Editing Magnus Ladulås

{{Short description|King of Sweden from 1275 to 1290}}
{{Redirect|Magnus Birgersson}}
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{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Magnus Ladulås
| image        = Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden as Duke bust 2009 Skara (2).jpg
| caption      = Bust of Magnus as duke at [[Skara Cathedral]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Svanberg | first=Jan | title=Furstebilder från Folkungatid | publisher=Skaraborgs länsmuseum | publication-place=Skara | date=1987 | isbn=91-85884-52-9 | language=sv|pages=110–128}}</ref>
| succession   = [[King of Sweden]]
| reign        = 1275 – 18 December 1290
| coronation   = 
| predecessor  = [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]
| successor    = [[Birger, King of Sweden|Birger]]
| house        = [[House of Bjälbo|Bjälbo]]
| father       = [[Birger Jarl]]
| mother       = [[Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden]]
| spouse       = [[Helvig of Holstein]]
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Ingeborg Magnusdotter|Ingeborg, Queen of Denmark]]
*[[Birger, King of Sweden]]
*[[Erik, Duke of Södermanland]]
*[[Valdemar, Duke of Finland]]
*[[Rikissa Magnusdotter|Rikissa, Abbess of St. Clara Priory]]}}
| issue-link   = #Children
| issue-pipe   = more...
| birth_date   = {{circa}} 1240
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = {{nowrap|18 December 1290 (aged {{circa}} 50)}}
| death_place  = 
| burial_place = [[Riddarholm Church]]
}}
[[File:Magnus Ladulas sigill.jpg|thumb|Seal of King Magnus]]
[[File:Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden c 1440.jpg|thumb|14th-century depiction of King Magnus on a high tower wall of his burial church]]
[[File:Magnus III Barnlock of Sweden effigy by Lucas van der Werdt in 1574.jpg|thumb|Magnus's 16th century grave monument over his family crypts in [[Riddarholm Church]]]]
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'''Magnus Ladulås''' ({{IPA|sv|l'ɑːdɵloːs|pron}}, {{literal translation|Barnlock}}) or '''Magnus Birgersson''' ({{circa}} 1240&nbsp;– 18 December 1290) was [[King of Sweden]] from 1275 until his death in 1290.<ref>{{cite web|url=  https://www.pennanochsvardet.se/militarhistoria/svenskakrig/krig-1222-1388/magnus-birgersson-ladulas
|title=   Magnus Birgersson 'Ladulås' |publisher= Pennan & Svärdet |author=    Ulf Sundberg |date=   1999    |access-date=January 1, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190320150611/https://www.pennanochsvardet.se/militarhistoria/svenskakrig/krig-1222-1388/magnus-birgersson-ladulas|archive-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> 

He was a son of [[Birger Jarl]], and became a king after a rebellion against his brother [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old son [[Birger Magnusson]] with [[Torkel Knutsson]] acting as his guardian.

Medieval Swedish kings did not use [[Regnal number|regnal numbers]] as part of their title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerqvist |first=Lars O. |url=http://archive.org/details/kingsrulersofswe0000lage |title=Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia |date=1995 |publisher=Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-91-87064-15-9 |pages=5}}</ref> In modern literature he may be referred to as either '''Magnus I'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Magnus I {{!}} Viking Age, Reformer & Lawgiver |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Magnus-I |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> or '''Magnus III'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lagerqvist |first=Lars O. |url=http://archive.org/details/kingsrulersofswe0000lage |title=Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia |date=1995 |publisher=Stockholm, Sweden : Vincent Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-91-87064-15-9 |pages=22}}</ref><ref>''[[Centuries of Selfies]]'' pp. 22-23, 106</ref>

== Epithet ==
The origin of the epithet ''Ladulås'' ({{literal translation|Barnlock}}) is not known for certain, due to the lack of source material from the latter half of the 14th century. It appears widely in written documents from the beginning of the 15th century, with the Visby Chronicle from 1412 being the oldest datable document. ''Lilla rimkrönikan'' from {{Circa|1450}} gives the traditional explanation, ascribing the epithet to the [[Ordinance of Alsnö]]. This act by Magnus freed the [[Yeoman|yeomanry]] from the duty to provide sustenance for travelling nobles and bishops, and "locked the barns".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schück |first=Herman |title=Magnus Birgersson |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=10148 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon}}</ref><ref name=moberg/>

Another theory is that ''Ladulås'' is a corruption of a second name ''Ladislaus,'' the Latin equivalent of the [[Slavic names|Slavic name]] ''Vladislav.'' (Magnus's maternal great-grandmother was [[Sophia of Minsk]], a [[Rurikid]] princess.)''<ref name=moberg>{{Cite book |last=Moberg |first=Vilhelm |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofswedish0001mobe/page/94/ |title=A history of the Swedish people |date=2005 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |others= |isbn=978-0-8166-4656-2 |location=Minneapolis |pages=94}}</ref>''

== Early life ==
[[File:Birger Jarl crop.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Magnus's father Birger Jarl]]
Magnus was born around 1240 as the second son of [[Birger Jarl]] (1200–66) and Princess [[Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden|Ingeborg]], daughter of King [[Erik Knutsson]] and sister of King [[Erik Eriksson]] of Sweden. The early life of Magnus is poorly documented, but he seems to have received an extensive education.<ref name=":0" />

Erik Eriksson ruled until 1250 and died without an heir. After his death, Magnus' elder brother [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]] (1239–1302) became king, but the true power was held by their father Birger Jarl who acted as a [[regent]]. In 1255, Magnus was granted the title of a {{Lang|la|iunior dux}}, 'junior jarl'.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Line |first=Philip |url=http://archive.org/details/kingshipstatefor0000line |title=Kingship and state formation in Sweden, 1130-1290 |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |others= |isbn=978-90-04-15578-7 |location=Leiden |pages=131-134}}</ref>

When Birger died in 1266, Magnus assumed his title as the Duke of Sweden. The title was not accompanied by any unified territory, but by a number of scattered estates and rights to collect taxes and fines. He also received [[Nyköping Castle]] in [[Södermanland]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suvanto |first=Seppo |title=Maunu Ladonlukko |url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000129 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Kansallisbiografia |series=Studia Biographica 4 |publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura |publication-place=Helsinki |publication-date=23 June 2000 |issn=1799-4349}}</ref> 

There is no indication that he would have received the powers of his father.<ref name=":1" /> According to the [[Erik's Chronicle]], Magnus wanted to share the Royal power with his brother, which led to a conflict.<ref name=":0" />

== Accession and marriage ==
In 1275, Duke Magnus started a rebellion against Valdemar, supported by his younger brother [[Erik Birgersson|Erik]] and King [[Eric V of Denmark|Eric Klipping]] of Denmark. Valdemar was deposed by Magnus after the [[Battle of Hova]] in the forest of [[Tiveden]] on 14 June 1275 with the help of Danish and German horsemen. In July, Magnus was elected king at the [[Stones of Mora]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Huldén  |first=Lena |date=December 2014 |title=Magnus Ladulås |url=https://www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4013-1416928956619 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Biografiskt lexikon för Finland}}</ref>

In 1276, Magnus married [[Helvig of Holstein|Helvig]], daughter of [[Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe|Gerard I of Holstein]]. Through her mother, Elizabeth of Mecklenburg, Helvig was a descendant of Christina, the putative daughter of [[Sverker II of Sweden|King Sverker II]]. A papal annulment of Magnus' alleged first marriage and a dispensation for the second (necessary because of [[consanguinity]]) were issued ten years later, in 1286. Helvig later acted as regent, probably 1290–1302 and 1320–1327.<ref name=":2" />

== Reign ==
The deposed King Valdemar managed, with Danish help in turn, to regain provinces in [[Götaland]] in the southern part of the kingdom, and Magnus had to recognize that in 1277. However, Magnus regained them about 1278 and assumed the additional title ''rex Gothorum'', [[King of the Goths]], starting the tradition of "King of the Swedes and the Goths".

King Magnus's youngest brother, [[Bengt Birgersson|Bengt]] (1254–1291), then [[archdeacon]], acted as his [[Lord High Chancellor of Sweden]], and in 1284 Magnus rewarded him with the [[Duchy of Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18481|title=  Bengt Birgersson|publisher=   Svenskt biografiskt lexikon|author=Sten Engström   |access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref>

Magnus died when his sons were yet underage. Magnus ordered his kinsman [[Torkel Knutsson]], the [[Lord High Constable of Sweden]] as the guardian of his heir, the future [[King Birger]], who was about ten years old at father's death.

==Modern research==
In spring 2011, [[archaeologist]]s and [[osteologist]]s from the [[Stockholm University]] were granted permission to open one of the royal tombs in the [[Riddarholmen Church]], traditionally believed to contain the remains of Magnus Ladulås and some of his relatives. An osteological and [[odontological]] examination revealed the presence of five male and two female skeletons. Preliminary studies indicated a notable sickly disposition in one skeleton, previously presumed to belong to Magnus Ladulås based on descriptions of his ailments. Contrary to expectations, [[radiocarbon dating]] indicated that the skeletons were from the 15th and early 16th centuries, and could not belong to the king and his family.<ref name="vretemark"/>

In 2012, the research team was permitted to open the adjacent tomb, traditionally believed to contain King [[Karl Knutsson]] ({{circa}} 1408–1470). The analysis showed that these remains were from the 15th and early 16th century, and one skeleton matched the expected profile for King Karl. The location of Magnus Ladulås's grave remains unresolved. In 2014, the team discovered a previously unknown brick chamber between the two tombs, but further excavation was halted due to legal and administrative challenges.<ref name="vretemark">{{Cite journal |last1=Annerbäck |first1=Lin |last2=Vretemark |first2=Maria |title=Sökandet efter Magnus Ladulås |journal=Årsbok 2015 KVHAA |pages=51–62 |publisher=Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien |date=2015 |isbn=978-91-7402-441-8 |language=sv |url=https://www.vitterhetsakademien.se/publikationer/publikationskatalog/arsbok/kunglvitterhetshistorieochantikvitetsakademiensarsbok.4.39f98b4f1722babea8d2a23c.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnus Ladulås gravöppningsblogg - Dagbok för forskningsprojektet kring Magnus Ladulås och hans anhöriga. |url=http://magnusladulas.blogg.se/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=magnusladulas.blogg.se}}</ref>

== Issue ==
From his alleged first (annulled) marriage to an unknown woman:
* Erik (born c. 1275&nbsp;– c. 1277)

From his second marriage to [[Helvig of Holstein]]:
* [[Ingeborg Magnusdotter|Ingeborg]] (1277 – 1319); married King [[Eric VI of Denmark]].
* [[Birger, King of Sweden|Birger]] (1280 – 1321), King of Sweden from 1290 to 1318
* [[Erik Magnusson (duke)|Erik]] (c. 1282 – 1318), duke, father to King [[Magnus Eriksson]]; the ''[[Erik's Chronicle]]'' is named after him
* [[Valdemar, Duke of Finland|Valdemar]] (after 1282 – 1318), Duke of Finland. Erik and Valdemar died of starvation 1318 at [[Nyköping Castle]] while imprisoned by his brother, King Birger.
* [[Rikissa Magnusdotter|Rikissa]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1285 {{Endash}} after 1347), Abbess of the convent of [[St. Clare's Priory, Stockholm]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bjälbo]]||1240|18 December|1290|name=Magnus Ladulås}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Sweden]]|years=1275–1290}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Birger, King of Sweden|Birger]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Monarchs of Sweden}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magnus Ladulas}}
[[Category:1240s births]]
[[Category:1290 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Swedish monarchs]]
[[Category:House of Bjälbo]]
[[Category:Burials at Riddarholmen Church]]
[[Category:Rebel princes]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]