Editing Manos Hatzidakis

{{Short description|Greek composer (1925–1994)}}
{{redirect|Manos Chatzidakis|the basketball player|Manos Chatzidakis (basketball)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name            = Manos Hatzidakis
|native_name     = {{lang|el|Μάνος Χατζιδάκις}}
|image           = Manos hadjidakis.jpg
|background      = non_performing_personnel
|birth_date      = {{birth date|1925|10|23|df=y}}
|birth_place     = [[Xanthi]], Greece
|death_date      = {{death date and age|1994|6|15|1925|10|23|df=y}}
|death_place     = [[Athens]], Greece
|instrument      = {{flatlist|
*Piano
*violin
*accordion
}}
|genre           = {{flatlist|
*[[20th-century classical music|Classical music]]
*[[Éntekhno]]
*[[Film score|film]]
}}
|occupation      = {{flatlist|
*Composer
*musician
}}
|years_active    = 1944–1994
|website         = {{URL|hadjidakis.gr}}
}}

'''Manos Hatzidakis''' (also spelled '''Hadjidakis'''; {{langx|el|Μάνος Χατζιδάκις}}; 23 October 1925 – 15 June 1994) was a Greek composer and theorist of Greek music, widely regarded as one of the greatest Greek composers of all time.<ref name=GreekReporter2021>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Manos Hatzidakis: The Composer Who Shaped Greek Music|url=https://greekreporter.com/2021/06/15/manos-hatzidakis-the-greek-composer-who-sold-lottery-tickets-in-heaven/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=GreekReporter.com|language=en-US}}</ref> He was one of the main proponents of the "[[Éntekhno]]" form of music, along with [[Mikis Theodorakis]], and he is credited as the founder of the '''Orchestra of Colours''', an ensemble performing lesser-known works and the music of Greek composers, and influenced a broad swathe of Greek culture through his writings and radio broadcasts. With his theoretical and compositional work, he is considered to be the first to connect [[post-war]] the worded music with traditional music.<ref>Renata Dalianoudi, "Μάνος Χατζιδάκις και λαϊκή μουσική παράδοση" p. 36</ref>

In 1960, Hatzidakis won an [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] for "[[Never on Sunday (song)|Never on Sunday]]" from the film ''[[Never on Sunday]]'', but he refused the award because he felt that Athens was misrepresented in the film.<ref name=Pappas2020>{{cite web |url=https://pappaspost.com/on-this-day-june-15-1994-remembering-the-greek-oscar-winner-who-refused-his-award/ |title=On This Day June 15, 1994: Remembering the Greek Oscar Winner Who Refused His Award |last=Pappas |first=Gregory |date=15 June 2020 |website=The Pappas Post |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hadzidakis was born on 23 October 1925 in [[Xanthi]], Greece, to lawyer Georgios Hatzidakis, who came from the village of Myrthios, [[Agios Vasileios, Rethymno|Agios Vasileios]], in the [[Rethymno (regional unit)|Rethymno prefecture]] in [[Crete]]; and Aliki Arvanitidou, who came from [[Edirne|Adrianoupolis]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chrysopoulos |first=Philip |date=June 15, 2022 |title=Manos Hatzidakis: The Composer Who Shaped Greek Music |pages=1–2 |work=Greek Reporter |url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/06/15/manos-hatzidakis-the-greek-composer-who-sold-lottery-tickets-in-heaven/ |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> The family prospered from sales of [[tobacco]] grown locally, but the boy's father died in 1931 and his mother took him to live in Athens in comparative poverty.<ref name=Miralis2004/>

Hatzidakis studied music theory with Menelaos Pallandios, in the period 1940–1943. At the same time, he studied philosophy at the [[University of Athens]]. However, he never completed this course.<ref name=GreekReporter2021/> He met and connected with other musicians, writers, and intellectuals including [[George Seferis]], [[Odysseas Elytis]], [[Angelos Sikelianos]], [[Yannis Tsarouchis]] and especially the poet [[Nikos Gatsos]] who became a close friend.<ref name=Miralis2004/> During the last stages of the [[Axis occupation of Greece]], Hatzidakis was an active participant in the [[Greek Resistance]] through membership of the [[United Panhellenic Organization of Youth]] (EPON), the youth branch of the major resistance organisation [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|EAM]], where he met [[Mikis Theodorakis]] with whom he soon developed a strong friendship.

==Career==
Hatzidakis's first composition was the tune for the song "Paper Moon" ("Χάρτινο το Φεγγαράκι"), from [[Tennessee Williams]]' ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire]]'' staged by [[Karolos Koun]]'s Art Theatre of Athens. His first piano piece, "For a Little White Seashell" ("Για μια Μικρή Λευκή Αχιβάδα"), came out in 1947, and in 1948 he set a collection of Gatsos poetry to music: ''Blood Wedding''.<ref name=NYT/> In 1949, Hatzidakis shook the musical establishment by delivering an influential lecture on [[rembetika]], the urban folk songs that flourished in Greek cities, mainly [[Piraeus]], after the [[Asia Minor]] refugee influx in 1922.<ref name=Miralis2004>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327219 |title=Manos Hadjidakis: The Story of an Anarchic Youth and a 'Magnus Eroticus' |last=Miralis |first=Yiannis |date=Spring 2004 |journal=Philosophy of Music Education Review |pages=43–54|volume=12 |number=1|publisher=Indiana University Press|jstor=40327219 }}</ref> Hatzidakis focused on the economy of expression, the deep traditional roots and the genuineness of emotion displayed in rembetika, and exalted the likes of composers like [[Markos Vamvakaris]] and [[Vassilis Tsitsanis]]. Putting theory to practice, he adapted classic rembetika in his 1951 piano work, ''Six Popular Pictures'' (''Έξι Λαϊκές Ζωγραφιές''), which was later also presented as a folk ballet. Also in 1949 he co-founded the Greek Dance Theatre Company with the choreographer [[Rallou Manou]].<ref>[http://www.antibaro.gr/culture/mg/hatzidakis.html Hatzidakis's biodata] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304055803/http://www.antibaro.gr/culture/mg/hatzidakis.html |date=4 March 2012 }}</ref>

At this point he began writing immensely popular songs and movie soundtracks alongside more serious works, such as 1954's ''The C.N.S. Cycle'' (''O Kyklos tou C.N.S.''), a song cycle for piano and voice. In 1955 he wrote the score for [[Michael Cacoyannis]]' film ''[[Stella (1955 film)|Stella]]'', with actress [[Melina Mercouri]] singing the movie's trademark song "Love that became a double-edged knife" ("Αγάπη που 'γινες δίκοπο μαχαίρι").

He composed the score for the 1955 film Laterna, ftoxia kai filotimo "Λατέρνα, φτώχεια και φιλότιμο"

In 1958, Hatzidakis met [[Nana Mouskouri]], his first "ideal interpreter". It was 1960 that brought him international success, as his song "[[Never on Sunday (song)|Never on Sunday]]" ("Τα παιδιά του Πειραιά"), from [[Jules Dassin]]'s film ''[[Never on Sunday]]'' (Ποτέ την Κυριακή), won him an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] and became a worldwide hit. Hatzidakis did not attend the Academy Award ceremony in 1961, and refused to collect his award. He said that the film ''Never on Sunday'' with a prostitute as its protagonist reflected negatively on Athens.<ref name=Pappas2020/>

In 1962, Hatzidakis founded a music competition to encourage Greek composers, with the first award going to [[Iannis Xenakis]] in 1963.<ref name=Miralis2004/> Also in 1962, Hatzidakis produced the musical ''Street of Dreams'' (''Οδός Ονείρων'')<ref>{{YouTube|dG1DVFhR_zs|Οδός Ονείρων/Dream Street (music/video)}}</ref> and completed his score for [[Aristophanes]]' ''[[The Birds (play)|Birds]]'' (''Όρνιθες''), another Art Theater production which caused an uproar over Koun's revolutionary direction. The score was also used later by [[Maurice Béjart]]'s [[Ballet of the 20th Century]]. He also wrote the music for a song which [[Arthur Altman]] added English lyrics to and gave to [[Brenda Lee]]. The song was "[[All Alone Am I]]". In 1964, he released the album ''15 Vespers'' (''Δεκαπέντε Εσπερινοί'') with the famous song "Mr Antonis ("Ο Κυρ Αντώνης").<ref>{{YouTube|ah6oACexmzo|Ο Κυρ Αντώνης/Mr Antonis (music/video)}}</ref>

In 1965, his [[LP (format)|LP]] ''[[Gioconda's Smile]]'' (''Το Χαμόγελο της Τζιοκόντας'')<ref>{{YouTube|GbzBWeXVGo0|Το Χαμόγελο της Τζιοκόντας/Gioconda's Smile (music/video)}}</ref> was released on Minos-EMI. The album was re-released in 2004, digitally remastered as an audiophile LP and a [[CD]] in the [[EMI Classics]] collection. In 1966, Hatzidakis travelled to [[New York City]] for the premiere of ''[[Illya Darling]]'', a Broadway musical based on ''Never on Sunday'', which starred Mercouri. 

==Living outside Greece==
Hatzidakis lived in the United States from 1966 to 1972,<ref name=GreekReporter2021/> during which he completed several more major compositions, including ''Rhythmology'' (''Rythmologia'') for solo piano, his compilation, ''[[Gioconda's Smile]]'' (produced by [[Quincy Jones]]), and the song cycle, ''Magnus Eroticus'' (''Megalos Erotikos''), in which he used ancient ([[Sappho]], [[Euripides]]), medieval (stanzas from folk songs and [[George Hortatzis]]' romance ''[[Erophile]]'') and modern ([[Dionysios Solomos]], [[Constantine Cavafy]], [[Odysseus Elytis]], [[Nikos Gatsos]]) Greek poems, as well as an excerpt from the Old Testament book "Song of Songs". He released the album ''[[Reflections (Manos Hatzidakis album)|Reflections]]'', a collaboration with the [[New York Rock & Roll Ensemble]].<ref name=Miralis2004/>

==Later years==
Hatzidakis returned to Greece in 1972 and recorded ''Magnus Eroticus'' with opera-trained alto Fleury Dantonaki and singer Dimitris Psarianos. Following the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek junta's overthrow in 1974]], he became active in public life and assumed a number of leadership positions in the [[Athens State Orchestra]] (KOA), the [[Greek National Opera]] (ELS/GNO), and the [[Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation]] (ERT).<ref>{{cite book |editor=Dafni Tragaki |title=Made in Greece: Studies in Popular Music |date=2018 |chapter=An 'Impossible' Place: The Creative Antinomies of Manos Hadjidakis' Modernism |last=Kanellopoulos |first=Panagiotis A. |page=122 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317607991}}</ref> In 1985 he launched his own record company "Seirios", named after Sirius, the hunting dog of mythical [[Orion (mythology)|Orion]]. In 1989 Hatzidakis founded and directed the Orchestra of Colours, an ensemble performing lesser-known works and the music of Greek composers.<ref name=Miralis2004/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orchestraofcolours.gr/en/index_3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312123302/http://www.orchestraofcolours.gr/en/index_3.html |title=Profile |archive-date=12 March 2005 |website=Orchestra of Colours |lang=en |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

Although he said Greece must enter the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC, later the [[European Union]]) for economic reasons, he believed that Greece would be culturally assimilated.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/oMvuAugXyPQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20191107010433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMvuAugXyPQ&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMvuAugXyPQ| title = Μάνος Χατζιδάκις (Συνέντευξη) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Apostolis|date=2018-10-23|title=Ελληνοφρένεια: Ο Μάνος Χατζιδάκις για την Ευρωπαϊκή Ολοκλήρωση..|url=https://ellinofreneianet.gr/documents/mousafirides/3121-ελληνοφρένεια-ο-μάνος-χατζιδάκις-για.html|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Ελληνοφρένεια|language=el}}</ref>

In the later years of his life, Hatzidakis explained that his work was meant not to entertain but to reveal. Further, he disclaimed part of his work, written for the Greek cinema and theater, as unrepresentative.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/oMvuAugXyPQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20191107010433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMvuAugXyPQ&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMvuAugXyPQ| title = Μάνος Χατζιδάκις (Συνέντευξη) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=AS9oLiz5KfE&feature=emb_title|title=Ένα αφιέρωμα για τον Μάνο Χατζιδάκι|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Death==
Hatzidakis died from a [[heart attack]] on 15 June 1994 in Athens at the age of 68.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/16/obituaries/manos-hadjidakis-greek-composer-68.html |title=Manos Hadjidakis; Greek Composer, 68 |date=16 June 1994 |agency=[[Reuters]] |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=B9 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> In 1999 the city of Athens dedicated the museum [[Technopolis (Gazi)|Technopolis]] in his memory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Athens |last=Gill |first=John |date=2011 |publisher=Andrews UK Ltd |page=131 |isbn=9781908493484}}</ref> He was buried in [[Paiania]].

==Musical scores==
* ''Adoulotoi Sklavoi'' -  ''Unsubdued Slaves – US title'' (1946)
* ''Kokkinos Vrahos'' (1949)
* ''Dyo Kosmi'' – ''The Two Worlds'' (1949)
* ''[[Nekri Politeia]]'' – ''Dead City – US title'' (1951)
* ''O Grousouzis'' – '' The Grouch – US title'' (1952)
* ''Agni Tou Limaniou'' - ''Lily of the Harbour – US title'' (1952)
* ''[[Stella (1955 film)|Stella]]'' - ''Στέλλα'' (1955)
* ''[[The Counterfeit Coin]]'' - ''Η κάλπικη λίρα'' (1955)
* ''[[O Drakos]]'' – ''The Ogre of Athens – US title'' (1956)
*''[[One Street Organ, One Life]]'' (1958)
*''To Nisi Ton Gennaion'' - ''The Braves' Island – US title'' (1959)
* ''[[Never on Sunday]]'' (Ποτέ Την Κυριακή) (1960)
* ''[[Woe to the Young]]'' (1961)
* ''[[It Happened in Athens]]'' (1962)
* ''[[The 300 Spartans]]'' (1962)
* ''[[America America]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Topkapi (film)|Topkapi]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Gioconda's Smile]]'' (Το Χαμόγελο Της Τζοκόντας) (1965)
* ''[[Illya Darling]]'' (1967) – [[Broadway theatre|Broadway musical]]
* ''[[Blue (1968 film)|Blue]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Reflections (Manos Hadjidakis album)|Reflections]]'' (1969) – Performed by the [[New York Rock & Roll Ensemble]]
* ''[[The Invincible Six]]'' (1970)
* ''[[The Pedestrian (film)|The Pedestrian]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Sweet Movie]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Faccia di spia]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Memed, My Hawk (film)|Memed, My Hawk]]'' (1984)
* ''Reflections'' (2005) – Performed by [[Raining Pleasure]]. Special appearance by Meriam performing the song "Kemal"
* ''Amorgos'' (2006)
*''Six popular pictures Op.5'' -''ballet for piano based on greek popular melodies'' 
*''For a little white seashell'' Op.1- preludes and dances for the piano (1948)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.manoshadjidakis.com/ Official website]
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006118/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_1 Manos Hatzidakis] on [[IMDb]]

{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1951–1960}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatzidakis, Manos}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Greek classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century pianists]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Academy Award–winning songwriters]]
[[Category:Greek film score composers]]
[[Category:Greek pianists]]
[[Category:Greek Resistance members]]
[[Category:Greek male songwriters]]
[[Category:Greek male film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Xanthi]]
[[Category:Theatre in Greece]]
[[Category:Male pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century Greek male musicians]]