |access-date=3 July 2018}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cobbett |first1=William |title=Cobbett's Complete Collection Of State Trials And Proceedings For High Treason And Other Crimes And Misdemeanors |date=1814 |publisher=Nabu Press |isbn=1-175-88244-5}}
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== External links ==
* {{In Our Time|Glencoe Massacre|b00pxrr7|Glencoe_Massacre}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=HFZTAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA895 Report of the Commission given by his majesty, for inquiring into the slaughter of the men of Glenco subscribed at Halyrud-house the 20th day of June, 1693];
* [http://h2g2.com/approved_entry/A44266 History – Massacre of Glencoe 1692] – [[BBC]]: brief account of the massacre
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2613/2613-h/2613-h.htm#link2HCH0002 Macaulay's History of England, chapter XVIII] Includes a well-written and moderately detailed account of the massacre in its political context, with footnotes to original source documents. However, it should be read with caution as Macaulay had a very specific perspective.
* [http://www.rampantscotland.com/features/glencoe.htm Glen Coe Massacre] Detailed account of the events leading up to the massacre and the massacre itself.
* [http://www.electricscotland.com/books/paterson/glencoe.htm Glencoe] Very detailed and balanced account of the plot and massacre.
* [https://archive.org/download/Quiet_Please/Quiet_Please_490424_097_The_Vail_of_Glen_Cove.mp3 The Vale of Glencoe] Radio episode from the series [[Quiet, Please]]. Poor sound quality, but the radio script may be found below.
* [http://www.otrplotspot.com/quietPlease.html#glencoe The Vale of Glencoe Radio Script] OTR Plot Spot—plot summaries, scripts and reviews of Old Time Radio shows, including "The Vale of Glencoe", above.

{{Scottish clans}} 
{{Early Modern Scotland}}
{{Jacobitism}}
{{Scottish clan battles|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glencoe, Massacre Of}}
[[Category:1692 in Scotland]]
[[Category:Glen Coe]]
[[Category:History of the Scottish Highlands]]
[[Category:Jacobite rising of 1689]]
[[Category:1692 murders]]
[[Category:Massacres in the 1690s]]
[[Category:Massacres in Scotland]]
[[Category:Political scandals in Scotland]]
[[Category:William III of England]]
[[Category:Mary II]]