Editing Maarten Tromp

{{Short description|Dutch admiral (1598–1653)}}
{{for|the Dutch rower|Maarten Tromp (rower)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Maarten Tromp
| image         = Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp.jpg
| caption       = A portrait of Tromp by [[Jan Lievens]].
| birth_date    = 23 April 1598
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|df=y|1653|7|31|1598|4|23}}
| birth_place   = [[Brielle]], [[Dutch Republic]]
| death_place   = [[Battle of Scheveningen]]
| placeofburial = [[Oude Kerk (Delft)|Oude Kerk]], [[Delft]]
| nickname      = Bestevaêr
| birth_name    = Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp
| signature     = Signatur Maarten Tromp.PNG
| allegiance    = {{flag|Dutch Republic}}
| branch        = 
| serviceyears  = 1607–1653
| battles       ={{Tree list}}
*'''[[Eighty Years' War]]'''
**[[Battle of Gibraltar (1607)|Battle of Gibraltar]]
**[[Action of 18 February 1639]]
**[[Fight in the Channel]]
**[[Battle of the Downs]]
**[[Siege of Dunkirk (1646)|Siege of Dunkirk]]
**[[Siege of Mardyck (1646)|Siege of Mardyck]]
*'''[[First Anglo-Dutch War]]'''
**[[Battle of Dover (1652)|Battle of Dover]]
**[[Battle of Dungeness]]
**[[Battle of Portland]]
**[[Battle of the Gabbard]]
**[[Battle of Scheveningen]]{{KIA}}
{{Tree list/end}}
 [[File:Arms of Marteen Harpertzoon Tromp.svg|thumb|upright=0.45 |left|Coat of arms]]
}}

'''Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp''' or '''Maarten van Tromp''' (23 April 1598 – 31 July 1653) was an [[army general]] and [[admiral]] in the [[Dutch navy]] during much of the [[Eighty Years' War]] and throughout the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]]. Son of a ship's captain, Tromp spent much of his childhood at sea, during which time he was captured by pirates and enslaved by [[Barbary pirates|Barbary corsairs]]. In adult life, he became a renowned ship captain and naval commander, successfully leading Dutch forces fighting for independence in the Eighty Years' War, and then against England in the First Anglo-Dutch War, proving an innovative tactician and enabling the newly independent Dutch nation to become a major sea power. He was killed in battle by a sharpshooter from an English ship. [[HNLMS Tromp|Several ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy]] have carried the name HNLMS ''Tromp'' after him and/or his son [[Cornelis Tromp|Cornelis]], also a Dutch admiral of some renown.

==Early life==
Born in [[Brielle]] in the Netherlands, Tromp was the oldest son of Harpert Maertensz, a naval officer and captain of the frigate ''Olifantstromp ("Elephant Trunk")''. The surname ''Tromp'' probably derives from the name of the ship; it first appeared in documents in 1607. He was baptized 3 May 1598 in [[St Catherine's Cathedral, Utrecht|St. Catherine's Cathedral]].<ref name=wijn37>[[#wijn1997|Wijn, 1997]], p. 37</ref>  In 1606, the Tromp family moved to [[Rotterdam]] where Tromp's father was appointed by the [[Admiralty of Rotterdam]] as captain of the frigate ''Olifantstromp''. His mother supplemented the family's income as a washerwoman. In 1607, at the age of nine, Tromp went to sea with his father aboard the ''Olifantsdorp'', of the Rotterdam squadron, commanded by  Commodore [[Mooy Lambert]], as part of the Dutch fleet of Lieutenant-Admiral [[Jacob van Heemskerck]], with the objective of blockading [[Dunkirk]] and the Spanish coast and intercepting the Spanish fleet being sent to drive the Dutch from the [[East Indies]]. On 25 April,  a fierce battle ensued at the [[Battle of Gibraltar (1607)|Battle of Gibraltar]], resulting in a great Dutch victory.<ref name=wijn37/><ref name=historiek1>[[#historiek|Historiek]], essay</ref><ref>[[#britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]], essay</ref><ref name=harpetszoonessay>[[#harpetszoon|British Civil Wars Project (BCW)]], Essay</ref>

In 1610, after his father's discharge because of a navy reorganization, the Tromps were on their way to [[Guinea]] on their merchantman when they were attacked by a squadron of seven ships under command of the English pirate [[Peter Easton]]. During the fight, Tromp's father was slain by a cannonball, where after the battle his body was thrown overboard by the boarding party. According to legend, the 12-year-old boy rallied the crew of the ship with the cry "Won't you avenge my father's death?" The pirates seized him and sold him on the slave market of [[Salé]] where he ended up serving as a cabin boy. Two years later, Easton was moved by pity and ordered his redemption.<ref name=historiek1/><ref>[[#vere1955|Vere, 1955]], p. 28</ref><ref name=wijn39>[[#wijn1997|Wijn, 1997]], p. 39</ref>

Set free, Tromp supported his mother and three sisters by working in a [[Rotterdam]] shipyard. He went to sea again at 19, briefly working for the navy, but he was captured again in 1621 after having rejoined the merchant fleet, this time by [[Barbary]] corsairs off [[Tunis]]. He was kept as a slave until the age of 24 and by then had so impressed the [[Murad I Bey|Bey of Tunis]] and the corsair [[Jack Ward|John Ward]] with his skills in gunnery and navigation that the latter offered him a position in his fleet. When Tromp refused, the Bey was even more impressed by this show of character and allowed him to leave as a free man in 1622.<ref name=harpetszoonessay/>

==Naval career==
Maarten Tromp was supreme commander of the Dutch fleet during the later part of the [[Eighty Years' War]] and throughout  the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]]. He is widely considered the best Dutch naval commander during most of this time.<ref>[[#konstam2011|Konstam, 2011]], p. 30</ref> Tromp's former superior, Admiral [[Piet Hein (Netherlands)|Piet Pieterszoon Hein]], once told a friend that Tromp as a seaman and a commander possessed a sound character that distinguished him from all the captains he had ever known.<ref>[[#vere1955|Vere, 1955]], p. 42</ref> Tromp joined the Dutch navy as a [[lieutenant]] in July 1622, entering service with the [[Admiralty of the Maze]] based in [[Rotterdam]], serving aboard the ''Bruynvisch''.<ref name=historiek1/> On 7 May 1624, he married Dignom Cornelisdochter de Haes, the daughter of a merchant; in the same year he became captain of the ''St. Antonius'', a fast sailing dispatch and escort yacht.<ref name=harpetszoonessay/> His first distinction was as Lieutenant-Admiral  Hein's flag captain on the ''Vliegende Groene Draeck'' during the fight with [[Ostend]] privateers in 1629 in which Hein was killed, after which Tromp returned home with his body.<ref>[[#vere1955|Vere, 1955]], p. 43</ref>

{{clear}}

===Eighty Years' War===
[[File:Maerten Harpertsz Tromp (1597-1653). Luitenant-admiraal, SK-A-838.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|{{center|&nbsp;&nbsp;Maarten van Tromp<br> <small>by [[Jan Lievens]]&nbsp;&nbsp;</small>}} ]]

During the [[Eighty Years' War]] (1568–1648), Tromp was appointed as full captain in 1629 at the initiative of [[stadtholder]] [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange|Frederick Henry]] himself, where Tromp demonstrated that he was very successful in fighting the [[Dunkirkers]] as a squadron commander, functioning as a [[commandeur]] on the ''Vliegende Groene Draeck''. Despite receiving four honorary golden chains, he was not promoted further. The ''Vliegende Groene Draeck'' foundered and new heavy vessels were reserved for the flag officers while Tromp was relegated to the old ''Prins Hendrik''.<ref>[[#vere1955|Vere, 1955]], p. 47</ref><ref name=harpetszoonessay/> After Tromp's first wife died in 1634, with whom he had three sons left for Tromp to support, he subsequently left the naval service that year in disappointment. He became a [[deacon]] and married Alijth Jacobsdochter Arckenboudt, the daughter of Brill's wealthy [[schepen]] and tax collector, on 12 September 1634.<ref name=harpetszoonessay/>

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In 1637 Tromp re-enlisted in the Dutch navy and was promoted from captain to [[Lieutenant-Admiral]] of Holland and West Frisia,  under the Stadtholder, [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]]. This occurred following the resignation of Lieutenant-Admiral Philips van Dorp, and the dismissal of Vice-Admiral Jasper Liefhebber, and other flag officers due to incompetence, neglecting the Dutch navy which had fallen into a deplorable state, with several captains resigning their commissions and seeking service with the army.<ref name=wijn42>[[#wijn1997|Wijn, 1997]], p. 42</ref><ref>[[#mets1902|Mets, 1902]], p. 128</ref> With the resignation of van Dorp on 27 October the States of Holland once again asked Tromp  to accept the command of the Dutch navy.<ref name=hinds328>[[#hinds1864|Hinds (ed.), 1864]], v. xxiv, p. 328</ref> Tromp accepted but under the conditions that afforded him greater authority than was allowed for the navy’s previous commanders, remembering how badly the fleet had been neglected by them under van Dorp. Tromp insisted on a greater number of ships, which were to be well outfitted with supplies, and well manned. The States gave Tromp their solemn promise that they would grant all his requests. The terms of Tromp’s official appointment from the Stadtholder further strengthened his position. [[Witte de With]],  a year younger, very brave but brutal and ill-tempered, was appointed as his vice-admiral. Both were  born in Den Briel and served as flag captains under Piet Hein.<ref>Journal of Maarten Tromp, C.R. Boxer</ref> Although formally ranking under the [[Admiral-General]] [[Frederick Henry of Orange]], he was the ''de facto'' supreme commander of the Dutch fleet, as the [[stadtholder]]s never fought at sea. Tromp was mostly occupied with blockading the privateer port of [[Dunkirk]].<ref name=wijn42/><ref name=hinds328/>

With his flagship, the ''[[Aemilia (1632)|Aemilia]]'', Tromp promptly re-established the neglected blockade of Dunkirk and took steps to hinder the transportation of Spanish troops to Flanders.<ref name=jones40>[[#jones1966|Jones, 1966]], p. 40</ref> Tromp out-maneuvered Oquendo's fleet which was bound for Flanders but was forced to retreat to England at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]], behind the sandbanks of the [[Kent|Kentish coast]], where they remained trapped, while a prolonged debate preceding the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] continued in London. Tromp was already familiar with the channel from his cruising during 1637 and 1638, and sailed to [[Calais]] Roads, blocking the southwestern entrance of [[Dunkirk]], where he resupplied his fleet from Calais with the support of [[Cardinal Richelieu]]. Now with a reinforced fleet Tromp, in spite of the objection of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], who was on good terms with the Spain,.<ref name=israel537>[[#israel1995|Israel, 1995]], p. 537</ref>{{efn|Tromp had received secret instructions from the Stadholder,  [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]], to disregard English objections.<ref name=israel537/>}}  attacked on 21 October, during the [[Battle of the Downs]], destroying a large proportion of Oquendo's armada.<ref>[[#stradling1979|Stradling, 1979]], p. 208</ref>  During the [[Fight in the Channel]], a preliminary action to the Downs, Tromp was the first fleet commander known for the deliberate use of [[line of battle]] tactics,<ref name=jones40/> marking the end of Spanish naval power.<ref>[[#warner1963|Warner, 1963]], pp. 38-39, 42</ref><ref>[[#wijn1997|Wijn, 1997]], p. 46</ref>  For his landmark victory Tromp was rewarded by the States-General and knighted by Louis XIII of France, a close Dutch ally in the war against Spain. Shortly thereafter his second wife died. Tromp married again in 1640, to Cornelia van Berckhout.<ref name=harpetszoon'essay>[[#harpetszoon|British Civil Wars Project (BCWP)]], Essay</ref>
In 1643 the deputy of parliament in Holland made a loud protest in the General Assembly against the Prince of Orange for his orders to Tromp to allow two of the frigates bought by English royalists in Dunkirk, for his use and command.<ref>[[#hinds1925|Hinds (ed.), 1925]], v. xxvi, pp. 267-278</ref>

During his career, his main rival was Vice-Admiral [[Witte de With]], who also served the [[Admiralty of Rotterdam]] (de Maze) from 1637. De With temporarily replaced him as supreme commander for the [[Battle of Kentish Knock]]. Tromp's crew would not permit De With, who had a reputation of severity when disciplining a crew, to raise his flag on their ship, and insisted that he use the ''Prins Willem''{{efn|Dutch for "Prince William"}} as his flagship.<ref>[[#clowes1897|Clowes, 1897]], v. 2, p. 168</ref> Tromp's successor was Lieutenant-Admiral [[Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam]].<ref>[[#gardiner1|Gardiner, 1897]], v. 1, pp. 133-134</ref>

Tromp commanded the Dutch squadron that escorted [[Henrietta Maria of France|Queen Henrietta Maria]]  in 1643 when she returned from the [[Hague]] to [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]. Opposed to her returning to England the Parliamentarian squadron under [[William Batten]] threatened to attack the Queen's convoy when it landed at [[Bridlington]] but was thwarted by Tromp to withdraw.<ref name=harpetszoon'essay/>

===First Anglo-Dutch War===
[[file:Abraham Willaerts, First Dutch War.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{center|&nbsp;&nbsp;Ships in the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]], 1652,<br><small>by  [[Abraham Willaerts]]</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;}} ]]
In the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] of 1652 to 1653, Tromp commanded the Dutch fleet in the battles of [[Battle of Dover (1652)|Dover]], [[Battle of Dungeness|Dungeness]], [[Battle of Portland|Portland]], [[Battle of the Gabbard|the Gabbard]] and [[Battle of Scheveningen|Scheveningen]].<ref name=bcw1>[[#bcw2010|BCW, 2010]], Essay</ref>

Prior to the war,  [[Oliver Cromwell]] and the [[Rump Parliament]] had [[Navigation Acts|issued an ordinance]] prohibiting foreign trade and requiring all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to lower their flag in salute and as a sign of compliance. A Dutch embassy was in London trying to negotiate a lifting of the [[Navigation Acts]], but without much success.<ref>[[#jones1966|Jones, 1966]], pp. 48-49</ref>
On 19 May 1652, Tromp was cruising in the English Channel with a fleet of forty ships between [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuport]] and the mouth of the [[Meuse|Meuse River]], with general orders to protect Holland's commerce, while keeping watch over the English fleet who were searching and seizing Dutch merchant ships prior.<ref name=hannay77-78>[[#hannay1886|Hannay, 1886]], pp. 77-78</ref> British Admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] had recently seized seven richly laden Dutch merchant ships, off the coast of [[Fairlight, East Sussex|Fairlight]].<ref>[[#gardiner2|Gardiner, 1897]], v. II, p. 117</ref> Blake was now lying in [[Dover]] Roads with fifteen ships, while eight others were anchored in Bourne in the Downs.<ref name=hannay77-78/> When Tromp failed to lower his flag in salute, Blake, aboard his flagship the ''James'', believing Tromp had just received orders from a dispatch ketch to commence battle, fired two warning shots, without ball. The [[Battle of Dover]] was begun when Tromp refused to strike his flag and instead hoisted a red battle flag in defiance,<ref>[[#lambert2008|Lambert, 2008]], p. 52</ref> which prompted Blake to fire a third gun, hitting Tromp's ship and wounding some crew members. This was followed with Tromp returning fire with a warning broadside from his flagship [[Dutch ship Brederode (1644)|''Brederode'']]. Blake in turn fired a broadside and a five-hour battle ensued.<ref>[[#dixon1852|Dixon, 1852]], pp. 191-192</ref> The fighting continued until nightfall, where both sides withdrew, the battle having no distinct victor.<ref name=low36>[[#low1872|Low, 1872]], p. 36</ref><ref>[[#claredon3b|Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 1717]], pp. 459-460</ref> Shortly after the battle a board of commissioners, which included Cromwell, after questioning witnesses, had concluded that Tromp had deliberately provoked hostilities. Subsequently Holland withdrew its three ambassadors from Westminster,<ref>[[#gardiner2|Gardiner, 1897]], v. ii, pp. 118-119</ref> and on 8 July 1652 England declared war against Holland.<ref name=low36/>

Tromp, with a larger fleet than he had ordered for, sailed to the Downs and found that Blake had made it to the north-east coast, where he set sail for the [[Thames River]]. Near the mouth of the river he came upon an English squadron, commanded by Sir [[George Ayscue|George Ayscough]], who had the advantage of the [[weather gage]], thus preventing Tromp from engaging effectively. Subsequently, Tromp decided  to return to the Netherland coast, which was a decision that was not at all well received by the Dutch government, resulting in his removal from command, with [[Michiel de Ruyter|Admiral de Ruyter]] taking his place.<ref>[[#low1872|Low, 1872]], pp. 36-37</ref>

On 8 October 1652, with Tromp's command still in suspension, Dutch Vice-Admiral  [[Witte de With]] underestimating Blake, with 60 ships, attempted an attack at the [[Battle of the Kentish Knock]], but ended with Blake sending the defeated de With back to the Netherlands. Although de With was the more adept tactician, he was no match against Blake's force that included the heavy English ships the [[English ship Prince Royal (1610)|''Resolution'']] and the [[English ship Sovereign|''Sovereign'']], the two largest war ships in the world at the time.<ref>[[#lambert2008|Lambert, 2008]], p. 54</ref>{{efn|The ''Resolution had 70 guns, and the Sovereign'' had 102 guns.&nbsp;See: {{*}}[[English ship Sovereign|''Sovereign'']] &nbsp;and&nbsp; {{*}} [[English ship Prince Royal (1610)|English ship ''Prince Royal'' (1610]] }} The significance of De With's defeat was received over-optimistically by the Council of State, leading them to assume that Blake now had control over the English Channel. The Council subsequently dispersed their fleets to protect English interests in the [[Baltic Sea]], and [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], while another fleet was sent to reinforce the squadron in the Mediterranean. This left Blake with about forty ships that were in anchor in the Downs, and a situation that was compounded by a lack of funds to pay for badly needed repairs and for the crews.<ref>[[#atkinson1898|Atkinson, 1898]], pp. 203</ref><ref>[[#lambert2008|Lambert, 2008]], p. 54-55</ref>

Subsequent to de With's defeat, Tromp was reinstated as commander, on 8 May, which proved to be a big boost for Dutch navy morale, which was the highest it had been since he was dismissed months before in July.<ref name="Lambert p. 55">[[#lambert2008|Lambert, 2008]], p. 55</ref> The [[Battle of Dungeness]] occurred on 30 November 1652, and proved to be the most important Dutch victory during the war, with Tromp's fleet winning for the Dutch the temporary control of the English Channel.  A great convoy of 300 merchant ships was ready to leave the Netherlands headed for the [[Bay of Biscay]], accompanied by a large fleet of 73 warships and a small number of [[fireships]]  which were sent in escort to protect it. Tromp was in  command, with [[Johan Evertsen|Jan Evertsen]] and De Ruyter as his subordinate commanders. Admiral Blake had seriously underestimated Dutch strength, possibly due to poor visibility, as his fleet was outnumbered, two-to-one. Blake, nevertheless, shadowed the Dutch fleet which was sailing parallel along the English coast towards [[Dungeness]], with the coastline beginning to bend to the south.<ref name=clowes173>[[#clowes1897|Clowes, 1897]], v. 2, p. 173</ref><ref name=hannay98-100>[[#hannay1886|Hannay, 1886]], pp. 98-100</ref> As the fleets were approaching Dungeness Point Blake's fleet became pinned against the shore bringing the two fleets close together. Tromp subsequently hoisted  the red battle-flag and advanced on Blake’s new flagship, the [[English ship Triumph (1562)|''Triumph'']].<ref name="Lambert p. 55"/> The battle that developed involved only a part of the Dutch fleet as the winds were preventing the others from engaging in a timely fashion.  The re was much hand-to-hand fighting that lasted until about 5:00 pm with the advance of nightfall, with the Dutch fleet prevailing, taking several British prizes, while Blake retreated to the mouth of the Thames.<ref name=clowes173/><ref name=hannay98-100/> Tromp's victory over the British prompted a marked turning point for the British navy.<ref name=lambert56-57>[[#lambert2008|Lambert, 2008]], pp. 56-57</ref>{{efn|British naval historian [[Andrew Lambert]] maintains that the Dutch victory was a "salutary reminder" that the British were dealing with a major and capable opponent, causing Blake to submit his resignation, which was declined, and prompting a Court of Enquiry to further look into matters, while the Council of State supported Blake's contention that he had to have absolute authority in such matters, with added subordinate commanders, and an increase in sailor's pay, while insisting for the same professional standards that existed for the army. This was followed with a large tax increase to fund these improvements.<ref name=lambert56-57/>}}

The naval [[Battle of the Gabbard]],  took place on 2–3 June 1653, (12–13 June 1653 [[Gregorian calendar]]) off the coast of [[Suffolk]], England  near the Gabbard shoal. Tromp, aboad his flagship ''Brederode'' with Vice-admiral [[Witte de With]] aboard the [[Dutch ship Vrijheid|''Vrijheid'']],  was in command of 98 ships and six fireships, divided in five squadrons, while Generals at Sea [[George Monck]] and [[Richard Deane (regicide)|Richard Deane]] were in command of 100 ships and five fireships, divided into three squadrons.<ref name=clowes187-189>[[#clowes1898|Clowes, 1898]], v. 2, pp. 187-189</ref> Tromp's fleet was organized mostly for mélée fighting and were largely  crewed with soldiers for that purpose, while the English employed the use of superior firepower.<ref>[[#jones1996|Jones, 1996]], pp. 42, 129</ref> Admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] joined the English fleet on 3 June.  Though his fleet was very low on ammunition Tromp decided for a direct attack, but at the time the winds became almost still, leaving the Dutch fleet vulnerable in the face of superior enemy fire. Subsequently the Dutch lost seventeen ships to capture or sinking, while the English lost none. Deane was killed during the action. It was one  of the most costly defeats ever suffered by the Dutch, leaving the English in control of the English Channel.<ref name=clowes187-189/>

[[File:Battle of Scheveningen (Slag bij Ter Heijde)(Jan Abrahamsz. Beerstraten).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|{{center|&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Battle of Scheveningen]],<br>Tromp's final battle&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; }}]]
During the  [[Battle of Scheveningen]], the last battle of the war, on 31 July 1653, Tromp was killed by a sharpshooter in the rigging of [[William Penn (admiral)|William Penn]]'s ship.<ref name=bcw1/> Tromp's flagship, the  ''[[Dutch ship Brederode (1644)|Brederode]]'', broke through the English line where an intense battle ensued, resulting in Tromp's imminent death. Tromp's last words were, "It is all over, O Lord, be merciful to me and thy poor people." Members of his crew carried the mortally wounded Tromp below deck to his cabin, where he died only a moment later.<ref>[[#gardiner1|Gardiner, 1897]], v. 1, pp. 346-347</ref>  His acting flag captain, [[Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer]], on the ''Brederode'' kept up fleet morale by not lowering Tromp's standard, pretending Tromp was still alive.<ref name=rickard>[[#rickard2009|Rickard, 2009]], Essay</ref> At this point Evertsen assumed command, and with this the Dutch admirals returned to their ships and resumed battle with "unabated vigour".<ref name=clowes195-196>[[#clowes1897|Clowes, 1897]], v. 2, pp. 195-196</ref>  The loss of Tromp was a severe blow to the Dutch navy.<ref name=bcw1/> The battle proved to be a tactical victory for the English, but a strategic victory for the Dutch in that they had the blockade removed.

==Legacy==
[[File:Commemorative medal of Maarten van Tromp, 1653.jpg|left|upright=1.2|thumb|Commemorative medal of Maarten van Tromp, struck 1653 shortly after his death<br><small>(Diameter: 7.18 cm / 2.82 in)</small><ref>[[#clowes1897|Clowes, 1897]], v. 2, p.196,</ref>]]

Tromp was held in high esteem in the Dutch navy and with the general public.  His death was a severe blow to the [[Naval history of the Netherlands|Dutch navy]] but also to the Orangists, who sought the defeat of the [[Commonwealth of England]] and the restoration of the [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] monarchy. Republican influence strengthened after Scheveningen, which led to peace negotiations with the Commonwealth, culminating in the [[Treaty of Westminster (1654)|Treaty of Westminster]]. He received a state funeral in August 1653 at the Oude Kerk in Delft where a monument was erected to his honor. Tromp was survived by his second son, [[Cornelis Tromp|Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp]] (1629-1691), who was also a distinguished naval officer.<ref name=harpetszoon'essay/>

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]
* Glossary of nautical terms ''':''' [[Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)|(A–L)]],&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)|(M–Z)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{div col}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gardiner |first1= Samuel Rawson |last2=Atkinson |first2=Christopher Thomas |title=Letters and papers relating to the First Dutch War, 1652-1654 |volume=IV |author-link= |publisher= Navy Records Society |location=London |year=1899 |url=https://archive.org/details/letterspapersrel0004gard/page/n7/mode/2up |ref=atkinson4}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Gardiner |first1= Samuel Rawson |last2=Atkinson |first2=Christopher Thomas |author1-mask=2 |author2-mask=2  |title=Letters and papers relating to the First Dutch War, 1652-1654 |volume=V |author-link= |publisher= Navy Records Society |location=London |year=1899 |url=https://archive.org/details/letterspapersrel0005gard/page/n5/mode/2up |ref=atkinson5}}
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* {{cite book |last=Baumber |first=Michael |title=Oxford dictionary of national biography : Robert Blake |volume=VI |author-link= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-71954-7065 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary06matt/page/106/mode/2up |ref=baumer2004}} 
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* {{cite book |last=Clowes |first=William Laird, Sir |title=The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to the present |volume=II |author-link=William Laird Clowes |publisher=S. Low, Marston |location=London |year=1897–1903  |url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory02clowuoft/page/n9/mode/2up |ref=clowes1897}}
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* {{cite book |last=Dixon |first=William Hepworth |title=Robert Blake, admiral and general at sea |volume= |author-link=William Hepworth Dixon |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1852  |url=https://archive.org/details/robertblakeadmir00dixoiala/page/n5/mode/2up |ref=dixon1852}}
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* {{cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel Rawson |title=History of the commonwealth and protectorate, 1649-1660 |volume=I |author-link=Samuel Rawson Gardiner |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924088000702/page/n7/mode/2up |ref=gardiner1}}
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* {{cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel Rawson |title=History of the commonwealth and protectorate, 1649-1660 |volume=II |author-mask=2 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924088000710/page/346/mode/2up |ref=gardiner2}}
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* {{cite book |last=Hannay |first=David |title=Admiral Blake |volume= |author-link= |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |location=New York |year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/admiralblake00hann/page/n7/mode/2up |ref=hannay1886}}
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* {{cite book |editor-last=Hinds |editor-first=Allen B. |title=Calendar of State Papers and manuscripts relating to English affairs existing in the Archives and collections of Venice, and in other libraries of Northern Italy |volume=XXIV |author-link= |quote=by Great Britain. Public Record Office |publisher=Longman, H.M.S.O  |location=London |year=1864 |url=https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep0024grea/page/n3/mode/2up?q=tromp |ref=hinds1864}}
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* {{cite book  |editor1-last=Hinds |editor1-first=Allen B. |editor1-mask=2 |title=Calendar of State Papers and manuscripts relating to English affairs existing in the Archives and collections of Venice, and in other libraries of Northern Italy |publisher=British History Online; London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1925 Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, 1642–1643 |volume=XXVI .|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol26/pp267-278 |accessdate=22 June 2019 |ref=hinds1925}}
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* {{cite book |last=Hyde |first=Edward, Earl of Clarendon |title=The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England: Begun in the Year 1641 |volume=III, pt.ii |author-link=Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon |work=Printed at the Theater |year=1717 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofrebelli32clar/page/n7/mode/2up |ref=claredon3b}}
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* {{cite book |last=Israel |first=Jonathan |title=The Dutch Republic : its rise, greatness and fall, 1477-1806 |volume= |author-link=Jonathan Israel |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19873-0729 |url=https://archive.org/details/dutchrepublicits00unse |ref=israel1995}}
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* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=James Rees |title=The Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century |volume= |author-link= |publisher=Longman |location=London; New York |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-58205-6312 |url=https://archive.org/details/anglodutchwarsof0000jone/page/40/mode/2up |ref=jones1966}}
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*R. Prud’homme van Reine, ''Schittering en Schandaal. Dubbelbiografie van Maerten en  Cornelis Tromp'', Arbeiderspers, 2001
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* {{cite book |last=Lambert |first=Andrew D. |title=Admirals : the naval commanders who made Britain great |volume= |author-link=Andrew Lambert |publisher=Faber |location=London |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-57123-1560 |url=https://archive.org/details/admiralsnavalcom0000lamb/mode/2up |ref=lambert2008}}
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* {{cite book |last=Low |first=Charles Rathbone |title=Great Battles of the British Navy |volume= |author-link= |publisher=George Routledge and Sons |location=London |year=1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02394/page/39/mode/2up |ref=low1872}}
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* {{cite book |last=Mets |first=James Andrew |title=Naval heroes of Holland |volume= |author-link= |publisher= The Abbey Press  |location=New York; London |year=1902 |url=https://archive.org/details/navalofheroes0000unse/mode/2up?q=tromp |ref=mets1902}}
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* {{Citation |last=Rickard |first=J. |date=19 August 2009 |title=Battle of Scheveningen, 31 July 1653 |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_scheveningen.html |access-date=1 November 2013 |ref=rickard2009 }}
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* {{Citation |last=Plant |first=David |date=15 March 2010 |title=The Battle of Scheveningen 1653 |publisher=BCW Project |access-date=26 August 2023 |url=http://bcw-project.org/biography/maarten-tromp |ref=bcwt2010}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Stradling |first=Robert |author-link= |title=Catastrophe and Recovery: The Defeat of Spain, 1639-43 |journal=History |pages=205–219 |publisher=Wiley |volume=64 |issue=211 |year=1979 |jstor=24411536 |doi= 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x|ref=stradling1979}}
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* {{cite book |last=Vere |first=Frances  |title=Salt in their blood: the lives of famous Dutch admirals |volume= |author-link= |publisher=Cassell & Company, LTD |location=London |year=1955 |url=https://archive.org/details/saltintheirblood0000fran/page/n7/mode/2up |ref=vere1955}}
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* {{cite book |last=Warner |first=Oliver |title=Great sea battles |volume= |author-link= |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1963 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatseabattles00warn/page/38/mode/2up?q=tromp |ref=warner1963}}
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* [[JCM Warnsinck|Warnsinck, JCM]], ''Twaalf doorluchtige zeehelden'', PN van Kampen & Zoon NV, 1941
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* {{cite book |last=Wijn |first=J.J.A.  |editor=Sweetman, Jack |title=The Great Admirals : Command at Sea, 1587-1945 |volume= |author-link= |publisher= Naval Institute Press|year=1997 |isbn=9780-8-70212-291 |quote=Johannes Jacosus Antonius Wijn (Tromp) has served as Historical Adviser to the Jan Blanken Drydock Foundation at Hellevoetsluis, the Netherlands, Deputy Head of the Historical Department of the Netherlands Naval Staff, and Curator of the museum ship Amsterdam. He received his doctorate from the State University of Leiden in 1982. |url=https://archive.org/details/greatadmiralscom0000unse |ref=wijn1997}}
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* {{Citation |last= |first= |date=15 March 2010 |url=http://bcw-project.org/military/first-anglo-dutch-war/scheveningen |title=Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp, 1598-1653 |publisher=BCW Project |access-date=1 November 2013 |ref=harpetszoon}}
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* {{cite web |last= |first= |title=Maarten van Tromp, (1598-1653) |volume= |author-link= |publisher=The HistoryFiles.com |year= |isbn= |url=https://thehistoryfiles.com/maarten-van-tromp-1598-1653/ |accessdate=August 24, 2023 |ref=historyfiles}}
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* {{cite web |title=Maarten Tromp (1598-1653) – Sea hero from the Golden Age |date=30 July 2022 |publisher=2023 Historiek v.o.f., Onafhankelijk particulier initiatief |url=https://historiek.net/maarten-tromp-1598-1653/1925/ |accessdate=August 24, 2023 |ref=historiek}}
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* {{cite book |last= |first= |quote=Editors&nbsp;of&nbsp;Encyclopedia&nbsp;Britannica |title=Maarten Tromp, Dutch admiral |date= 27 September 2023|volume= |author-link= |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |isbn= |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Eighty-Years-War |ref=britannica}}
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{{end div col}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tromp, Maarten}}
[[Category:17th-century Dutch military personnel]]
[[Category:1598 births]]
[[Category:1653 deaths]]
[[Category:Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Burials at the Oude Kerk, Delft]]
[[Category:Dutch military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Dutch naval personnel of the First Anglo-Dutch War]]
[[Category:Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)]]
[[Category:Naval commanders of the Eighty Years' War]]
[[Category:People from Brielle]]