Editing Mangifera

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the cashew family}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| oldest_fossil = Upper Paleocene
|image = Starr 071024-0216 Mangifera indica.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Mangifera indica|M. indica]]'' [[Mango|fruits]]
|taxon = Mangifera
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms = *''Mangas'' <small>Adans.</small>
*''Phanrangia'' <small>Tardieu</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{Cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1848-1|title=Mangifera L. — POWO|website=powo.science.kew.org}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mangifera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[cashew]] family, [[Anacardiaceae]]. It contains 64 species, with the best-known being the common [[mango]] (''[[Mangifera indica]]''). The [[center of diversity]] of the genus is in the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion of [[Southeast Asia]], particularly in [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]], and the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Dillon |first2=Natalie |last3=Bally |first3=Ian |last4=Groh |first4=Amy |last5=Rahaman |first5=Jordon |last6=Warschefsky |first6=Emily |last7=Freeman |first7=Barbie |last8=Innes |first8=David |last9=Chambers |first9=Alan H. |title=Estimation of genetic diversity and relatedness in a mango germplasm collection using SNP markers and a simplified visual analysis method |journal=Scientia Horticulturae |date=June 2019 |volume=252 |pages=156–168 |doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2019.03.037|s2cid=132739368 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019ScHor.252..156K }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mangifera indica |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34505#tosummaryOfInvasiveness |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CABI |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> They are generally [[Canopy (forest)|canopy]] [[tree]]s in lowland [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|rainforests]], reaching a height of {{convert|30|-|40|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Litz1">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC |title=''Mangifera indica'' Mango |first=Richard E. |last=Litz |author2=Miguel A. Gómez-Lim |editor=Richard E. Litz |encyclopedia=Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops |year=2005 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-0-85199-662-2 |pages=40–41}}</ref>

==Uses==
''Mangifera'' species are widely cultivated in Asia and elsewhere. More than 27 species in the genus bear edible, fleshy [[fruit]]s, especially the common mango (''M. indica''). Others, such as ''[[Mangifera foetida|M. foetida]]'', yield astringent fruits that can be eaten [[Pickling|pickled]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oloEhPYqE8QC |title=The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses |edition=2nd |first=Richard E. |last=Litz |year=2009 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-489-7 |pages=5–8}}</ref>

Mango wastes, such as the seed kernel and peel, have high functional and nutritional potential. Mango seed contains important bioactive compounds that have high [[antioxidant]] activity, lipids that have acceptable physical and chemical characteristics (free of ''trans'' fatty acids), and a somewhat high (about 6%) [[protein]] content.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2016.06.009| title=Mango seed: Functional and nutritional properties|journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology| volume=55| pages=109–117| year=2016| last1=Torres-León| first1=Cristian| last2=Rojas| first2=Romeo| last3=Serna| first3=Liliana| last4=Contreras| first4=Juan| last5=Aguilar| first5=Cristobal| s2cid=89179753}}</ref> The mango peel contains considerable amounts of [[antioxidants]] and [[dietary fiber]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/87559129.2015.1094815| title=Agro-industrial potential of the mango peel based on its nutritional and functional properties|journal=Food Reviews International| volume=32| pages=364–376| year=2016| last1=Serna| first1=Liliana| last2=García-Gonzales| first2=Estefanía| last3=Torres-León| first3=Cristian| issue=4| s2cid=87396909}}</ref>

==Fossil record==
The earliest [[fossil]] species thought to be related to ''Mangifera'' is ''[[Eomangiferophyllum damalgiriense]]'' from the upper [[Paleocene]] in northeastern [[India]]. Leaves have also been reported from the Paleocene of [[Japan]] and the [[Eocene]] of [[Germany]], though these have been considered questionable. Leaf fossils confidently assignable to ''Mangifera'' have been collected from [[Oligocene]] or early [[Miocene]] sediments in northern [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Prakart Sawangchote |author2=Paul J. Grote |author3=David L. Dilcher |title=Tertiary leaf fossils of Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) from Li Basin, Thailand as examples of the utility of leaf marginal venation characters |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=96|issue=11|date=2009|pages=2048–2061 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0900086|pmid=21622324 }}</ref><ref>Mehrota, R.C., D.L. Dilcher and N. Awasthi. 1998. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rakesh_Mehrotra/publication/237346625_A_palaeogene_Mangifera_-_Like_leaf_fossil_from_India/links/0f317537eeacca0e68000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail A Paleocene Mangifera-like leaf fossil from India]". ''Phytomorphology'' 48(1):91-100.</ref>

==Taxonomy==
===Subgenera===
*Subgenus ''Mangifera''
**Section ''Marchandora'' <small>Pierre</small>
**Section ''Euantherae'' <small>Pierre</small>
**Section ''Rawa'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
**Section ''Mangifera'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*Subgenus ''Limus''<small> (Marchand) [[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kosterm.]]</small>

===Species===
These species are accepted:<ref name=POWO></ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

*''[[Mangifera acutigemma]]'' <small>[[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kosterm.]]</small>
*''[[Mangifera altissima]]'' <small>Blanco</small>
*''[[Mangifera andamanica]]'' <small>King</small>
*''[[Mangifera applanata]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera austroindica]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera blommesteinii]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera bullata]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera caesia]]'' <small>Jack</small>
*''[[Mangifera caloneura]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
*''[[Mangifera campnospermoides]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera camptosperma]]'' <small>Pierre</small>
*''[[Mangifera casturi]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera cochinchinensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> ([[Indo-China]])
*''[[Mangifera collina]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera decandra]]'' <small>Ding Hou</small>
*''[[Mangifera dewildei]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera dongnaiensis]]'' <small>Pierre</small> 
*''[[Mangifera duperreana]]'' <small>Pierre</small>
*''[[Mangifera flava]]'' <small>Evrard</small>
*''[[Mangifera foetida]]'' <small>Lour.</small> 
*''[[Mangifera gedebe]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
*''[[Mangifera gracilipes]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''[[Mangifera griffithii]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> 
*''[[Mangifera havilandii]]'' <small>Ridl.</small>
*''[[Mangifera indica]]'' <small>L.</small>: '''the common mango (type sp.)''' (synonym ''M. austroyunnanensis'' <small>Hu</small>)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2362916|title=Mangifera austroyunnanensis Hu — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org}}</ref>
*''[[Mangifera inocarpoides]]'' <small>Merr. & L.M.Perry</small>
*''[[Mangifera khasiana]]'' <small>Pierre</small>
*''[[Mangifera khoonmengiana]]'' <small>Kochummen</small>
*''[[Mangifera lagenifera]]'' <small>Griff.</small>
*''[[Mangifera lalijiwa]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera laurina]]'' <small>Blume</small>
*''[[Mangifera linearifolia]]'' <small>(Mukh.) Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera macrocarpa]]'' <small>Blume</small>
*''[[Mangifera magnifica]]'' <small>Kochummen</small>
*''[[Mangifera mariana]]'' <small>Buch.-Ham.</small>
*''[[Mangifera merrillii]]'' <small>Mukherji</small>
*''[[Mangifera minor]]'' <small>Blume</small>
*''[[Mangifera minutifolia]]'' <small>Evrard</small> 
*''[[Mangifera monandra]]'' <small>Merr.</small>
*''[[Mangifera nicobarica]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera odorata]]'' <small>Griff.</small>
*''[[Mangifera orophila]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera pajang]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera paludosa]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera parvifolia]]'' <small>Boerl. & Koord.</small>
*''[[Mangifera pedicellata]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera pentandra]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''[[Mangifera persiciformis|Mangifera persiciforma]]'' <small>C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming</small>:  (synonyms: ''M. persiciformis'' <small>C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming</small>,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-1301149|title=Mangifera persiciforma C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org}}</ref> ''[[Mangifera hiemalis]]'' <small>J.Y. Liang</small> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50143683|title=Mangifera hiemalis J.Y. Liang — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org}}</ref>)
*''[[Mangifera pseudoindica]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera quadrifida]]'' <small>Jack ex Wall.</small>
*''[[Mangifera reba]]'' <small>Pierre.</small>
*''[[Mangifera rubropetala]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera rufocostata]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera similis]]'' <small>Blume</small> (synonym: ''[[Mangifera torquenda]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>)
*''[[Mangifera subsessilifolia]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera sulavesiana]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera sumatrana]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
*''[[Mangifera sumbawaensis]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera superba]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''[[Mangifera swintonioides]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera sylvatica]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>
*''[[Mangifera timorensis]]'' <small>Blume</small>
*''[[Mangifera transversalis]]'' <small>Kosterm.</small>
*''[[Mangifera zeylanica]]'' <small>(Blume) Hook.f.</small>
{{div col end}}

===Formerly placed here===
*''[[Bouea oppositifolia]]'' <small>(Roxb.) [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]]</small> (as ''M. oppositifolia'' <small>Roxb.</small>)
* ''[[Buchanania]] cochinchinensis'' <small>(Lour.) M.R.Almeida</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2362901|title=Mangifera axillaris Desr. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org}}</ref> (as ''M. axillaris'' <small>Desr.</small>)
* ''[[Elaeodendron]] glaucum'' <small>(Rottb.) Pers.</small> (as ''M. glauca'' <small>Rottb.</small>)
* ''[[Irvingia gabonensis]]'' <small>(Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill.</small> (as ''M. gabonensis'' <small>Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke</small>)
* ''[[Fegimanra]] africana'' <small>(Oliv.) Pierre.</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2364961|title=Mangifera africana Oliv. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org}}</ref> (as ''M. africana'' <small>Oliv.</small>)
*''[[Spondias pinnata]]'' <small>(J.Koenig ex L.f.) Kurz</small> (as ''M. pinnata'' <small>J.Koenig ex L.f.</small>)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71489-1|title=Spondias pinnata L. — POWO|website=powo.science.kew.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161807}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mangifera| ]]
[[Category:Anacardiaceae genera]]