Editing Marguerite Yourcenar

{{short description|French novelist and essayist (1903–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Marguerite Yourcenar
| image            = Marguerite Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04.Bernhard De Grendel (9).jpg
| caption          = Yourcenar in 1982
| birth_name       = Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck de Crayencour
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1903|06|08}}
| birth_place      = [[Brussels]], Belgium
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1987|12|17|1903|06|08}}
| death_place      = [[Bar Harbor, Maine]], US
| occupation       = {{cslist|Novelist|essayist|poet}}
| nationality      = {{cslist|French|American}}
| partners          = [[Grace Frick]] (1937–1979; Frick's death)<br>
Jerry Wilson (1980–1986; his death)
| notableworks     = ''[[Mémoires d'Hadrien]]''
| awards           = {{ubl|[[Académie Française]] (1980)|[[Erasmus Prize]] (1983)}}
}}

'''Marguerite Yourcenar''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|j|ʊər|s|ə|n|ɑːr|,_|ˈ|j|ʊ|k|ə|n|ɑːr}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/yourcenar|title=Yourcenar|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Yourcenar,+Marguerite |title=Yourcenar, Marguerite |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|j|ʊər|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑːr}};<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Yourcenar|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|maʁɡ(ə)ʁit juʁsənaʁ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-Marguerite Yourcenar.wav}}; born '''Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine <!--[[Cleenewerck and Cleenewerck de Crayencour family]]-->Cleenewerck de Crayencour'''; 8 June 1903{{snd}}17 December 1987) was a Belgian-born French novelist and essayist who became a US citizen in 1947. Winner of the [[Prix Femina]] and the [[Erasmus Prize]], she was the first woman elected to the [[Académie Française]], in 1980. In [[1965 Nobel Prize in Literature|1965]], she was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=13803|title=Nomination archive – Marguerite Yourcenar|access-date=10 January 2024|website=nobelprize.org}}</ref>

==Biography==
Yourcenar was born in [[Brussels, Belgium|Brussels]], Belgium, as '''Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck de Crayencour,''' to Michel Cleenewerck de Crayencour and Fernande de Cartier de Marchienne. Her father was of [[Bourgeoisie#Haute Bourgeoisie|French bourgeois]] descent, originating from [[French Flanders]], and a wealthy landowner.<ref name="CIDMY">{{cite web |last1=CIDMY |title=Proches |url=https://www.cidmy.be/index.php/ecrivain/proches |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=Centre International de Documentation Marguerite Yourcenar}}</ref> Her mother, of Belgian nobility, died ten days after Marguerite's birth. She grew up in the home of her paternal grandmother, and adopted the surname Yourcenar as a [[pen name]]; in 1947, she also took it as her legal surname.<ref>{{cite book |title=European Writers: Twentieth Century |author=George Stade |page=[https://archive.org/details/europeanwritersv00geor/page/2536 2536] |publisher=Scribner |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-684-19158-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanwritersv00geor/page/2536 }}</ref>

Yourcenar's first novel, ''Alexis'', was published in 1929. She translated [[Virginia Woolf]]'s ''[[The Waves]]'' over a ten-month period in 1937.
In 1939, her partner at the time,<ref name="acocella">{{cite magazine|author=Joan Acocella|title=Becoming the Emperor|url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/02/14/050214crbo_books?currentPage=6|magazine=The New Yorker|date=14 February 2005|access-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> the literary scholar and [[Kansas City]] native [[Grace Frick]], invited Yourcenar to the United States to escape the outbreak of [[World War II]] in Europe. She lectured in comparative literature in New York City and [[Sarah Lawrence College]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2538/the-art-of-fiction-no-103-marguerite-yourcenar|journal=The Paris Review|title=Marguerite Yourcenar, The Art of Fiction No. 103| author=Shusha Guppy|date=Spring 1988|volume=Spring 1988 |issue=106 }}, accessed 17 February 2011</ref>

Yourcenar and Frick became lovers in 1937 and remained together until Frick's death in 1979. After ten years spent in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], they bought a house in [[Northeast Harbor, Maine]], on [[Mount Desert Island]], where they lived for decades.<ref name="acocella" /> They are buried next to each other at Brookside Cemetery, [[Somesville, Maine|Somesville]], [[Mount Desert, Maine]].<ref name=andrej>{{cite web|url=http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/bioy1/yource01.html|title=Marguerite Yourcenar|date=21 February 2002|access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> Yourcenar's last companion was Jerry Wilson, with whom she had a tormented relationship; he died of [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] in 1986. 

In 1951, Yourcenar published, in France, the novel ''[[Memoirs of Hadrian]]'', which she had been writing on and off for a decade. The novel was an immediate success and met with critical acclaim. In this novel, Yourcenar recreated the life and death of one of the great rulers of the ancient world, the Roman emperor [[Hadrian]], who writes a long letter to [[Marcus Aurelius]], the son and heir of [[Antoninus Pius]], his successor and adoptive son. Hadrian meditates on his past, describing both his triumphs and his failures, his love for [[Antinous]], and his philosophy. The novel has become a modern classic. The English version was translated by Frick.

In 1980, Yourcenar became the first female member elected to the ''[[Académie française]]''. An anecdote tells of how the bathroom labels were then changed in this male-dominated institution: "Messieurs|Marguerite Yourcenar" ''(Gents/Marguerite Yourcenar)''. She published many novels, essays, and poems, as well as a trilogy of memoirs. At the time of her death, she was working on the third volume, titled ''Quoi? L'Eternité''.<ref name="Taylor2011">{{cite book|author=John Taylor|title=Paths to Contemporary French Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZs9OMIdx4YC&pg=PA261|date=31 December 2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0951-1|pages=261}}</ref>

Yourcenar's house on Mount Desert Island, ''Petite Plaisance'', is now a museum dedicated to her memory. She is buried across the [[Sound (geography)|sound]] in Somesville.

[[File:Plaque funéraire de Marguerite Yourcenar.JPG|thumb|center|400px|alt=Marguerite Yourcenar funeral plate.|Marguerite Yourcenar's funeral plate. The epitaph, written in French, is from [[The Abyss (Yourcenar novel)|''The Abyss'']]: «''Plaise à Celui qui Est peut-être de dilater le cœur de l'homme à la mesure de toute la vie.''», which can be translated to ''"May it please the One who is perchance to expand the human heart to life's full measure."'']]

==Legacy and honours==
*1952: ''Prix Femina Vacaresco'' for ''Mémoires d'Hadrien'' ([[Memoirs of Hadrian]])
*1958: ''[[Renée Vivien Prize|Prix Renée Vivien]]'' for ''Les charités d'Alcippe'' (The Alms of Alcippe)
*1963: ''Prix Combat'' for ''Sous bénéfice d'inventaire'' (The Dark Brain of Piranesi)
*1968: ''[[Prix Femina]]'' for ''L'Œuvre au noir'' ([[The Abyss (Yourcenar novel)|''The Abyss'']])
*1972: ''Prix Prince Pierre de Monaco'' for her entire oeuvre
*1974: ''Grand Prix national de la culture'' for ''Souvenirs pieux'' (Dear Departed)
*1977: ''Grand Prix de l'Académie française'' for her entire oeuvre
*1980: elected to the ''[[Académie française]]'', the first woman so honored
*1983: winner of the [[Erasmus Prize]] for contributions to European literature and culture
*1987: Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter Y|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterY.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>
*2003: 12 November: Belgium issues a postage stamp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filahome.com/postzegels/0311literatuur.htm|title=Literatuur op postzegels België 2003|language=nl|publisher=Filahome.com|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517000139/http://www.filahome.com/postzegels/0311literatuur.htm|archive-date=17 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Code 200320B) with the value of 0.59 Euro
*2020: [[Google]] celebrated her 117th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/marguerite-yourcenars-117th-birthday/|title=Marguerite Yourcenar's 117th Birthday|website=Google|date=8 June 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* ''Le jardin des chimères'' (1921)
* ''Les dieux ne sont pas morts'' (1922)
* ''Alexis ou le traité du vain combat'' (1929) – translated as ''Alexis'' by Walter Kaiser; {{ISBN|0-374-51906-4}}
* ''La nouvelle Eurydice'' (1931)
* ''Pindare'' (1932)
* ''[[A Coin in Nine Hands|Denier du rêve]]'' (1934, revised 1958–59) – translated as ''A Coin in Nine Hands'' by Dori Katz; {{ISBN|0-552-99120-1}}
* ''La mort conduit l'attelage'' (1934)
* ''[[Fires (book)|Feux]]'' ([[prose poem]], 1936) – translated as ''Fires'' by Dori Katz; {{ISBN|0-374-51748-7}}
* ''[[Nouvelles orientales]]'' (short stories, 1938) – translated as ''Oriental Tales''; {{ISBN|1-85290-018-0}} (includes "Comment Wang-Fô fut sauvé", first published 1936, filmed by [[René Laloux]])
* ''Les songes et les sorts'' (1938) – translated as ''Dreams and Destinies'' by Donald Flanell Friedman
* ''[[Coup de Grace (novel)|Le coup de grâce]]'' (1939) – translated as ''Coup de Grace'' by Grace Frick; {{ISBN|0-374-51631-6}}
* ''[[Mémoires d'Hadrien]]'' (1951) – translated as ''Memoirs of Hadrian'' by Grace Frick; {{ISBN|0-14-018194-6}}
* ''Électre ou la chute des masques'' (1954)
* ''Les charités d'Alcippe'' (1956)
* ''Constantin Cavafy'' (1958)
* ''Sous bénéfice d'inventaire'' (1962)
* ''Fleuve profond, sombre rivière: les negros spirituals'' (1964)
* ''[[L'Œuvre au noir]]'' (novel, 1968, [[Prix Femina]] 1968) – translated as [[The Abyss (Marguerite Yourcenar novel)|''The Abyss'']], or ''Zeno of Bruges'' by Grace Frick (1976)
* ''Théâtre'', 1971
* ''Souvenirs pieux'' (1974) – translated as ''Dear Departed: A Memoir'' by Maria Louise Ascher; {{ISBN|0-374-52367-3}}
* ''Archives du Nord'' (1977) – translated as ''How Many Years: A Memoir'' by Maria Louise Ascher
* ''Le labyrinthe du monde'' (1974–84)
* ''[[Yukio Mishima|Mishima]] ou la vision du vide'' (essay, 1980) – translated as ''Mishima: A Vision of the Void''; {{ISBN|0-226-96532-5}}
* ''Anna, soror...'' (1981)
* ''Comme l'eau qui coule'' (1982) translated as ''Two Lives and a Dream''. Includes "Anna, Soror...", "An Obscure Man", and "A Lovely Morning".
* ''Le temps, ce grand sculpteur'' (1984) – translated as ''That Mighty Sculptor, Time'' by Walter Kaiser, essays: {{ISBN|0-85628-159-X}}
* ''The Dark Brain of Piranesi and Other Essays'' (1984) – translated by [[Richard Howard]]; {{ISBN|0-856-28140-9}}
* ''"La Couronne et la Lyre." Χατζηνικολής editions'' (1986)
* ''Quoi? L'Éternité'' (1988)
{{col-end}}

'''Correspondence'''
* Lettres à ses amis et quelques autres, Édition de Joseph Brami et de Michèle Sarde avec la collaboration d’Élyane Dezon-Jones, Paris, Gallimard, 1995, 736 p. ISBN 2070738574.
* ''D’Hadrien à Zénon, Correspondance 1951-1956 de Marguerite Yourcenar''. Texte établi et annoté par Colette Gaudin et Rémy Poignault avec la collaboration de Joseph Brami et Maurice Delcroix ; édition coordonnée par Élyane Dezon-Jones et Michèle Sarde ; préface de Josyane Savigneau, Paris, Gallimard, 2004, 640 p., ISBN 207075684X.
* ''« Une volonté sans fléchissement ». Correspondance 1957-1960'', texte établi, annoté et préfacé par Joseph Brami, Maurice Delcroix, édition coordonnée par Colette Gaudin et Rémy Poignault avec la collaboration de Michèle Sarde, Paris, Gallimard, 2007, 549 p.
* Marguerite Yourcenar, Silvia Baron Supervielle, ''Une reconstitution passionnelle. Correspondance 1980-1987'', édition établie, annotée et commentée par Achmy Halley, Avant-propos de Silvia Baron Supervielle, Paris, Gallimard, 2009, 99 p.
* ''« Persévérer dans l’être ». Correspondance 1961-1963'' (''D’Hadrien à Zénon'', III), texte établi et annoté par Joseph Brami et Rémy Poignault, avec la collaboration de Maurice Delcroix, Colette Gaudin et Michèle Sarde, préface de Joseph Brami et Michèle Sarde, Paris, Gallimard, 2011, 503 p.
* ''« En 1939, L’Amérique commence à Bordeaux ». Lettres à Emmanuel Boudot-Lamotte (1938-1980)'', édition établie, présentée et annotée par Élyane DEZON-JONES et Michèle SARDE, Paris, Gallimard, 2016, 304 p.
* ''« Le pendant des Mémoires d’Hadrien et leur entier contraire ». Correspondance 1964-1967'', édition de Bruno Blanckeman et Rémy Poignault, avec préface d’Élyane Dezon-Jones et Michèle Sarde, Paris, Gallimard, coll. “Blanche”, 2019, 640 p.
* ''«Zénon, sombre Zénon». Correspondance 1968-1970'', texte établi et annoté par Joseph Brami et Rémy Poignault, avec la collaboration de Bruno Blanckeman et Colette Gaudin, Paris, Gallimard, coll. “Blanche”, 2023, 927 p.

'''Other works available in English translation'''
* ''A Blue Tale and Other Stories''; {{ISBN|0-226-96530-9}}. Three stories written between 1927 and 1930, translated and published in 1995.
* ''With Open Eyes: Conversations with Matthieu Galey''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Joan E. Howard, ''From Violence to Vision: Sacrifice in the Works of Marguerite Yourcenar'' (1992)
* [[Josyane Savigneau]], ''Marguerite Yourcenar: Inventing a Life'' (1993).
* [[George Rousseau]], ''Marguerite Yourcenar: A Biography'' (London: Haus Publishing, 2004).
* Judith Holland Sarnecki, ''Subversive Subjects: Reading Marguerite Yourcenar'' (2004)
* Giorgetto Giorgi, "Il Grand Tour e la scoperta dell’antico nel ''Labyrinthe du monde'' di Marguerite Yourcenar," in Sergio Audano, Giovanni Cipriani (ed.), ''Aspetti della Fortuna dell'Antico nella Cultura Europea: atti della settima giornata di studi, Sestri Levante, 19 March 2010'' (Foggia: Edizioni il Castello, 2011) (Echo, 1), 99–108.
* Les yeux ouverts, entretiens avec Mathieu Galey ([[Éditions du Centurion]] « Les interviews », 1980).
* Bérengère Deprez, Marguerite Yourcenar et les États-Unis. Du nageur à la vague, Éditions Racine, 2012, 192 p.
* Bérengère Deprez, Marguerite Yourcenar and the United States. From Prophecy to Protest, Peter Lang, coll. « Yourcenar », 2009, 180 p.
* Deprez, Marguerite Yourcenar. Écriture, maternité, démiurgie, essai, Bruxelles, Archives et musée de la littérature/PIE-Peter Lang, coll. « Documents pour l’histoire des francophonies », 2003, 330 p.
* Donata Spadaro, Marguerite Yourcenar et l'écriture autobiographique : Le Labyrinthe du monde, bull. SIEY, no 17, décembre 1996, p.&nbsp;69 à 83
* Donata Spadaro, Marguerite Yourcenar e l'autobiografia (ADP, 2014)
* Mireille Brémond, ''Marguerite Yourcenar, une femme à l'Académie'' (Garnier, 2019);.
* Rémy Poignault, ''L'Antiquité dans l'œuvre de Marguerite Yourcenar. Littérature, mythe et histoire'', Bruxelles, coll. Latomus, 1995.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* ''Marguerite Yourcenar, alchimie du paysage'', a documentary film by Jacques Loeuille, France Télévisions 2014.
* {{OL author}}
* {{Books and Writers |id=margyour |name=Marguerite Yourcenar}}
* {{cite glbtq.com | first=Jacob | last=Stockinger | article=Yourcenar, Marguerite (1903–1987) | article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/yourcenar_m.html  | date=3 March 2004 | orig-year=2002 | archive-date=16 January 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116181035/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/yourcenar_m.html}}
* [http://www.arllfb.be/ebibliotheque/seancespubliques/15112003/goslar.pdf Marguerite Yourcenar et Suzanne Lilar : plus qu’une rencontre, une complicité by Michèle Goslar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514075129/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou00005 English translations of Marguerite Yourcenar by Walter Jacob Kaiser], Catalogue of correspondence and manuscripts concerning Walter Kaiser's English translation of works by French writer Marguerite Yourcenar, Houghton Library, Harvard University
* Société Internationale d'Études Yourcenariennes (SIEY)
https://www.yourcenariana.org/

{{Marguerite Yourcenar}}
{{Académie française Seat 3}}
{{Prix Femina}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|LGBTQ}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yourcenar, Marguerite}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Belgian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Belgian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Belgian people of French descent]]
[[Category:Belgian women novelists]]
[[Category:Belgian essayists]]
[[Category:Belgian women poets]]
[[Category:Bisexual women writers]]
[[Category:Bisexual novelists]]
[[Category:Bisexual poets]]
[[Category:Belgian bisexual women]]
[[Category:French bisexual writers]]
[[Category:French bisexual women]]
[[Category:American bisexual writers]]
[[Category:American bisexual women]]
[[Category:French women novelists]]
[[Category:French women poets]]
[[Category:French emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:French expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie Française]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite]]
[[Category:People from Northeast Harbor, Maine]]
[[Category:Prix Femina winners]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College faculty]]
[[Category:French LGBTQ novelists]]
[[Category:French LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Belgian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century French women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Belgian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century French essayists]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:French historical novelists]]
[[Category:Women historical novelists]]
[[Category:Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity]]
[[Category:American writers in French]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people]]