Editing Magnoliaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Magnoliaceae
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Cenomanian|recent|[[Cenomanian]] - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Magnoliales|url=https://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/magnolialesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-18|website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}}
| image = Sweetbay1082.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Magnolia virginiana]]''
| image2 = Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) in Munich (3).jpg
| image2_caption = ''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]''
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = *''[[Magnolia]]'' (> 200 species)
* ''[[Liriodendron]]'' (2 species)|
}}

The '''Magnoliaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|m|æ|g|ˌ|n|oʊ|l|i|ˈ|eɪ|s|i|i}}) are a [[flowering plant]] family, the '''magnolia family''',  in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Magnoliales]]. It consists of two [[genus|genera]]: ''[[Magnolia]]'' and ''[[Liriodendron]]'' (tulip trees).

Unlike most [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]], whose [[flower]] parts are in [[whorl (botany)|whorls]] (rings), the Magnoliaceae have their [[stamen]]s and [[Gynoecium|pistils]] in spirals on a conical [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]].<ref name="Zomlefer1994">{{cite book | last = Zomlefer| first = Wndy B. | title = Guide to Flowering Plant Families| url = https://archive.org/details/guidetoflowering00zoml| url-access = limited| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press | year = 1994| pages = [https://archive.org/details/guidetoflowering00zoml/page/n222 430]| isbn = 978-0-8078-4470-0}}</ref> This arrangement is found in some fossil plants and is believed to be a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] or early condition for angiosperms. The flowers also have parts not distinctly differentiated into [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s, while angiosperms that evolved later tend to have distinctly differentiated sepals and petals. The poorly differentiated [[perianth]] parts that occupy both positions are known as [[tepal]]s.

The family has about 219 species and ranges across [[Subtropics|subtropical]] eastern [[North America]], [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]], the [[West Indies]], tropical [[South America]], southern and eastern [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Indochina]], [[Malesia]], [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]].

==Genera==

The number of genera in Magnoliaceae is a subject of debate. Up to 17 have been recognized, including ''Alcimandra'', ''Lirianthe'', ''Manglietia'', ''Michelia'', ''Pachylarnax'', ''Parakmeria'', ''Talauma'' and ''Yulania''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10530|title=Magnoliaceae in Flora of China @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> However, many recent studies have opted to merge all genera within subfamily Magnolioideae into the genus ''Magnolia''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magnoliasociety.org/ClassificationArticle|title=Magnolia Classification Information|last=Figlar|first=Richard B.|date=June 2012|website=www.magnoliasociety.org|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> Thus, Magnoliaceae would include only two extant genera, ''Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron''.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== Description ==
[[File:Magnòlia_a_Verbania.JPG|thumb|right|
Flowers
In magnolias, the tepals are arranged in whorls, and the other flower parts are arranged spirally, not in [[whorl (botany)|whorls]].]]
The [[monophyly]] of Magnoliaceae is supported by a number of shared morphological characters among the various genera in the family.  Most have bisexual flowers (with the exception of ''Kmeria'' and some species of ''Magnolia'' section ''Gynopodium''), showy, fragrant, radial, and with an elongated receptacle.
Leaves are alternate, simple, and sometimes lobed. The [[inflorescence]] is a solitary, showy flower with indistinguishable petals and sepals. [[Sepal]]s range from six to many; [[stamens]] are numerous and feature short [[wikt:Filaments|filaments]] which are poorly differentiated from the [[anthers]]. [[Carpels]] are usually numerous, distinct, and on an elongated [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] or torus.<ref name="Zomlefer1994" /> The fruit is an [[aggregate fruit]] (etaerio) of follicles which usually become closely appressed as they mature and open along the abaxial surface. Seeds have a fleshy coat, [[aril]], and color that ranges from red to orange (except ''Liriodendron''). Magnoliaceae flowers are  [[beetle]] pollinated, except for ''Liriodendron'', which is [[bee]] pollinated. The carpels of'' Magnolia'' flowers are especially thick to avoid damage by beetles that land, crawl, and feast on them. The seeds of Magnolioideae are bird-dispersed, while the seeds of ''Liriodendron'' are wind-dispersed.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== Biogeography ==
Due to its great age, the geographical distribution of the Magnoliaceae has become [[Disjunct distribution|disjunct]] or fragmented as a result of major geologic events such as [[ice age]]s, [[continental drift]], and [[Orogeny|mountain formation]]. This distribution pattern has isolated some species, while keeping others in close contact.
Extant species of the Magnoliaceae are widely distributed in temperate and tropical Asia from the [[Himalayas]] to Japan and southwest through [[Malaysia]] and [[New Guinea]]. Asia is home to about two-thirds of the species in Magnoliaceae, with the remainder of the family spread across the Americas with temperate species extending into southern [[Canada]] and tropical elements extending into [[Brazil]] and the West Indies.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== Systematics ==

=== Foundational Taxonomic and Systematics Research (18th-19th century) ===
The earliest botanical description of the Magnoliaceae as a family is in Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu's ''Genera Plantarum'', which describes eight genera included within the family (''Euryandra'', ''Drymis'', Illicium, ''Michelia'', ''Magnolia'', ''Talauma, Liriodendrum'', and ''Mayna'') as well as four genera closely related to the family (''Dillenia'', ''Curatella'', ''Ochna'', and ''Quassia'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.284 |title=Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV |date=1789 |publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois |location=Parisiis|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.284 }}</ref> Bentham and Hooker's ''Genera Plantarum'', almost a century later, sorts the family's genera into three tribes: the Wintereae, including the genera ''Drimys'' and ''Illicium'', the Magnolieae, including the genera ''Talauma, Magnolia, Manglieta, Michelia'', and ''Liriodendron'', and the Schizandreae, including the genera ''Schizandra'' and ''Kadsura''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bentham |first1=George |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.747 |title=Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita |last2=Hooker |first2=Joseph Dalton |date=1862 |publisher=A. Black |location=Londini|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.747 }}</ref> In his following work ''Adansonia'', Baillon recognizes Bentham and Hooker's changes and additions but proposes an alternative taxonomy where he sets aside the ''Tulipier'' genus and include all remaining genera under one Magnolieae tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baillon |first=H |title=Adansonia; recueil d'observations botaniques |publisher=H. Baillon and F. Savy |year=1866 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> From this basic separation, scholars have continued to debate the systematics of the family.

=== Modern Systematics Research (20th-21st century) ===
Dandy's taxonomic proposal in 1927 sets aside the genus ''Liriodendron'' as a part of the subfamily Liriodendreae and includes Bentham and Hooker's four genera in addition to four more (''Kmeria, Pachylarnax, Alcimandra'', and ''Elmerrillia'') within the Magnolieae tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dandy |first=J. E. |date=1927 |title=The Genera of Magnolieae |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4107601 |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) |volume=1927 |issue=7 |pages=257–264 |doi=10.2307/4107601 |jstor=4107601 |issn=0366-4457}}</ref> Dandy's model with eleven genera was widely accepted until molecular evidence brought it into question (Figlar, 2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnolia Classification Information |url=https://www.magnoliasociety.org/ClassificationArticle |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.magnoliasociety.org}}</ref> Qiu et al. analyzed molecular data in 1995 to investigate the divergences within and between East Asian and East North American species of ''Magnolia'', presenting molecular evidence which shows that Dandy's section ''Rytidospermum'' is not monophyletic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=Yin-Long |last2=Parks |first2=Clifford R. |last3=Chase |first3=Mark W. |date=December 1995 |title=Molecular divergence in the eastern Asia– eastern North America disjunct section ''Rytidospermum'' of ''Magnolia'' (Magnoliaceae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13862.x |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=1589–1598 |doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13862.x |issn=0002-9122}}</ref> Azuma et al. employ both molecular phylogeny and parsimonious mapping of the chemistry of floral scents in 1999 to propose a phylogenetic tree where, unlike Dandy's taxonomy, they include ''Michelia'' species within the ''Magnolia'' genus as a sister group to the subgenus ''Yulania'' and also find that the section ''Rytidospermum'' is not monophyletic, placing some of its members in a clade with the section ''Oyama''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azuma |first1=Hiroshi |last2=Thien |first2=Leonard B |last3=Kawano |first3=Shoichi |date=September 1999 |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Inferred from cpDNA Sequences and Evolutionary Divergence of the Floral Scents |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00013885 |journal=Journal of Plant Research |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.1007/pl00013885 |bibcode=1999JPlR..112..291A |s2cid=206862607 |issn=0918-9440}}</ref>

The most recent research on the family continues the debate over the genera of the family. Wang et al.'s study analyzes complete chloroplast genome sequences of 86 species in the Magnoliaceae and supports a phylogeny with fifteen major clades, two subfamilies, two genera, and fifteen sections, maintaining ''Magnolia'''s classification as one monophyletic genus.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yu-Bing |last2=Liu |first2=Bin-Bin |last3=Nie |first3=Ze-Long |last4=Chen |first4=Hong-Feng |last5=Chen |first5=Fa-Ju |last6=Figlar |first6=Richard B. |last7=Wen |first7=Jun |date=2020-05-25 |title=Major clades and a revised classification of ''Magnolia'' and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12588 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=673–695 |doi=10.1111/jse.12588 |issn=1674-4918}}</ref> Dong et al. also place ''Magnolia'' as the sole genus of the subfamily Magnolioideae made up of fifteen sections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shan-Shan |last2=Wang |first2=Ya-Ling |last3=Xia |first3=Nian-He |last4=Liu |first4=Yang |last5=Liu |first5=Min |last6=Lian |first6=Lian |last7=Li |first7=Na |last8=Li |first8=Ling-Fei |last9=Lang |first9=Xiao-An |last10=Gong |first10=Yi-Qing |last11=Chen |first11=Lu |last12=Wu |first12=Ernest |last13=Zhang |first13=Shou-Zhou |date=2021-04-08 |title=Plastid and nuclear phylogenomic incongruences and biogeographic implications of ''Magnolia'' s.l. (Magnoliaceae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12727 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1111/jse.12727 |s2cid=234277919 |issn=1674-4918}}</ref> However, Yang et al. and Zhao et al. work with phylogenies of the Magnoliaceae that recognize several genera in the Magnolioideae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Lin |last2=Tian |first2=Jinhong |last3=Xu |first3=Liu |last4=Zhao |first4=Xueli |last5=Song |first5=Yuyang |last6=Wang |first6=Dawei |date=2022-08-28 |title=Comparative Chloroplast Genomes of Six Magnoliaceae Species Provide New Insights into Intergeneric Relationships and Phylogeny |journal=Biology |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=1279 |doi=10.3390/biology11091279 |doi-access=free |pmid=36138758 |pmc=9495354 |issn=2079-7737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Jianyun |last2=Chen |first2=Hu |last3=Li |first3=Gaiping |last4=Jumaturti |first4=Maimaiti Aisha |last5=Yao |first5=Xiaomin |last6=Hu |first6=Ying |date=2023-11-16 |title=Phylogenetics Study to Compare Chloroplast Genomes in Four Magnoliaceae Species |journal=Current Issues in Molecular Biology |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=9234–9251 |doi=10.3390/cimb45110578 |doi-access=free |pmid=37998755 |pmc=10670740 |issn=1467-3045}}</ref>

=== Consensus and Debates Today ===
Although phylogenetic trees of the Magnoliaceae still include anywhere from 2 to 17 genera, the broad generic concept (where one genus, ''Magnolia'', is in the Magnolioideae) is largely accepted as a practical construction upheld by molecular and morphological evidence.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/> Even as debates over rank persist, monophyletic groups are largely established with opportunities for further research into endangered and extinct species. The family's place as early angiosperms means that research into its taxonomy and evolutionary history contributes to our broader understanding of the evolution of plant life.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

The development of [[DNA]] sequencing at the end of the 20th century had a profound impact on the research of phylogenetic relationships within the family. The employment of ''ndh''F and cpDNA sequences has refuted many of the traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships within the Magnoliaceae. For example, the genera ''Magnolia'' and ''Michelia'' were shown to be [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] when the remaining four genera of the Magnolioideae are split out. In fact, even many of the subgenera (''Magnolia'' subg. ''Magnolia'', ''Magnolia'' subg. ''Talauma'') have been found to be paraphyletic. Although no completely resolved [[phylogeny]] for the family has yet been determined, these technological advances have allowed systematists to broadly circumscribe major lineages.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Azuma, H., García-Franco, J. G., Rico-Gray, V., and Thien, L. B. | year = 2001 | title = Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 2275–2285 | doi = 10.2307/3558389 | jstor = 3558389 | issue = 12 | pmid = 21669660 | doi-access =  }}</ref>

== Economic significance ==

As a whole, the Magnoliaceae are not an economically significant family. With the exception of ornamental cultivation, the economic significance of magnolias is generally confined to the use of wood from certain timber species and the use of bark and flowers from several species believed to possess medicinal qualities.  The wood of the American tuliptree, ''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]'' and the wood of the cucumbertree magnolia, ''[[Magnolia acuminata]]'', and, to a lesser degree, that of the Frasier magnolia, ''[[Magnolia fraseri]]'', are harvested and marketed collectively as "yellow poplar." This is a lightweight and exceptionally fine-grained wood, lending itself to precision woodworking for purposes such as [[pipe organ]] building.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Magnolias have a rich cultural tradition in China, where references to their healing qualities go back thousands of years. The Chinese have long used the bark of ''[[Magnolia officinalis]]'', a magnolia native to the mountains of China with large leaves and fragrant white flowers, as a remedy for cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and indigestion. Certain magnolia flowers, such as the buds of ''[[Magnolia liliiflora]]'', have been used to treat chronic respiratory and sinus infections and lung congestion. Recently, magnolia bark has become incorporated into alternative medicine in the west, where tablets made from the bark of ''M. officinalis'' have been marketed as an aid for anxiety, allergies, asthma, and weight loss. Compounds found in magnolia bark might have antibacterial and antifungal properties, but no large-scale study on the health effects of magnolia bark or flowers has yet been conducted.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Hunt, D. (ed). 1998. ''Magnolias and their allies''. International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society. {{ISBN|0-9517234-8-0}}

==Further reading==
* Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. and Oldfield, S. 2007. [http://www.bgci.org/files/Media_Kit/magnolia_red_list_.pdf The Red List of Magnoliaceae] Flora & Fauna International (FFI) and Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) report. {{ISBN|978-1-903703-23-6}}
* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00606-005-0361-1 F. Xu, P. J. Rudall. Comparative floral anatomy and ontogeny in Magnoliaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution April 2006, Volume 258, Issue 1-2, pp 1-15]

{{Angiosperm families}}
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[[Category:Magnoliaceae| ]]
[[Category:Magnoliid families]]
[[Category:Extant Berriasian first appearances]]