Editing Mass noun

{{Short description|Noun whose quantity is treated as an undifferentiated unit}}
{{Distinguish|Collective noun}}
{{Grammatical categories}}

In [[linguistics]], a '''mass noun''', '''uncountable noun''', '''non-count noun''', '''uncount noun''', or just '''uncountable''', is a [[noun]] with the [[Syntax|syntactic]] property that any quantity of it is treated as an undifferentiated unit, rather than as something with discrete elements. Uncountable nouns are distinguished from [[count noun]]s.

Given that different [[language]]s have different [[Feature (linguistics)|grammatical features]], the actual test for which nouns are mass nouns may vary between languages. In [[English language|English]], mass nouns are characterized by the impossibility of being directly modified by a [[Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]] without specifying a [[unit of measurement]] and by the impossibility of being combined with an [[indefinite article]] (''a'' or ''an''). Thus, the mass noun "water" is quantified as "20 litres of water" while the count noun "chair" is quantified as "20 chairs". However, both mass and count nouns can be quantified in relative terms without unit specification (e.g., "so much water", "so many chairs", though note the different quantifiers "much" and "many"). 

Mass nouns have no concept of [[Grammatical number|singular]] and [[plural]], although in English they take singular [[Grammatical conjugation|verb forms]].  However, many mass nouns in English can be [[Conversion (word formation)|converted]] to count nouns, which can then be used in the plural to denote (for instance) more than one instance or variety of a certain sort of entity – for example, "''Many cleaning agents today are technically not soaps [i.e. types of soap], but detergents,''" or "''I drank about three beers [i.e. bottles or glasses of beer]''".

Some nouns can be used indifferently as mass or count nouns, ''e.g.'', ''three cabbages'' or ''three heads of cabbage''; ''three ropes'' or ''three lengths of rope''. Some have different [[Word sense|sense]]s as mass and count nouns: ''paper'' is a mass noun as a material (''three reams of paper'', ''one sheet of paper''), but a count noun as a unit of writing ("the students passed in their papers").

==Grammatical number and physical discreteness==

In English (and in many other languages), there is a tendency for nouns referring to liquids (''water'', ''juice''), powders (''sugar'', ''sand''), or substances (''metal'', ''wood'') to be used in mass syntax, and for nouns referring to objects or people to be count nouns. But there are many exceptions: the mass/count distinction is a property of the ''terms'', not their referents. For example, the same set of chairs can be referred to as "seven chairs" (count) and as "furniture" (mass); the Middle English mass noun ''pease'' has become the count noun ''pea'' by [[morphological reanalysis]]; "vegetables" are a plural count form, while the British English slang synonym "veg" is a mass noun.

In languages that have a [[partitive case]], the distinction is explicit and mandatory. For example, in [[Finnish language|Finnish]], ''join vettä'', "I drank (some) water", the word ''vesi'', "water", is in the partitive case. The related sentence ''join veden'', "I drank (the) water", using the [[accusative case]] instead, assumes that there was a specific countable portion of water that was completely drunk.

The work of logicians like [[Godehard Link]] and [[Manfred Krifka]] established that the mass/count distinction can be given a precise, mathematical definition in terms of [[quantization (linguistics)|quantization]] and [[cumulativity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rothstein |first1=Susan |author1-link=Susan Rothstein |title=Counting and the Mass/Count Distinction |journal=Journal of Semantics |date=27 August 2010 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=349, 351 |doi=10.1093/jos/ffq007 |url=https://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/f11/na/docs/rothstein10.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/f11/na/docs/rothstein10.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

==Cumulativity and mass nouns==
An expression ''P'' has [[cumulativity|cumulative reference]] if and only if<ref>Krifka, Manfred 1989. Nominal reference, temporal constitution and quantification in event semantics. In [[Renate Bartsch]], Johan van Benthem and Peter van Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expressions 75-115. Dordrecht: Foris.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nicolas|first=David |date=2008 |title=Mass nouns and plural logic |journal=Linguistics and Philosophy |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211–244 |doi=10.1007/s10988-008-9033-2 |s2cid=13755223 |url=http://d.a.nicolas.free.fr/Nicolas-Mass-nouns-and-plural-logic-Revised-2.pdf |access-date=2012-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219021719/http://d.a.nicolas.free.fr/Nicolas-Mass-nouns-and-plural-logic-Revised-2.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-19 }}</ref> for any ''X'' and ''Y'':
*If ''X'' can be described as ''P'' and ''Y'' can be described as ''P'', as well, then the sum of ''X'' and ''Y'' can also be described as ''P''.
In more formal terms (Krifka 1998):

:<math>\forall X \subseteq U_p [\mathrm{CUM}_p (X) \Leftrightarrow \exists x,y [ X(x) \,\wedge\,  X(y) \,\wedge\, \neg (x=y)] \;\wedge\; \forall x,y [X(x) \,\wedge\, X(y) \Rightarrow X(x \,\oplus\, y)]]</math>

which may be read as: ''X'' is cumulative if there exists at least one pair'' x,y'', where ''x'' and ''y'' are distinct, and both have the property ''X'', and if for all possible pairs ''x'' and ''y'' fitting that description, ''X'' is a property of the sum of ''x'' and ''y''.<ref>Borer, Hagit. (2005) ''Structuring Sense: In Name Only''. Volume 1. Oxford: OUP. (p. 124)</ref>

Consider, for example ''cutlery'': If one collection of cutlery is combined with another, we still have "cutlery." Similarly, if water is added to water, we still have "water." But if a chair is added to another, we do not have "a chair", but rather two chairs. Thus the nouns "cutlery" and "water" have cumulative reference, while the expression "a chair" does not. The expression "chairs", however, does, suggesting that the generalization is not actually specific to the mass-count distinction. As many have noted, it is possible to provide an alternative analysis, by which mass nouns and plural count nouns are assigned a similar semantics, as distinct from that of singular count nouns.<ref name=Gillon>Brendan S. Gillon (1992) Towards a common semantics for English count and mass nouns. Linguistics and Philosophy 15: 597–639</ref>

An expression ''P'' has [[quantization (linguistics)|quantized reference]] if and only if, for any X:
*If ''X'' can be described as ''P'', then no proper part of ''X'' can be described as ''P''.
This can be seen to hold in the case of the noun ''house'': no proper part of ''a house'', for example the bathroom, or the entrance door, is itself a house. Similarly, no proper part of ''a man'', say his index finger, or his knee, can be described as ''a man''. Hence, ''house'' and ''man'' have quantized reference.  However, collections of ''cutlery'' do have proper parts that can themselves be described as ''cutlery''. Hence ''cutlery'' does not have quantized reference. Notice again that this is probably not a fact about mass-count syntax, but about prototypical examples, since many singular count nouns have referents whose proper parts can be described by the same term. Examples include divisible count nouns like "rope", "string", "stone", "tile", etc.<ref name=Gillon/>

Some expressions are neither quantized nor cumulative. Examples of this include  [[collective noun]]s like ''committee''. A committee may well contain a proper part which is itself a committee.  Hence this expression is not quantized.  It is not cumulative, either: the sum of two separate committees is not necessarily a ''committee''.  In terms of the mass/count distinction, ''committee'' behaves like a count noun. By some accounts, these examples are taken to indicate that the best characterization of mass nouns is that they are ''cumulative nouns''. On such accounts, count nouns should then be characterized as ''non-cumulative'' nouns: this characterization correctly groups ''committee'' together with the count nouns. If, instead, we had chosen to characterize count nouns as ''quantized nouns'', and mass nouns as ''non-quantized'' ones, then we would (incorrectly) be led to expect ''committee'' to be a mass noun. However, as noted above, such a characterization fails to explain many central phenomena of the mass-count distinction.

==Multiple senses for one noun==
Many English [[noun]]s can be used in either mass or count syntax, and in these cases, they take on cumulative reference when used as mass nouns. For example, one may say that "there's ''apple'' in this sauce", and then ''apple'' has cumulative reference, and, hence, is used as a mass noun. The names of animals, such as "chicken", "fox" or "lamb" are count when referring to the animals themselves, but are mass when referring to their meat, fur, or other substances produced by them. (e.g., "I'm cooking chicken tonight" or "This coat is made of fox.") Conversely, "[[fire]]" is frequently used as a  mass noun, but "a fire" refers to a discrete entity. Substance terms like "water" which are frequently used as mass nouns, can be used as count nouns to denote arbitrary units of a substance ("Two ''waters'', please") or of several types/varieties ("''waters'' of the world").<ref>Tsoulas, George (2006). Plurality of mass nouns and the grammar of number. [[Generative Linguistics in the Old World]].</ref> One may say that mass nouns that are used as count nouns are "[[wikt:countify|countified]]" and that count ones that are used as mass nouns are "[[wikt:massify|massified]]". However, this may confuse syntax and semantics, by presupposing that words which denote substances are mass nouns by default. According to many accounts, nouns do not have a lexical specification for mass-count status, and instead are specified as such only when used in a sentence.<ref>Keith Allan. 1980. Nouns and Countability. Language, 56(3):41–67.</ref> Nouns differ in the extent to which they can be used flexibly, depending largely on their meanings and the context of use. For example, the count noun "house" is difficult to use as mass (though clearly possible), and the mass noun "cutlery" is most frequently used as mass, despite the fact that it denotes objects, and has count equivalents in other languages:

* Incorrect: *There is house on the road. (Incorrect even if a catastrophe is considered)
* Incorrect: *There is a cutlery on the table. (Incorrect even if just one fork is on the table)
* Correct: You got a lot of house for your money since the recession.
* Correct: Spanish cutlery is my favorite. (type / kind reading)

In some languages, such as [[Chinese (language)|Chinese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], it has been claimed by some that all nouns are effectively mass nouns, requiring a [[measure word]] to be quantified.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chierchia |author-link=Gennaro Chierchia |first=Gennaro |year=1998 |title=Reference to Kinds across Languages |journal=[[Natural Language Semantics]] |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=339–405 |doi=10.1023/A:1008324218506|s2cid=116940629 }}</ref>

==Quantification==
Some [[Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifiers]] are specific to mass nouns (e.g., ''an amount of'') or count nouns (e.g., ''a number of'', ''every''). Others can be used with both types (e.g., ''a lot of'', ''some'').

===Words ''fewer'' and ''less''===
{{main|Fewer versus less}}
Where ''much'' and ''little'' qualify mass nouns, ''many'' and ''few'' have an analogous function for count nouns:
* How much damage? —Very little.
* How many mistakes? —Very few.

Whereas ''more'' and ''most'' are the [[comparative]] and [[superlative]] of both ''much'' and ''many'', ''few'' and ''little'' have differing comparative and superlative (''fewer'', ''fewest'' and ''less'', ''least'').  However, [[suppletion|suppletive]] use of ''less'' and ''least'' with count nouns is common in many contexts, some of which attract criticism as [[nonstandard dialect|nonstandard]] or low-[[prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]].<ref name="mwdeu-less-fewer">{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage |publisher=Merriam-Webster |year=1995 |edition=2nd |page=592 |chapter=less, fewer|isbn=0-87779-132-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yJusP0vrdgC&pg=PA592}}</ref> This criticism dates back to at least 1770; the usage dates back to [[Old English]].<ref name="mwdeu-less-fewer"/> In 2008, [[Tesco]] changed supermarket [[Point of sale|checkout]] signs reading "ten items or less" after complaints that it was bad grammar; at the suggestion of the [[Plain English Campaign]] it switched to "up to ten items" rather than to "ten items or fewer".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2659948/Tesco-to-ditch-ten-items-or-less-sign-after-good-grammar-campaign.html |url-access=registration |title=Tesco to ditch 'ten items or less' sign after good grammar campaign |access-date=16 April 2010 |first=Tom |last=Peterkin |work=Daily Telegraph |date=1 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110943/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2659948/Tesco-to-ditch-ten-items-or-less-sign-after-good-grammar-campaign.html |archive-date= Jun 5, 2010 }}</ref>

==Conflation of collective noun and mass noun==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
There is often confusion about the two different concepts of ''[[collective noun]]'' and ''mass noun''. Generally, collective nouns such as ''group, family'', and ''committee'' are not mass nouns but are rather a special subset of [[count noun]]s. However, the term "collective noun" is often used to mean "mass noun" (even in some dictionaries) because users conflate two different kinds of verb number invariability: (a) that seen with mass nouns such as "water" or "furniture", with which only singular verb forms are used because the constituent matter is ''grammatically'' indivisible (although it may ["water"] or may not ["furniture"] be ''[[etic]]ally'' indivisible); and (b) that seen with collective nouns, which is the result of the [[English collective nouns#Metonymic merging of grammatical number|metonymical shift]] between the group and its (both grammatically and etically) discrete constituents.

Some words, including "[[mathematics]]" and "[[physics]]", have developed true mass-noun senses despite having grown from count-noun roots.

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Plurale tantum}}

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19970221 The Mavens Word of the Day: less/fewer]
* [http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/jRiNmJkM/ Semantic Archives: Mass nouns, count nouns and non-count nouns]
* [https://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/papers/PellSch.pdf F.J. Pelletier L.K. Schubert (2001) Mass Expressions in D. Gabbay & F. Guenthner (eds) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 10]
* "[https://web.stanford.edu/~bclevin/lsa11nouns.pdf Conceptual Categories and Linguistic Categories VIII: Nouns and Individuation]", summer 2011, by [[Beth Levin (linguist)|Beth Levin]] at web.stanford.edu

{{lexical categories|state=collapsed}}
{{Formal semantics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mass Noun}}
[[Category:Nouns by type]]
[[Category:Grammatical number]]
[[Category:Syntax–semantics interface]]