Editing Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa

{{short description|Roman general and statesman (c. 63–12 BC)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
| image              = Agrippa Gabii Louvre Ma1208.jpg
| image_upright      = 1.1
| alt                = White bust
| caption            = Bust of Agrippa in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]], ca. 25–24 BC.
| birth_date         = {{Circa|63}} BC<ref name="Birth"/>
| birth_place        = Uncertain location, possibly [[Arpino]], [[Istria]] or [[Asisium]],<ref name="Reinhold, p. 9; Roddaz, p. 23">Reinhold, p. 9; [[Jean-Michel Roddaz|Roddaz]], p. 23.</ref> [[Roman Republic]]
| death_date         = 12 BC (aged 50–51)
| death_place        = [[Campania]], [[Roman Italy]], [[Roman Empire]]
| resting_place      = [[Mausoleum of Augustus]]
| occupation         =  Military commander, politician
| family             = [[Vipsania gens|gens Vipsania]]
| notable_works      = [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] (original)
| office             = [[Roman consul|Consul]] (37, 28–27 BC)
| spouse             = {{plainlist|
* [[Caecilia Attica]],
* [[Claudia Marcella Maior]],
* [[Julia the Elder]]
}}
| children           = {{collapsible list||[[Vipsania Agrippina]]<br />[[Vipsania (wife of Haterius)|Vipsania Attica]]<br />[[Vipsania (wife of Varus)|Vipsania Marcella]]<br />[[Vipsania (wife of Lepidus)|Vipsania Marcellina]]<br />[[Gaius Caesar]]<br />[[Julia the Younger]]<br />[[Lucius Caesar]]<br />[[Agrippina the Elder]]<br />[[Agrippa Postumus]]}}
| module             = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| allegiance    = [[Roman Republic]], [[Roman Empire]]
| serviceyears  = 45–12 BC
| battles       = 
{{Tree list}}
* [[Caesar's Civil War]]
** [[Battle of Munda]]
* [[War of Mutina]]
** [[Battle of Mutina]]
* [[Liberators' civil war|Liberators' Civil War]]
** [[Battle of Philippi]]
* [[Perusine War]]
* [[Bellum Siculum]]
** [[Battle of Mylae (36 BC)|Battle of Mylae]]
** [[Battle of Naulochus]]
* [[Octavian's military campaigns in Illyricum|Illyricum Campaigns]] 
* [[War of Actium]]
** [[Battle of Actium]]
** [[Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)|Battle of Alexandria]]
* [[Cantabrian Wars]] 
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
| rank          = 
| commands      = 
}}

'''Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa'''{{Efn|He discarded his nomen Vipsanius and was called simply Marcus Agrippa for most of his public career and in official inscriptions, possibly to mask his lowborn origin. Reinhold ''Marcus Agrippa'' pp. 6–8}} ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|g|r|ɪ|p|ə}}; {{Circa|63}} BC<ref name="Birth"/> – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law and lieutenant to the [[Roman emperor]] [[Augustus]].<ref name="DGRBM">{{Cite book|last=Plate|first=William|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|title-link=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|year=1867|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=William|volume=1|place=Boston|pages=77–80|contribution=Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius|contribution-url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0086.html}}</ref> Agrippa is well known for his important military victories, notably the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC against the forces of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Cleopatra]]. He was also responsible for the construction of some of the most notable buildings of his era, including the original [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]].

Born to a [[Plebs|plebeian]] [[Vipsania gens|family]] {{circa|63&nbsp;BC}}, in an uncertain location in [[Roman Italy]], he met the future emperor Augustus, then known as Octavian, at [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], in [[Illyria]]. Following the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|assassination]] of Octavian's great-uncle [[Julius Caesar]] in 44 BC, Octavian returned to Italy. Around this time, Agrippa was elected [[tribune of the plebs]]. He served as a military commander, fighting alongside Octavian and Caesar's former general and right-hand man [[Mark Antony]] in the [[Battle of Philippi]]. In 40 BC, he was ''[[praetor urbanus]]'' and played a major role in the [[Perusine War|Perusine war]] against [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]] and Fulvia, respectively the brother and wife of Mark Antony. In 39 or 38 BC, Agrippa was appointed governor of [[Gallia Narbonensis|Transalpine Gaul]]. In 38 BC, he put down a rising of the [[Aquitani|Aquitanians]] and fought [[Germanic peoples|the Germanic tribes]]. He was made consul for 37 BC, despite being well below the usual minimum age of 43, in order to oversee the preparations for [[Bellum Siculum|war]] against [[Sextus Pompey]], who had cut off [[Cura annonae|grain shipments to Rome]].

Agrippa defeated Pompey in the battles of [[Battle of Mylae (36 BC)|Mylae]] and [[Battle of Naulochus|Naulochus]] in 36 BC. In 33 BC, he served as ''[[curule aedile]]''. Agrippa commanded the victorious Octavian's fleet at the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC. A few years after the victory at Actium, Octavian became emperor and took the title of Princeps, while Agrippa remained as his close friend and lieutenant. Agrippa assisted Augustus in making Rome "a city of marble". Agrippa renovated [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]] to provide Roman citizens from every social class access to the highest quality public services, and was responsible for the creation of many baths, [[portico]]es, and gardens. He was also awarded powers almost as great as those of Augustus. He had [[veto]] power over the acts of the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] and the power to present laws for approval by the People. He died in 12 BC at the age of 50–51. Augustus honored his memory with a magnificent funeral and spent over a month in mourning. His remains were placed in Augustus' own [[Mausoleum of Augustus|mausoleum]].

Agrippa was also known as a writer, especially on geography. Under his supervision, Julius Caesar's design of having a complete survey of the empire made was accomplished. From the materials at hand he constructed a circular chart, which was engraved on marble by Augustus and afterwards placed in the colonnade built by his sister [[Vipsania Polla]]. Agrippa was also husband to [[Julia the Elder]] (who had later married the second Emperor [[Tiberius]]), and was the maternal grandfather of [[Caligula]] and the maternal great-grandfather of the Emperor [[Nero]].

==Early life, family, and early career==

=== Early life and family ===
Agrippa was born {{circa|63&nbsp;BC}},<ref name="Birth">{{Cite book|last=Reinhold|first=Meyer|title=Marcus Agrippa: A Biography|publisher=The W.F. Humphrey Press|year=1933|location=New York|pages=1}} Based on primary sources regarding his death, scholars have agreed upon the year of Agrippa's birth to have occurred during the consulship of M. Tullius Cicero, in 63 BC, the same year [[Augustus|Octavian]] was born.</ref><ref>[[Cassius Dio|Dio]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#28.3 54.28.3] places Agrippa's death in late March 12 BC, while [[Pliny the Elder]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html#46 7.46] states that he died "in his fifty-first year". Depending on whether Pliny meant that Agrippa was aged 50 or 51 at his death, this gives a date of birth between March 64 and March 62. A calendar from [[Cyprus]] or [[History of Syria|Syria]] includes a month named after Agrippa beginning on November 1, which may reflect the month of his birth. See Reinhold, pp. 2–4; Roddaz, pp. 23–26.</ref> in an uncertain location.<ref name="Reinhold, p. 9; Roddaz, p. 23"/> His father was called [[Lucius Vipsanius (father of Agrippa)|Lucius Vipsanius]].<ref>cf Pantheon inscription "M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT" [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pantheon.html].</ref> His mother's name is not known and [[Pliny the Elder]] claimed that his [[cognomen]] "[[Agrippa (cognomen)|Agrippa]]" derived from him having been [[breech birth|born breech]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Marcus Agrippa: A Biography |last=Reinhold |first=Meyer |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider |year=1965 |pages=10 |edition=new}}</ref> so it is possible that she died in childbirth.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The First Emperor: Caesar Augustus and the Triumph of Rome |last=Everitt |first=Anthony |publisher=John Murray |year=2006 |isbn=9780719554940 |pages=19 |edition=illustrated}}</ref> Pliny also stated that he suffered from lameness as a child.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources |last1=Barrett |first1=Anthony A. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780691156514 |pages=5 |last2=Fantham |first2=Elaine |author2-link=Elaine Fantham |last3=Yardley |first3=John C.}}</ref> He had an elder brother whose name was also [[Lucius Vipsanius (brother of Agrippa)|Lucius Vipsanius]], and a sister named [[Vipsania Polla]]. His family originated in the Italian countryside, and was of humbler and plebeian origins when compared to the highest families of the Roman aristocracy. They had not been prominent in Roman public life (but were nevertheless massively wealthy if compared to the average Roman family).<ref>[[Marcus Velleius Paterculus|Velleius Paterculus]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html#96 2.96], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html#127 127].</ref> According to some scholars, including [[Victor Gardthausen]], [[R. E. A. Palmer]], and [[David Ridgway (scholar)|David Ridgway]], Agrippa's family was originally from [[Pisa]] in [[Etruria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=John Franklin |year=1996 |title=Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/etruscanitaly00john/page/188 188] |isbn=978-0842523349 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/etruscanitaly00john/page/188 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridgway |first1=David |year=2002 |title=The World of the Early Etruscans |location= Stockholm |publisher=Paul Astrèoms Fèorlag |page=37 |isbn=9789170811890 }}</ref>

Agrippa's family most likely gained [[Roman citizenship]] after the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]] in 87 BC and, like many other Italians, immigrated to Rome to take advantage of the social mobility opportunities that arose at the war's end.<ref name=filiation>{{Cite book |title= Marcus Agrippa [monographie]|last=Roddaz |first=Jean-Michel |series=Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome |publisher=[[Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome]] |year=1984 |volume=253 |isbn=2-7283-0069-0|pages=22 |doi=10.3406/befar.1984.1220 |language=French |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befar_0257-4101_1984_mon_253_1|via=[[Persée (web portal)|Persée.fr]]}} {{Listed Invalid ISBN|2-7283-0000-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Marcus Agrippa [monographie]|last=Roddaz |first=Jean-Michel |series=Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome |publisher=Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome |year=1984 |volume=253 |isbn=2-7283-0069-0|pages=23 |doi=10.3406/befar.1984.1220 |language=French |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befar_0257-4101_1984_mon_253_1|via=Persée.fr}} {{Listed Invalid ISBN|2-7283-0000-0}} </ref><ref name=grand>{{Cite book|title=Marcus Agrippa: A Biography|last=Reinhold|first=Meyer|publisher=W.F. Humphrey Press|year=1933|isbn=|pages=7}}</ref>

=== Early career ===
Agrippa was the same age as Octavian (later [[Augustus]]), and the two were educated together and became close friends. Despite Agrippa's association with the family of [[Julius Caesar]], his elder brother chose the opposing side in the [[Caesar's civil war|civil wars]] of the 40s BC, fighting under [[Cato the Younger|Cato]] against Caesar [[Battle of Thapsus|in Africa]]. When Cato's forces were defeated, Agrippa's brother was taken prisoner but freed after Octavian interceded on his behalf.<ref>[[Nicolaus of Damascus]], ''[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html Life of Augustus]'' 7.</ref>

It is not known whether Agrippa fought against his brother in Africa, but he probably served in Caesar's campaign of 46 to 45 BC against [[Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great)|Gnaeus Pompeius]], which culminated in the [[Battle of Munda]].<ref>Reinhold, pp. 13–14.</ref> Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavian in 45 BC to study in [[Apollonia, Illyria|Apollonia]] (on the [[Illyria]]n coast) with the [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Macedonian]] [[Roman legion|legions]], while Caesar consolidated his power in Rome.<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''[[Lives of the Twelve Caesars#Life of Augustus|Life of Augustus]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#94.12 94.12].</ref> In the fourth month of their stay in Apollonia the news of Julius Caesar's assassination in March 44 BC reached them. Agrippa and another friend, [[Quintus Salvidienus Rufus]], advised Octavian to march on Rome with the troops from Macedonia, but Octavian decided to sail to Italy with a small retinue. After his arrival, he learned that Caesar had adopted him as his legal heir.<ref>Nicolaus of Damascus, ''[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html Life of Augustus]'' 16–17; Velleius Paterculus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#59.5 2.59.5].</ref>

==Rise to power==

=== Friend to Octavian ===
After Octavian's return to Rome, he and his supporters realised they needed the support of legions. Agrippa helped Octavian to levy troops in [[Campania]].<ref>Nicolaus of Damascus, ''[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html Life of Augustus]'' 31. It has been speculated that Agrippa was among the negotiators who won over Antony's Macedonian legions to Octavian, but there is no direct evidence for this; see Reinhold, p. 16.</ref> Once Octavian had his legions, he made a pact with [[Mark Antony]] and [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Lepidus]], legally established in 43 BC as the [[Second Triumvirate]]. Octavian and his consular colleague [[Quintus Pedius]] arranged for Caesar's assassins to be prosecuted [[Trial in absentia|in their absence]], and Agrippa was entrusted with the case against [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]].<ref>Velleius Paterculus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#69.5 2.69.5]; [[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives|Life of Brutus]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Brutus*.html#27.4 27.4].</ref> It may have been in the same year that Agrippa began his political career, holding the position of [[tribune of the plebs]], which granted him entry to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].<ref>Mentioned only by [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius ''auctus'']] on [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://archive.today/20120629050209/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Serv.+A.+8.682 8.682], but a necessary preliminary to his position as [[urban praetor]] in 40 BC. Roddaz (p. 41) favours the 43 BC date.</ref>

In 42 BC, Agrippa probably fought alongside Octavian and Antony in the [[Battle of Philippi]].<ref>Pliny the Elder [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html#148 7.148] cites him as an authority for Octavian's illness on the occasion.</ref> After their return to Rome, he played a major role in Octavian's war against [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]] and [[Fulvia]], respectively the brother and wife of Mark Antony, which began in 41 BC and ended in the capture of [[Perusia]] in 40 BC. However, Salvidienus remained Octavian's main general at this time.<ref>Reinhold, pp. 17–20.</ref> After the Perusine war, Octavian departed for [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]], leaving Agrippa as [[urban praetor]] in Rome with instructions to defend Italy against [[Sextus Pompeius]], an opponent of the Triumvirate who was now occupying [[History of Sicily|Sicily]]. In July 40 BC, while Agrippa was occupied with the [[Ludi Apollinares]] that were the praetor's responsibility, Sextus began a raid in southern Italy. Agrippa advanced on him, forcing him to withdraw.<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48*.html#20 48.20]; Reinhold, p. 22.</ref> However, the Triumvirate proved unstable, and in August 40 BC both Sextus and Antony invaded Italy (but not in an organized alliance). Agrippa's success in retaking [[Sipontum]] from Antony helped bring an end to the conflict.<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48*.html#28 48.28]; Reinhold, p. 23.</ref> Agrippa was among the intermediaries through whom Antony and Octavian agreed once more upon peace. During the discussions Octavian learned that Salvidienus had offered to betray him to Antony, with the result that Salvidienus was prosecuted and either executed or committed suicide. Agrippa was now Octavian's leading general.<ref>Reinhold, pp. 23–24.</ref>

=== Governor of Transalpine Gaul ===
[[File:Empereur romain,mortel parmi les Dieux55a.jpg|thumb|180px|Bust of Agrippa, [[Musée Saint-Raymond]]]]
In 39 or 38 BC, Octavian appointed Agrippa governor of [[Gallia Narbonensis|Transalpine Gaul]], where in 38 BC he put down a rising of the [[Aquitani]]ans. He also fought the [[Germanic tribes]], becoming the next Roman general to cross the [[Rhine]] after [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>Dio, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48*.html#49 48.49]</ref> He was summoned back to Rome by Octavian to assume the [[Roman consul|consulship]] for 37 BC. He was well below the usual minimum age of 43, but Octavian had suffered a humiliating naval defeat against Sextus Pompey and needed his friend to oversee the preparations for further warfare. Agrippa refused the offer of a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] for his exploits in Gaul – on the grounds, says [[Cassius Dio|Dio]], that he thought it improper to celebrate during a time of trouble for Octavian.<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48*.html#49 48.49]; Reinhold, pp. 25–29. Agrippa's youth is noted by Lendering, "[https://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html#Philippi From Philippi to Actium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710071825/http://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html#Philippi |date=2014-07-10 }}".</ref> 

Since Sextus Pompeius had command of the sea on the coasts of Italy, Agrippa's first care was to provide a safe harbour for Octavian's ships. He accomplished this by cutting through the strips of land which separated the [[Lucrinus Lacus|Lacus Lucrinus]] from the sea, thus forming an outer harbour, while joining the [[lake Avernus]] to the Lucrinus to serve as an inner harbor.<ref>Reinhold, pp. 29–32.</ref> The new harbor-complex was named [[Portus Julius]] in Octavian's honour.<ref>Suetonius, ''Life of Augustus'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#16 16.1].</ref> Agrippa was also responsible for technological improvements, including larger ships and an improved form of [[grappling hook]].<ref>[[Appian]], ''Civil Wars'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/5*.html#106 2.106], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/5*.html#118 118–119]; Reinhold, pp. 33–35.</ref> About this time, he married [[Caecilia Attica|Caecilia Pomponia Attica]], daughter of [[Cicero]]'s friend [[Titus Pomponius Atticus]].<ref name=":0">Reinhold, pp. 35–37.</ref>

=== War with Sextus Pompeius ===
{{Further|Bellum Siculum}}
In 36 BC, Octavian and Agrippa set sail against Sextus. The fleet was badly damaged by storms and had to withdraw; Agrippa was left in charge of the second attempt. Thanks to superior technology and training, Agrippa and his men won decisive victories at [[Mylae]] and [[battle of Naulochus|Naulochus]], destroying all but seventeen of Sextus' ships and compelling most of his forces to surrender. Octavian, with his power increased, forced the triumvir Lepidus into retirement and entered Rome in triumph.<ref>Reinhold, pp. 37–42.</ref> Agrippa received the unprecedented honour of a ''[[Naval crown|corona navalis]]'' decorated with the beaks of ships; as Dio remarks, this was "a decoration given to nobody before or since".<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/49*.html#14.3 49.14.3].</ref>

==Public service==
Agrippa participated in smaller military campaigns in 35 and 34 BC, but by the autumn of 34 BC he had returned to Rome.<ref>Reinhold, pp. 45–47.</ref> He rapidly set out on a campaign of public repairs and improvements, including renovation of the [[Roman aqueduct|aqueduct]] known as the [[Aqua Marcia]] and an extension of its pipes to cover more of the city. He became the first [[Curator Aquarum]] of Rome in 33 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The World Book encyclopedia.|date=1987|publisher=World Book|others=World Book, Inc.|isbn=0716600889|location=Chicago|pages=580|oclc=15063621}}</ref> Through his actions after being elected in 33 BC as one of the [[aedile]]s (officials responsible for Rome's buildings and festivals), the streets were repaired and the sewers were cleaned out, and lavish public spectacles were held.<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/49*.html#42 49.42–43].</ref> Agrippa signalled his tenure of office by effecting great improvements in the city of Rome, restoring and building aqueducts, enlarging and cleansing the [[Cloaca Maxima]], constructing baths and porticos, and laying out gardens. He also gave a stimulus to the public exhibition of works of art. It was unusual for an ex-consul to hold the lower-ranking position of ''[[aedile]]'',<ref>Lendering, "[https://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html#Philippi From Philippi to Actium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710071825/http://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html#Philippi |date=2014-07-10 }}".</ref> but Agrippa's success bore out that break with tradition. As emperor, Augustus would later boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble" in part because of the great services provided by Agrippa under his reign.

===Battle of Actium===
Agrippa was again called away to take command of the fleet when the war with Antony and Cleopatra broke out. He captured the strategically important city of [[Methoni, Messenia|Methone]] at the southwest of the [[Peloponnese]], then sailed north, raiding the Greek coast and capturing Corcyra (modern [[Corfu]]). Octavian then brought his forces to Corcyra, occupying it as a naval base.<ref>Orosius, ''History Against the Pagans'' [http://www.attalus.org/latin/orosius6B.html#19 6.19.6–7]; Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/50*.html#11 50.11.1–12.3]; Reinhold, pp. 53–54.</ref> Antony drew up his ships and troops at [[Actium]], where Octavian moved to meet him. Agrippa meanwhile defeated Antony's supporter [[Quintus Nasidius]] in a naval battle at [[Patrae]].<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/50*.html#13.5 50.13.5].</ref> Dio relates that as Agrippa moved to join Octavian near Actium, he encountered [[Gaius Sosius]], one of Antony's lieutenants, who was making a surprise attack on the squadron of [[Lucius Tarius Rufus|Lucius Tarius]], a supporter of Octavian. Agrippa's unexpected arrival turned the battle around.<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/50*.html#14 50.14.1–2]; cf. Velleius Paterculus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#84.2 2.84.2] ("Agrippa ... before the final conflict had twice defeated the fleet of the enemy"). Dio is wrong to say that Sosius was killed, since he in fact fought at and survived the [[Battle of Actium]] (Reinhold, p. 54 n. 14; Roddaz, p. 163 n. 140).</ref>

As the decisive battle approached, according to Dio, Octavian received intelligence that Antony and Cleopatra planned to break past his naval blockade and escape. At first he wished to allow the flagships past, arguing that he could overtake them with his lighter vessels and that the other opposing ships would surrender when they saw their leaders' cowardice. Agrippa objected, saying that Antony's ships, although larger, could outrun Octavian's if they hoisted sails, and that Octavian ought to fight now because Antony's fleet had just been struck by storms. Octavian followed his friend's advice.<ref>Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/50*.html#31 50.31.1–3].</ref>

[[File:Pantheon (Rome) front 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The facade of the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] with the inscription of Agrippa]]

On 2 September 31 BC, the [[Battle of Actium]] was fought. Octavian's victory, which gave him the mastery of Rome and the empire, was mainly due to Agrippa.<ref>Reinhold, pp. 57–58; Roddaz, pp. 178–181.</ref> Octavian then bestowed upon him the hand of his niece [[Claudia Marcella Major]] in 28 BC. He also served a second consulship with Octavian the same year.<ref name=Degrassi-3>[[Attilio Degrassi]], ''I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo'' (Rome, 1952), p.&nbsp;3</ref> In 27 BC, Agrippa held a third consulship with Octavian,<ref name=Degrassi-3/> and in that year, the Senate also bestowed upon Octavian the imperial title of ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]''.

In commemoration of the Battle of Actium, Agrippa built and dedicated the building that served as the Roman [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] before its destruction in AD 80. Emperor [[Hadrian]] used Agrippa's design to build his own Pantheon, which survives in Rome. The inscription of the later building, which was built {{circa|125}}, preserves the text of the inscription from Agrippa's building during his third consulship. The years following his third consulship, Agrippa spent in Gaul, reforming the provincial administration and taxation system, along with building an [[Via Agrippa|effective road system]] and aqueducts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mottershead |first1=Geoffrey |title=THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF MARCUS AGRIPPA IN THE WEST |date=March 2005 |publisher=The University of Melbourne |location=Melbourne |url=http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000275/01/Mottershead__THESIS_Vol_1_2005.pdf |access-date=19 December 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234627/http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000275/01/Mottershead__THESIS_Vol_1_2005.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-26}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Merida Roman Theatre2.jpg|thumb|200px|The theatre at [[Merida, Spain]]; it was promoted by Agrippa, built between 16 and 15 BC.]]
Agrippa's friendship with Augustus seems to have been clouded by the jealousy of Augustus's nephew and son-in-law [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]].<ref name="Britannica1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius |volume=1|pages=425–426}}</ref> Traditionally it is said that the result of such jealousy was that Agrippa left Rome, ostensibly to take over the governorship of eastern provinces – a sort of honourable exile. He only sent his [[legatus|legate]] to [[Roman Syria|Syria]], while he remained at [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]] and governed by proxy.<ref name="Britannica1911"/> He might have been on a secret mission to negotiate with the [[Parthia]]ns about the return of the [[Roman legions|Roman legions']] standards.<ref>David Magie, "The Mission of Agrippa to the Orient in 23 BC", ''Classical Philology'', Vol. 3, No. 2 (Apr., 1908), pp. 145–152</ref> On the death of Marcellus, which took place within a year of his exile, he was recalled to Rome by Augustus, who found he could not dispense with his services. If one places the events in the context of the crisis of 23 BC it seems unlikely that, when facing significant opposition and about to make a political climb down, the emperor Augustus would place a man in exile in charge of the largest body of Roman troops. What is far more likely is that Agrippa's 'exile' was actually the careful political positioning of a loyal lieutenant in command of a significant army in case the [[Augustus#Second settlement|settlement plans of 23 BC]] failed and Augustus needed military support.<ref>Syme (1939), 342.</ref>

After 23 BC, as part of what became known as Augustus's ''Second Constitutional Settlement'', Agrippa's constitutional powers were greatly increased to provide the [[Principate|Principate of Augustus]] with greater constitutional stability by providing for a political heir or replacement for Augustus if he were to succumb to his habitual ill health or was assassinated. In the course of the year, [[imperium|proconsular imperium]], similar to Augustus's power, was conferred upon Agrippa for five years. The exact nature of the grant is uncertain but it probably covered Augustus's [[imperial province]]s, east and west, perhaps lacking authority over the provinces of the Senate. That was to come later, as was the jealously guarded ''[[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunicia potestas]]'', or powers of a tribune of the plebeians.<ref>Syme (1939), 337–338.</ref> These great powers of state are not usually heaped upon a former exile. A later source stated that Augustus was advised by his confidant [[Gaius Maecenas|Maecenas]] to attach Agrippa still more closely to him by making him his son-in-law.<ref>Cassius Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#6 54.6]</ref> In 21 BC, he induced Agrippa to divorce Marcella and marry his daughter, [[Julia the Elder]]—the widow of Marcellus.<ref name=":1">Suetonius, ''The Life of Augustus'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#63 63]; Dio, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#6.5 6.5]; Reinhold, ''Marcus Agrippa. A biography'', pp. 67–68, 86–87.</ref> In 19 BC, Agrippa was employed in putting down a rising of the [[Cantabri]]ans in [[Hispania]] ([[Cantabrian Wars]]).<ref name="Britannica1911"/>

In 18 BC, Agrippa's powers were even further increased to almost match those of Augustus. That year his proconsular imperium was augmented to cover the [[senatorial province]]s and was granted ''[[Tribune of the Plebs|tribunicia potestas]]'', or powers of a tribune of the plebeians. As was the case with Augustus, Agrippa's grant of tribunician powers was conferred without his having to hold the office.<ref>[[Cassius Dio|Dio]], ''Roman History'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#12.4 54.12.4].</ref> These powers were considerable, giving him veto power over the acts of the Senate or other magistracies, including those of other tribunes, and the power to present laws for approval by the People. Just as important, a tribune's person was sacred, meaning that any person who harmfully touched them or impeded their actions, including political acts, could lawfully be killed.<ref>Everett (2006), 217.</ref> After the grant of these powers Agrippa was, on paper, almost as powerful as Augustus was; there was no doubt that Augustus was the man in charge.

Agrippa was appointed governor of the eastern provinces a second time in 17 BC, where his just and prudent administration won him the respect and good-will of the provincials, especially from the [[Jews|Jewish]] population.<ref name="Britannica1911"/> Agrippa also restored Roman control over the Cimmerian Chersonnese ([[Crimean Peninsula]]).

=== Death ===
Agrippa's last public service was his beginning of the conquest of the upper [[Danube River]] region, which would become the Roman province of [[Pannonia]] in 13 BC.<ref>Dio, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#28 28]</ref> He died at [[Campania]] in 12 BC at the age of 50–51. His posthumous son, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus]], was named in his honor. Augustus honoured his memory by a magnificent funeral and spent over a month in mourning. Augustus oversaw the education of Agrippa's children. Agrippa had built a tomb for himself but Augustus had Agrippa's remains placed in the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>Cassius Dio [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#28.5 54.28.5]</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:La Maison carrée.JPG|thumb|The [[Maison Carrée]] at [[Nîmes]], modern France, built in 19 BC; Agrippa was its patron.|left]]

Agrippa was not only Augustus' most skilled subordinate commander but also his closest companion, serving him faithfully for over three decades. Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] says of Agrippa:

<blockquote>Agrippa deserved the honours Augustus heaped upon him. It is conceivable that without Agrippa, Octavian would never have become emperor. Rome would remember Agrippa for his generosity in attending to aqueducts, sewers, and baths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcus-Vipsanius-Agrippa|title=Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa &#124; Roman leader &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=14 July 2023 }}</ref></blockquote>

Agrippa was also a writer, especially on the subject of [[geography]].<ref name="Britannica1911"/> Under his supervision, Julius Caesar's dream of having a complete [[surveying|survey]] of the Empire made was carried out. Agrippa constructed a circular chart, which was later engraved on marble by Augustus, and afterwards placed in the colonnade built by his sister Polla.<ref name="Britannica1911"/> Amongst his writings, an autobiography, now lost, is referenced.<ref name="Britannica1911"/>

Agrippa established a standard for the [[Ancient Roman units of measurement|Roman foot]] in 29&nbsp;BC,{{sfnp|Soren|1999|p=184}} and thus a definition of a pace as 5&nbsp;feet. An imperial [[Mile#Roman mile|Roman mile]] denotes 5,000&nbsp;[[Roman feet]]. The term [[Via Agrippa]] is used for any part of the network of roadways in [[Gaul]] built by Agrippa. Some of these still exist as paths or even as highways.

The Roman tribe Agrippia was named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Patronage and Power: A Study of Social Networks in Corinth |last=Chow |first=John K. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=1992 |isbn=9780567111869 |pages=44 |series=The Library of New Testament Studies |volume=75}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
[[File:Lawrence Alma-Tadema - An Audience at Agrippa's.jpg|thumb|An Audience at Agrippa's, by [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]]]

====Drama====

* Agrippa is a character in [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]''.
* A fictional version of Agrippa in his later life played a prominent role in the 1976 [[BBC Television]] series ''[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]''. Agrippa was portrayed as a much older man though he would have been only 39 years old at the time of the first episode (24/23 BC). He was played by [[John Paul (actor)|John Paul]].
* Agrippa is the main character in [[Paul Naschy]]'s 1980 film ''[[Los cántabros]]'', played by Naschy himself. It is a highly fictionalized version of the [[Cantabrian Wars]] in which Agrippa is depicted as the lover of the sister of Cantabrian leader [[Corocotta]].
* Agrippa appears in several film versions of the life of Cleopatra. He is normally portrayed as an old man, rather than a young one. Among the actors to portray him are [[Philip Locke]], [[Alan Rowe (actor)|Alan Rowe]], and [[Andrew Keir]], as well as [[Francis de Wolff]] in the 1964 film ''[[Carry on Cleo]]''.
* Agrippa is also one of the principal characters in the British/Italian joint project ''[[Imperium: Augustus]]'' (2003) featuring [[Flashback (narrative)|flashbacks]] between Augustus and Julia about Agrippa, which shows him in his youth on serving in Caesar's army up until his victory at Actium and the defeat of Cleopatra. He is portrayed by [[Ken Duken]]. 
* In the 2005 series ''[[Empire (2005 TV series)|Empire]]'' the young Agrippa (played by [[Christopher Egan]]) becomes Octavian's sidekick after saving him from an attempted poisoning.
* [[Marcus Agrippa (Rome character)|Marcus Agrippa]], a highly fictional character based on Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa's early life, is part of the [[BBC]]-[[HBO]]-[[RAI]] television series ''[[Rome (TV series)|Rome]]''. He is played by [[Allen Leech]]. He describes himself as the grandson of a slave. The series creates a romantic relationship between Agrippa and Octavian's sister [[Octavia Minor]], for which there is no historical evidence.
* In the TV series ''[[Domina (TV Series)|Domina]]'' (2021), Agrippa was played by Oliver Huntingdon and [[Ben Batt]].

====Literature====

* Agrippa is mentioned by name in book VIII of [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid|The Aeneid]]'', where [[Aeneas]] sees an image of Agrippa leading ships in the [[Battle of Actium]] on the shield forged for him by [[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]] and given to him by his mother, [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]].<ref>Virgil, ''The Aeneid'', trans. Robert Fitzgerald, Vintage Classics, p. 252.</ref>

* Agrippa is a main character in the early part of [[Robert Graves|Robert Graves']] novel ''[[Claudius (novel)|I, Claudius]]''.
*He is a main character in the later two novels of [[Colleen McCullough]]'s ''[[Masters of Rome]]'' series.
*He is a featured character of prominence and importance in the historical fiction novel ''Cleopatra's Daughter'' by [[Michelle Moran]].
*He also features prominently in [[John Edward Williams]]' historical novel ''[[Augustus (Williams novel)|Augustus]]''.
*In the backstory of ''[[Gunpowder Empire]]'', the first volume in [[Harry Turtledove]]'s [[Crosstime Traffic]] [[alternate history]] series, Agrippa lived until AD 26, conquering all of [[Germania]] for the Empire and becoming the second Emperor when Augustus died in AD 14.

==Marriages and issue==
Agrippa married three times: 
* [[Attica (wife of Agrippa)|Cecilia Pomponia Attica]].<ref name=":0" /> They married in 37 BC and divorced before 28 BC. By her he had two daughters: 
** [[Vipsania Agrippina]]. She was the first wife of [[Tiberius]].<ref>[[Ronald Syme]], ''The Augustan Aristocracy'' (1987), 314.</ref> 
** [[Vipsania (wife of Haterius)|Vipsania Attica]]. She married the orator [[Quintus Haterius]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Augustan Aristocracy|last=Syme|first=Ronald|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1989|isbn=9780198147312|page=504|edition=illustrated and revised}}</ref>
* [[Claudia Marcella Major|Claudia Marcella Maior]].<ref name="Degrassi-3" /> Daughter of [[Octavia the Younger|Octavia Minor]] and niece of [[Augustus]]. They married in 28 BC and divorced in 21 BC. By her he had at least two daughters:{{efn|However, it is uncertain whether they had also one or more sons who died young<ref>Ronald Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press, 1989, pp.144-145, ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2</ref>}}
** [[Vipsania (wife of Varus)|Vipsania Marcella]]. She married the general [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest|last=Wells|first=Peter S.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|isbn=9780393352030|page=81}}</ref> 
** [[Vipsania (wife of Lepidus)|Vipsania Marcellina]]. She married [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 6)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]], consul in 6.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Augustan Aristocracy|last=Syme|first=Ronald|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1989|isbn=9780198147312|page=125|edition=illustrated and revised}}</ref> 
* [[Julia the Elder]].<ref name=":1" /> Daughter of Augustus. They married in 21 BC. By her he had three sons and two daughters:<ref>[[Suetonius]], Augustus, 64.</ref>
** [[Gaius Caesar]]. He was adopted by Augustus as heir, but died prematurely.
** [[Julia the Younger]]. She married [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]], consul in 1. 
** [[Lucius Caesar]]. He was adopted by Augustus as heir, but died prematurely.
** [[Agrippina the Elder|Vipsania Agrippina Maior]]. She married [[Germanicus|Germanicus Julius Caesar]] and was the mother of emperor [[Caligula]] and grandmother of [[Nero]].
** [[Agrippa Postumus]]. Born after his father's death, he was killed soon after the death of Augustus. The motive and instigator of his killing are disputed.

Through his numerous children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]], whose position he helped to attain, as well as many other distinguished Romans.

==See also==
* [[Vipsania gens]]
* [[Julio-Claudian family tree]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=Badian |first=E. |title=Notes on the Laudatio of Agrippa |journal=Classical Journal|volume=76 |year=1981 |pages= 97–109}}
* {{cite book| last=Buchan|first=J. |title=Augustus |year=1937 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/504429 |last=Evans |first=H.B. |title=Agrippa's Water Plan |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume =86 |issue=3 |year=1982 |pages=401–411|jstor=504429 |s2cid=193123951 }}
* {{cite book |last=Firth |first=J.B. |title=Augustus Caesar and the Organization of the Empire of Rome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5agAAAAMAAJ |location=New York |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1903 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Gray |first=E.W. |title=The Imperium of M. Agrippa: A Note on P. Colon. Inv. No. 4701 |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |volume=6 |year=1970 |pages=227–238}}
* {{cite web |last=Lendering |first=Jona |author-link=Jona Lendering |url=https://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html |access-date=2007-04-22 |title=Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa |work=Livius |archive-date=2007-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416073828/http://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0017383500033258 |last=McKechnie |first=P. |title=Cassius Dio's Speech of Agrippa: A Realistic Alternative to Imperial Government? |journal=Greece and Rome  |volume=28 |issue=2 |date=October 1981 |pages=150–155|s2cid=154924374 }}
* {{cite book |last=Reinhold |first=Meyer |title=Marcus Agrippa: A Biography |year=1933 |publisher=W. F. Humphrey Press |location=Geneva }}
* {{cite book|last=Roddaz|first=Jean-Michel|author-link=Jean-Michel Roddaz|title=Marcus Agrippa|year=1984|publisher=École Française de Rome|location=Rome|language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Shipley |first=Frederick W.  |title=Agrippa's Building Activities in Rome |location=St. Louis |publisher=Washington University |year=1933}}
* {{Citation |last=Soren |first=D. |author2-last=Soren |author2-first=N. |display-authors=1 |date=1999 |contribution=A Roman villa and a late Roman infant cemetery : excavation at Poggio Gramignano, Lugnano in Teverina |title=Bibliotheca Archaeologica |location=Rome |number=No.&nbsp;23 |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8Muzx1VrbwC&pg=PA184 |ref={{harvid|Soren|1999}} }}.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa}}
* {{Citation | last = Goldsworthy | first = Adrian | year = 2014 | title = Augustus: From Revolutionary to Emperor | publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] | place = London, UK | isbn = 9780297864257 }}
* {{Citation | last = Powell | first = Lindsay | year = 2015 | title = Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand man of Caesar Augustus | publisher = [[Pen and Sword Books|Pen & Sword]] | place = Barnsley, UK | isbn = 9781848846173 }}
* {{cite thesis |url=http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000275/01/Mottershead__THESIS_Vol_1_2005.pdf |first=Geoffrey |last=Mottershead |title=The Constructions of Marcus Agrippa in the West |publisher=University of Melbourne |year=2005  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234627/http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000275/01/Mottershead__THESIS_Vol_1_2005.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-26}}
* [http://www.umich.edu/~classics/programs/class/cc/372/sibyl/db/H003.html Augustus' Funeral Oration for Agrippa]
* [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/m_agrippa.html Marcus Agrippa], article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

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{{s-bef|before=[[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Cruscellio|L. Cornelius Lentulus]]|before2=[[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 38 BC)|L. Marcius Philippus]]|as=suffecti}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]]|years=37 BC|with=[[Lucius Caninius Gallus (consul 37 BC)|Lucius Caninius Gallus]]|with2=[[Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 37 BC)|Titus Statilius Taurus]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lucius Gellius Poplicola|L. Gellius Poplicola]]|after2=[[Marcus Cocceius Nerva (consul 36 BC)|M. Cocceius Nerva]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Augustus]]|before2=[[Potitus Valerius Messalla]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of early imperial Roman consuls|Roman consul]]|years=28–27 BC|with=[[Augustus]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Augustus]] VIII|after2=[[Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 37 BC)|T. Statilius Taurus]] II}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius}}
[[Category:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa| ]]
[[Category:60s BC births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:12 BC deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Roman Republican admirals]]
[[Category:Roman Republican generals]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus]]
[[Category:Husbands of Julia the Elder]]
[[Category:Imperial Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Vipsanii Agrippae|Marcus]]
[[Category:Tribunes of the plebs]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman generals]]
[[Category:People of the War of Actium]]
[[Category:Heirs presumptive]]