Editing Mark Wallinger

{{Short description|British artist (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox artist
| image            = MarkWallinger.jpg
| name             = Mark Wallinger
| imagesize        = 
| caption          = Wallinger on 10 May 2008
| field            = [[Conceptual art]], [[installation art]]
| training         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chelsea School of Art]]
* [[Goldsmiths, University of London]]
}}
| movement         = 
| works            = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[State Britain]]''
* ''Ecce Homo''
* [[Labyrinth (artwork)|Labyrinth]]
}}
| influenced by    = 
| influenced       = 
| awards           = [[Turner Prize]]
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|1959|05|25|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Chigwell]], UK
}}

'''Mark Wallinger''' (born 25 May 1959) is an English artist. Having previously been nominated for the [[Turner Prize]] in 1995, he won in 2007 for his installation ''[[State Britain]]''. His work ''Ecce Homo'' (1999–2000) was the first piece to occupy the empty [[fourth plinth]] in Trafalgar Square. He represented Britain at the [[Venice Biennale]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Searle |first=Adrian |date=June 16, 2001 |title=Lagoon show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/16/arts.highereducation |website=The Guardian}}</ref> ''[[Labyrinth (artwork)|Labyrinth]]'' (2013), a permanent commission for [[Art on the Underground]], was created to celebrate 150 years of the London Underground. In 2018, the permanent work ''Writ in Water'' was realized for the [[National Trust]] to celebrate where [[Magna Carta]] was signed at Runnymede.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-19 |title=Mark Wallinger and Studio Octopi unveil labyrinth leading to reflective pool at Runnymede |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2018/06/19/mark-wallinger-studio-octopi-writ-in-water-runnymede-magna-carta-architecture/ |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=Dezeen |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==

=== Education and artistic career ===
{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2019}}
Wallinger was born in [[Chigwell]], Essex, on 25 May 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oral history; Interview with Mark Wallinger, 2016 |url=https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/sound-recordings/item/2016-1734 |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=London Transport Museum |language=en}}</ref> He trained at the [[Chelsea College of Arts|Chelsea School of Art]] in London, from 1978 to 1981, before studying for an [[Master's degree|MA]] from [[Goldsmiths, University of London]] from 1983 to 1985. After graduating in 1985, most of his degree show was exhibited by the Anthony Reynolds Gallery, and he continued to teach part-time at Goldsmiths.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50301446|title=Art now : interviews with modern artists.|date=2002|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0-8264-6371-1|location=London|oclc=50301446}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wallinger |first=Mark |title=Credo: Mark Wallinger |publisher=London: Tate Gallery Pub. |year=2000 |isbn=1854373250}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
In 1998, Wallinger won the Henry Moore Fellowship, [[British School at Rome]], an award offered to outstanding scholars and artists with the opportunity to work in Rome for 3 to 12 months. In 2001, Wallinger was honored with the [[DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program]], one of the world's most respected artist-in-residence programmes for established artists working in the fine arts, film, literature and music.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TATE|title=Mark Wallinger|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/wallinger-sleeper-t12261}}</ref> The following year he received an Honorary Fellowship from the [[London Institute]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goodman|first=Susan Tumarkin|title=Dateline: Israel: New Photography and Video Art|year=2007|isbn=978-0300111569|location=New York: Jewish Museum, under the auspices of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 2007}}</ref>

In 2003, Wallinger was the recipient of an Honorary Doctorate from the [[Birmingham City University|University of Central England in Birmingham]], UK. In 2007, he was awarded the [[Turner Prize]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=TATE|title=Turner Prize 2007|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpool/exhibition/turner-prize-2007|website=TATE}}</ref> In 2009, Goldsmith College honoured Wallinger for his achievements which reflect the values important to the Goldsmiths community. In the same year Wallinger’s design was selected from a three-strong shortlist for the [[White Horse at Ebbsfleet|Ebbsfleet Landmark Project]] Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Nosheen|date=10 February 2009|title=Wallinger's horse chosen to be Ebbsfleet's 'Angel of the South'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/10/ebbsfleet-landmark-mark-wallinger-horse|website=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2010, he presented ''Sinema Amnesia'' in [[Çanakkale]] as part of “My City”, a project which invited five artists from five European countries to produce installations in different Turkish cities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|date=9 July 2010|title=Mark Wallinger sees history repeating|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jul/09/mark-wallinger-sinema-amnesia|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

As part of the [[Transported by Design]] programme of activities, on 15 October 2015, after two months of public voting, Mark Wallinger's ''[[Labyrinth (artwork)|Labyrinth]]'' work was elected by Londoners as one of the 10 favourite transport design icons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Transported By Design: Vote for your favourite part of London transport |date=4 August 2015 |url=http://www.timeout.com/london/blog/transported-by-design-vote-for-your-favourite-part-of-london-transport-080415}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=London's transport 'Design Icons' announced - London Transport Museum |url=https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/press-and-media/news/595-london-s-transport-design-icons-announced |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331004853/http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/press-and-media/news/595-london-s-transport-design-icons-announced |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2019, ''Writ in Water'', a major architectural artwork by Mark Wallinger, in collaboration with Studio Octopi, for the National Trust at Runnymede, Surrey, was shortlisted for the [[Stirling Prize]]. In the same year, the project won the RIBA South East Award, the RIBA National Award, the [[Civic Trust Awards]] Commendation, MacEwen Award Shortlisting and EUMies Award Nomination, and the Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Fountains or Water features by The Public Statues and Sculptures Association in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Write in Water|url=https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-regional-awards/riba-south-east-award-winners/2019/writ-in-water|website=RIBA Architecture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Writ in Water, Runnymede|url=https://find-an-architect.architecture.com/studio-octopi/london/writ-in-water|website=RIBA Architecture}}</ref>

== Turner Prize ==
Mark Wallinger was awarded the 2007 Turner Prize for ''[[State Britain]]'', a direct meticulous replica and reconstruction of [[Brian Haw]]’s protest peace camp outside the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]] against policies towards Iraq.<ref>{{cite web |last=Street |first=Ben |date=8 February 2007 |title=The State We're In |url=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/street/street2-8-07.asp |website=Artnet Magazine}}</ref> The installation occupied the entire length of [[Tate Britain]]’s Duveen Galleries, consisting of more than 600 banners, flags, teddy bears, peace signs, Haw’s tarpaulin shelter, and other materials amassed by Haw over his years of protest.<ref name=":0" /> The original display consisted of donations from the public, including paintings, banners and toys. This had been confiscated by the police under the [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]]. He also put a black line on the floor of the Tate and through the middle of his exhibit to mark part of a 1 kilometre exclusion zone from Parliament Square.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Wallinger: State Britain – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/mark-wallinger-state-britain |work=tate.org.uk}}</ref>  The jury applauded the work for its “immediacy, visceral intensity and historic importance” integrating “a bold political statement with art’s ability to articulate fundamental human truths”.<ref name="bearman">{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Charlotte |date=3 December 2007 |title=Bear man walks away with Turner Prize |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/turnerprize2007/story/0,,2221321,00.html |access-date=3 December 2007}}</ref> The art historian Yve-Alain Bois described ''State Britain'' as “one of the most remarkable political works of art ever”.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bois |first=Yve-Alain |date=April 2007 |title=Piece Movement: Mark Wallinger's State Britain |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/200704/piece-movement-mark-wallinger-s-state-britain-12935 |journal=Artforum |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=248–51}}</ref>

On speaking to the BBC about the award, Wallinger added, "I am indebted to all those people who contributed to the making of ''State Britain''. Brian Haw is a remarkable man who has waged a tireless campaign against the folly and hubris of our government’s foreign policy. For six-and-a-half years he has remained steadfast in Parliament Square, the last dissenting voice in Britain. Bring home the troops, give us back our rights, trust the people."<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 3, 2007 |title=Mark Wallinger wins Turner Prize |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7124575.stm#:~:text=Mark%20Wallinger%20has%20been%20named,at%20the%20Tate%20Liverpool%20gallery.}}</ref>

In 2011 the artwork was exhibited for the first time in the Netherlands at the [[De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2006 |title=Museum De Pont: exhibition :: Mark Wallinger |url=http://www.depont.nl/nc/en/exhibitions/archive/release/pers/mark-wallinger/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623193409/http://www.depont.nl/nc/en/exhibitions/archive/release/pers/mark-wallinger/ |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=26 June 2012 |publisher=Depont.nl}}</ref>

== Venice Biennale ==
In 2001, the [[British Council]] revealed that they had selected Mark Wallinger to produce a solo show of new and past artworks for the British Pavilion at the [[49th Venice Biennale]]. The show included sculpture, video, painting, and photography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=British Council |first=UK at the Venice Biennale |title=2001 Mark Wallinger |url=https://venicebiennale.britishcouncil.org/history/2000s/2001-mark-wallinger |website=British Council}}</ref>

Wallinger presented the site-specific work, ''Facade'' (2001), which wrapped the front of the British Pavilion with an identical size replica colour photograph of the Pavilion itself printed on vinyl-coated material attached from scaffolding. In front of the pavilion ''Oxymoron'' (1996) was flying from a flagpole, a flag with the British [[Union Jack]] replaced by green and orange of the Irish flag colours. In addition to ''Angel'' (1997), ''Threshold to the Kingdom'' (2000), ''Life Class'' (2001), ''Ghost'' (2001), and ''Time and Relative Dimensions in Space'' (2001), the sculpture ''Ecce Homo'' (1999-2000), first presented on the [[Fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square|Fourth Plinth]] in Trafalgar Square, in 2000, welcomed visitors into the main gallery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rugoff |first=Ralph |title=Mark Wallinger: British Pavilion |publisher=The British Council |year=2001 |isbn=0863554806 |pages=5–17}}</ref>

''Ghost'' (2001) continued with Wallinger’s fixation and exploration of British horse racing traditions. It consisted of a negative reproduction image in a [[lightbox]] showing the famous 18th-century oil painting, ''[[Whistlejacket]]'' (c.1762) by [[George Stubbs]], but altered by adding a horn on its head, thus turning it into a [[unicorn]]. In contrast, ''Time and Relative Dimensions in Space'' (2001) referred to the space-traveling machine from the British show Doctor Who. Recreated especially for the biennale, Wallinger delivered a reflective mirrored replica of the famous police box.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark Wallinger. Ghost |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/wallinger-ghost-t12337 |website=TATE}}</ref> 

== Later work ==
Wallinger's later work appears to have largely turned away from his earlier preoccupations, instead apparently focusing on religion and death and the influence of [[William Blake]]. "Angel" is a video played in reverse showing the artist walking backwards at the bottom of the down escalator at Angel Underground Station while reciting the opening lines of the [[Gospel of John]] in the [[King James Bible]]. At the conclusion of the video the music of ''[[Zadok the Priest]]'' that forms part of the British [[Coronation]] ceremony can be heard as Wallinger 'ascends' up the stairs. ''No Man's Land'', a show at the [[Whitechapel Gallery]] included several works on these subjects. ''Threshold to the Kingdom'' (2000), for example, is a slow motion video of people coming through automatic double doors at international arrivals at an airport. The video is accompanied by a recording of the famous ''Miserere'' by [[Gregorio Allegri]]. Wallinger has said that the title might be taken as a double meaning: arrival at the [[United Kingdom]], but also at the kingdom of [[heaven]], with a security guard playing the part of [[St. Peter]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

The largest work in the ''No Man's Land'' show was ''Prometheus''. This piece is in two parts – on the outside, in a dark corridor, is a video of Wallinger (or rather his alter-ego, "Blind Faith") sitting in an [[electric chair]] and singing Ariel's song from [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Tempest (play)|The Tempest]]''. From the corridor, automatic double doors give access to a brightly lit room which has an electric chair bolted to one of the walls, giving a top-down "God's-eye view" of it. On two facing walls are large photos of fists with the words "LOVE" and "HATE" written on them, a reference to the preacher played by [[Robert Mitchum]] in the [[film]], ''[[The Night of the Hunter (film)|The Night of the Hunter]]'', who had similar tattoos on his knuckles. A circular steel loop gives out a continuous buzzing sound.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

''Ecce Homo'' was the first work to occupy the empty plinth in [[Trafalgar Square]]. This work is a life-sized statue of a Christ figure, naked apart from a loin cloth, and with his hands bound behind his back. He wears a crown of [[barbed wire]]. The sculpture was placed at the very front edge of the massive plinth, emphasising its vulnerability and relative smallness. It was quite popular with the public and was later shown at the [[Venice Biennale]] in 2001, where Wallinger was Britain's representative.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

He was one of the five artists shortlisted for the Ebbsfleet Landmark Project<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebbsfleetlandmark.com/artists-proposals/ |title=Artists Proposals |access-date=13 December 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226221959/http://www.ebbsfleetlandmark.com/artists-proposals/ |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref> in January 2008, and in February 2009 it was announced that his design had won the competition. Wallinger's design is of [[White Horse at Ebbsfleet|a giant white horse]] modelled on another of his own racehorses, 'Riviera Red',{{disputed inline|Disputed – horse|date=August 2017}} and has been described by his supporters as "an absolutely mesmerising conflation of old England and new, of the semi-mythical, Tolkienesque past and the six-lanes, all-crawling present".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gayford|first=Martin|url=http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/features/804506/think-of-england.thtml|title=Think of England: Mark Wallinger talks about Ebbsfleet|journal=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]]|date=1 July 2008|access-date=9 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811150224/http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/features/804506/think-of-england.thtml|archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

He curated the exhibition "The Russian Linesman: Frontiers, Borders and Thresholds" at the Hayward Gallery in London, which lasted from February to May 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baron|first= Scarlett|url= http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/mark-wallinger-curates/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100316090657/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/mark-wallinger-curates/ |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 16 March 2010 |title=Mark Wallinger Curates|website= [[Oxonian Review]]|date= 9 March 2009|access-date= 29 December 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Mark Wallinger Labyrinth 218 - Cockfosters.jpg|thumbnail|''Labyrinth 218'', Cockfosters.]]
In April 2011, it was announced that Mark Wallinger would be one of three artists (along with Chris Ofili and Conrad Shawcross) to collaborate with the [[The Royal Ballet|Royal Ballet]] and the [[National Gallery]] to create a piece based on works by the Renaissance painter Titian. ''Titian Metamorphosis'', which documented the entire project from conception to finished performances, was published by London-based publisher Art / Books in two editions in January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artbookspublishing.co.uk/titian-metamorphosis/|title=Art / Books – Publishers of fine illustrated books – Titian Metamorphosis|work=artbookspublishing.co.uk|date=21 January 2013}}</ref>

In February 2013, it was announced that Wallinger had created ''[[Labyrinth (artwork)|Labyrinth]]'' a set of 270 [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]] plaques of unicursal [[labyrinth]] designs, one for every London tube station, to mark the 150th anniversary of the [[London Underground]]; each will be numbered according to its position in the route taken by the contestants in the 2009 [[Guinness World Record]] [[Tube Challenge]].<ref>{{cite news
 | last = Brown
 | first = Mark
 | title = Tube celebrates 150th birthday with labyrinth art project
 | newspaper = The Guardian
 | date = 7 February 2013
 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/feb/07/tube-150-birthday-labyrinth-art-project
 | access-date = 9 February 2013}}</ref> In October 2014, Art / Books published ''Labyrinth: A Journey Through London's Underground by Mark Wallinger'', a comprehensive photographic book of all 270 labyrinth designs in situ in the Underground stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artbookspublishing.co.uk/labyrinth/|title=Art / Books – Publishers of fine illustrated books – Labyrinth|work=artbookspublishing.co.uk|date=20 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2019 Wallinger displayed his sculpture entitled [[The World Turned Upside Down (sculpture)|The World Turned Upside Down]] at the London School of Economics. The artwork attracted controversy for showing the island of [[Taiwan]] as a sovereign entity, rather than as part of the [[People’s Republic of China]].<ref>Martin Bailey (5 April 2019), [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/mark-wallinger Wallinger's upside-down globe outside LSE angers Chinese students for portraying Taiwan as an independent state] ''[[The Art Newspaper]]''.</ref> After dueling protests<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/05/lse-considers-altering-sculpture-show-taiwan-part-china-student/|title=LSE considers altering sculpture to show Taiwan as part of China after student pressure|access-date=7 April 2019|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=5 April 2019|last1=Yan|first1=Sophia|last2=Lyons|first2=Izzy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/edition/news/london-school-of-economics-in-a-world-of-trouble-over-globe-artwork-7lc696x97|title=London School of Economics in a world of trouble over globe artwork|access-date=7 April 2019|newspaper=The Times|date=6 April 2019|last1=Parker|first1=Charlie}}</ref> by students from both the PRC and ROC and reactions by third party observers (which included the President of Taiwan,<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan will always be a sovereign country: Tsai |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201904050020.aspx |agency=Focus Taiwan |publisher=Focus Taiwan |date=5 April 2019}}</ref> Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uk_en/post/5075.html|title=Taiwan Foreign Minister writes open letter protesting LSE's decision to change depiction of Taiwan on sculpture |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> and the co-chairs of the British-Taiwanese All-Party Parliamentary Group in the House of Commons<ref name="focustaiwan.tw">{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201904050005.aspx|title=U.K. parliamentarians step into debate on Taiwan's name on statue|date=5 April 2019 |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref>) the university decided later that year that it would retain the original design which chromatically displayed the PRC and ROC as different entities but with the addition of an asterisk beside the name of Taiwan and a corresponding placard that clarified the institution's position regarding the controversy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lin Chia-nan |title=Ministry lauds LSE for globe color decision |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/07/11/2003718465 |agency=Taipei Times |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=11 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan still distinct from China but given asterisk on LSE art work |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201907100013.aspx |agency=Focus Taiwan |publisher=Focus Taiwan |date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=LSE ignores Chinese cries, adds asterisk next to Taiwan on globe |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3742226 |agency=Taiwan News |newspaper=Taiwan News |date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lin |first1=Shirley |title=LSE adds asterisk next to Taiwan on globe art installation |url=https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2001460 |agency=RTI |publisher=RTI |date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

In October 2019, Wallinger featured in a group show at Tension Fine Art alongside artists Julian Lowe and Stuart Elliot. The show "You Can't Tell By Looking" was curated by Kate Love.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.tensionfineart.co.uk/you-cant-tell-by-looking/ |title = EXHIBITIONS – You Can't Tell by Looking}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/2840-mark-wallinger|title = Mark Wallinger}}</ref>

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/64/mark-wallinger/biography/ Mark Wallinger at Hauser & Wirth]
* [http://www.carliergebauer.com/artists/mark_wallinger/ Mark Wallinger at carlier {{!}} gebauer]
* [http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961&artistid=2378&page=1&sole=y&collab=y&attr=y&sort=default&tabview=worklist Mark Wallinger's work in the Tate]
* [http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain-other-venues/exhibitionseries/turner-prize-series/turner-prize-year-year  Mark Wallinger in the 1995 Turner Prize, Tate web site]
* [http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/video/meet-artist-mark-wallinger Mark Wallinger on ''State Britain'' (video)]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071209023849/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/popup/ttv/morenews.jhtml?bcpid=1137942530&bclid=1155254697&bctid=1330351268 Excerpt from Wallinger's ''Sleeper'' video]}}
* [http://www.richardgrayson.co.uk/texts/Wallinger2008.html 'A Number of Disappearances'], essay by [[Richard Grayson (artist)|Richard Grayson]] for Mark Wallinger's [[Aargauer Kunsthaus]] catalogue, published by JRP|Ringier, Switzerland 2008
{{Young British Artists}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wallinger, Mark}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century English sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century English sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century British male artists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Chelsea College of Arts]]
[[Category:Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London]]
[[Category:English contemporary artists]]
[[Category:English male sculptors]]
[[Category:People from Chigwell]]
[[Category:Turner Prize winners]]