Editing Mass murder

{{Short description|Act of murdering many people in a short span}}
{{about|killing of multiple people by individuals and non-state groups|killing of people by governments|Mass killings}}
{{Globalize|1=article|2=United States|date=August 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{broader|Massacre}}
{{homicide}}'''Mass murder''' is the [[violent crime]] of [[murder|kill]]ing a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duwe |first=Grant |year=2007 |title=Mass Murder in the United States |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-3150-2 |page=15 |url=https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/Mass-Murder-in-the-United-States/}}</ref><ref name="Payne-James2005">{{cite book|last=Aggrawal|first=A.|url=http://anilaggrawal.com/ij/sundry/news_and_notes/eflm_2005/216_mass%20murder.pdf|title=Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-12-547970-7|editor1=Payne-James JJ|volume=3|chapter=Mass Murder|author-link=Anil Aggrawal|access-date=March 17, 2016|editor2=Byard RW|editor3=Corey TS|editor4=Henderson C|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325231428/http://www.anilaggrawal.com/ij/sundry/news_and_notes/eflm_2005/216_mass%20murder.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more persons kill several others.<ref>{{cite web |format=PDF |url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder/serial-murder-july-2008-pdf |title=Serial Murder – Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators |work=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=2005 |access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://sociological-eye.blogspot.com/2012/09/clues-to-mass-rampage-killers-deep.html ''Clues to Mass Rampage Killers: Deep Backstage, Hidden Arsenal, Clandestine Excitement''], [[Randall Collins]], The Sociological Eye, September 1, 2012</ref>

In the [[United States]], [[United States Congress|Congress]] defined mass murders as the killing of three or more persons during an event with no "cooling-off period" between the homicides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Definitions of 'mass shooting' vary |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/fedex-mass-shooting/what-defines-a-mass-shooting-incident-fedex-randolph-street-adams-street-rand-fbi/531-7196f457-865a-4662-bd47-e5ea374d1857 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119011005/https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/fedex-mass-shooting/what-defines-a-mass-shooting-incident-fedex-randolph-street-adams-street-rand-fbi/531-7196f457-865a-4662-bd47-e5ea374d1857 |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=WTHR |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act]] of 2012, passed in the aftermath of the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], clarified the statutory authority for federal law enforcement agencies, including those in the Departments of [[United States Department of Justice|Justice]] and [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Homeland Security]], to assist state law enforcement agencies, and mandated across federal agencies a definition of "mass killing" as three or more killings during an incident.<ref name=crs>{{cite report |last1=Krouse |first1=William J. |last2=Richardson |first2=Daniel J. |title=Mass Murder with Firearms: Incidents and Victims, 1999–2013| url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44126.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |date=July 30, 2015 |page=26}}</ref><ref name=injuryepidemiology>{{cite journal  |last1=Booty |first1=Marisa |last2=O’Dwyer |first2=Jayne |last3=Webster |first3=Daniel |first4=Alex |last4=McCourt |first5=Cassandra |last5=Crifasi |title=Describing a "mass shooting": the role of databases in understanding burden |journal=Injury Epidemiology |volume=6 |issue=47 |year=2019 |page=47 |doi=10.1186/s40621-019-0226-7 |pmid=31828004 |pmc=6889601 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=wapo>{{cite news |first=Michelle |last=Ye Hee Lee |authorlink=Michelle Ye Hee Lee |date=December 3, 2015 |title=Obama's inconsistent claim on the 'frequency' of mass shootings in the U.S. compared to other countries |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/12/03/obamas-inconsistent-claim-on-the-frequency-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-compared-to-other-countries/ |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305235633/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/12/03/obamas-inconsistent-claim-on-the-frequency-of-mass-shootings-in-the-u-s-compared-to-other-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ajc>{{cite news |title=Spa killings another grisly chapter in Georgia history |newspaper=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta-news/spa-killings-another-grisly-chapter-in-georgia-history/JRDTBRUE4JDZ5GLU77I2LDSZNE/ |first=Mandi |last=Albright |date=March 17, 2021}}</ref>
A mass murder may be further classified as a [[mass shooting]] or a [[mass stabbing]]. Mass murderers differ from [[Spree killer|spree killers]], who kill at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders and are not defined by the number of victims, and [[serial killer]]s, who kill people over long periods of time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peña|first1=Pablo A.|last2=Jena|first2=Anupam|date=2021-09-16|title=Mass Shootings in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25388|journal=JAMA Network Open|volume=4|issue=9|pages=e2125388|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25388|pmid=34529068 |pmc=8446816 |issn=2574-3805}}</ref>

==By terrorist organizations==
Many [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist groups]] in recent times have used the tactic of killing many victims to fulfill their political aims. Such incidents have included:

* 33 civilians killed in the [[Başbağlar massacre|Başbağlar attack]] by the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] on July 5, 1993;
* 19 American airmen killed in the [[Khobar Towers bombing]] on June 25, 1996, by [[Hezbollah Al-Hejaz]];
* 2,977 people killed by [[Al-Qaeda]] in the [[September 11 attacks]] of 2001;  
* 193 people killed in the [[2004 Madrid train bombings]] by Al-Qaeda;
* 334 (including 186 children) killed in the [[Beslan school siege]] on September 1–4, 2004 by [[Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs|Riyad-us Saliheen]];
* 52 killed in the [[2005 London bombings]] by [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorists]]; 
* 166 killed in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]];
* 156 children and teachers killed in the [[2014 Peshawar school massacre]] by [[Pakistani Taliban|Tehrik-i-Taliban]] in [[Peshawar]], Pakistan;
* 1,095 killed in the [[Camp Speicher massacre]] by the [[Islamic State]];
* 224 people killed in the [[Metrojet Flight 9268]] by the [[Islamic State]];
* 130 killed as the result of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] by the Islamic State;

==By cults==
Certain [[cult]]s, especially religious cults, have committed a number of mass killings and mass [[murder–suicide]]s.

* [[Jim Jones]]' [[Peoples Temple]] in [[Jonestown]], Guyana, where 919 people died in 1978
* [[Order of the Solar Temple]] in Canada, Switzerland, and France, where 74 died in [[1994 Solar Temple massacres|1994]], [[1995 Vercors massacre|1995]], and [[1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide|1997]]
* [[Shoko Asahara]]'s [[Aum Shinrikyo]], which killed 14 in [[Tokyo]], Japan, in 1995
* [[Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God]] in Uganda, where 778 died in 2000

==By individuals and governments==
[[File:Huittinen axe murder victims.jpg|thumb|The funeral for sextuple [[axe murder]] victims in [[Huittinen]], Finland in 1943, committed by [[Toivo Koljonen]]]]
[[File:320 GERMANWINGS D-AIPX 147 10 05 14 BCN RIP (16730197959).jpg|thumb|This [[Airbus A320]], registration D-AIPX, was destroyed while operating [[Germanwings Flight 9525]], having been [[suicide by pilot|intentionally crashed]] into the [[Alps]] by its co-pilot, killing all 150 people on board.]]
{{See also|List of rampage killers|mass shooting|state terrorism|suicide attack|vehicle-ramming attack}}
Mass murderers may be categorized into killers of family, of coworkers, of students, and of random strangers. Their motives vary.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1612368,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422063828/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C1612368%2C00.html |archive-date=April 22, 2007 |magazine=Time |title=Inside a Mass Murderer's Mind |date=April 19, 2007 |access-date=May 12, 2010 |first=Jeffrey |last=Kluger |url-status=dead }}</ref> One motivation for mass murder is [[revenge]], but other motivations are possible, including the need for attention or fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=4267309&page=1 |title=ABC News: What Pushes Shooters to Mass Murder? |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newser.com/story/18672/notoriety-drives-mass-shooters.html |title=Notoriety Drives Mass Shooters |date=February 10, 2008 |publisher=Newser |access-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/VATech/Story?id=3056168&page=2 |title=ABC News: Psychiatrist: Showing Video Is 'Social Catastrophe' |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=April 19, 2007 |access-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>

Several [[autocratic]] regimes have been known to have ordered mass murders including [[genocide]] and [[politicide]]. Acting on the orders of Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vasili Blokhin]]'s [[war crime]] of [[Katyn massacre|killing of 7,000 Polish prisoners of war]], shot over 28 days, was one of the most organized and protracted mass murders by a single individual on record.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sebag Montefiore | first = Simon | title = Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar | publisher = [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] | year = 2004 | page = [https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred00mont/page/334 334] | isbn = 1-4000-4230-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred00mont/page/334 }}</ref>

===Law enforcement response and countermeasures===
Analysis of the [[Columbine High School massacre]] and other incidents where [[law enforcement officer]]s waited for backup has resulted in changed recommendations regarding what victims, bystanders, and law enforcement officers should do. In the Columbine shooting, the perpetrators, [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]], were able to murder 13 people, then commit suicide before the first SWAT team even entered the school. Average response time by law enforcement to a mass shooting is typically much longer than the time the shooter is engaged in killing. While immediate action may be extremely dangerous, it could save lives which would be lost if victims and bystanders involved in the situation remain passive, or law enforcement response is delayed until overwhelming force can be deployed. It is recommended that victims and bystanders involved in the incident take active steps to flee, hide, or fight the shooter and that law enforcement officers present or first arriving at the scene attempt immediately to engage the shooter. In many instances, immediate action by victims, bystanders, or law enforcement officers has saved lives.<ref name=NYT4613>{{cite news|title=In Shift, Police Advise Taking an Active Role to Counter Mass Attacks|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/in-a-shift-police-advise-taking-an-active-role-to-counter-mass-attacks.html|access-date=April 7, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 6, 2013|author=Erica Goode}}</ref> However, law enforcement programs and actions have so far been unable to reduce the total number of incidents. In 2020, a record number of 600 mass shootings occurred.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Summary Ledgers {{!}} Gun Violence Archive|url=https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls|access-date=2022-02-17|website=www.gunviolencearchive.org}}</ref>

==Criticism as an analytical category==
Commentators have pointed out that there are a wide variety of ways that homicides with more than several victims might be classified. Such incidents can be, and have been even in recent decades, classified many different ways including "as a ''mass shooting''; as a ''school shooting''; as ''mass murder''; as ''workplace violence''...; as ''a crime involving an assault rifle''; as ''a case of a mentally ill person committing acts of violence''; and so on."<ref name="best20130616">
{{cite news|last=Best|first=Joel|date=June 16, 2013|title=How Should We Classify the Sandy Hook Killings?: The social construction of a mass shooting epidemic|newspaper=Reason|url=http://reason.com/archives/2013/06/16/the-politics-of-gun-violence|access-date=June 18, 2013|quote=''it is possible to characterize Newtown as an instance of a lot of different social problems: as a mass shooting; as a school shooting; as mass murder; as workplace violence (remember the staff members who were killed were at work); as a crime involving an assault rifle; as a case of a mentally ill person committing acts of violence; and so on.  We expect journalists to have a sort of sociological imagination, to help us understand incidents as instances.  And we can understand why advocates for gun control, mental health, or other causes might favor particular labels but we need to appreciate there is no ''One True Classification,'' that the categories we use are merely tools that may help us better understand what [is] happening in our society.''}}</ref>

How such rarely occurring incidents of homicide are classified tends to change significantly with time. "In the 1960s and 1970s,... it was understood that the key feature of [a number of such] cases was a high body count. These early discussions of mass murder lumped together [a variety of] cases that varied along what would come to be seen as important dimensions:
* Time: Did the killings occur more or less simultaneously, or did they extend over several days, months, or years?
* Place: Did the killings occur in a single location, or in a variety of places?
* Method: How were the victims killed?"<ref name=best20130616/>
In the late decades of the 20th century and early years of the 2000s, the most popular classifications moved to include method, time and place.

While such classifications may assist in gaining human meaning, as human-selected categories, they can also carry significant meaning and reflect a particular point of view of the commentator who assigned the descriptor.<ref name=best20130616/>

==See also==
* [[Mass killing]]
* [[Crimes against humanity]]
* [[Genocide]]
* [[Gun violence]]
* [[List of rampage killers]]
* [[Weapon of mass destruction|Mass destruction]]
* [[Mass grave]]
* [[School shooting]]
* [[Suicide attack]]
* [[Terrorism]]
* [[War crime]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mass murderers}}
* [https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=2872452&page=1 What makes a Mass Killer?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510134208/http://www.fullspectrumottawa.com/exposure/exposure_mass_murder.php Mass Murder: A Small Person's Way to Immortality]
* [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map Mass shootings interactive map]
* [http://www.massviolence.org/ Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence]
* [http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html The real causes of mass murder] by [[James Alan Fox]]. [[Boston.com]], January 16, 2011.

{{Massacres}}
{{List of Terrorist Incidents}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mass murder| ]]
[[Category:Murder|*]]
[[Category:Killings by type|Murder]]