Editing Lusatia

{{redirect|Łużyce|the part of the Polish village of Dziecinów, Otwock County|Łużyce, Otwock County}}
{{redirect-distinguish-for|Sorbia|Serbia|the genus|Sorbia (beetle)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name        = {{small|{{llang|hsb|Łužica}}<br/>{{llang|dsb|Łužyca}}<br/>{{llang|de|Lausitz}}<br/>{{llang|pl|Łużyce}}<br/>{{llang|cs|Lužice}}}}
| settlement_type    = [[Historical region]]
| image_map          = Location LUS2.svg
| mapsize            = 270px
| image_flag         = 
| subdivision_type   = Countries
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Germany}}<br />{{flag|Poland}}
| seat_type          = Largest towns
| seat               = [[Cottbus|Cottbus-Chóśebuz]]<br>[[Görlitz]]/[[Zgorzelec]]<br>[[Bautzen|Bautzen-Budyšin]]<br>[[Żary]]
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| coordinates        = {{WikidataCoord|display=it}}
| image_shield       = File:Lusatia COA.svg
| blank_name_sec2    = Highways
| blank_info_sec2    = [[File:A4-PL.svg|32px|link=A4 autostrada (Poland)]] [[File:A18-PL.svg|32px|link=A18 autostrada (Poland)]] [[File:Bundesautobahn 4 number.svg|32px|link=Bundesautobahn 4]] [[File:Bundesautobahn 13 number.svg|32px|link=Bundesautobahn 13]] [[File:Bundesautobahn 15 number.svg|32px|link=Bundesautobahn 15]]
| anthem             = 
| name               = Lusatia
| official_name      = 
}}
[[File:Park - panoramio (96).jpg|thumb|315px|[[Rakotzbrücke|Rakotz Bridge]]]]
'''Lusatia''' ({{IPAc-en|l|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|ʃ|i|ə|,_|-|ʃ|ə}}; {{Langx|de|Lausitz}} {{IPA|de|ˈlaʊzɪts||De-Lausitz.ogg}}; {{langx|pl|Łużyce}} {{IPA|pl|wuˈʐɨt͡sɛ||Pl-Łużyce.ogg}}; {{langx|hsb|Łužica}} {{IPA|hsb|ˈwuʒitsa|}}; {{langx|dsb|Łužyca}} {{IPA|dsb|ˈwuʒɨtsa|}}; {{langx|cs|Lužice}} {{IPA|cs|ˈluʒɪt͡sɛ|}}), otherwise known as '''Sorbia''', is a region in [[Central Europe]], formerly entirely in Germany (Prussia) and today territorially split between [[Germany]] and modern-day [[Poland]]. Lusatia stretches from the [[Bóbr]] and [[Kwisa]] rivers in the east to the [[Pulsnitz (river)|Pulsnitz]] and [[Black Elster]] rivers in the west, and is located within the German states of [[Saxony]] and [[Brandenburg]] as well as in the Polish [[voivodeship]]s of [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesia]] and [[Lubusz Voivodeship|Lubusz]]. Major rivers of Lusatia are the [[Spree (river)|Spree]] and the [[Lusatian Neisse]], which defines the border between Germany and Poland. The [[Lusatian Mountains]] of the [[Sudetes|Western Sudetes]] separate Lusatia from [[Bohemia]] ([[Czech Republic]]) in the south. Lusatia is traditionally divided into [[Upper Lusatia]], the hilly southern part, and [[Lower Lusatia]], the flat northern part.

The areas east and west along the Spree in the German part of Lusatia are home to the [[Slavs|Slavic]] [[Sorbs]], one of [[Demographics of Germany|Germany’s four officially recognized indigenous ethnic minorities]]. The Upper Sorbs inhabit Saxon Upper Lusatia, and the Lower Sorbs Brandenburgian Lower Lusatia. [[Upper Sorbian|Upper]] and [[Lower Sorbian]] are spoken in the German parts of Upper and Lower Lusatia respectively, and the signage there is mostly bilingual. 

[[Tacitus]] states that this entire region was part of ''Germania'' and that in and before the second century was populated by German tribes.<ref>Tacitus, ''Germania'', translated by M. Hutton and edited by E.H. Warmington, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1st edition 1914; this edition 1970, ISBN: 978-0-674-99039-5</ref> From the seventh century Slavs began migrating into this region. Subsequently it has been ruled variously by [[History of Germany|Germany]], [[Bohemia]], and very briefly by [[History of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[History of Poland|Poland]].

The [[Lusatian Lake District]] is Europe's largest artificial lake district. The village of [[Herrnhut]] ({{lang|pl|Ochranow}}) is the seat of the [[Moravian Church]]. [[Muskau Park]] in [[Bad Muskau]] ({{lang|pl|Mužakow}}) and [[Łęknica]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The [[Tropical Islands Resort]], a large water park housed in a former airship hangar that is the biggest free-standing hall in the world, is located in the north of Lusatia. The closest international airport to Lusatia is [[Dresden Airport]] in [[Klotzsche]] ({{lang|pl|Kłóčow}}).

The largest Lusatian city is [[Cottbus]] ({{lang|pl|Chóśebuz}}), with nearly 100,000 inhabitants. Other notable towns are the former members of the [[Lusatian League]]: the German/Polish twin towns of [[Görlitz]] ({{lang|pl|Zhorjelc}}) and [[Zgorzelec]], [[Bautzen]] ({{lang|pl|Budyšin}}), [[Zittau]] ({{lang|pl|Žitawa}}), [[Lubań]], [[Kamenz]] ({{lang|pl|Kamjenc}}), and [[Löbau]] ({{lang|pl|Lubij}})), as well as [[Żary]], the German/Polish twin towns of [[Guben]] ({{lang|pl|Gubin}}) and [[Gubin, Poland|Gubin]], [[Hoyerswerda]] ({{lang|pl|Wojerecy}}), [[Senftenberg]] ({{lang|pl|Zły Komorow}}), [[Eisenhüttenstadt]] ({{lang|pl|Pśibrjog}}), and [[Spremberg]] ({{lang|pl|Grodk}}).

==Etymology==
The name derives from the [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] word ''łužicy'' meaning "swamps" or "water-hole"{{fact|date=May 2025}}, Germanized as ''Lausitz''. ''Lusatia'' is the [[Latin]]ized form which spread in the [[English language|English]] and [[Romance languages]] area.

==Geography==
[[File:Panorama Ringenhain.jpg|upright=3|center|thumb|{{center|A view of the [[Lusatian Highlands]]}}]]
Lusatia comprises two both scenically and historically different parts: a hilly southern "upper" section and a "lower" region, which belongs to the [[North European Plain]]. The border between Upper and Lower Lusatia is roughly marked by the course of the Black Elster river at [[Senftenberg]] and its eastern continuation toward the [[Silesia]]n town of [[Przewóz, Żary County|Przewóz]] on the Lusatian Neisse. Neighbouring regions were Silesia in the east, [[Bohemia]] in the south, the [[Margraviate of Meissen]], and the [[Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg]] in the west as well as the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] ([[Mittelmark]]) in the north.

===Upper Lusatia===
{{main|Upper Lusatia}}
[[File:MapaSemik2.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|20th century map of the Lusatias with [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] and German names]]
'''Upper Lusatia''' (''Oberlausitz'', ''Łużyce Górne'' or ''Hornja Łužica'') is today part of the German state of Saxony, except for a small part east of the [[Neisse River]] around [[Lubań]], which now belongs to the Polish Lower Silesian voivodeship. It consists of hilly countryside rising in the South to the [[Lusatian Highlands]] near the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] border, and then even higher to form the [[Zittau Hills]], the small northern part of the [[Lusatian Mountains]] (''Lužické hory''/''Lausitzer Gebirge'') in the Czech Republic.

Upper Lusatia is characterized by fertile soil and undulating hills as well as by historic towns and cities such as [[Bautzen]], [[Görlitz]], [[Zittau]], [[Löbau (Saxony)|Löbau]], [[Kamenz]], [[Lubań]], [[Bischofswerda]], [[Herrnhut]], [[Hoyerswerda]], and [[Bad Muskau]]. Many villages in the very south of Upper Lusatia contain a typical attraction of the region, the so-called ''Umgebindehäuser'', half-timbered-houses representing a combination of Franconian and Slavic style. Among those villages are [[Niedercunnersdorf]], [[Obercunnersdorf]], [[Wehrsdorf]], [[Jonsdorf]], [[Sohland an der Spree]] with Taubenheim, [[Oppach]], [[Varnsdorf]] or [[Ebersbach, Görlitz|Ebersbach]].

===Lower Lusatia===
{{main|Lower Lusatia}}
Most of the area belonging to the German state of Brandenburg today is called '''Lower Lusatia''' (''Niederlausitz, Łużyce Dolne'' or ''Dolna Łužyca'') and is characterized by forests and meadows. In the course of much of the 19th and the entire 20th century, it was shaped by the lignite industry and extensive open-pit mining. Important towns include [[Cottbus]], [[Eisenhüttenstadt]], [[Lübben]], [[Lübbenau]], [[Spremberg]], [[Finsterwalde]], [[Senftenberg]] (Zły Komorow), and [[Żary]], which is now considered the capital of Polish Lusatia.<ref name=zary>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zary.pl/PL/87/Stolica_Polskich_Luzyc/|title=STOLICA POLSKICH ŁUŻYC – Żary|access-date=2014-09-08|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712093620/http://www.zary.pl/PL/87/Stolica_Polskich_Luzyc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between Upper and Lower Lusatia is a region called the [[Lusatian Border Ridge|''Grenzwall'']], literally meaning "border dyke", although it is in fact a [[morainic]] ridge. In the Middle Ages this area had dense forests, so it represented a major obstacle to civilian and military traffic. Some of the region's villages were damaged or destroyed by the open-pit lignite mining industry during the DDR era. Some, now exhausted, former open-pit mines are now being converted into artificial lakes, with the hope of attracting holiday-makers, and the area is now being referred to as the [[Lusatian Lake District]].

=== Lusatian capitals ===

As Lusatia is not, and never has been, a single administrative unit, Upper and Lower Lusatia have different, but in some respects similar, histories.  The city of [[Cottbus]] is the largest in the region, and though it is recognized as the cultural capital of Lower Lusatia, it was a [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] exclave since 1445. Historically, the administrative centres of Lower Lusatia were at [[Luckau]] and [[Lübben (Spreewald)|Lübben]], while the historical capital of Upper Lusatia is [[Bautzen]]. Since 1945, when a small part of Lusatia east of the [[Oder–Neisse line]] was incorporated into [[Poland]], [[Żary]] has been touted as the capital of Polish Lusatia.<ref name=zary/>

<gallery mode=packed>
Bautzen Altstadt 57.jpg|[[Bautzen]] (Budyšin), capital of Upper Lusatia
Cottbus 07-2017 img23 Altmarkt.jpg|[[Cottbus]] (Chóśebuz), capital of Lower Lusatia
Lübben (Spreewald) - Paul-Gerhardt-Kirche.JPG|[[Lübben (Spreewald)]] (Lubin (Błota)), former capital of Lower Lusatia
Nicolaikirche in Luckau.jpg|[[Luckau]] (Łuków), former capital of Lower Lusatia
Town hall in Zary (5).jpg|[[Żary]], capital of Polish Lusatia
</gallery>

===Lusatian Lake District===
{{main|Lusatian Lake District}}
[[File:Karte vom Lausitzer Seenland.png|thumb|500px|center]]
The Lusatian Lake District (German: '''Lausitzer Seenland''', Lower Sorbian: '''Łužyska jazorina''', Upper Sorbian: '''Łužiska jězorina''') is an artificially created lake area. By the end of the 2020s, Europe's largest artificial water landscape and Germany's fourth-largest lake area are to be created by flooding disused brown coal mines in the Lusatian brown coal mining area. Some of the largest lakes are connected to each other as a chain of lakes by navigable canals.

The new lakeland is largely created from remaining holes from former brown coal opencast mines. These are flooded and converted into lakes. Some of the resulting lakes have already reached their final water level, others will not be completely flooded for a few years.

Other lakes are artificially dammed lakes. While the [[Quitzdorf Dam]] was created to provide enough process water for the [[Boxberg Power Station]], the [[Spremberg Dam]] was primarily planned for flood protection in the lake district, but was also used for process water for power plants. The [[Bautzen Reservoir]] was also artificially created in order to be able to continuously supply the Boxberg Power Station with water.

The ponds of the [[Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape]] Biosphere Reserve, which are also located in the Lake District area, were partly created in the Middle Ages, but also during the GDR period for agricultural reasons, as the moor-rich land was restructured and made usable. These very shallow waters are mostly used for fish farming.

The ponds of the Muskau Arch are also located between the large opencast mining holes. They arose from faults in the terminal moraine of glaciers from the Ice Age, and partly through the mining of soil raw materials such as sand, clay and coal even before industrialization. In general, these ponds are not created intentionally by humans, but are filled with water due to a lack of drainage.
<gallery mode="packed">
Elsterheide Geierswalde Aerial Pan.jpg|Geierswalder See (Lejnjanski jězor)
Groß Düben Halbendorfer See Aerial.jpg|[[Halbendorfer See]] (Brězowski jězor)
File:Sornoer Kanal.jpg|Sornoer Kanal (Žarnowski kanal) linking Geierswalder See to Sedlitzer See (Sedlišćański jazor)
</gallery>

===Muskau Morainic Arch===
The Muskau Morainic Arch is a [[terminal moraine]] formed during the [[Elster glaciation]], which together with its immediate surroundings forms the "[[UNESCO Global Geopark]] Muskau Morainic Arch" (German: ''Muskauer Faltenbogen'', Sorbian: ''Mužakowski Zahork'', Polish: ''Łuk Mużakowa'').

A glacier on the inland ice that was up to 500 m thick compressed the sand and brown coal layers in front of and below it over a length of more than 40 km to form a small-scale fold arch with a compression terminal moraine up to 180 m high and 700 m wide. The structure is currently preserved as a flat, undulating hill range and is almost unique in the world. The meltwater lake that subsequently emerged within the horseshoe was filled with clays. Ice advances in the following cold periods eroded the higher parts of the terminal moraine. Due to oxidation and the associated loss of volume in the areas near the surface of the brown coal seams, furrows of 3 m to 5 m, a maximum of 20 m deep, 10 m to 30 m wide and up to several kilometers long were formed. Known as "Gieser" (from the Sorbian "jězor" for "lake"), they form long stretches of drainless ditches that are either filled with standing water or often peat-covered. 

After already centuries of extraction of clay and sand, brown coal was mined in the area of the Muskau Arch in the 19th and 20th centuries, partly in pillar mining and partly in opencast mining. Due to the location of the mined seams, noticeably elongated lakes formed in the remaining holes north and east of [[Weißwasser]] after the end of mining.

<gallery mode="packed">
Gablenz Kromlau Faltenbogen Pan.jpg|Gieser landscape between [[Weißwasser]] and [[Gablenz, Saxony|Gablenz]]
</gallery>

===Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape===
[[File:Logo Biosphärenreservat Oberlausitzer Heide- und Teichlandschaft.svg|upright=0.6|thumb|left|Logo of the Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape Biosphere Reserve]]
The Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape (German: ''Oberlausitzer Heide- und Teichlandschaft'', Upper Sorbian: ''Hornjołužiska hola a hatowa krajina'') is the region richest in ponds in Germany, and together with the Lower Lusatian Pond Landscape forms the biggest pond landscape in Central Europe.

== History ==

===Early history===
According to the earliest records, the area was settled by culturally [[Celts|Celtic]] tribes. Later, around 100&nbsp;BC, the Germanic [[Semnones]] settled in that area. The name of the region may be derived from that of the [[Lugii|Ligians]]. From around 600 onwards, [[Polabian Slavs|West Slavic]] tribes known as the [[Milceni]] and Lusici settled permanently in the region.

In the 10th century, the region came under the influence of the [[Kingdom of Germany]], starting with the 928 eastern campaigns of King [[Henry the Fowler]]. Until 963 the Lusatian tribes were subdued by the [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxon]] margrave [[Gero]] and upon his death two years later, the [[March of Lusatia]] was established on the territory of today's Lower Lusatia and remained with the [[Holy Roman Empire]], while the adjacent [[Northern March]] again got lost in the Slavic uprising of 983. The later Upper Lusatian region of the Milceni lands up to the [[Silesia]]n border at the [[Kwisa]] river at first was part of the [[Margraviate of Meissen]] under Margrave [[Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen|Eckard I]].

[[File:Polska 992 - 1025.png|thumb|Poland under [[Bolesław I the Brave]] with Lusatia and marked battles of the [[German–Polish War (1003–1018)]]]]
At the same time the [[Polans (western)|Polan]] duke of the later [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] raised claims to the Lusatian lands and upon the death of Emperor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] in 1002, Margrave [[Gero II, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark|Gero II]] lost Lusatia to the Polish Duke [[Boleslaus I of Poland|Boleslaw I]] the Brave, who took the region in his conquests,  acknowledged by Henry II first in the same year in Merseburg and later in the 1018 [[Peace of Bautzen]], Lusatia became part of his territory; however, Germans and Poles continued to struggle over the administration of the region. It was regained in a 1031 campaign by Emperor [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] in favour of the Saxon German rulers of the Meissen [[House of Wettin]] and the [[House of Ascania|Ascanian]] margraves of [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]], who purchased the March of (Lower) Lusatia in 1303.

In 1367 the Brandenburg elector [[Otto V, Duke of Bavaria|Otto V of Wittelsbach]] finally sold Lower Lusatia to King [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Karel]] of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], thereby becoming a [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian crown land]].

=== Bohemian rule ===
[[File:Bautzen-nach1620-Merian.jpg|thumb|The siege and capture of [[Bautzen]] by [[John George I, Elector of Saxony]], in September 1620]]
As Margrave [[Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen|Egbert II of Meissen]] supported [[anti-king]] [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]] during the [[Investiture Controversy]], King [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV of Germany]] in 1076 awarded the Milceni lands of Upper Lusatia as a fief to the [[Bohemia]]n duke [[Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Vratislav II]]. After Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]] had elevated Duke [[Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]] to the rank of a King of Bohemia in 1158, the Upper Lusatian lands around Bautzen evolved into a [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian crown land]]. Around 1200, large numbers of German settlers came to Lusatia in the course of the ''[[Ostsiedlung]]'', settling in the forested areas yet not inhabited by the Slavs. For centuries, from as early as the Middle Ages, trade flourished, and several important trade routes ran through Lusatia, connecting German states in the west, Poland in the east and Bohemia in the south.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pieradzka|first=Krystyna|year=1949|title=Związki handlowe Łużyc ze Śląskiem w dawnych wiekach|journal=Sobótka|language=pl|location=Wrocław|volume=IV|issue=4|pages=89–91}}</ref> In 1319, the region was divided between the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] and the [[Duchy of Jawor]], the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled Poland, while northernmost parts also passed to the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] in the following years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogusławski|first=Wilhelm|title=Rys dziejów serbo-łużyckich|year=1861|location=Petersburg|page=142|language=pl}}</ref> From 1368, it was entirely part of the Bohemian Crown.

In 1346 six Upper Lusatian cities formed the [[Lusatian League]] to resist the constant attacks conducted by [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robber baron]]s. The association supported King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] in the [[Hussite Wars]] leading to armed attacks and devastation. The cities were represented in the (Upper) Lusatian ''[[Landtag]]'' assembly, where they met with the fierce opposition of the noble [[state country|state countries]]. In 1469 the region passed to [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], and in 1490 it returned to the Bohemian Crown, then under the rule of Polish Prince [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Köhler|first=Gustav|title=Der Bund der Sechsstädte in der Ober-Lausitz: Eine Jubelschrift|year=1846|publisher=G. Heinze & Comp.|location=Görlitz|page=30|language=de}}</ref>

Following the [[Lutheran]] Reformation, the greater part of Lusatia became [[Protestantism|Protestant]] except for the area between Bautzen, Kamenz and Hoyerswerda. The Lusatias remained under Bohemian rule – from 1526 onwards under the rule of the [[House of Habsburg]] – until the [[Thirty Years' War]].

=== Saxon rule ===
[[File:Lausitz map 18thC.jpg|thumb|upright|Map of the Lusatias by [[Johann Homann|J.B. Homann]], about 1715]]
[[File:Lusatia - Herman Moll.jpg|thumb|Lusatia as part of Saxony in 18th century by [[Herman Moll]]. Included cities [[Guben]], [[Görlitz]], [[Bautzen|Baudissen]], [[Cottbus]], [[Lübben (Spreewald)|Luben]] and [[Żary|Soraw]] (Żary).]]
According to the 1635 [[Peace of Prague (1635)|Peace of Prague]], most of Lusatia became a province of the [[Electorate of Saxony]], except for the region around Cottbus possessed by Brandenburg. After the Saxon elector [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus the Strong]] was elected king of [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] in 1697, Lusatia became strategically important as the elector-kings sought to create a land connection between their Saxon homelands and the Polish territories. Two main routes connecting [[Warsaw]] and [[Dresden]] ran through the region in the 18th century and Kings [[Augustus II the Strong]] and [[Augustus III of Poland]] often traveled the routes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/|title=Informacja historyczna|website=Dresden-Warszawa|access-date=22 October 2023|language=pl}}</ref> Numerous Polish dignitaries also traveled through Lusatia on several occasions, and some [[Szlachta|Polish nobles]] owned estates in Lusatia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Matyniak|first=Alojzy S.|year=1968|title=Kontakty kulturalne polsko-serbołużyckie w XVIII w.|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|publisher=[[Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich]]|location=Wrocław|language=pl|volume=XXIII|issue=2|page=243}}</ref> A distinct remnant of the region's ties to Poland are the 18th-century [[milepost]]s decorated with the [[coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] located in various towns in the region. Polish-Sorbian contacts increased in that period. With the [[Age of Enlightenment]], the Sorbian national revival began and resistance to Germanization emerged.<ref>Matyniak, p. 241</ref>

[[File:A new and accurate Map of Saxony, part of Brandenburg, Silesia, Poland and Bohemia.jpg|thumb|A map of Saxony consisting of Dutchy of Saxony, Marquisat of Lusatia and Marquisat of Misnia (by J. Hinton in 1756)]]
[[Herrnhut]], between [[Löbau]] and [[Zittau]], founded in 1722 by religious refugees from [[Moravia]] on the estate of Count [[Nicolaus Zinzendorf]] became the starting point of the organized [[Protestant]] [[missionary]] movement in 1732 and missionaries went out from the [[Moravian Church]] in Herrnhut to all corners of the world to share the Gospel.

The newly established [[Kingdom of Saxony]], however, sided with [[Napoleon]]; therefore, at the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]], Lusatia was divided, with Lower Lusatia and the northeastern part of Upper Lusatia around [[Hoyerswerda]], [[Rothenburg, Oberlausitz|Rothenburg]], [[Görlitz]], and [[Lubań|Lauban]] awarded to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]. Only the southwestern part of Upper Lusatia, which included [[Löbau]], [[Kamenz]], [[Bautzen]], and [[Zittau]], remained part of Saxony.

=== Prussian rule ===
The Lusatians in Prussia demanded that their land become a distinct administrative unit, but Lower Lusatia was incorporated into the [[Province of Brandenburg]], while the Upper Lusatian territories were attached to the [[Province of Silesia]] instead.

One of the main escape routes for insurgents of the unsuccessful Polish [[November Uprising]] from partitioned Poland to the [[Great Emigration]] led through [[Lübben (Spreewald)|Lübben]] and [[Luckau]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Umiński|first=Janusz|year=1998|title=Losy internowanych na Pomorzu żołnierzy powstania listopadowego|magazine=Jantarowe Szlaki|volume=4 |language=pl|issue=250|page=16}}</ref>

The 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed an era of cultural revival for Sorbs. The modern languages of Upper and Lower Lusatian (or Sorbian) emerged, national literature flourished, and many national organizations such as [[Maćica Serbska]] and [[Domowina]] were founded. There were also notable Polish communities in Lusatia, such as [[Klettwitz]] ({{langx|hsb|link=no|Klěśišća}}, {{langx|pl|link=no|Kletwice}}), inhabited in the 1930s by some 550 Poles.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Leksykon Polactwa w Niemczech|year=1939|language=pl|publisher=Związek Polaków w Niemczech|location=Opole|page=364}}</ref>

In the interbellum, the German government carried out a massive campaign of changing of place names in Lusatia in order to erase traces of Slavic origin, and while most of the historic names were restored after [[World War II]], some were retained.

This era came to an end during the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime in Germany, when all Sorbian organizations were abolished and forbidden, newspapers and magazines closed, and any use of the Sorbian languages was prohibited. During World War II, some Sorbian activists were arrested, executed, exiled or sent as [[political prisoner]]s to [[concentration camps]]. From 1942 to 1944 the underground [[Lusatian National Committee]] was formed and was active in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied]] [[Warsaw]].

During the war, the Germans established and operated several [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camps]], including [[Oflag III-C]], [[Oflag IV-D]], Oflag 8, Stalag III-B, [[Stalag IV-A]] and [[Stalag VIII-A]], with multiple [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] subcamps in the region. Prisoners included Polish POWs and civilians, and [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]], Belgian, British, Australian, New Zealander, Canadian, South African, Dutch, Italian, Soviet, Serbian, Slovak and American POWs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=211–212, 235, 240, 405–406, 413, 443–444|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref> There were also several Nazi prisons with multiple forced labour subcamps, including in [[Görlitz]], [[Luckau]], [[Zittau]], and a prison solely for women in [[Cottbus]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1557|title=Gefängnis Görlitz|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=25 November 2023|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=2576|title=Zuchthaus Luckau|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=25 November 2023|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100001395|title=Gerichtsgefängnis Zittau|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=25 November 2023|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=985|title=Frauenzuchthaus Cottbus|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=25 November 2023|language=de}}</ref> and multiple [[List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen|subcamps]] of the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]], the prisoners of which were mostly Jews, Poles and Russians, but also Frenchmen, Italians, Yugoslavs, Czechs, Belgians, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.gross-rosen.eu/historia-kl-gross-rosen/filie-obozu-gross-rosen/|title=Subcamps of KL Gross- Rosen|website=Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

[[File:GedenksteinBautzen.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Soviet and Polish troops fallen in the [[Battle of Bautzen (1945)]]]]
During the war, the Poles postulated that after the defeat of Germany, the Sorbs should be allowed free national development either within the borders of Poland or [[Czechoslovakia]], or as an independent Sorbian state in alliance with Poland.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orzechowski|first=Marian|year=1976|title=Kwestia serbołużycka w polskiej myśli politycznej w latach 1939–1947|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|location=Wrocław|language=pl|volume=XXXI|issue=2|pages=380–381}}</ref>

The [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] reached Lusatia in early 1945, with Soviet and Polish troops defeating the Germans and capturing the region. In [[Horka, Saxony|Horka]], on April 26, 1945, the Germans carried out a [[Niederkaina massacre|massacre of a field hospital column of the 9th Polish Armored Division]], killing some 300 POWs, mostly wounded soldiers and medical personnel (see ''[[German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war]]'').<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Woszczerowicz|first1=Zuzanna|date=2022|url=https://www.journals.polon.uw.edu.pl/index.php/zl/article/view/954|title=Recenzja: Zbigniew Kopociński, Krzysztof Kopociński, Horka – łużycka Golgota służby zdrowia 2. Armii Wojska Polskiego|journal=Zeszyty Łużyckie|volume=57|pages=257|doi=10.32798/zl.954 |issn=0867-6364|language=pl|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Since 1945 ===
[[File:Flag of Sorbs.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|The flag of the Lusatian National movement]]
[[File:Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Lusatia (Łużyce) and other historical lands of Poland against the background of modern administrative borders (names in Polish)]]

After World War II according to the [[Potsdam Agreement]], Lusatia was divided between [[Allied-occupied Germany]] ([[Soviet occupation zone]]) and the [[People's Republic of Poland|Republic of Poland]] along the [[Oder–Neisse line]]. Poland's communist government [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|expelled]] all remaining Germans and Sorbs from the area east of the Neisse river in 1945 and 1946 in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The Lusatian National Committee in Prague claimed the right to self-government and separation from Germany and the creation of a Lusatian Free State or attachment to [[Czechoslovakia]]. The majority of the Sorbian intelligentsia was organized in the [[Domowina]], though, and did not wish to split from Germany. Claims asserted by the Lusatian National movement were postulates of joining Lusatia to Poland or Czechoslovakia. Between 1945 and 1947 they produced about ten memorials<ref>[http://www.prolusatia.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159:dziaalno-wojciecha-wojcecha-kocki-w-serbouyckim-ruchu-narodowym-w-latach-1945-1950&catid=2:wszelkie-artykuy&Itemid=14 on site Prolusatia foundation "Działalność Wojciecha (Wojcecha) Kócki w serbołużyckim ruchu narodowym w latach 1945 – 1950" ]</ref> to the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; however, this did not bring any results. On 30 April 1946, the Lusatian National Committee also submitted a petition to the Polish Government, signed by Paweł Cyż – the minister and an official Sorbian delegate in Poland. There was also a project to proclaim a Lusatian Free State, whose Prime Minister was intended to be the Polish archaeologist of Lusatian origin, [[Wojciech Kóčka]].

In 1945, the northeastern part of Upper Lusatia west of the Neisse rejoined [[Saxony]] and in 1952, when the state was divided into three administrative areas (''Bezirke''), the Upper Lusatian region became part of the [[Dresden (Bezirk)|Dresden]] administrative region. After the East German [[Revolutions of 1989|Revolution of 1989]], the state of Saxony was reestablished in 1990. Lower Lusatia remained with [[Brandenburg]], from 1952 until 1990 in the ''Bezirk'' of [[Cottbus (Bezirk)|Cottbus]].

In 1950, the Sorbs obtained language and [[cultural autonomy]] within the then–East German state of Saxony. Lusatian schools and magazines were launched and the Domowina association was revived, although under increasing political control of the ruling Communist [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] (SED). At the same time, the large German-speaking majority of the Upper Lusatian population kept up a considerable degree of local, 'Upper Lusatian' patriotism of its own. An attempt to establish a Lusatian [[States of Germany|''Land'']] within the Federal Republic of Germany failed after [[German reunification]] in 1990. The constitutions of [[Saxony]] and Brandenburg guarantee cultural rights, but not autonomy, to the Sorbs.

==Demographics==

===Sorbs===
[[File:Sorben.jpeg|thumb|The bilingual part of Lusatia, where the Sorbs make more than 10% of the population]]
[[File:Stacja barsc luzyce.JPG|thumb|Bilingual station of [[Forst (Lausitz)]]]]
More than 80,000 of the [[Sorbs|Sorbian]] [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] minority continue to live in the region. Historically, their ancestors are West-Slavic-speaking tribes such as the [[Milceni]], who settled in the region between the [[Elbe]] and the [[Saale]]. Many still speak their language (though numbers are dwindling and especially [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]] is considered endangered), and road signs are usually [[bilingual]]. However, the number of all the inhabitants of this part of eastern Saxony is declining rapidly – by 20% in the last 10 to 15 years.{{when|date=March 2018}} Sorbs make efforts to protect their traditional culture manifested in the traditional folk costumes and the style of village houses. The coal industry in the region (like the [[Schwarze Pumpe power station]] needing vast areas of land) destroyed dozens of Lusatian villages in the past and threatens some of them even now. The Sorbian language is taught at many primary and some secondary schools and at two universities (Leipzig and Prague). Project "Witaj" ("welcome!") is a project of eight preschools where Sorbian is currently the main language for a few hundred Lusatian children.

There is a daily newspaper in the Sorbian language (''Serbske Nowiny''); a Sorbian radio station (Serbski Rozhłós) uses local frequencies of two otherwise German-speaking radio stations for several hours a day. There are very limited programmes on television (once a month) in Sorbian on two regional television stations ([[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|RBB]] and [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR]] TV).

In 2020, despite the loss of the Sorbian language in most of Lusatia, there are some Sorbian traditions and habits that still live on to this day. In February, many people (mostly people from villages, regardless of German or Sorbian ancestry) will still engage in the Sorbian tradition of ''[[:de:Zampern|Zampern]]'' (a festive procession)''.'' Some Sorbian dishes like boiled potatoes with linseed oil and curd (German: ''Quark mit Leineöl'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saxony.in/en/exotic_traditions/index.php?id=2|title = The world of the Sorbs – Saxony – Germany's finest travel destination}}</ref> are still prevalent and, today, are eaten in other parts of Germany (like Berlin or western Saxony) too. ''Spreewälder Gurken'' (pickled cucumbers potted by using a special mixture of herbs and spices) are often associated with the Sorbs even though the cucumbers themselves were introduced by Dutch migrants, who started to pickle them for higher durability. Soon Sorbs adopted the pickling and might have changed the recipes slightly over time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/die-erstaunliche-karriere-der-spreewaldgurke-14121188.html|title = Spreewaldgurken: Knack. Schnurps. Knack.|newspaper = Faz.net|last1 = Reimann|first1 = Marieke}}</ref>

The traditional Sorbian costumes are still to be worn in the Spreewald region even though mainly in the tourism industry. Recently, some women started to revive traditional clothes by using them as wedding dresses, even though this practise differs from original traditions.

===Demographics in 1900===
Percentage of [[Sorbs]]:
*[[Cottbus]] (Chóśebuz) ([[Province of Brandenburg]]) 55.8%
*[[Hoyerswerda]] (Wojerecy) ([[Province of Silesia]]) 37.8%
*[[Bautzen]] (Budyšin) ([[Kingdom of Saxony]]) 17.7%
*[[Rothenburg, Oberlausitz]] (Rózbork) (Province of Silesia) 17.2%
*[[Kamenz]] (Kamjenc) (Kingdom of Saxony) 7.1%
Total number: 93,032<ref>All figures from the 1900 census.</ref>

The percentage of [[Sorbs|Serbs (Sorbs)]] in Lusatia has decreased since the 1900 census due to intermarriage, [[germanization]], cultural assimilation related to industrialization and urbanization, Nazi suppression and discrimination, [[ethnocide]] and the settlement of expelled Germans after World War II, mainly from Lower Silesia and northern Bohemia.

=== Largest cities ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable"| !! City (German or Polish) !! Sorbian !! Population (2023) !! class="unsortable" | Country !! Part of Lusatia
|-
| align="right" | 1. || [[Cottbus]] || Chóśebuz || align="right" | 100.010	 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 2. || [[Görlitz]] || ''Zhorjelc'' || align="right" | 56.694 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 3. || [[Bautzen]] || Budyšin || align="right" | 38.039 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 4. || [[Żary]] || Žarow || align="right" | 35.198 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Poland}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 5. || [[Hoyerswerda]] || Wojerecy || align="right" | 31.404 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 6. || [[Zgorzelec]] || Zhorjelc || align="right" | 29.313 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Poland}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 7. || [[Zittau]] || ''Žitawa'' || align="right" | 24.710 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 8. || [[Eisenhüttenstadt]] || ''Pśibrjog'' || align="right" | 24.447 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 9. || [[Senftenberg]] || Zły Komorow || align="right" | 23.282 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 10. || [[Spremberg]] || Grodk || align="right" | 21.497 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 11. || [[Lubań]] || Lubań Šlešćina || align="right" | 19.756 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Poland}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 12. || [[Forst (Lausitz)|Forst]] || Baršć (Łužyca) || align="right" | 17.721 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 13. || [[Kamenz]] || Kamjenc || align="right" | 16.861 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 14. || [[Bogatynia]] || Bogatynja || align="right" | 16.245 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Poland}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 15. || [[Guben]] || ''Gubin'' || align="right" | 16.210 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 16. || [[Gubin, Poland|Gubin]] || Gubin || align="right" | 15.798 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Poland}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 17. || [[Finsterwalde]] || ''Grabin'' || align="right" | 15.864 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 18. || [[Lübbenau/Spreewald]] || Lubnjow/Błota || align="right" | 15.774 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Niederlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 19. || [[Weißwasser/O.L.]] || Běła Woda || align="right" | 14.992 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|-
| align="right" | 20. || [[Löbau]] || ''Lubij'' || align="right" | 14.389 || align="right" | {{flagicon|Germany}} || [[File:Flagge Oberlausitz.svg|25px|center]]
|}

==Culture==
===Sights===
The region is rich in architecture from various reigns, including Czech, Polish, German and Hungarian, whose styles range from [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] through [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] to modern architecture.

There are two major Sorbian museums in [[Cottbus]] (''Serbski muzej Chóśebuz'') and [[Bautzen]] (''Serbski muzej Budyšin'').

In Poland, notable museums include the ''Muzeum Łużyckie'' ("Lusatian Museum") in [[Zgorzelec]] and the ''Muzeum Pogranicza Śląsko-Łużyckiego'' ("Museum of Silesian-Lusatian Borderland") in [[Żary]].

Zgorzelec is home to one of Poland's largest war cemeteries.

The [[Brand-Briesen Airfield|CargoLifter airship hangar]] that now houses the [[Tropical Islands Resort]] is the largest freebearing hall in the world.

The Saurierpark Kleinwelka is Germany's largest dinosaur park.

====UNESCO world heritage sites====

The [[Muskau Park]] in [[Bad Muskau]] (''Mužakow'') and [[Łęknica]] is a [[World Heritage Site]] and [[List of Historic Monuments (Poland)|Historic Monument of Poland]].<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 14 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii|year=2004|volume=102|number=1059}}</ref>

[[Herrnhut]] is also a UNESCO world heritage site since 2024.

The [[Spree Forest]] as well as the [[Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape]] are UNESCO [[ biosphere reserves]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Das neue Schloss im Fürst- Pückler-Park.IMG 9438WI.jpg|[[Schloss Muskau]]
File:Rakotzbrücke 2021 06.jpg|[[Rakotz Bridge]]
File:2023-08 Muskauer Park (24).jpg|[[Muskau Park]]
File:20-05-13-Tropical-Islands-0883 1-RalfR.jpg|[[Brand-Briesen Airfield|CargoLifter airship hangar]]
File:Tropical Islands Draufsicht.JPG|[[Tropical Islands Resort]]
File:Im Spreewald 03.jpg|[[Spree Forest]]
File:D-SN-Boxberg - Kraftwerk Boxberg.jpg|Findlingspark Nochten (Nochten Glacial Erratic Park)
File:Slawenburg Raddusch (Raduš) 01.JPG|[[Vetschau|Raddusch]] Slavic Castle
File:Blick vom Götzen Stein im Zittauer Gebirge...2H1A9275WI.jpg|[[Olbersdorf]]er See
File:Zittauer Schmalspurbahn - panoramio.jpg|[[Zittau–Oybin/Jonsdorf railway]]
File:Kromlau Asiatische-Brücke Inselteich 20240520 123012.jpg|[[Kromlau Azalea and Rhododendron Park]]
File:Erlebnispark "Teichland" (Naturschutzgebiet bei Peitz).jpg|[[Teichland]] tower
File:Cottbus 07-2017 img03 Teichland.jpg|[[Cottbuser Ostsee|Grove of Slavic Gods]]
File:Lausitzer Seenland 2022.jpg|[[Lusatian Lake District]]
File:Kleiner Schwielochsee 03.JPG|[[Schwielochsee (lake)|Schwielochsee]]
File:Bautzen Kleinwelka - Saurierpark 01 ies.jpg|Saurierpark Kleinwelka
File:Oybin (21774610218).jpg|[[Oybin (hill)|Oybin mountain cemetery]]
File:Blick auf den Berg Oybin in Zittauer Gebirge..2H1A9122WI.jpg|[[Oybin (hill)|Oybin castle ruin]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Herrnhut]] [[Moravian Church]] and [[Nicolaus Zinzendorf]]
* [[Lusatian League]]
* [[Milceni]]
* [[Wends]]
* [[Obotrites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Micklitza, Kerstin and André: ''Lausitz – Unterwegs zwischen Spreewald und Zittauer Gebirge''. 5. aktualisierte und erweiterte Aufl. Trescher Verlag, Berlin 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-89794-330-8}}.
* Brie, André: ''Lausitz – Landschaft mit neuem Gesicht''. [[Michael Imhof Verlag]], Petersberg 2011. {{ISBN|3-865-68538-2}}.
* Micklitza, Kerstin and André: ''HB-Bildatlas Spreewald-Lausitz''. 4. aktualisierte Aufl. HB Verlag, Ostfildern 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-616-06115-3}}.
* Jacob, Ulf: ''Zwischen Autobahn und Heide. Das Lausitzbild im Dritten Reich. Eine Studie zur Entstehung, Ideologie und Funktion symbolischer Sinnwelten''. Hrsg. von der Internationalen Bauausstellung Fürst-Pückler-Land, Großräschen (''Zeitmaschine Lausitz''), Verlag der Kunst, Dresden in der Verlagsgruppe Husum, Husum 2004. {{ISBN|3-86530-002-2}}.
* Freiherr von Vietinghoff-Riesch, Arnold: ''Der Oberlausitzer Wald – seine Geschichte und seine Struktur bis 1945'' [reprint]. Oberlausitzer Verlag, Spitzkunnersdorf 2004. {{ISBN|3-933827-46-9}}.

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Koenitz |first1=Bernd |date=2010 |title=Unwürde, Lubij, Dažin, Stwěšin und andere Namen altsorbischer Herkunft. Miszellanea und manches Systemhafte |trans-title=Unwürde, Lubij, Dažin, Stwěšin and Other Names of Old Sorbian Origin. Miscellanea and Some Arguments of a Systemic Nature (Part I) |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=170766 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=2 |pages=95–118}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Koenitz |first1=Bernd |date=2011 |title=Unwürde, Lubij, Dažin, Stwěšin und andere Namen altsorbischer Herkunft. Miszellanea und manches Systemhafte (Teil II) |trans-title=Unwürde, Lubij, Dažin, Stwěšin and Other Names of Old Sorbian origin. Miscellanea and Some Arguments of a Systemic Nature (Part II) |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=6546 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=1 |pages=91–115}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Koenitz |first1=Bernd |date=2016 |title=Unverstandene Lausitzer Ortsnamen |trans-title=Misunderstood Lusatian Place Names |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=443037 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=2 |pages=38–62}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Schuster-Šewc |first1=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Schuster-Šewc |date=2008 |title=Die Ortsnamen der Lausitz – Anmerkungen zum Stand ihrer Erforschung |trans-title=The Place Names of Lusatia – Notes on the Present State of Research |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=142729 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=2 |pages=94–108}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Schuster-Šewc |first1=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Schuster-Šewc |date=2009 |title=Die Ortsnamen der Lausitz (Teil II) |trans-title=The place names of Lusatia (Part II) |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=120878 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=2 |pages=103–123}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Schuster-Šewc |first1=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Schuster-Šewc |date=2009 |title=Die Ortsnamen der Lausitz (Teil III) |trans-title=The place names of Lusatia (Part III) |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=6537 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=1 |pages=116–130}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wenzel |first1=Walter |date=2008 |title=Neue Deutungen Oberlausitzer Ortsnamen |trans-title=New Interpretations of Upper Sorbian Place Names |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=20463 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=1 |pages=76–92}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wenzel |first1=Walter |date=2010 |title=Problematische Deutungen Lausitzer Ortsnamen |trans-title=Problematic Meanings of Lusatian Place Names |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=170756 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=2 |pages=119–130}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wenzel |first1=Walter |date=2018 |title=Die Klassifizierung altsorbischer Orts-, Personenund Stammesnamen |trans-title=The Classification of Old Sorbian Place Names, Proper Names, and Tribal Names |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=852511 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=1 |pages=101–111}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wenzel |first1=Walter |date=2020 |title=Neue Deutungen altsorbischer Orts- und Stammesnamen |trans-title=New Meanings of Old Sorbian Place and Tribe Names |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=920730 |language=de |journal=Lětopis |issue=2 |pages=77–84}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Lusatia}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lusatia |volume=17 |short=x}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lusatia| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Brandenburg]]
[[Category:Regions of Saxony]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Germany]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Poland]]
[[Category:Former duchies of the Kingdom of Bohemia]]