Editing Marian Anderson

{{Short description|African-American contralto (1897–1993)}}
{{similar names|Marion Anderson (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Marian Anderson
| image              = Marian Anderson by Carl Van Vechten (cropped).jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = Anderson in 1940
| birth_date         = {{Birth date |1897|02|27}}
| birth_place        = [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1993|04|08|1897|2|27}}
| death_place        = [[Portland, Oregon]], U.S.
| occupation         = Operatic [[contralto]]
}}

'''Marian Anderson''' (February 27, 1897{{spnd}}April 8, 1993)<ref name="NYT" /> was an American [[contralto]]. She performed a wide range of music, from opera to [[spirituals]]. Anderson performed with renowned orchestras in major concert and recital venues throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965.

Anderson was an important figure in the struggle for African American artists to overcome racial prejudice in the United States during the mid-twentieth century. In 1939, during the period of [[racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] (DAR) refused to allow Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in [[DAR Constitution Hall|Constitution Hall]] in Washington, D.C. The incident placed Anderson in the spotlight of the international community on a level unusual for a classical musician. With the aid of First Lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and her husband, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open-air concert on [[Easter Sunday]], April 9, 1939, on the [[Lincoln Memorial]] steps in the capital. The event was featured in a [[Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert|documentary film]], ''Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert''. She sang before an integrated crowd of more than 75,000 people and a radio audience in the millions.

On January 7, 1955, Anderson became the first African American singer to perform at the [[Metropolitan Opera]]. In addition, she worked as a delegate to the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]]<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/828672223/?terms=%22Marian%20Anderson%22%20and%20%22United%20Nations%20Human%20Rights%20Commission%22&match=1 Negro Singer, Six Others Named to UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726163739/https://www.newspapers.com/image/828672223/?terms=%22Marian%20Anderson%22%20and%20%22United%20Nations%20Human%20Rights%20Commission%22&match=1 |date=July 26, 2023 }}." Richmond, Virginia: ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'', July 24, 1958, p. 17 (subscription required).</ref> and as a Goodwill Ambassador for the [[United States Department of State]], giving concerts all over the world. She participated in the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1960s, singing at the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] in 1963. The recipient of numerous awards and honors, Anderson was awarded the first [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 1963, the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] in 1977, the [[Kennedy Center Honors]] in 1978, the [[National Medal of Arts]] in 1986, and a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1991.

==Early life and education==
Marian Anderson was born in [[Philadelphia]] on February 27, 1897, to John Berkley Anderson and Annie Delilah Rucker.{{sfn|Keiler|2000|pages=16–17, 22, 312}} Her father sold ice and coal at the [[Reading Terminal]] in downtown Philadelphia and eventually also sold liquor. Before her marriage, Anderson's mother was briefly a student at the [[Virginia University of Lynchburg|Virginia Seminary and College]] in [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]], and worked as a schoolteacher in Virginia. As she did not obtain a degree, Annie Anderson was unable to teach in Philadelphia under a law that was applied only to black teachers and not white ones.{{sfn|Keiler|2000|page=17}} She therefore earned an income caring for small children. Marian was the eldest of the three Anderson children. Her two sisters, Alyse (1899–1965) and Ethel (1902–90), also became singers. Ethel married James DePreist and their son [[James DePreist|James Anderson DePreist]] was a noted conductor.<ref name="Allan Keiler">Allan Keiler, [https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/keiler-anderson.html "''Marian Anderson: A Singer's Journey'' by Allan Keiler"] Chapter One. ''The New York Times'', 2000 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216233425/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/keiler-anderson.html |date=February 16, 2018 }}.</ref>

[[File:MarianAnderson20.jpg|right|thumb|Anderson in 1920]]

Anderson's parents were both devout Christians and the whole family was active in the Union Baptist Church, which, during her youth, stood in a building constructed by the congregation in 1889 at 709 S. 12th Street in [[South Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Beisert|first1=Oscar|last2=Hildebrandt|first2=Rachel|date=August 11, 2015|title=Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Union Baptist Church, 711-15 S. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA|url=http://keepingphiladelphia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/UnionBaptistChurch.Nomination.pdf|access-date=November 27, 2020|website=Keeping Society of Philadelphia|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124053036/http://keepingphiladelphia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/UnionBaptistChurch.Nomination.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Marian's aunt Mary, her father's sister, was particularly active in the church's musical life and convinced her niece to join the junior church choir at the age of six. In that role, she got to perform solos and duets, often with her aunt. Aunt Mary took Marian to concerts at local churches, the YMCA, benefit concerts, and other community music events throughout the city. Anderson credited her aunt's influence as the reason she pursued her singing career.<ref name="Schenbeck-2012">{{Cite book|title=Racial Uplift and American Music|last=Schenbeck|first=Lawrence|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|year=2012|isbn=978-1-61703-230-1|pages=177}}</ref> Beginning as young as six, her aunt arranged for Marian to sing for local functions where she was often paid 25 or 50 cents for singing a few songs. As she got into her early teens, Marian began to make as much as four or five dollars for singing, a considerable sum for the early 20th century. At the age of 10, Marian joined the People's Chorus of Philadelphia under the direction of singer [[Emma Azalia Hackley]], where she was often a soloist.<ref name="Schenbeck-2012" /><ref name="Chidi-2014">{{Cite book|title=Greatest Black Achievers in History|last=Chidi|first=Sylvia Lovina|year=2014|publisher=Lulu Press|isbn=978-1-291-90933-3 |pages=532|oclc=980490928}}</ref>

When Anderson was 12, her father received a head injury while working at the [[Reading Terminal]] before Christmas 1909. Soon afterwards, her father died following heart failure. He was 37 years old. Marian and her family moved into the home of her father's parents, Benjamin and Isabella Anderson. Her grandfather had been born a slave and was emancipated in the 1860s. He relocated to South Philadelphia, the first person in his family to do so. When Anderson moved into his home, the two became very close, but he died just a year after the family moved there.<ref name="Allan Keiler" /><ref name="Chidi-2014" />

Anderson attended [[Edwin M. Stanton School (Philadelphia)|Stanton Grammar School]], graduating in 1912. Although her family could not pay for any music lessons or high school, Anderson continued to perform wherever she could and learn from anyone willing to teach her. Throughout her teenage years, she remained active in her church's musical activities and was now involved heavily in the adult choir. She became a member of the Baptists' Young People's Union and the [[Camp Fire Girls]], which provided her with some, though limited, musical opportunities.<ref name="Schenbeck-2012" /> Eventually, the People's Chorus of Philadelphia and the pastor of her church, Reverend Wesley Parks, along with other leaders of the black community, raised the money she needed to get singing lessons with Mary Saunders Patterson and to attend [[South Philadelphia High School]], from which she graduated in 1921.<ref name="Allan Keiler" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Bond|first=Zanice|date=January 19, 2007|title=Marian Anderson (1897–1993)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/anderson-marian-1897-1993/|website=[[BlackPast.org]]|access-date=February 26, 2020|archive-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415085650/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/anderson-marian-1897-1993/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Undaunted, Anderson pursued studies privately in her native city through the continued support of the Philadelphia black community, first with Agnes Reifsnyder, then [[Giuseppe Boghetti]]. She met Boghetti through the principal of her high school. Anderson auditioned for him by singing "[[Deep River (song)|Deep River]]"; he was immediately brought to tears. Boghetti scheduled a recital of English, Russian, Italian and German music at [[The Town Hall (New York City)|The Town Hall]] in New York City in April 1924; it took place in an almost empty hall and received poor reviews.{{sfn |Ferris|1994 |page= 33}}

In 1923 she made two recordings, "Deep River" and "My Way's Cloudy" for the Victor company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/101956/Anderson_Marian|title=Marian Anderson|website=Discography of American Historical Recordings|access-date=August 5, 2020|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130012653/https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/101956/Anderson_Marian|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early career==
In 1925, Anderson got her first big break at a singing competition sponsored by the [[New York Philharmonic]]. As the winner, she got to perform in concert with the orchestra on August&nbsp;26, 1925,<ref>{{cite book|last1= Aberjhani |title= Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance |year=2003 |publisher= Infobase |pages= 11–13 |first2= Sandra L. |last2= West}}</ref> a performance that scored immediate success with both the audience and music critics. Anderson continued her studies with [[Frank La Forge]] in New York. During this time, [[Arthur Judson]] became her manager. They met through the New York Philharmonic. Over the next several years, she made a number of concert appearances in the United States, but racial prejudice prevented her career from gaining momentum. Her first performance at [[Carnegie Hall]] was in 1928.<ref name="New journal and guide">{{Cite news |title=Marian Anderson in recital here this Monday night |date=December 1, 1928|work=New journal and guide }}</ref>

===Rosenwald Fund===
During her fall 1929 concert schedule, Anderson sang at [[Orchestra Hall (Chicago)|Orchestra Hall]] in Chicago, for which she received measured praise. Critic Herman Devries from the ''Chicago Evening American'' wrote, "[Anderson] reached near perfection in every requirement of vocal art—the tone was of superb timbre, the phrasing of utmost refinement, the style pure, discreet, musicianly. But after this there was a letdown, and we took away the impression of a talent still unripe, but certainly a talent of potential growth."{{sfn|Keiler|2000|p=90}} In the audience were two representatives from [[Julius Rosenwald]]'s philanthropic organization, the [[Rosenwald Fund]]. The organization's representatives, [[Ray Field]] and George Arthur, encouraged Anderson to apply for a [[Rosenwald Fund|Rosenwald Fellowship]], from which she received $1500 to study in [[Berlin]].{{sfn|Keiler|2000|pp=90–91}}

===European tours===
Anderson went to Europe, where she spent a number of months studying with [[Sara Cahier|Sara Charles-Cahier]] and [[Geni Sadero]]<ref name="Allan Keiler" /> before launching a highly successful European singing tour.<ref name="New journal and guide"/> In the summer of 1930, she went to [[Scandinavia]], where she met the Finnish pianist [[Kosti Vehanen]], who became her regular accompanist and her vocal coach for many years. She also met [[Jean Sibelius]] through Vehanen after he had heard her in a concert in [[Helsinki]]. Moved by her performance, Sibelius invited them to his home and asked his wife to bring champagne in place of the traditional coffee. Sibelius complimented Anderson on her performance; he felt that she had been able to penetrate the Nordic soul. The two struck up an immediate friendship, which further blossomed into a professional partnership, and for many years Sibelius altered and composed songs for Anderson. He created a new arrangement of the song "Solitude" and dedicated it to Anderson in 1939. Originally ''The Jewish Girl's Song'' from his 1906 incidental music to ''[[Belshazzar's Feast (Sibelius)|Belshazzar's Feast]]'', it later became the "Solitude" section of the orchestral suite derived from the incidental music.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/laulut_6.htm | title=Arrangements for voice and piano | publisher=The Finnish Club of Helsinki | access-date=February 23, 2007 | archive-date=September 27, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190523/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/laulut_6.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_belsazar.htm | title=Belshazzar's Feast | publisher=The Finnish Club of Helsinki | access-date=February 23, 2007 | archive-date=September 27, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190614/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_belsazar.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1933, Anderson made her European debut in a concert at [[Wigmore Hall]] in London, where she was received enthusiastically. In the first years of the 1930s, she toured Europe, where she did not encounter the prejudices she had experienced in America.{{sfn|Keiler|2000|page=76}} Anderson, accompanied by Vehanen, continued to tour throughout Europe during the mid-1930s. Before going back to Scandinavia, where fans had "Marian fever", she performed in Russia and the major cities of Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl200|title=Marian Anderson papers: Biography/History|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|access-date=November 24, 2014|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021040240/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl200|url-status=live}}</ref> She became a favorite of many conductors and composers of major European orchestras quickly.<ref name="Grove">Max de Schauensee/[[Alan Blyth]]: "Marian Anderson", ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', ed. L. Macy, accessed February 9, 2009 {{subscription required}}</ref> During a 1935 tour in [[Salzburg]], the conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]] told her she had a voice "heard once in a hundred years."<ref name="upenn4" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/anderson/anderson_m3.html|title=Marian Anderson Papers, ca. 1900–1993 – Scope and Content Note|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Library Special Collections-MA Register 4|date=January 31, 2003|access-date=December 6, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607092647/http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/anderson/anderson_m3.html|archive-date=June 7, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== American tours ===
In 1934, [[impresario]] [[Sol Hurok]] offered Anderson a better contract than she had with Arthur Judson previously. He became her manager and persuaded her to return to America to perform.{{sfn|Keiler|2000|page=159}} In 1935, Anderson made her second recital appearance at [[The Town Hall (New York City)|The Town Hall]], New York City, which received highly favorable reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferris|first=Jeri|title=What I Had Was Singing – The Story of Marian Anderson|publisher=[[Carolrhoda Books]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7613-5837-4|oclc=883266758}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref> She spent the next four years touring throughout the United States and Europe. She was offered opera roles by several European houses, but Anderson declined all of them due to her lack of acting experience. She did, however, record a number of arias in the studio, which became bestsellers.<ref name="Grove" />

Anderson's accomplishments as a singer did not make her immune to the [[Jim Crow laws]] in the 1930s. Although she gave approximately seventy recitals a year in the United States, Anderson was still turned away by some American hotels and restaurants. In the midst of this discrimination, [[Albert Einstein]], a champion of racial tolerance, hosted Anderson on many occasions, the first being in 1937 when she was denied a hotel room while performing at [[Princeton University]].<ref>Alicia Ault. "How Marian Anderson Became an Iconic Symbol for Equality." Smithsonian Magazine. August 14, 2019.  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-marian-anderson-became-iconic-symbol-equality-180972898/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130093136/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-marian-anderson-became-iconic-symbol-equality-180972898/ |date=January 30, 2022 }}</ref> Einstein's first hosting of Anderson became the subject of a play, "My Lord, What a Night", in 2021.<ref>Brenda C. Siler. When Marian Anderson Spent a Night With Albert Einstein. The Washington Informer. October 13, 2021.https://www.washingtoninformer.com/when-marian-anderson-spent-a-night-with-albert-einstein/</ref> She last stayed with him months before he died in 1955.<ref>Walter Isaacson, ''Einstein: His Life and Universe'', Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 445.</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=WVXCzVONbnU#t=4585|title=Mythos Einstein Leben und Werk eines Rebellen}}, [[Arte]], [https://programm.ard.de/TV/Untertitel/Nach-Rubriken/Dokus--Reportagen/Alle-Dokus/?sendung=2872416108155113 documentary, Germany 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402001147/https://programm.ard.de/TV/Untertitel/Nach-Rubriken/Dokus--Reportagen/Alle-Dokus/?sendung=2872416108155113 |date=April 2, 2019 }}</ref>

===1939 Lincoln Memorial concert===
{{external media|audio1= [https://archive.org/details/MarianAnderson1939 Anderson performing] <!--Schubert's [[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ave Maria]]; "Oh mio Fernando" from Donizetti's ''[[La favorite]]''; [[Spirituals]]: "[[The Gospel Train]]", "My Soul Is Anchored in the Lord", "Tramping", on the steps of--> at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939}}

In 1939, [[Sarah Corbin Robert]], head of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] (DAR) denied permission to Anderson for a concert on April 9 at [[DAR Constitution Hall]] under a white performers-only policy in effect at the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title= The World Book encyclopedia|date=2004|publisher= World Book |isbn=0-7166-0104-4|location= Chicago|oclc=52514287}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Hollis |title=Profits of Order |url=https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/essays/profits-order/ |website=BLARB |date=September 30, 2019 |publisher=LA Review of Books |access-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025184436/https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/essays/profits-order/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= "metearlycareer">{{cite web| title = Marian Anderson at the MET: The 50th Anniversary, Early Career | publisher = The Metropolitan Opera Guild | year = 2005 | url = http://www.marian-anderson.org/early_career.htm| access-date = October 8, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060206192456/http://www.marian-anderson.org/early_career.htm| archive-date = February 6, 2006 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= "DAR-anderson">{{cite web |title=NSDAR Archives Marian Anderson Documents (January–April 1939) |url=https://www.dar.org/national-society/nsdar-archives-marian-anderson-documents-january-april-1939 |website=Daughters of the American Revolution |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908122909/https://www.dar.org/national-society/nsdar-archives-marian-anderson-documents-january-april-1939 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to the policy on performers, Washington, DC, was a segregated city, and Black patrons were upset that they would have to sit at the back of [[DAR Constitution Hall|Constitution Hall]]. Furthermore, Constitution Hall did not have the segregated public bathrooms then required by DC law for such events. Other DC venues were not an option: for example, the [[District of Columbia]] Board of Education declined a request for the use of the auditorium of [[Cardozo Education Campus#Marian Anderson controversy|Central High School]], a white public high school.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=C32C5C0C615C49A9ABE9C9BBD1FE80AA&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F15694041AAE98CC8|title=What we can give|date=June 12, 2015|work=Rolla Daily News|access-date=March 4, 2020}}</ref>

The next day, [[Charles Edward Russell]], a co-founder of the [[NAACP|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) and chair of the DC citywide Inter-Racial Committee, held a meeting of the Marian Anderson Citizens Committee (MACC). This included the [[National Negro Congress]], the [[Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters]], the [[American Federation of Labor]], and the Washington Industrial Council-CIO, church leaders and activists in the city, and numerous other organizations. MACC elected [[Charles Hamilton Houston]] as its chairman and on February 20, the group picketed the Board of Education, collected signatures on petitions, and planned a mass protest at the next board meeting.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/dcs-old-jim-crow-rocked-by-1939-marian-anderson-concert/ |title= DC's Old Jim Crow Rocked by 1939 Marian Anderson Concert |last1= Simpson |first1= Craig |date= March 14, 2013 |work= Washington Spark |access-date= March 25, 2013 |archive-date= July 27, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130727072404/http://washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/dcs-old-jim-crow-rocked-by-1939-marian-anderson-concert/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

In the ensuing furor, thousands of DAR members, including [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], resigned from the organization.<ref name= "Leibovich-2008">Mark Leibovich, "Rights vs. Rights: An Improbable Collision Course", ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 13, 2008.</ref><ref name= "NYT">[[Allan Kozinn]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/09/obituaries/marian-anderson-is-dead-at-96-singer-shattered-racial-barriers.html "Marian Anderson Is Dead at 96; Singer Shattered Racial Barriers"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 9, 1993.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NBC Radio coverage of Marian Anderson's recital at the Lincoln Memorial |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/registry-by-induction-years/2008/ |website=[[National Recording Preservation Board]] |access-date=July 21, 2022 |date=April 9, 1939 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813210052/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/registry-by-induction-years/2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Roosevelt wrote to the DAR: "I am in complete disagreement with the attitude taken in refusing Constitution Hall to a great artist{{nbsp}}... You had an opportunity to lead in an enlightened way and it seems to me that your organization has failed."<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/eleanor-anderson/ "Biography: Marian Anderson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323173156/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/eleanor-anderson/ |date=March 23, 2017 }}, ''[[American Experience]]'', [[PBS]]</ref>

African American novelist [[Zora Neale Hurston]], however, criticized Roosevelt's failure to condemn the simultaneous decision of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, now the [[District of Columbia State Board of Education]], to exclude Anderson from singing at the segregated white [[Central High School (Washington, D.C.)|Central High School]].  Hurston declared "to jump the people responsible for racial bias would be to accuse and expose the accusers themselves. The District of Columbia has no home rule; it is controlled by congressional committees, and Congress at the time was overwhelmingly Democratic. It was controlled by the very people who were screaming so loudly against the DAR. To my way of thinking, both places should have been denounced, or neither."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beito |first=David |title=Zora and Eleanor: Toward a Fuller Understanding of the First Lady's Civil Rights Legacy |url=https://www.independent.org/news/article.asp?id=14736 |journal=Independent Institute |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118001406/https://www.independent.org/news/article.asp?id=14736 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the controversy grew, the American press overwhelmingly supported Anderson's right to sing. The ''[[Philadelphia Tribune]]'' wrote, "A group of tottering old ladies, who don't know the difference between patriotism and putridism, have compelled the gracious First Lady to apologize for their national rudeness." The ''[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]]'' wrote, "In these days of racial intolerance so crudely expressed in the Third Reich, an action such as the D.A.R.'s ban{{nbsp}}... seems all the more deplorable."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Concert that Stirred America's Conscience|url=https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/2/21/the-concert-that-stirred-americas-conscience|website=The Attic|date=February 21, 2019|access-date=March 19, 2019|archive-date=January 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123115437/https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/2/21/the-concert-that-stirred-americas-conscience|url-status=live}}</ref> With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt,<ref>[https://fdrlibrary.org/anderson Eleanor Roosevelt and Marian Anderson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028203905/https://www.fdrlibrary.org/anderson |date=October 28, 2022 }}, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]]</ref> President Roosevelt and [[Walter Francis White|Walter White]], then-executive secretary of the NAACP, and Anderson's manager, Sol Hurok, persuaded [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Harold L. Ickes]] to arrange an open-air concert on the steps of the [[Lincoln Memorial]].<ref name="Leibovich-2008" /> The concert was performed on Easter Sunday, April 9. Anderson was accompanied, as usual, by Vehanen. They began the performance with a dignified and stirring rendition of "[[My Country, 'Tis of Thee]]". The event attracted a crowd of more than 75,000 in addition to a national radio audience of millions.<ref>{{cite web| first = Jacqueline | last = Hansen |url= http://www.usps.com/communications/community/_txt/mariankit.txt |title= Marian Anderson, Voice of the Century |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=2005 |access-date=August 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100152/http://www.usps.com/communications/community/_txt/mariankit.txt |archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref>

Two months later, in conjunction with the 30th NAACP conference in [[Richmond, Virginia]], Eleanor Roosevelt gave a speech on national radio (NBC and CBS) and presented Anderson with the 1939 [[Spingarn Medal]] for distinguished achievement.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OVsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA213 | title=Along the N.A.A.C.P. Battlefront – Richmond Welcomes 30th N.A.A.C.P. Conference | journal= The Crisis | volume=46 | number=7 | date= July 1939 | quote= With the conference reaching its climax Sunday Afternoon in the speech of Mrs. Roosevelt presenting to Marian Anderson the 24th Spingarn Medal for distinguished achievement. Mrs Roosevelt's speech will be broadcast ofer both the National Broadcasting Company network and the Columbia Broadcasting chain of stations | access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> In 2001, a [[Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert|documentary film of the concert]] was chosen for the [[National Film Registry]], and in 2008, [[NBC]] radio coverage of the event was selected for the [[National Recording Registry]].<ref name="NYT" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Marian Anderson at Lincoln Memorial.webm|Newsreel footage of Anderson's concert at the Lincoln Memorial
File:MarianAndersonLincolnMemorial.png|Lincoln Memorial concert, April 9, 1939
File:Jamieson-Incident-in-Contemporary American-Life.tif|[[Mitchell Jamieson]]'s 1943 mural ''An Incident in Contemporary American Life'', at the United States [[Main Interior Building|Department of the Interior Building]], depicting the scene
</gallery>

==Mid-career==
<!-- Deleted image: [[File:Marian Anderson christens the liberty ship Booker T. Washington.jpg|thumb|Anderson christens [[Liberty ship]] ''[[SS Booker T. Washington]]'', 1942]]-->
{{Listen|image=none|help=no|type=music|header=[[Gustav Mahler]]'s ''[[Kindertotenlieder]]''|
filename=Mahler - Kindertotenlieder, I (Anderson, Monteux, 1950).ogg|title=1. "Nun will die Sonn' so hell aufgehn" (4:40)|
filename2=Mahler - Kindertotenlieder, II (Anderson, Monteux, 1950).ogg|title2=2. "Nun seh' ich wohl, warum so dunkle Flammen" (3:58)|
filename3=Mahler - Kindertotenlieder, III (Anderson, Monteux, 1950).ogg|title3=3. "Wenn dein Mütterlein" (4:12)|
filename4=Mahler - Kindertotenlieder, IV (Anderson, Monteux, 1950).ogg|title4="4. "Oft denk' ich, sie sind nur ausgegangen" (3:03)|
filename5=Mahler - Kindertotenlieder, V (Anderson, Monteux, 1950).ogg|title5=5. "In diesem Wetter, in diesem Braus" (6:11)|
description5=Anderson with the [[San Francisco Symphony]], conducted by [[Pierre Monteux]] (1950)}}
{{external media|audio1= [https://www.wnyc.org/series/lewisohn-stadium-concert/2 Anderson performing] with [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]] <!--in Claudio Monteverdi's "Lamento d'Arianna; Giuseppe Verdi's Don Carlos; and Negro Spirituals with Dimitri Metropoulos--> at [[Lewisohn Stadium]] in 1952}}

During [[World War II]] and the [[Korean War]], Anderson entertained troops in hospitals and at bases. In 1943, she sang at the [[Constitution Hall]], having been invited by the DAR to perform before an integrated audience as part of a benefit for the [[American Red Cross]]. She said of the event, "When I finally walked onto the stage of Constitution Hall, I felt no different than I had in other halls. There was no sense of triumph. I felt that it was a beautiful concert hall and I was very happy to sing there." In contrast, the District of Columbia Board of Education continued to bar her from using the high school auditorium in the District of Columbia.<ref name="NYT" />

<gallery widths="145px" heights="200px">
File:Marian Anderson - DOI 1943.jpg|Anderson at the Department of the Interior in 1943, commemorating her 1939 concert
File:Marian Anderson, by Laura Wheeler Waring (1944).jpg|Portrait of Marian Anderson by [[Laura Wheeler Waring]] (1944).
</gallery>

=== Ford 50th Anniversary Show ===
On June 15, 1953, Anderson headlined ''[[The Ford 50th Anniversary Show]]'', which was broadcast live from New York City on both [[NBC]] and [[CBS]]. Midway through the program, she sang "[[He's Got the Whole World in His Hands]]". She returned to close the program with her rendition of the "[[Battle Hymn of the Republic]]". The program attracted an audience of 60&nbsp;million viewers. Forty years after the broadcast, television critic [[Tom Shales]] recalled the broadcast as both "a landmark in television" and "a milestone in the cultural life of the '50s".<ref>{{cite news|title=Ford's 50th anniversary show was milestone of '50s culture|newspaper=Palm Beach Daily News|date=December 26, 1993|page=B3|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59934494/fords-50th-anniversary-show-was/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029081126/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59934494/fords-50th-anniversary-show-was/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== The Metropolitan Opera ===
On January 7, 1955, Anderson became the first African American to sing with the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in New York. At the invitation of director [[Rudolf Bing]], she sang the part of Ulrica in [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'' (opposite [[Zinka Milanov]], then [[Herva Nelli]], as Amelia).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.afrovoices.com/anderson.html | title = Marian Anderson Biography | work = Afrocentric Voices | first = Randye | last = Jones | access-date = February 12, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180615124317/http://www.afrovoices.com/anderson.html | archive-date = June 15, 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Anderson later said about the evening, "The curtain rose on the second scene and I was there on stage, mixing the witch's brew. I trembled, and when the audience applauded and applauded before I could sing a note, I felt myself tightening into a knot." Although she never appeared with the company again, Anderson was named a permanent member of the Metropolitan Opera company. The following year, her autobiography, ''My Lord, What a Morning'', was published, and became a bestseller.<ref name="NYT" />

=== Presidential inaugurations and goodwill ambassador tours ===
In 1957, she sang for President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s inauguration,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugurations {{!}} Eisenhower Presidential Library |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers-presidential-years/inaugurations |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118235402/https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers-presidential-years/inaugurations |url-status=live }}</ref> and toured India and the Far East as a goodwill ambassador through the U.S. State Department and the [[American National Theater and Academy]]. She traveled {{convert|35000|mi|km}} in 12 weeks, giving 24 concerts. After that, President Eisenhower appointed her a delegate to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. The same year, she was elected Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 18, 2011|archive-date=June 18, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085753/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1958, she was officially designated a delegate to the United Nations, a formalization of her role as "goodwill ambassadress" of the U.S.<ref name="NYT" />

On January 20, 1961, she sang for President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s inauguration, and in 1962 she performed for President Kennedy and other dignitaries in the [[East Room]] of the [[White House]] and toured Australia.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/marian-anderson-calls-on-kennedy-at-white-house.html "Marian Anderson Calls on Kennedy at White House"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828173336/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/marian-anderson-calls-on-kennedy-at-white-house.html |date=August 28, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 23, 1962.</ref> She was active in supporting the civil rights movement during the 1960s. She performed benefit concerts in aid of the [[America-Israel Cultural Foundation]], the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the [[Congress of Racial Equality]]. In 1963, she sang at the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]]. That same year, she received one of the newly reinstituted [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], which is awarded for "especially meritorious contributions to the security or national interest of the United States, World Peace or cultural or other significant public or private endeavors." She also released an album, ''Snoopycat: The Adventures of Marian Anderson's Cat Snoopy'', which included short stories and songs about her beloved black cat.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Marian |title=Snoopycat: The Adventures of Marian Anderson's Cat Snoopy |url=https://folkways.si.edu/marian-anderson/snoopycat-the-adventures-of-marian-andersons-cat-snoopy/african-american-music-childrens/album/smithsonian |website=[[Smithsonian Folkways]] |access-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423082644/http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=1388 |archive-date=April 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, Anderson concluded her farewell tour, after which she retired from public performance. The international tour began at Constitution Hall on Saturday October 24, 1964, and ended on April 18, 1965, at [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref name="NYT" /> In 1965, she christened the nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarine {{USS|George Washington Carver|SSBN-656|6}}.{{sfn|Keiler|2000|pages=239}}

==Later life==
[[File:Marian Anderson - NARA - 559192.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting by [[Betsy Graves Reyneau]]]]

Although Anderson retired from singing in 1965, she continued to appear publicly. She often narrated [[Aaron Copland]]'s ''[[Lincoln Portrait]]'', with her nephew [[James DePreist|James DePriest]] conducting.<ref name="Brooks Higginbotham-2004">{{Cite book|last1=Brooks Higginbotham|first1=Evelyn|title=African American Lives|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-988286-1|pages=25}}</ref> In 1976, Copland conducted a performance with the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] at [[Saratoga Springs, New York|Saratoga]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arsenault, Raymond.|title=The sound of freedom: Marian Anderson, the Lincoln Memorial, and the concert that awakened America|date=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-59691-578-7|edition=1st U.S.|location=New York|pages=120|oclc=236341217}}</ref> Her achievements were recognized with many honors, including the [[University of Pennsylvania Glee Club]] Award of Merit in 1973;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/gleeclub/MEMBERS_merit.html |title=The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit Recipients |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209191432/http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/gleeclub/MEMBERS_merit.html |archive-date=February 9, 2012 }}</ref> the United Nations Peace Prize, New York City's [[Handel Medallion]], and the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], all in 1977;<ref>{{Citation | last = Quindlen | first = Anna | author-link = Anna Quindlen | title = Marian Anderson Honored at 75 by Carnegie Hall Concert | newspaper = The New York Times | page = 24 | date = February 28, 1977 }}</ref> [[Kennedy Center Honors]] in 1978; the [[George Peabody Medal]] in 1981; the [[National Medal of Arts]] in 1986; and a [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement]] in 1991. A half-ounce gold commemorative medal was embossed with her portrait by the [[United States Treasury Department]] in 1980. Four years later, she was the first person to be honored with the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award of the City of New York.<ref name="NYT" /> She was awarded 24 honorary doctoral degrees, by [[Howard University]], [[Temple University]], [[Smith College]], [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|Saint Mary's College]] and many other colleges and universities.<ref name="Brooks Higginbotham-2004" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jocolibrary.bibliocommons.com/v2/list/display/391182847/2047708383 |title=Marian Anderson }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:"Marian Anderson, world's greatest contralto, entertains a group of overseas veterans and WACs on (the) stage of the San - NARA - 535928.tif|thumb|right|Anderson entertains a group of overseas veterans and [[Women's Army Corps|WACs]] on the stage of the San Antonio Municipal Auditorium, 1945.]]

On July 17, 1943, Anderson became the second wife of architect Orpheus H. "King" Fisher in [[Bethel, Connecticut]]. Fisher had asked her to marry him when they were teenagers, but she declined at that time because she feared it would have forestalled her music career.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first= Victoria Garrett |title=Sterling Biographies: Marian Anderson: A Voice Uplifted |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4uVNOiy7MtoC |year=2008 |publisher= Sterling |isbn= 978-1-4027-4239-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/marianandersonvo0000jone vi], [https://archive.org/details/marianandersonvo0000jone/page/118 118]}}</ref> The wedding was a private ceremony performed by United Methodist pastor Rev. Jack Grenfell and was the subject of a short story titled "The 'Inside' Story", written by Rev. Grenfell's wife, Dr. [[Clarine Coffin Grenfell]], in her book ''Women My Husband Married, including Marian Anderson''.<ref name= upenn4>{{cite web|url= http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/anderson/anderson_m4.html|title=Penn Special Collections-MA Register 4 |publisher= U Penn |access-date= December 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028235530/http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/mss/anderson/anderson_m4.html |archive-date=October 28, 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.library.umaine.edu/speccoll/FindingAids/GrenfellC.htm |title= Fogler Library: Finding Guide to the Clarine Coffin Grenfell Papers |publisher= U Maine |access-date=December 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202103349/http://www.library.umaine.edu/speccoll/FindingAids/GrenfellC.htm |archive-date= February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>Clarine Coffin Grenfell, Lornagrace Grenfell Stuart, [http://www.lookupbyisbn.com/Search/Book/978-0961276621/1 ''Women My Husband Married, including Marian Anderson''] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181123141638/https://www.lookupbyisbn.com/Search/Book/978-0961276621/1 |date= November 23, 2018}}, Grenfell Reading Center, 2000, {{ISBN|0-9612766-2-2}}.</ref> According to Dr. Grenfell, the wedding was originally supposed to take place in the parsonage, but because of a bake sale on the lawn of the [[Bethel United Methodist Church (Bethel, Connecticut)|Bethel United Methodist Church]], the ceremony was moved at the last minute to the Elmwood Chapel, on the site of the Elmwood Cemetery in Bethel, in order to keep the event private.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bethellibrary.org/info/local.htm |title= Local Organizations List |publisher= Bethel Public Library |access-date= December 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512112026/http://www.bethellibrary.org/info/local.htm |archive-date= May 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Books/TTS1996.pdf |title= General Conference Archives |publisher= Adventist archives |access-date= December 13, 2012 |archive-date= December 4, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191204165006/http://documents.adventistarchives.org/Books/TTS1996.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>

By this marriage she gained a stepson, James Fisher, from her husband's previous marriage to Ida Gould, a white woman.{{sfn |Keiler|2000}}

In 1940, seeking a retreat away from the public eye, Anderson and Fisher purchased a three-story Victorian farmhouse on a {{convert |100|acre|ha|adj=on}} farm in [[Danbury, Connecticut]], after an exhaustive search throughout New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Through the years, he built many structures on the property, including an acoustic rehearsal studio he designed for his wife. The property remained Anderson's home for almost 50 years.<ref>[[William H. Honan]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/09/nyregion/for-a-legend-a-fitting-encore.html "For a Legend, A Fitting Encore"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226051721/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/09/nyregion/for-a-legend-a-fitting-encore.html |date=February 26, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 9, 2003.</ref>

From 1943, she resided at the farm that Orpheus had named Marianna Farm.<ref>Colebrook, Jessica, [http://www.ctvisit.com/travelstories/details/marian-anderson-studio/80 Travel Stories: Marian Anderson Studio] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121020020353/http://ctvisit.com/travelstories/details/marian-anderson-studio/80 |date= October 20, 2012}}, Connecticut Office of Tourism (2013).</ref> The farm was on Joe's Hill Road, in the [[Mill Plain, Danbury, Connecticut|Mill Plain]] section of western [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]]. She constructed a three-bedroom ranch house as a residence, and she used a separate one-room structure as her studio. In 1996, the farm was named one of 60 sites on the Connecticut Freedom Trail. The studio was moved to downtown Danbury as the Marian Anderson studio.<ref name= JA>Jay Axelbank, [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/23/nyregion/rare-voice-gracious-neighbor.html "Rare Voice, Gracious Neighbor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811235037/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/23/nyregion/rare-voice-gracious-neighbor.html |date=August 11, 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', November 23, 1997</ref><ref>[http://www.nycroads.com/roads/I-84_CT/ I-84] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123194405/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/I-84_CT/ |date=January 23, 2013 }}, NY Croads.</ref>

As a town resident, Anderson wished to live as normally as possible, declining offers to be treated in restaurants and stores as a celebrity. She was known to visit the Danbury State Fair and sang at the city hall on the occasion of the lighting of Christmas ornaments. She gave a concert at the [[Danbury High School]],  served on the board of the Danbury Music Center, and supported the [[Charles Ives]] Center for the Arts and the Danbury Chapter of the NAACP.<ref name=JA />

In 1986, Orpheus Fisher died after 43 years of marriage. Anderson remained in residence at Marianna Farm until 1992, one year before her death. Although the property was sold to developers, various preservationists as well as the City of Danbury fought to protect Anderson's studio. Their efforts proved successful, and the [[Danbury Museum and Historical Society]] received a grant from the state of Connecticut, relocated and restored the structure, and opened it to the public in 2004. In addition to seeing the studio, visitors can see photographs and memorabilia from milestones in Anderson's career.<ref>Alice DuBois, [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/26/travel/travel-advisory-a-place-to-remember-marian-anderson.html "Travel Advisory; A Place to Remember Marian Anderson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409093739/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/26/travel/travel-advisory-a-place-to-remember-marian-anderson.html |date=April 9, 2024 }}, ''The New York Times'', September 26, 2004. ''The New York Times''. Last accessed August 6, 2010.</ref><ref>Michael Schuman, "Singer Marian Anderson, who overcame racism, graced Danbury, Conn.", ''Albany Times-Union'', June 6, 2010, Travel section p. 5. Found at [http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/Singer-Marian-Anderson-who-overcame-racism-551914.php Times Union archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717061115/http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/Singer-Marian-Anderson-who-overcame-racism-551914.php |date=July 17, 2011 }}. Accessed August 6, 2010.</ref>

[[File:M Anderson Eden Cemetery Delco PA.JPG|thumb|Marian Anderson gravestone in [[Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)|Eden Cemetery]]]]

In 1992, Anderson relocated to the home of her nephew, conductor [[James DePreist]], in [[Portland, Oregon]]. She died there on April 8, 1993, of [[congestive heart failure]], at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Ware|editor-first=Susan|title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century|volume=5|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2004|isbn= 978-0-674-01488-6|page=25}}</ref> She is interred at [[Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)|Eden Cemetery]], in [[Collingdale, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mengers |first1=Patti |title=Singer's courage recalled on anniversary of historic performance |url=https://www.delcotimes.com/news/singers-courage-recalled-on-anniversary-of-historic-performance/article_10cbb527-44a9-5b9e-967f-183ebf1d5270.html |website=www.delcotimes.com |date=April 10, 2009 |publisher=Delco Times |access-date=November 2, 2020 |archive-date=November 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102232158/https://www.delcotimes.com/news/singers-courage-recalled-on-anniversary-of-historic-performance/article_10cbb527-44a9-5b9e-967f-183ebf1d5270.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
{{ external media|audio1=[https://archive.org/details/BRAHMSAltoRhapsody-NEWTRANSFER Anderson performing] Brahms' ''[[Alto Rhapsody]]'' with [[Pierre Monteux]] conducting the [[San Francisco Symphony]] in 1945}}
* 1939: [[NAACP]] [[Spingarn Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=NAACP {{!}} Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to today|url=https://www.naacp.org/awards/spingarn-medal/winners/|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=NAACP|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412223842/https://naacp.org/awards/spingarn-medal/winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1963: [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Presidential Medal of Freedom|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/presidential-medal-of-freedom|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=John F. Kennedy: Presidential Library and Museum|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805230457/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy/fast-facts-john-f-kennedy/presidential-medal-of-freedom|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1973: [[University of Pennsylvania]] Glee Club Award of Merit<ref>{{Cite web|title=Penn Glee Club: Awards|url=http://penngleeclub.website/about-us/awards/|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=Penn Glee Club|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817140839/http://penngleeclub.website/about-us/awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1973: [[National Women's Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/marian-anderson/|title=Anderson, Marian|website=National Women's Hall of Fame – Marion Anderson|access-date=November 19, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015137/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/marian-anderson/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1977: United Nations Peace Prize<ref name="Quindlen-1977">{{Cite news|last=Quindlen|first=Anna|date=February 28, 1977|title=Marian Anderson Honored at 75 by Carnegie Hall Concert|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/28/archives/marian-anderson-honored-at-75-by-carnegie-hall-concert-rosalynn.html|access-date=September 1, 2020|archive-date=September 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908122909/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/28/archives/marian-anderson-honored-at-75-by-carnegie-hall-concert-rosalynn.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1977: New York City – [[Handel Medallion]]<ref name="Quindlen-1977" />
* 1977: [[Congressional Gold Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 8, 1977|title=The Congressional Gold Medal for Singer Marian Anderson|url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Congressional-Gold-Medal-for-singer-Marian-Anderson/|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=United States House of Representative: History, Art & Archives|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928203349/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Congressional-Gold-Medal-for-singer-Marian-Anderson/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1978: [[Kennedy Center Honors]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kennedy Center Honors 1978 [Honorees: Fred Astaire, Richard Roders, George Balanchine, Marion Anderson, Arthur Rubenstein] (TV) |url=https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=&p=1&item=100561 |website=www.paleycenter.org |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129043619/https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=&p=1&item=100561 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1980: [[United States Treasury Department]] gold commemorative medal<ref>{{cite news |title=Gold Sale: A Modern Gold Rush |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58470951/gold-sale-a-modern-gold-rush/ |work=The Charlotte Observer |date=July 21, 1980 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124202232/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58470951/gold-sale-a-modern-gold-rush/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1984: Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award of the City of New York<ref>{{cite news |title=Eleanor Roosevelt's Human Rights Efforts Remembered with Award |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58470300/eleanor-roosevelts-human-rights/ |work=Tyler Morning Telegraph |date=July 26, 1984 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201154512/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58470300/eleanor-roosevelts-human-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1986: [[National Medal of Arts]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Marian Anderson |url=https://www.arts.gov/honors/medals/marian-anderson |website=NEA |language=en |date=April 9, 2013 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929143308/https://www.arts.gov/honors/medals/marian-anderson |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1991: [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/lifetime-achievement-awards |website=GRAMMY.com |language=en |date=October 18, 2010 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120230905/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/lifetime-achievement-awards |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate from [[Howard University]], [[Temple University]], [[Smith College]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Marian Anderson History {{!}} Marian Anderson Campaign |url=https://www.wcsu.edu/mariananderson/marian-anderson-history/ |website=www.wcsu.edu |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622184546/https://www.wcsu.edu/mariananderson/marian-anderson-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1998: [[American Classical Music Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Anderson, Marian |url=https://classicalwalkoffame.org/view-inductees/?id=4 |website=Classical Music Walk of Fame |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401044819/https://classicalwalkoffame.org/view-inductees/?id=4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:MarianAnderson.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=This eight foot bronze sculpture was erected on November 9, 2006, in front of Twichell Auditorium on the campus of Converse College in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Designed by New York-based artist Meredith Bergmann and commissioned by the college; the sculpture is housed permanently on the campus.|Sculpture of Anderson, [[Converse College]], South Carolina]]

The life and art of Anderson has been commemorated by writers, artists, and city, state, and national organizations. The following is a selected list:

* She was an example and an inspiration to both [[Leontyne Price]] and [[Jessye Norman]].<ref name="NYT" />
* [[1948 in radio|1948]]: The [[anthology series|anthology]] radio [[radio drama|drama]] ''[[Destination Freedom]]'' recapped her earlier life in the episode "Choir Girl from Philadelphia".<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=MacDonald |editor1-first=J. Fred |editor-link=J. Fred MacDonald |title=Richard Durham's Destination Freedom |date=1989 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |isbn=0-275-93138-2|page=x}}</ref>
* 1976: Among the historical figures featured in the artwork ''[[United States Bicentennial|Our Nation's 200th Birthday]], [[Invention of the telephone|The Telephone's 100th Birthday]]'' by [[Stanley Meltzoff]] for [[Bell System]].<ref>[https://www.jklmuseum.com/tag/stanley-meltzoff/ "Stanley Meltzoff Archives: The 1976 Bell System Telephone Book Cover"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813094451/https://www.jklmuseum.com/tag/stanley-meltzoff/ |date=August 13, 2021 }} [[JKL Museum of Telephony]] (December 19, 2015); retrieved March 16, 2021</ref>
* 1999: A one-act musical play entitled ''My Lord, What a Morning: The Marian Anderson Story'' was produced by the [[Kennedy Center]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Leslie |last=Kandell|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E7D6123EF930A25751C0A9669C8B63 |title=Highlights in the Life Of Marian Anderson|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 13, 2003}}</ref> The musical took its title from Anderson's memoir, published by Viking in 1956.<ref>{{Cite book|title=My Lord, what a morning : an autobiography|author=Anderson, Marian|date=2002|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-07053-4|location=Urbana|oclc=47849455}}</ref>
* 2001: The 1939 documentary film, ''[[Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert]]'' was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."<ref name="NYT" />
* 2002: [[Molefi Kete Asante]] included Anderson in his book,''[[100 Greatest African Americans]]''.<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|1-57392-963-8}}.</ref>
* 2005: [[List of people on stamps of the United States|U.S. postage stamp]] honored Anderson as part of the Black Heritage series.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E6DD103DF935A35750C0A9639C8B63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529173230/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/06/nyregion/noticed-oops-9yearold-spots-a-typo.html |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |title=Noticed; Oops! 9-year-old spots a typo |first=Jeff |last=Holtz |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 5, 2005 |access-date=July 21, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Anderson is also pictured on the US$5,000 Series I United States [[Treasury security|Savings Bond]].<ref>[http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm What Paper "I" Savings Bonds Look Like] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612144048/http://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/ibonds/res_ibonds_ibondslooklike.htm |date=June 12, 2013 }}, [[United States Treasury]], December 28, 2011.</ref>
* 2008: A [[BBC Radio 4]] documentary, ''Freedom Song'' produced by Ekene Akalawu, was first broadcast on January 24, 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008q0sr|title=Freedom Song|website=BBC Radio 4|access-date=November 17, 2008|archive-date=September 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923224652/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008q0sr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2008: American band director, Captain [[Kenneth R. Force]], USMS, in an interview listed Anderson as a defining influence from his childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Update - A Force for British Style Band Music at King's Point |url=http://www.educationupdate.com/archives/2008/FEB/html/spot-mus-force.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.educationupdate.com}}</ref>
* 2011: The [[Marian Anderson House]], in Philadelphia, was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Marian Anderson House |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/marian-anderson-house.htm |website=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721035808/https://www.nps.gov/places/marian-anderson-house.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 14, 2011 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form |url=https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H128869_01H.pdf |work=Pennsylvania Department of Transportation |access-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814163408/https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H128869_01H.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2016: The Union Baptist Church (Built 1915–16), 1910 Fitzwater Street, Philadelphia, PA, was added to the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, under Criteria A and J, the former being for its association with Marian Anderson, providing regulatory protection to the building from alteration and demolition.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Beisert|first1=Oscar|last2=Duffin|first2=J. M.|date=August 3, 2016|title=Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Union Baptist Church (1915–16)|url=http://keepingphiladelphia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1910-Fitzwater-St-nom.pdf|access-date=November 27, 2020|publisher=Keeping Society of Philadelphia|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126092627/http://keepingphiladelphia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1910-Fitzwater-St-nom.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Jack Lew]] announced that Anderson would appear along with [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] on the back of the redesigned US$5 bill scheduled to be unveiled in the year 2020, the 100th anniversary of [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th Amendment]] of the Constitution that granted women in America the right to vote.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0436.aspx|title=Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman, Lays Out Plans for New $20, $10 and $5|date=April 20, 2016|publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|access-date=September 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813154541/https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0436.aspx|archive-date=August 13, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kutner |first=Max |date=April 21, 2016 |title=Who Is Marian Anderson, the Woman on the New $5 Bill? |url=http://www.newsweek.com/who-marian-anderson-5-bill-450795 |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=September 2, 2016 |archive-date=August 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830192608/http://www.newsweek.com/who-marian-anderson-5-bill-450795 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2019: Anderson was profiled in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]]’s One Life: Marian Anderson.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SisumD |date=2018-06-26 |title=One Life: Marian Anderson |url=https://npg.si.edu/exhibition/one-life-marian-anderson?utm_source=si.edu&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=MyVisitSI |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=npg.si.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Institution |first=Smithsonian |title=National Portrait Gallery Presents “One Life: Marian Anderson” |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/national-portrait-gallery-presents-one-life-marian-anderson |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}</ref>
* 2021: Anderson's life and the 1939 Constitution Hall controversy and her subsequent concert at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] were the subject of a documentary, ''Voice of Freedom'', that aired as an episode of ''[[American Experience (season 33)|American Experience]]'' on [[PBS]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Voice of Freedom: Turbulent Times Turned An Artist Into A Hero |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/voice-freedom/ |website=American Experience |publisher=PBS |access-date=February 17, 2021 |date=February 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216130935/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/voice-freedom/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* London, England, has a pub called The Marian Anderson, on Bowling Green Lane, [[Clerkenwell]], London EC1R 0BJ.
* 2024: On June 8, Verizon Hall at the [[Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts]] was renamed Marian Anderson Hall in her honor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dobrin |first1=Peter |title=It's official: Philadelphia Orchestra's home now called Marian Anderson Hall |date=June 8, 2024 |url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/philadelphia-orchestra-kimmel-center-marian-anderson-hall-20240608.html |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=June 9, 2024 |archive-date=June 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609020458/https://www.inquirer.com/arts/philadelphia-orchestra-kimmel-center-marian-anderson-hall-20240608.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Marian Anderson Award==
Anderson established the [[Marian Anderson Award]] in 1943 after she was awarded [[The Philadelphia Award]] in 1940, which included $25,000 in prize money ({{Inflation|index=US|value=25000|start_year=1940|r=0|fmt=eq}}). Anderson used the money to establish a singing competition to help support young singers. The prize fund was exhausted in due course and disbanded in 1976. In 1990, the award was re-established and issued annually up to 2019, when the last award was granted to [[Kool & the Gang]].

In 1998, the Marian Anderson Award prize money was restructured to be given to an established artist, not necessarily a singer, who exhibits leadership in a humanitarian area.<ref>[http://www.marianandersonaward.org/default.aspx?page=aboutthereward About the Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320180535/http://www.marianandersonaward.org/default.aspx?page=aboutthereward |date=March 20, 2012 }}, MarianAndersonaward.org</ref>

In 2020 and 2021, ceremonies were canceled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]].

In 2022, the Award moved from a private operation to a program administered by [[Play On Philly]], a classical music education organization aimed at local youth. Instead of an annual award ceremony, the funds were used to create the ''Marian Anderson Young Artist Program'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Play On Philly acquires the Marian Anderson Award |url=https://whyy.org/articles/play-on-philly-acquires-the-marian-anderson-award/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=WHYY |language=en-US |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224052202/https://whyy.org/articles/play-on-philly-acquires-the-marian-anderson-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a tuition-free program with a mission to "serve those individuals whose communities have historically been excluded from the highest levels of musical excellence due to structural barriers in our country."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marian Anderson Young Artist Program |url=https://playonphilly.org/marian-anderson-young-artist-program/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Play On Philly |language=en-US |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172317/https://playonphilly.org/marian-anderson-young-artist-program/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Classical music|United States|Opera}}
* [[List of African-American firsts|List of African American firsts]]
* [[List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Marian Anderson House]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''Sources'''
* {{cite book |last=Keiler |first=Allan |year=2000 |title=Marian Anderson: A Singer's Journey |url=https://archive.org/details/marianandersonsi00keil |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |isbn=978-0-684-80711-9}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[Raymond Arsenault|Arsenault, Raymond]], ''The Sound of Freedom: Marian Anderson, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Concert that Awakened America''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-59691-578-7}}.
* [[Russell Freedman|Freedman, Russell]], ''The Voice that Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights''. New York: Clarion Books, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-618-15976-5}}.
* Sims-Wood, Janet L, ''Marian Anderson: An Annotated Bibliography and Discography''. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981. {{ISBN|978-0-313-22559-8}}.
* {{Cite book|last=Steane|first=J. B.|author-link=J. B. Steane|title=Singers of the Century|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-57467-009-7|location=London|pages=46–50|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Story|first=Rosalyn|title=And So I Sing: African American Divas of Opera and Concert|publisher=Amistad Press|year=1993|isbn=978-1-56743-011-0|location=New York|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vehanen|first=Kosti |year=2018 |orig-year=1941 |title=Marian Anderson: A Portrait |location=New York |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-0-8371-4051-3 |ref=none}}

== Biographical entries ==
* FemBio, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324022837/http://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/marian-anderson/ "Marian Anderson"]
* Hamilton, David. (1987). ''[http://www.folklib.net/index/discog/bibliog7.shtml#kq The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide to the World of Opera]''. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo: Simon and Schuster, p.&nbsp;22. {{ISBN|0-671-61732-X}}.
* Hamilton, Mary. (1990). ''[http://www.folklib.net/index/discog/bibliog7.shtml#kr A–Z of Opera]''. New York, Oxford, Sydney: Facts On File, p.&nbsp;17. {{ISBN|0-8160-2340-9}}.
* Carlton Higginbotham, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071206145730/http://www.bassocantante.com/opera/anderson.html "Biography of Marian Anderson"]
* [[Kennedy Center]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106115838/http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=showIndividual&entitY_id=3688&source_type=A "Biography of Marian Anderson"]
* [[Harold Rosenthal|Rosenthal, Harold]] and [[John Warrack]] (1979, 2nd ed.). ''[http://www.folklib.net/index/discog/bibliog7.shtml#ko The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera]''. London, New York and Melbourne: Oxford University Press, p.&nbsp;11. {{ISBN|0-19-311318-X}}.
* [[Stanley Sadie|Sadie, Stanley]] and Christina Bashford (1992). ''[http://www.folklib.net/index/discog/bibliog7.shtml#kn The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]''. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Vol. 1, p.&nbsp;123. {{ISBN|0-935859-92-6}}.
* Sadie, Stanley and John Tyrrell. (2001).''[https://web.archive.org/web/20071030142631/http://www.folklib.net/index/discog/bibliog.shtml#km The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]''. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Vol. 1, p.&nbsp;615. {{ISBN|0-333-60800-3}}.
* Virtual Museum of History, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531004300/http://www.virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofhistory/hallofwomen/MARIANANDERSON.NET/ "Marian Anderson"]
* [[John Warrack|Warrack, John]] and Ewan West (1996). ''[http://www.folklib.net/index/discog/bibliog7.shtml#kp The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera]'' (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, p.&nbsp;13. {{ISBN|0-19-280028-0}}.

== Selected discography ==
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000823994}}
* {{Discogs artist|a3131431}}
* [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/101956/Anderson_Marian Marian Anderson] on Discography of American Historical Recordings
* [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Anderson-Marian.htm Marian Anderson: Biography and Bach Cantatas Recordings] on Bach Cantatas

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Marian Anderson}}
* [http://marianandersonhistoricalsociety.weebly.com Marian Anderson Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020020353/http://ctvisit.com/travelstories/details/marian-anderson-studio/80 The singer's former practice studio, now the Marian Anderson Studio, relocated to the Danbury Museum and Historical Society]
* [http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/gisrch2k.r?Term=Anderson,%20Marian%20%5BMezzo%20Soprano%5D&limit=5000&vsrchtype=no&xBranch=ALL&xmtype=&Start=&End=&theterm=And%65%72son,%20Ma%72ian%20%5BM%65zzo%20Sop%72ano%5D&srt=&x=0&xHome=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/bibpro.htm&xHomePath=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/ Metropolitan Opera performances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000403/http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/gisrch2k.r?Term=Anderson,%20Marian%20%5BMezzo%20Soprano%5D&limit=5000&vsrchtype=no&xBranch=ALL&xmtype=&Start=&End=&theterm=And%65%72son,%20Ma%72ian%20%5BM%65zzo%20Sop%72ano%5D&srt=&x=0&xHome=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/bibpro.htm&xHomePath=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/ |date=November 19, 2018 }} (MetOpera database)
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.36207.r2|name=Army-Navy Screen Magazine{{noitalic|, No. 41 (Reel 2) (1944)}}}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/video/marian-anderson-documentary-sovp8o/ PBS American Masters "Marian Anderson: The Whole World in Her Hands"]
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/568 Marian Anderson Papers] in the [[Sophia Smith Collection]], Smith College Special Collection
* University of Pennsylvania exhibitions and collections:
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418141854/http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/anderson/index.html Online exhibition] at the [[University of Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania Library]], largest online collection of images, includes Anderson's papers, audio and film archives.
** [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=EAD_upenn_rbml_MsColl200 Marian Anderson papers], [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl708 supplementary records], Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, [[University of Pennsylvania]]
** [https://fromthepage.com/upenn/diaries-and-notebooks-of-marian-anderson Diaries and Notebooks of Marian Anderson], From the Page, [[University of Pennsylvania]]
* [[iarchive:MarianAnderson|Marian Anderson]], [[FBI]] file
* {{IMDb name|0993450|Marian Anderson}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080325112918/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2006-01/2006-01-14-voa2.cfm Voice of America segment on Marian Anderson] (click on MP3 link)
* Marian Anderson singing the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|National Anthem]] at [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight Eisenhower]]'s second inauguration in 1957. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhJV7TyAFPg
* [https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/marian-anderson-discusses-her-career-and-how-she-interprets-songs Marian Anderson interview with Studs Terkel], February 20, 1960

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Marian Anderson
| list =
{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s}}
{{NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award}}
{{National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s|state=autocollapse}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame|1970–1979}}
{{Spingarn Medal}}
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Marian}}
[[Category:Marian Anderson| ]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women opera singers]]
[[Category:African-American women opera singers]]
[[Category:American contraltos]]
[[Category:Burials at Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:George Peabody Medal winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Litteris et Artibus recipients]]
[[Category:Musicians from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:RCA Records artists]]
[[Category:Singers from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:South Philadelphia High School alumni]]
[[Category:Victor Records artists]]