Editing Manufacturing Consent

{{Short description|1988 book by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox book
| name         = Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
| image        = Manugactorinconsent2.jpg
| caption      = Cover of the first edition
| authors      = {{Plainlist|
* [[Edward S. Herman]]
* [[Noam Chomsky]]}}
| illustrator  =
| cover_artist =
| country      = United States
| language     = English
| series       =
| subject      = [[Media of the United States]]
| publisher    = [[Pantheon Books]]
| pub_date     = 1988
| media_type   = Print ([[Hardcover]], [[Paperback]])
| pages        = 
| isbn         = 0-375-71449-9
| dewey        = 381/.4530223 21
| congress     = P96.E25 H47 2002
| oclc         = 47971712
| preceded_by  = [[The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians]]
| followed_by  = [[Necessary Illusions]]
}}
'''''Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media''''' is a 1988 book by [[Edward S. Herman]] and [[Noam Chomsky]]. It argues that the [[Media of the United States|mass communication media of the U.S.]] "are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive [[propaganda]] function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and [[self-censorship]], and without overt coercion", by means of the [[propaganda model]] of communication.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Herman|first1=Edward S.|last2=Chomsky|first2=Noam|title=Manufacturing Consent|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|page=306}}</ref> The title refers to [[consent of the governed]], and derives from the phrase "the manufacture of consent" used by [[Walter Lippmann]] in ''[[Public Opinion (book)|Public Opinion]]'' (1922).<ref>p. xi, ''Manufacturing Consent''.  Also, p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> ''Manufacturing Consent'' was honored with the [[Orwell Award]] for "outstanding contributions to the critical analysis of [[Public sphere|public discourse]]" in 1989.

A 2002 revision takes account of developments such as the [[fall of the Soviet Union]]. A 2009 interview with the authors notes the effects of the internet on the propaganda model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mullen |first1=Andrew |title=The Propaganda Model after 20 Years: Interview with Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky |journal=Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture |date=2009 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.16997/wpcc.121|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Background ==

===Origins===
Chomsky credits the impetus of ''Manufacturing Consent'' to [[Alex Carey (writer)|Alex Carey]], the Australian [[Social psychology|social psychologist]], to whom  the book is dedicated.<ref>Chomsky, Noam. 1996. ''[[Class Warfare]]''. Pluto Press. p. 29:

"Ed Herman and I dedicated our book, ''Manufacturing Consent'', to him. He had just died. It was not intended as just a symbolic gesture. He got both of us started in a lot of this work."</ref> The book was greatly inspired by Herman's earlier financial research.

===Authorship===
Herman was a professor of finance at [[Wharton School]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Laferber|first=Walter|date=1988-11-06|title=Whose News?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/06/books/whose-news.html|access-date=2020-05-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Chomsky is a linguist and activist scholar, who has written many other books, such as ''[[Towards a New Cold War]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Before ''Manufacturing Consent'' was published in 1988, the two authors had previously collaborated on the same subject. Their book ''[[Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda]]'', a book about American foreign policy and the media, was published in 1973. The publisher for the book, a subsidiary of [[WarnerMedia|Warner Communications Incorporated]], was deliberately put out of print after publishing 20,000 copies of the book, most of which were destroyed, so the book was not widely known.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media: Talk Delivered at University of Wisconsin–Madison, March 15, 1989|url=https://chomsky.info/19890315/|access-date=2020-05-28|website=chomsky.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137463418 |title=Key Thinkers in Critical Communication Scholarship |date=2015 |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137463418 |isbn=978-1-349-56468-2 |editor-last1=Lent |editor-last2=Amazeen |editor-first1=John A. |editor-first2=Michelle A. }}</ref>

According to Chomsky, "most of the book [''Manufacturing Consent'']" was the work of [[Edward S. Herman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Edward S Herman: Media critic who held the press to account |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/edward-s-herman-scholar-whose-radical-critiques-of-us-media-unpacked-the-fake-news-caricatured-by-a8067131.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">[[Peter Wintonick|Wintonick, Peter]], and [[Mark Achbar]]. 1995. ''[[Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media]]''. Montreal: Black Rose Books.</ref>{{Rp|8}} Herman describes a rough division of labor in preparing the book whereby he was responsible for the preface and chapters 1–4 while Chomsky was responsible for chapters 5–7.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|204}} According to Herman, the propaganda model described in the book was originally his idea, tracing it back to his 1981 book ''Corporate Control, Corporate Power''.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|205}} The main elements of the propaganda model (though not so-called at the time) were discussed briefly in volume 1 chapter 2 of Herman and Chomsky's 1979 book ''[[The Political Economy of Human Rights]]'', where they argued, "Especially where the issues involve substantial U.S. economic and political interests and relationships with friendly or hostile states, the mass media usually function much in the manner of state propaganda agencies."<ref>Herman, Edward, and Noam Chomsky. 1979. ''[[The Political Economy of Human Rights]], Volume I: The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism''. Cambridge: South End Press.</ref>

== {{Anchor|Five filters of editorial bias}}Propaganda model of communication ==
{{main|Propaganda model}}
<!--This section is linked from [[Media bias]]: do not rename without including an anchor to previous name ([[MOS:HEAD]])-->The book introduced the propaganda model of communication, which is still developing today.

The propaganda model for the manufacture of public consent describes five editorially distorting filters, which are said to affect reporting of news in mass communications media. These five filters of editorial bias are:
# ''Size, ownership, and profit orientation'': The dominant mass-media are large profit-based operations, and therefore they must cater to the financial interests of the owners such as [[Corporation|corporations]] and controlling [[Investor|investors]]. The size of a media company is a consequence of the investment capital required for the mass-communications technology required to reach a mass audience of viewers, listeners, and readers.
# ''The advertising license to do business'': Since the majority of the revenue of major media outlets derives from [[advertising]] (not from sales or subscriptions), advertisers have acquired a "de facto licensing authority".<ref>Curran, James, and [[Jean Seaton]]. 1981. ''[[Power Without Responsibility : the press and broadcasting in Britain|Power Without Responsibility: The Press and Broadcasting in Britain]]'' (1st ed.). This book has many subsequent editions.</ref> Media outlets are not commercially viable without the support of advertisers. News media must therefore cater to the political prejudices and economic desires of their advertisers. This has weakened the [[working class]] press, for example, and also helps explain the attrition in the number of newspapers.
# ''Sourcing mass media news'': Herman and Chomsky argue that "the large bureaucracies of the powerful ''subsidize'' the mass media, and gain special access [to the news], by their contribution to reducing the media's costs of acquiring [...] and producing, news. The large entities that provide this subsidy become 'routine' news sources and have privileged access to the gates. Non-routine sources must struggle for access, and may be ignored by the arbitrary decision of the gatekeepers." Editorial distortion is aggravated by the news media's dependence upon private and [[government]]al news sources. If a given newspaper, television station, magazine, etc., incurs disfavor from the sources, it is subtly excluded from access to information. A news organisation loses readers or viewers, and ultimately, advertisers. To minimize such financial danger, news media businesses editorially distort their reporting to favor government and corporate policies to stay in business.<ref name = MC>Herman and Chomsky, ''Manufacturing Consent''.</ref>{{Clarify|date=February 2021|reason=Who are the bureaucracies? What is this talking about exactly? [[Wire services]] such as Associated Press?}}
# ''Flak and the enforcers'': "Flak" refers to negative responses to a media statement or program (e.g. letters, complaints, lawsuits, or legislative actions). Flak can be expensive to the media, either due to loss of advertising revenue, or due to the costs of legal defense or defense of the media outlet's public image. Flak can be organized by powerful, private influence groups (e.g. [[think tank]]s). The prospect of eliciting flak can be a deterrent to the reporting of certain kinds of facts or opinions.<ref name = MC/>
# ''Anti-communism'': This filter concerns the spectre of a common enemy which can be used to marginalise dissent: "This ideology helps mobilize the populace against an enemy, and because the concept is fuzzy it can be used against anybody advocating policies that threaten [dominant] interests".<ref name = MC/> Anti-communism was included as a filter in the original 1988 edition of the book, but Chomsky argues that since the end of the [[Cold War]] (1945–91) [[anticommunism]] was replaced by the "[[war on terror]]" as the major social control mechanism.<ref>Chomsky, Noam. 1997. ''Media Control, the Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda''.</ref>

=== The propaganda model of communication and its influence over major media organizations ===
The propaganda model describes the pillars of society (the public domain, business firms, media organizations, governments etc.) as first and foremost, profit-seekers.<ref name="Herman 42–54">{{Cite journal |last=Herman |first=Edward S. |date=2018-01-04 |title=The Propaganda Model Revisited |url=https://monthlyreviewarchives.org/index.php/mr/article/view/MR-069-08-2018-01_4 |journal=Monthly Review |language=en |pages=42–54 |doi=10.14452/MR-069-08-2018-01_4 |issn=0027-0520}}</ref> To fully consider the effects of the propaganda model, a tiered diagram can be drawn. Due to the impressionable and exploitative nature of major media organizations including broadcast media, print media, and 21st century social media, media organizations are placed at the bottom. Higher up the model, it pans to the larger organizations that are financially capable of controlling advertising licenses, lawsuits, or selling environments. The first level displays the [[public domain]] in which prominent ideologies within the masses can influence the intentions of mass media. The second level pertaining to the business firms accounts for the media’s source of information<ref name="Herman 42–54"/> as business firms are wealthy enough to supply information to media organizations while maintaining control over where advertisers can sell their advertisements and stories. The final layer, the governments of the major global powers, are the wealthiest subgroup of the pillars of society. Having the most financial wealth and organizational power, media organizations are most dependent on government structures for financial stability and political direction.

==Influence and impact==
* In 2006, Fatih Tas, owner of the Aram editorial house, along with two editors and the translator of the revised, 2001 edition of ''Manufacturing Consent'' were prosecuted by the Turkish government for "stirring hatred among the public" (per Article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code) and for "denigrating the national identity" of Turkey (per [[Article 301 (Turkish penal code)|Article 301]]). The reason cited was that the introduction to this edition addresses the 1990s' Turkish news media reportage of governmental suppression of the Kurdish populace. The defendants were ultimately acquitted.<ref>{{cite news|date=2006-12-20|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/6198021.stm|title=Turks acquitted over Chomsky book|work=BBC News|access-date=2006-12-20 | location=London}}</ref><ref>[[Lawrence Van Gelder|Van Gelder, Lawrence]], ed. 5 July 2006. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/05/arts/05arts.html Arts, Briefly] {{Subscription required}}." ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>
* In 2007, from May 15–17 at the ''20 Years of Propaganda?: Critical Discussions & Evidence on the Ongoing Relevance of the Herman & Chomsky Propaganda Model'' conference held at the [[University of Windsor]], Herman and Chomsky summarized developments to the [[propaganda model]] on the occasion of the vicennial anniversary of first publication of ''Manufacturing Consent''.<ref>Boin, Paul D. 2007. [http://web4.uwindsor.ca/propaganda ''Herman & Chomsky Media Conference'']. [[University of Windsor]]</ref>
* A 2011 Chinese translation was published by [[Peking University]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Herman|first1=Edward S.|title=製造共識: 大眾傳播的政治經濟學 = Zhi zao gong shi: Da zhong chuan bo de zheng zhi jing ji xue|last2=Chomsky|first2=Noam|date=2011|publisher=Peking University|isbn=978-7-301-19328-0|location=Beijing|oclc=774669032}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|first=Yuezhi|last=Zhao|title=Yuezhi Zhao: Edward Herman and Manufacturing Consent in China|url=http://mediatheoryjournal.org/yuezhi-zhao-edward-herman-and-manufacturing-consent-in-china/|date=2018-08-25|website=Media Theory|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>

==Documentary adaptation==
The 1992 documentary film ''[[Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media]]'' directed by [[Mark Achbar]] and [[Peter Wintonick]] first opened at the [[Film Forum]]. This three-hour adaptation considers the propaganda model of communication and the politics of the mass-communications business, with emphasis on Chomsky's ideas and career.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Canby|first=Vincent|date=1993-03-17|title=Review/Film; Superimposing Frills On a Provocative Career|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/17/movies/review-film-superimposing-frills-on-a-provocative-career.html|access-date=2020-05-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Filter bubble]]
* [[Inverted totalitarianism]]
* [[Manufacturing Consent (Burawoy book)|Manufacturing Consent]], 1979 book by [[Michael Burawoy]]
* [[Media bias]]
* [[Media imperialism]]
* [[Michael Parenti]], Marxist author of the similar book ''Inventing Reality: The Politics of the Mass Media'' (1986)
* [[Nicaraguan general election, 1984]] (US media coverage is the focus of Chapter 3)
* [[Politico-media complex]]
* [[Preference falsification]]

'''Other works'''
* ''[[The Engineering of Consent]]''
*''[[Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media]]'' (1992 documentary)
* ''[[Merchants of Doubt]]''
* ''[[Spin (1995 film)]]''
* ''[[The Panama Deception]]''

{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |title=Manufacturing Monsters (The Propaganda Model after 30 Years) |url=https://septentrio.uit.no/index.php/nordlit/issue/view/405/50 |journal=Nordlit |date=2019 |editor-last=Beyer |editor-first=Christian |editor2-last=Bockwoldt |editor2-first=Juliane |editor3-last=Hammar |editor3-first=Emil |editor4-last=Pötzsch |editor4-first=Holger |issue=42 |pages=1–420 |doi=10.7557/13.5001 |isbn=978-82-8244-224-4 |issn=0809-1668 |eissn=1503-2086 |access-date=2020-12-02 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mullen |first1=Andrew |title=The Propaganda Model after 20 Years: Interview with Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky |journal=Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture |date=2009 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.16997/wpcc.121 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.chomsky.info/onchomsky/198901--.htm |title=The Political Economy of the Mass Media: Edward S. Herman interviewed by Robert W. McChesney |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627191223/http://www.chomsky.info//onchomsky/198901--.htm |archive-date=2009-06-27}} January 1989. ''Monthly Review'' via Chomsky.info.

{{Noam Chomsky}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy Of The Mass Media}}
[[Category:1988 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about media bias]]
[[Category:Books about politics of the United States]]
[[Category:Books about propaganda]]
[[Category:Books about public opinion]]
[[Category:Books by Edward S. Herman]]
[[Category:Books by Noam Chomsky]]
[[Category:Collaborative non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books adapted into films]]
[[Category:Pantheon Books books]]
[[Category:Works about the information economy]]