Editing MAN SE

{{Short description|German mechanical engineering company}}
{{Redirect|MAN Group|the British investment company|Man Group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox company
|name             = MAN SE
|logo             = MAN logo.svg
|logo_size        = 
|type             = [[Public company|Public]] (''[[Societas Europaea]]'')
|fate             = [[Mergers and acquisitions|Merged]] into [[Traton]]
|successor        = 
|traded_as        = 
|industry         = [[Manufacturing]], [[automotive industry]], [[Naval architecture|marine engineering]]
|foundation       = {{start date and age|df=yes|1758}}<ref name=MAN_history>{{cite web|url=http://www.man.de/MAN/en/Unternehmen/Die_MAN_Gruppe/Firmenhistorie/|title=MAN SE - The MAN Group's History - Industrial Pioneering|work=MAN SE|publisher=MAN.de|access-date=23 November 2009}}</ref>
|defunct          = {{end date and age|2021|08|31|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://traton.com/en/newsroom/press_releases/press-release-31082021.html | title = TRATON successfully completes merger squeeze-out of MAN SE | publisher = TRATON SE | date = August 2021}}</ref>
|founder          =
|location         = [[Munich]], Germany
|key_people       = 
|products         = [[Diesel engine|Diesel]] and other [[engine]]s, [[turbomachinery]]
|services         =
|revenue          = [[Euro|€]]13.6&nbsp;billion <small>(2016)</small><ref name="AR2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.man.eu/MAN-Downloadgalleries/All/3Investor_Relations/Geschaeftsbericht/2010/gb_2010_online_e_s.pdf|title=Annual Report 2010|publisher=MAN Group|access-date=3 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812235358/http://www.man.eu/MAN-Downloadgalleries/All/3Investor_Relations/Geschaeftsbericht/2010/gb_2010_online_e_s.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>
|subsid           = 
|num_employees    = 53,824 <small>(end 2016)</small><ref name=AR2013>{{cite web |title=MAN SE Annual Report 2013 |url=http://www.corporate.man.eu/man/media/en/content_medien/doc/global_corporate_website_1/investor_relations_1/gb/2013_4/man_q4_gbd_2013.pdf |publisher=Man Group |date=April 2013 |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
|footnotes        =
|homepage         =
}}

'''MAN SE''' (abbreviation of ''Maschinenfabrik [[Augsburg]]-[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]]'', {{IPA|de|maˈʃiːnənfaˌbʁiːk ˈʔaʊksbʊʁk ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk|lang}}) was a manufacturing and engineering company based in [[Munich]], Germany. Its primary output was commercial vehicles and diesel engines through its [[MAN Truck & Bus]] and [[MAN Latin America]] divisions, and participation in the manufacturer [[Sinotruk (Hong Kong)|Sinotruk]].<ref name="MAN Truck & Bus">{{cite web|url=https://www.corporate.man.eu/en/index.html|title=MAN Global Corporate Website|date=12 January 2014|work=www.man.eu|publisher=MAN SE|access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

MAN SE was majority-owned by [[Traton]], the heavy commercial vehicle subsidiary of automaker [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]],<ref name="man-ar-2008">{{cite book|title=MAN AG Annual Report 2016|publisher=MAN AG|year=2016|page=https://www.corporate.man.eu/man/media/en/content_medien/doc/global_corporate_website_1/investor_relations_1/gb/2016_40/GB2016_DEU_geschutzt.pdf}}</ref> until August 2021 when Traton completed a [[squeeze-out]] of all remaining shareholders and formally [[Mergers and acquisitions|merged]] MAN SE into Traton SE, meaning the former subsidiaries of MAN SE were now directly owned by Traton, and MAN SE ceased to exist.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://traton.com/en/newsroom/press_releases/press-release-31082021.html | title = TRATON successfully completes merger squeeze-out of MAN SE | publisher = TRATON SE | date = August 2021}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:MAN logo.JPG|thumb|200px|This logo is on the front of all MAN trucks and buses. The lion comes from [[Büssing|Büssing AG]], a company that MAN acquired in 1971.  It resembles the coat of arms of the city of [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]].]]

===Foundation===
{{More citations needed|subsection|date=March 2019}}

MAN traces its origins back to 1758, when the "St. Antony" ironworks commenced operation in [[Oberhausen]], as the first heavy-industry enterprise in the [[Ruhr]] region. In 1808, the three ironworks "St. Antony", "Gute Hoffnung" (English: "Good Hope"), and "Neue Essen" (English: "New Forges") merged, to form the Hüttengewerkschaft und Handlung Jacobi (English: "Jacobi Iron And Steel Works Union And Trading Company"), Oberhausen, which was later renamed Gutehoffnungshütte (GHH).<ref name=MAN_history/>

In 1840,  German engineer Ludwig Sander founded in [[Augsburg]] the first predecessor enterprise of MAN in Southern Germany: the "Sander'sche Maschinenfabrik".  It firstly became the "C. Reichenbach'sche Maschinenfabrik", which was named after the pioneer of printing machines Carl August Reichenbach, and later on the "Maschinenfabrik Augsburg".<ref name=MAN_history/>
The branch ''Süddeutsche Brückenbau A.G.'' (MAN-Werk Gustavsburg) was founded when the company in 1859 was awarded the contract for the construction of the railway bridge over the [[Rhine]] at [[Mainz]].

In 1898, the companies ''Maschinenbau-AG [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]]'' (founded 1841) and ''Maschinenfabrik Augsburg AG'' (founded 1840) merged to form ''Vereinigte Maschinenfabrik Augsburg und Maschinenbaugesellschaft Nürnberg A.G., Augsburg'' ("United Machine Works Augsburg and Nuremberg Ltd.").  In 1908, the company was renamed ''Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nürnberg AG'', or in short, M·A·N.

While the focus initially remained on ore mining and iron production in the [[Ruhr region]], mechanical engineering became the dominating branch of business in Augsburg and Nuremberg.  Under the direction of Heinrich von Buz, ''Maschinenfabrik Augsburg'' grew from a medium-sized business of 400 employees into a major enterprise with a workforce of 12,000 by 1913.

Locomotion, propulsion, and steel building were the big components of this phase. The early predecessors of MAN were responsible for numerous technological innovations.  The success of the early MAN entrepreneurs and engineers such as [[Heinrich Gerber (civil engineer)|Heinrich Gerber]], was based on a great openness towards new technologies. They constructed the Wuppertal monorail ("[[Wuppertal Schwebebahn|Wuppertaler Schwebebahn]]") and the first spectacular steel bridges such as the Großhesseloher Brücke in [[Munich]] in 1857 and the [[Müngsten Bridge|Müngsten railway bridge]] between 1893 and 1897.

The invention of the rotary printing press allowed the copious printing of books and newspapers, and since 1893, [[Rudolf Diesel]] puzzled for four years with future MAN engineers in a laboratory in [[Augsburg]] until his first [[diesel engine]] was completed and fully functional.

During 1921, the majority of MAN was taken over by the Gutehoffnungshütte Actienverein für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb, Sterkrade (GHH), (founded 1873).<ref name=MAN_history/>
Through well-directed equities and acquisitions of processing industries, e.g., Deutsche Werft (1918), Ferrostaal (1921), Deggendorfer Werft und Eisenbau (1924), MAN advanced to a nationwide operating enterprise, with a workforce of 52,000 by 1921. MAN also produced tractors by the name MAN Ackerdiesel (1938-1962). The decision for tractor production was made due to increasing demand from eastern Germany.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:MAN 1914.JPG|Share of the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, issued 10 March 1914
Image:St Antony.jpg|St. Antony
Image:Wuppertaler Schwebebahn c1913 LOC 03961u.jpg|[[Wuppertal Suspension Railway|Suspension railway in Wuppertal]], Germany, construction MAN-Werk Gustavsburg
Image:Second prototype of the Diesel engine (1894), 2.jpg|Rudolf Diesel's first engine
</gallery>

===Crisis and World War II===
[[File:Panther Tank Overloon 2019.jpg|thumb|left|Panzer V "Panther"]]

At the same time, the GHH's economic situation worsened. The causes for this were, among others, the [[World War I reparations|reparations]] after [[World War I]], the occupation of the Ruhr region and the world economic crisis. In only two years, the number of MAN employees sank from 14,000 in  1929/30 to 7,400 in 1931/32. While the civil business was largely collapsing, the military business increased with the armament under the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist]] regime. GHH/MAN enterprises supplied finished tanks, diesel engines for submarines and surface craft, and cylinders for projectiles and artillery of every description. Although MAN produced experimental diesel engines for tanks ([[Panzers]]), [[List of WWII Maybach engines|Maybach]] enjoyed a ''de facto'' monopoly on the design and manufacture of all tank and half-track engines, which were water-cooled, [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke]] gasoline motors. No diesel engines were installed in production [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s during the war. MAN also produced gun parts, including [[Mauser]] [[Karabiner 98k]] rifle bolts.  MAN's [[Waffenamt]] code was WaA53, and ordnance code was "coc".

The MAN works in [[Augsburg]], which produced diesel engines for [[U-boat]]s and surface craft, and the MAN works in [[Nuremberg]], which built 40% of Germany's [[Panther tank]]s, were often the target of massive Allied bombing attacks during [[World War II]].<ref name=MAN_history/>

===Postwar period===
After the end of World War II, the allies split up the GHH group. A [[vertical integration]], in which mining, iron, and steel production are consolidated, was not allowed anymore. The "Gutehoffnungshütte", together with the MAN firms of Southern Germany, therefore concentrated on engineering, plant construction, commercial vehicles, and printing machines. This process has been supported by strategic acquisitions and dispositions; one of the most important was the take-over of the truck and bus division of the commercial vehicles manufacturer [[Büssing]] (1971), the disposition of the shares of the shipyard Deutsche Werft (1966/67), and the acquisition of the printing machine producer Faber&Schleicher, as well as its fusion to [[Manroland|MAN Roland Druckmaschinen AG]] (1979).<ref name=MAN_history/>

In 1980, MAN took control of [[Burmeister & Wain]], the Danish company that had been a world leader in design and construction of large diesel engines for large ships.

In 1982/83, the "Gutehoffnungshütte" plunged into a deep corporate crisis. The enterprise suffered from the late effects of the second oil crisis and a bad economic situation. This was particularly displayed by the dramatic downturn of the commercial vehicle sales figures. Besides external factors, the chief course of these problems was the obsolete company structure with extensive cross-subsidisation between the divisions. At this time, the former director of GHH presented a reclamation concept that envisioned a complete consolidation of the subsidiary with the holding company. This concept encountered great resistance with GHH's major shareholders Allianz AG and Commerzbank. The media speculated about a "Bavarian conspiracy" against the management in Oberhausen.<ref name=MAN_history/>

In 1986, with Klaus Götte, the group got a new company structure and became a contractual group with an economically independent division at several locations. This was also attended by the transferring of the MAN headquarters from Oberhausen to Munich, and by the new company name, MAN AG.

Rudolf Rupprecht repelled a takeover attempt in 2003. Furthermore, the disposition of the 50% share of the SMS Group and the strengthening of the turbomachinery division through the takeover of Sulzer Turbo induced MAN's focusing process.

In 2006, MAN entered into an agreement with Indian company [[Force Motors]] to establish a 50:50 joint venture for the production of trucks and buses in [[India]] for the domestic and export markets. The joint venture established a truck manufacturing plant in [[Pithampur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and launched its first truck for the Indian market in 2007. At the end of 2011, MAN bought out the stake of its Indian partner, and its operations in India became a wholly owned subsidiary of MAN in early 2012.<ref name=mt-apc2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/20120214_jpk_presentation.pdf|title=Annual Press Conference - February 14, 2012|publisher=MAN SE|access-date=22 February 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017170542/https://www.corporate.man.eu/en/press-and-media/presscenter/Ten-years-of-MAN-Truck-and-Bus-in-India-264577.html | url = https://www.corporate.man.eu/en/press-and-media/presscenter/Ten-years-of-MAN-Truck-and-Bus-in-India-264577.html | archive-date = 17 October 2016 | title = Ten years of MAN Truck & Bus in India | work = PressCenter | publisher = MAN SE | date = 16 September 2016 }}</ref> MAN ended production and sales in India and sold the Pithampur plant back to Force Motors in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/force-motors-acquires-man-trucks-indian-manufacturing-plant/1289707/ | title = Force Motors acquires MAN Trucks' Indian manufacturing plant | publisher = financialexpress.com | date = August 23, 2018 }}</ref>

In September 2006, MAN produced an offer for the take-over of the Swedish competitor [[Scania AB]]. The European Commission approved the takeover on 14 December. Nevertheless, MAN voluntarily withdrew the offer on 23 January 2007, after Scania's major shareholders [[Volkswagen AG]] and the influential Wallenberg family had declined the offer. On 24 December 2008, MAN published to possess further stock options of Scania and to therefore maintain more than 20% of the voting rights. As of October 2019, MAN SE still owns 17.37% of the voting rights in Scania, with the remainder of Scania being directly owned by Volkswagen Group's heavy commercial vehicle subsidiary, Traton SE.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.corporate.man.eu/man/media/content_medien/doc/global_corporate_website_1/investor_relations_1/unternehmenspraesentation/MAN-Unternehmenspraesentation-EN.pdf | title = MAN SE Company Presentation | publisher = MAN SE | date = October 2019 }}</ref>

In 2008, the MAN group celebrated its 250th anniversary with numerous events, such as exhibitions in several museums, a vintage car tour with the motto "MAN on the road again", and a great anniversary gala. At the beginning of December 2008, MAN took over [[Volkswagen]]'s Brazilian truck and bus operation, [[Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus]], putting the division under the control of MAN Latin America. Therewith, MAN now is a market leader in [[Brazil]], with a market share of 30%.

Since May 2009, the group is incorporated as European corporation MAN SE.<ref name="man-pr-2009-05-26">{{cite web|url=http://www.man.eu/MAN/en/Investor_Relations/Finanznachrichten/Pressemitteilungen/index.html?qry=20090526-manse|title=MAN becomes a European stock corporation|date=26 May 2009|work=www.man.eu|publisher=MAN SE|access-date=17 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164541/http://www.man.eu/MAN/en/Investor_Relations/Finanznachrichten/Pressemitteilungen/index.html?qry=20090526-manse|archive-date=20 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In July 2009, MAN published to merge the two divisions, MAN Turbo and [[MAN Diesel]], into one business area called Power Engineering. In addition, the group contracted a strategic partnership with  Chinese truck manufacturer [[China National Heavy Duty Truck Group|Sinotruk]], purchasing 25% + 1 share of the company.
In the course of this focusing process, many smaller subsidiaries and divisions have been sold.

In 2009, investigators of the Munich [[Staatsanwaltschaft|Prosecutor's Office]] uncovered a corruption affair, in which MAN had been bribing business partners and governments in over 20 countries from 2001 to 2007, to get large orders for buses and trucks. MAN CEO Håkan Samuelsson and other board members had to resign. The board of directors appointed Dr.-Ing. Georg Pachta-Reyhofen, the former CEO of MAN Diesel, as successor. On 17 December 2009, Pachta-Reyhofen was assigned as speaker of the board and CEO of MAN SE by the board of directors.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Sylt 25.08.2013 18-06-44.JPG|MAN truck 11-136
File:MAN Feuerwehrfahrzeug, Füssen.webm|thumbtime=4|MAN fire engine
File:MAN TGS 26.480 6X4 BL (30S).jpg|A 2016 MAN TGS 26.480 6×4 BL (30S) truck
Image:SteamTurbine.jpg|MAN [[steam turbine]]
Image:MANConstellation.jpg|[[Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus]] [[Volkswagen Constellation|Constellation]] truck
</gallery>

===Takeover by Volkswagen===
{{update section |reason=future statements need to be updated and revised; note that the MAN brand still exists (despite the merger)|date=May 2023}}

In July 2011, Volkswagen AG acquired a 55.9% voting stake and 53.7% of the share capital in MAN SE. Pending regulatory approval, Volkswagen planned to merge MAN and Scania AB to create Europe's largest truck maker. The combined trucks group is planned to save about 400 million euros per year, mainly by bundling procurement.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-man-volkswagen-idUSTRE74U18N20110531| title=VW motors ahead with MAN-Scania truck merger plan |work=Reuters|date= 31 May 2011| access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304803104576425101308540770| title=VW Moves on Trucks |newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date= 5 July 2011| access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> Regulatory approval was granted, and the takeover was completed in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commercialmotor.com/the-world-trucks-blog/vw-claims-victory|access-date=28 November 2011|title=VW Claims Victory|work=[[Commercial Motor]]|date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

In April 2012, MAN SE announced that Volkswagen had increased its interest to a 73.0% voting stake and 71.08% of the share capital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/man-volkswagen-idUKL6E8FD4FT20120413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130221001/https://uk.reuters.com/article/man-volkswagen-idUKL6E8FD4FT20120413|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2019|access-date=10 May 2012|title=Volkswagen hikes majority stake in truckmaker MAN|newspaper=Reuters|date=13 April 2012}}</ref>

On 6 June 2012, Volkswagen AG announced that it had increased its share of voting rights in MAN SE to 75.03%, paving the way for a domination agreement to be put in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2012/06/Volkswagen_Konzern_erhht_Stimmrechtsanteil_an_MAN_SE_auf_75_03_Prozent.html|access-date=6 June 2012|title=Volkswagen Group increases its share of voting rights in MAN SE to 75.03 percent|date=6 June 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230724/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2012/06/Volkswagen_Konzern_erhht_Stimmrechtsanteil_an_MAN_SE_auf_75_03_Prozent.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From January 2019, MAN's Power Engineering division, made up of [[MAN Energy Solutions]] (formerly MAN Diesel and Turbo) and MAN SE's 76% stake in RENK AG were sold to the Volkswagen Group, leaving MAN SE as the holding company for commercial vehicle units, [[MAN Truck & Bus]], and MAN Latin America, under the responsibility of Volkswagen's subsidiary, Traton SE.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

In March 2019, MAN SE announced that 94.36% of its shares were held by Traton.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

In February 2020, Traton announced that it intends to merge MAN SE with Traton to simplify the latter's overall structure. As a result of the merger, MAN Truck & Bus, Scania AB, and Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus will become wholly owned, direct subsidiaries of Traton.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://traton.com/en/newsroom/press_releases/press_release_28022020.html|access-date=14 March 2020|title=TRATON seeking to execute a squeeze-out of the non-controlling shareholders of MAN SE in accordance with merger law|date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

In September 2020, the company announced that it will be cutting over 9,500 job positions at its MAN Truck & Bus division, as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] economic effects. The company made the move to generate €1.8 billion of cost savings by 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/98c321a3-b181-437c-84a2-d57960423ca7 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/98c321a3-b181-437c-84a2-d57960423ca7 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= German truckmaker MAN to cut up to 9,500 jobs |work=[[Financial Times]]|author1=Olaf Storbeck|author2=Naomi Rovnick|date=11 September 2020|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==
In 2011, a former manager in the company was charged with bribery of [[Turkmenistan|Turkmen]] state officials in exchange for project contracts in 2002. The trial began in Munich in 2019 after a delay of the initial trial set for 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/former-german-manager-on-trial-for-bribing-of-turkmen-oil-officials/30319919.html|title=Former German Manager On Trial For Bribing Of Turkmen Oil Officials|last=RFE/RL's Turkmen Service|date=December 11, 2019|work=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|access-date=December 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GIR Search - GIR - Global Investigations Review|url=https://globalinvestigationsreview.com/search_fcpa?page=115&query=&sort=Relevance&utf8=%E2%9C%93|access-date=2020-07-15|website=globalinvestigationsreview.com|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717050501/https://globalinvestigationsreview.com/search_fcpa?page=115&query=&sort=Relevance&utf8=%E2%9C%93|url-status=dead}}</ref> The MAN manager was suspected in giving 8.4 million euros in bribes in 2002–2007 to the head of the state-owned [[Türkmennebit|Turkmennebit]] company, Saparmammet Veliev.

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|Transport}}
* [[ERF (truck manufacturer)|ERF]]
* [[Gräf & Stift]]
* [[ÖAF]]
* [[Voith]]
* [[ZF Friedrichshafen]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
<!-- multiple sub pages are not needed as separate LINKS --> 
{{Commons cat}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{PM20|FID=co/045539|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{MAN SE|state=autocollapse}} 
{{Volkswagen Group brands}}
{{Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles}}
{{Automotive industry in Germany}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Man Se}}
[[Category:MAN SE| ]]
[[Category:2021 disestablishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Defence companies of Germany]]
[[Category:Diesel engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Emergency services equipment makers]]
[[Category:German brands]]
[[Category:German companies established in 1758]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1758]]
[[Category:Military vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Societas Europaea companies]]
[[Category:Steam turbine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Traton]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of Germany]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2021]]