Editing Luis Muñoz Marín

{{Short description|First elected governor of Puerto Rico (1949–1965)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{family name hatnote|Muñoz|Marín|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Luis Muñoz Marin
| image               = Luis Muñoz Marín.jpg
| office              = [[Governor of Puerto Rico]]
| term_start          = January 2, 1949
| term_end            = January 2, 1965
| predecessor         = [[Jesús T. Piñero]] {{small|(appointed)}}
| successor           = [[Roberto Sánchez Vilella]]
| office1             = [[President of the Senate of Puerto Rico|President of the Puerto Rico Senate]]
| term_start1         = January 2, 1941
| term_end1           = January 2, 1949
| predecessor1        = [[Rafael Martínez Nadal]]
| successor1          = [[Samuel R. Quiñones]]
| office2             = Member of the [[Puerto Rico Senate]]<br>from the at-large district
| term_start2         = January 2, 1941
| term_end2           = January 2, 1949
| governor            = 
| order3              = 
| term_start3         = January 2, 1965
| term_end3           = August, 1970
| birth_name          = José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1898|2|18}}
| birth_place         = [[Old San Juan]], [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1980|4|30|1898|2|18}}
| death_place         = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
| resting_place       = [[Muñoz Rivera Family Mausoleum]] in [[Barranquitas, Puerto Rico]]
| party               = [[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|Popular Democratic]]
| spouse              = [[Muna Lee (writer)|Muna Lee]] (1919–1938)<br>[[Inés Mendoza]] (1946–1980)
| children            = 4, including [[Victoria Muñoz Mendoza|Victoria]]
| education           = [[Georgetown University]]
}}
'''José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín''' (February 18, 1898{{spaced ndash}}April 30, 1980) was a [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] journalist, politician, statesman and was the first elected governor of [[Puerto Rico]], regarded as the "Architect of the Puerto Rico Commonwealth."<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/26/us/roberto-sanchez-vilella-84-puerto-rican-governor-dies.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Roberto Sanchez Vilella, 84, Puerto Rican Governor, Dies|date=March 26, 1997|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122135131/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/26/us/roberto-sanchez-vilella-84-puerto-rican-governor-dies.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|archive-date=November 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prboriken.com/munoz.htm|title=Don Luis Muñoz Marín: el último de los próceres.|access-date=October 1, 2007|work=The World of Puerto Rican Politics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203156/http://www.prboriken.com/munoz.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In 1948 he was the first democratically elected [[governor of Puerto Rico]], spearheading an administration that engineered profound economic, political and social reforms; accomplishments that were internationally lauded by many politicians, statesmen, political scientists and economists of the period.  Muñoz Marín was instrumental in the suppression of the [[Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico|Nationalist Party]] and its efforts to gain independence.

==Early life and education==

===Childhood===
Luis Muñoz Marín was born on February 18, 1898, at 152 Calle de la Fortaleza in [[Old San Juan]]. He was the son of [[Luis Muñoz Rivera]] and Amalia Marín Castilla. His father was a poet, publisher, and a politician, responsible for founding two newspapers, ''El Diario'' and ''La Democracia.'' Days before Luis' birth, his father traveled to Spain to present a proposal of autonomy for Puerto Rico, which was accepted.<ref name="p.1">Bernier-Grand et al., p.1</ref> His father was elected to serve as [[Secretary of State of Puerto Rico]] and Chief of the Cabinet for the Government of Puerto Rico.

On October 18, 1898, Puerto Rico was taken by the United States following Spain's defeat in the [[Spanish–American War]]. Luis's father assisted in establishing an insular police force, but opposed the military colonial government established by the United States. He resigned from office on February 4, 1899, but was later elected to the House of Delegates of Puerto Rico.

One of Muñoz Marín's paternal great-grandfathers, Luis Muñoz Iglesias, was born on October 12, 1797, in [[Province of Palencia|Palencia]], Spain. At age 14, he had joined the [[Spanish Army]] and battled Napoleon Bonaparte's [[French Army]] in the [[Peninsular War]]. Afterward he decided to make his career in the army, and was awarded decorations after fighting against [[Simón Bolívar]] during the [[Admirable Campaign]] of independence in Latin America. Once the conflict was over, he traveled to Puerto Rico along with his commanding officer, [[Miguel de la Torre]]. He subsequently settled in a farm in [[Cidra, Puerto Rico|Cidra]] and married María Escolástica Barrios.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP2rD2wtmVMC&q=Luis+Munoz+Iglesias&pg=PA16 |title=Luis Muñoz Marín By A. W. Maldonado |isbn=9780847701582 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416191745/https://books.google.com/books?id=aP2rD2wtmVMC&pg=PA16&dq=Luis+Munoz+Iglesias |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |url-status=live |last1=Maldonado |first1=A. W. |year=2006 |publisher=La Editorial, UPR }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biblioteca.uprh.edu/cultural/santiago%20Maunez/munoz.pdf |title=Luis Muñoz Iglesias (Spanish) |access-date=March 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720100903/http://biblioteca.uprh.edu/cultural/santiago%20Maunez/munoz.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>  One of his great-grandmothers was Rosa Solá, a woman held in slavery by his great grandfather, Vicente Marín.<ref>See baptismal record of Ramón Marín, republished in Ramón Marín, Obra Completa. Socorro Girón, ed. Ponce, 1989.</ref>

In 1901 when Muñoz Marín was three years old, a group of statehood supporters broke into his father's  ''El Diario's'' building and vandalized most of the equipment.<ref name="p.8-9">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 8–9</ref> Following this incident, the family moved to [[Caguas, Puerto Rico|Caguas]]. After receiving further threats from the statehood movements, the family moved to New York City.<ref name="p.8-9"/> There Muñoz Marín learned English, while his father founded the bilingual newspaper, ''Puerto Rico Herald''. During the following years, the family frequently traveled between both locations.<ref name="p.10-11">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 10–11</ref> His father founded the [[Union of Puerto Rico|Unionist Party]] in Puerto Rico, which won the election in 1904. Following the party's victory, his father was elected as a member of the House of Delegates.<ref name="p.10-11"/>

Muñoz Marín began his elementary education at William Penn Public School in [[Santurce, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], a district of San Juan.<ref name="p.12">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 12</ref> Most classes were taught in English, a change imposed by the American colonial government. Muñoz Marín's knowledge of English allowed him to be advanced to second grade, although he had some difficulty the next year.<ref name="p.12"/> In 1908, Muñoz Marín was enrolled in a small private school in San Juan. Working with the teacher Pedro Moczó, in two years he covered all the material normally taught to students between third and eighth grade, passing tests with good grades.<ref name="p.15">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 15</ref>

In 1910, his father was elected as [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico]]. This position is a non-voting delegate to the [[United States Congress]]. 

In 1911, he began his studies at the [[Georgetown Preparatory School]] but disliked its strict discipline and failed the tenth grade.<ref name="p.18-19">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 18–19</ref> In 1915, his father enrolled him at [[Georgetown University Law Center]], but Muñoz Marín was uninterested and wanted to become a poet.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maldon|first1=A.W.|title=Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Ricos democratic revolution|date=2006|publisher=Editorial de la Univ. de Puerto Rico|page=16}}</ref><ref name="RHC Bio">{{cite web |title=Luiz Muñoz Marin |url=http://rafaelhernandezcolon.org/PDF/BiografiaLMM.pdf |website=rafaelhernandezcolon |publisher=Fundación Rafael Hernández Colón |access-date=12 May 2020 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729015629/http://rafaelhernandezcolon.org/PDF/BiografiaLMM.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late 1916, Muñoz Marín and his mother were called to Puerto Rico by their friend Eduardo Georgetti, who said Luis' father was suffering from an infection spreading from his [[gallbladder]]. Muñoz Rivera died on November 15, 1916, when Luis was eighteen.<ref name="Foundation 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.munoz-marin.org/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/primeros.html|title=Luis Muñoz Marín: Primeros Años|access-date=October 1, 2007 |work=Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041118034125/http://www.munoz-marin.org/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/primeros.html |archive-date = November 18, 2004|language=es}}</ref>

===Poetry and ideological contrasts===
A month later Muñoz Marín and his mother returned to New York; he sold his law books and refused to return to Georgetown.<ref name="p.26">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 26</ref> Within one month he published a book titled ''Borrones'', composed of several stories and a one-act play. For several months, he served as the congressional clerk to [[Félix Córdova Dávila]], who succeeded Muñoz Marín's father as Resident Commissioner.<ref>La Obra de Félix Córdova Dávila, Correspondencia Política entre Félix Córdova Dávila y Antonio R. Barceló (1917–1921), published by Oficina del Historiador de Puerto Rico, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-934461-12-9}}</ref>

==Marriage and family==
On July 1, 1919, Muñoz Marín married [[Muna Lee (writer)|Muna Lee]], an American writer from [[Raymond, Mississippi]], who had grown up in Oklahoma.<ref name="p.32-33">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 32–33</ref> Lee was a leading [[Southern United States|Southern]] feminist and a rising writer of [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] poetry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/surgery/muna.html |title=MUNA LEE: A PAN-AMERICAN LIFE |access-date=October 1, 2007 |author=Jonathan Cohen |date=December 20, 2004 |work=The Americas Series of the University of Wisconsin Press |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711231925/https://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/surgery/muna.html |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> They had a daughter and a son together,<ref name="RHC Bio" /> but often lived apart before separating in 1938.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

During the 1920s Muñoz Marín spent the majority of his time in [[Greenwich Village]], where he lived apart from his wife and young children. During those years he often asked his wife and mother to send him money, and indulged in a "[[Bohemianism|Bohemian  lifestyle]]" that strained his [[marriage]]. Muñoz Marín and his wife Muna Lee underwent a legal separation in 1938.<ref>A.W. Maldonado, ''Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution'', pp. 70–73; Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2006; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0163-6}}</ref>

During his first campaign for the Puerto Rico Senate in 1932, Muñoz Marín was accused of being a narcotics addict; he was alleged to be addicted to opium.<ref>Luis Muñoz Marín, ''Memorias'', p. 57; Fundacion Luis Muñoz Marín, 2003; {{ISBN|978-0-913480-53-3}}</ref><ref>A.W. Maldonado, ''Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution'', pp. 94–95; Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2006; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0163-6}}</ref>

Before his campaigns of 1938 and 1939, while he was still legally married, Muñoz Marín met [[Inés Mendoza]].<ref name="Foundation 2" /> A teacher, she became his mistress and was fired for complaining about the prohibition against classes in Spanish. They agreed that substituting "one language for another is to diminish that country's capacity to be happy".<ref name="p.61-62">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 61–62</ref> Muñoz Marín asked Mendoza to "stay with him all his life."<ref name="p.63">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 63</ref>

In 1940, a month after his election as [[President of the Senate]] in Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín and Mendoza had a daughter, [[Victoria Muñoz Mendoza|Victoria]], named to commemorate his success.<ref name="p.73">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 73</ref> He and Mendoza officially married in 1946, and they had a second daughter, Viviana.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In the 1980s, their daughter [[Victoria Muñoz Mendoza]] became active in Puerto Rican politics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Late leader's daughter takes up cause in Puerto Rico|url=https://news.google.com/wspapers?id=pMJGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jvMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5753,1175463|access-date=January 3, 2013|newspaper=The Lewiston Journal|date=October 8, 1985}}</ref> In 1992, she became the first woman to run as a candidate for the governorship of Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|title=Summary of November 3, 1992 General Election Results|url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1992/summary.html|work=Elections Puerto Rico|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040230/http://electionspuertorico.org/1992/summary.html|archive-date=March 6, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Formation of political ideas==
In 1920, Muñoz Marín was selected to deliver a check to [[Santiago Iglesias]], the president of the [[Socialist Party (Puerto Rico)|Socialist Party of Puerto Rico]]. Excited about the prospect of meeting him, they moved to Puerto Rico, where the couple's first daughter, Munita, was born.<ref name="p.36">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 36</ref> Upon arriving, he noticed that some of the landowners were paying the ''[[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|jíbaro]]s'', the mountain-dwelling peasants of Puerto Rico, two dollars in exchange for their votes. He joined the Socialist Party, a decision regarded as a "disaster" by his family.<ref name="Foundation 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.munoz-marin.org/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/politico.html|title=Luis Muñoz Marín: El Político|access-date=October 1, 2007 |work=Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070923010844/http://www.munoz-marin.org/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/politico.html  |archive-date = September 23, 2007|language=es}}</ref><ref name="p.41">Bernier-Grand et al., p.41</ref> In October 1920, the Socialist Party recruited members of the [[Republican Party of Puerto Rico (1903)|Republican Party]] in order to win upcoming elections. Disappointed, Muñoz Marín returned to the mainland, moving to [[New Jersey]] with his family. Shortly after, his first son, Luis Muñoz Lee, was born.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In 1923, he returned alone to Puerto Rico, supposedly to publish a [[book]] that collected several of his father's previously unpublished works. After collecting $5,000 from his father's friends for this alleged "publication" Muñoz Marín spent the [[money]], did not write the book, and quickly left the [[island]].<ref>[http://www.pr-secretfiles.net/binders/HQ-100-5745_1_01_1.pdf FBI File Report: ''Luis Muñoz Marín'', File #100-5745; pp. 16–17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215154936/http://www.pr-secretfiles.net/binders/HQ-100-5745_1_01_1.pdf |date=February 15, 2010 }} Retrieved 05-31-2013.</ref> Several years later, after things had quieted down, [[Antonio R. Barceló]], who was the president of the newly formed Liberal Party, called Muñoz Marín to work on ''La Democracia''.<ref name="p.46">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 46</ref> After having problems with some members of the party's Republican faction, due to his support for island autonomy, Muñoz Marín returned to New York. Here he wrote for ''[[The American Mercury]]'' and ''[[The Nation]]''.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In 1931, after traveling throughout the United States, Muñoz Marín noticed the instability of the country's economy&nbsp;— and his own personal finances&nbsp;— after the [[stock market crash]]. Deciding that exploiting his father's name in Puerto Rican politics was better than starving in Greenwich Village, he borrowed money from a group of friends and returned to the island.<ref name="p.48">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 48</ref> Upon arriving, he discovered that [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|Hurricane San Felipe Segundo]] had destroyed most of the sugar crops where the ''jíbaros'' worked, leaving the majority unemployed.<ref name="NPR.org 2020" />

==Political career==

===Senator===
By the 1930s, Puerto Rico's political scenario had changed; the only party actively asking for independence was the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]]. That organization's president, [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], occasionally met with Muñoz Marín. He was impressed by the substance of Albizu's arguments, but their styles to achieve autonomy and social reforms were different.<ref name="p.51">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 51</ref>

In 1932, [[Antonio R. Barceló]] abandoned the Coalition, which by this time had weakened, and he worked to establish a new independence movement. Barceló adopted several of Muñoz Marín's ideas of social and economic reforms and autonomy, using them to form the ideology of the [[Liberal Party of Puerto Rico]].<ref name="p.51"/> Muñoz Marín joined the Liberal Party and led ''La Democracia'', which had become the party's official newspaper. He had decided to become a politician to achieve reform.<ref name="p.51"/> In speeches, he discussed ways to provide more land, hospitals, food and schools to the general public.

On March 13, 1932, Muñoz Marín was nominated by the party for the post of senator. Although the party did not win a majority in the 1932 elections, Muñoz Marín received enough votes to gain a position in the [[Puerto Rican Senate]].<ref name="p.52">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 52</ref> Shortly after, Rudy Black, a reporter for ''La Democracia'', arranged a meeting between him and [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]. Wanting her to see Puerto Rico's problems personally, he persuaded her to visit the main island.<ref name="p.53">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 53</ref>

In August 1932, Muñoz Marín received [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] in [[Fort San Felipe del Morro]] and ''[[La Fortaleza]]'' before traveling to ''El Fanguito'', a poor sector that had suffered much damage in the hurricane. When photos of her visit were published, former American governors and the incumbent were outraged to have been overlooked.<ref name="p.54">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 54</ref> Following his wife's report, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] included Puerto Rico in the [[New Deal]] program. Muñoz Marín became a popular political figure due to his involvement in the program, which provided for considerable investment of federal funds in Puerto Rico to develop infrastructure and housing.<ref name="p.54"/>

Following the government police massacre of Nationalist protesters at the [[University of Puerto Rico]] in [[Río Piedras, Puerto Rico|Río Piedras]] in 1935 (the [[Río Piedras massacre]]) and again at [[Ponce massacre|Ponce]] in 1937, the US Senator [[Millard Tydings]] from Maryland supported a bill in 1936 to give independence to Puerto Rico.<ref name="Gatell"/> (He had co-sponsored the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], which provided independence to the [[Philippines]] after a 10-year transition under a limited autonomy.) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill, but Muñoz Marín opposed it. Tydings did not gain passage of the bill.<ref name="Gatell">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2510353 Frank Otto Gatell, "Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007112911/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2510353 |date=October 7, 2018 }}, ''Hispanic American Historical Review'', Vol. 38, No. 1 (Feb., 1958), pp. 25–44, accessed 15 December 2012</ref>

Muñoz Marín criticized the bill for what he said would be adverse effects on the island's economy. He compared it to a principle known as ''Ley de Fuga'' (Law of flight). This was the term for a police officer arresting a man, releasing him, and shooting him in the back while the policeman retreated, claiming the suspect had "fled."<ref name="p.55-56">Bernier-Grand et al., pp. 55–56</ref>

As a result of his opposition to the bill and disagreement with Antonio R. Barceló, Muñoz Marín was expelled from the Liberal Party. Muñoz Marín's expulsion severely affected his public image.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

He created a group named ''Acción Social Independentista'' (''ASI'') ("Pro-Independence Social Action") which later became the ''[[Clear, Net, Authentic, and Complete Liberal Party|Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo]]''. This organization served as opposition to the Liberal Party, which was led by Barceló.<ref name="Foundation 2"/>

Along with many liberal democratic administrators from the New Deal relief organization known as the [[Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration]] (PRRA), in 1938, Muñoz Marín helped create the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico]] (''Partido Popular Democratico'', or PPD).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Puerto Rican Politics and the New Deal|last=Mathews|first=Thomas|publisher=University of Florida Press|year=1960|location=Gainesville|pages=243}}</ref> The party committed to helping the ''jíbaros'', regardless of their political beliefs, by promoting a minimum wage, initiatives to provide food and water, cooperatives to work with agriculture, and the creation of more industrial alternatives.<ref name="p.58">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 58</ref> Muñoz Marín concentrated his political campaigning in the rural areas of Puerto Rico. He attacked the then common practice of paying off rural farm workers to influence their vote, insisting that they "lend" their vote for only one election. The party's first rally attracted solid participation, which surprised the other parties.<ref name="p.60">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 60</ref>

===President of the Senate===
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In 1940, the Popular Democratic Party won a majority in the [[Senate of Puerto Rico]], which was attributed to his campaigning in the rural areas, he first gave a speech in [[Dorado, Puerto Rico]] in the balcony of a house owned by electrician Luis Pérez Álvarez, in 1947. Muñoz Marín was elected as the fourth President of the Senate.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9054292|title=Muñoz Marín, Luis|access-date=October 1, 2007|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]: Guide to Hispanic Heritage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101102147/http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9054292|archive-date=November 1, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

During his term as President of the Senate, Muñoz was an advocate of the working class of Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson16/lesson16.php?s=0|title=Puerto Rican Labor Movement|access-date=October 1, 2007|work=Center for History and New Media, George Mason University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062333/http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson16/lesson16.php?s=0|archive-date=June 29, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with Governor [[Rexford Tugwell]], the last non-Puerto Rican US-appointed Governor, and the republican-socialist coalition which headed the House of Representatives, Muñoz helped advance legislation for agricultural reform, economic recovery, and industrialization.<ref name="p.73"/> This program became known as [[Operation Bootstrap]]. It was coupled with a program of agrarian reform (land redistribution) which limited the area to be held by large sugarcane interests. During the first four decades of the 20th century, Puerto Rico's dominant economic commodity had been sugarcane by-products.<ref name="NPR.org 2020">{{cite web | title=Borinquén : Throughline | website=NPR.org | date=2020-07-16 | url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/15/891442022/borinqu-n | access-date=2020-07-16}}</ref>

Operation Bootstrap encouraged investors to transfer or create manufacturing plants, offering them local and federal tax concessions, while maintaining access to American markets free of import duties. The program facilitated a shift to an industrial economy. During the 1950s, labor-intensive light industries were developed on the island, such as textiles; manufacturing later gave way to heavy industry, such as petrochemicals and oil refining, in the 1960s and 1970s. Taught in Spanish, ''jíbaros'' were trained to work in jobs being promoted by the government.<ref name="p.74">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 74</ref> Muñoz Marín backed legislation to limit the amount of land a company could own. His development programs brought some prosperity for an emergent middle class. A rural agricultural society was transformed into an industrial working class. Muñoz Marín also launched ''Operación Serenidad'' ("Operation Serenity"), a series of projects geared toward promoting education and appreciation of the arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flmm.com/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/op_serenidad.html|title=Operación Serenidad|access-date=October 2, 2007|work=Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016101224/http://flmm.com/pags_nuevas_folder/biografia_folder/op_serenidad.html|archive-date=October 16, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Civil rights groups and the Catholic Church criticized Operation Bootstrap, for what they saw as government-promoted birth control, encouragement of surgical sterilization, and fostering the migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States mainland.<ref name="Women">{{cite web|url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson16/lesson16.php?s=0|title=Women in World History|publisher=Center for History and New Media, George Mason University|access-date=August 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062333/http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson16/lesson16.php?s=0|archive-date=June 29, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1943 Puerto Rico would pass a [[m:s:mul:Ley de Derechos Civiles de Puerto Rico|Civil Rights Act ]] would ended a great deal of race-related discrimination in Puerto Rico.<ref name=puertoricocivilrights /> In 1945, [[Eric Williams]] would acknowledge the progress in civil rights in Puerto Rico at the time, conceding that despite some issues related to class discrimination, "The Negro enjoys equality with the white man politically as well as legally," and that even opponents of Muñoz Marín "agree that he and his [[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|party]] have given Negroes a square deal and opened positions to them, especially in the teaching profession and the higher ranks of the police force, from which they were conventionally debarred."<ref name=puertoricocivilrights>{{cite news|url=https://dh.howard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1022&context=hist_fac|title=Race Relations In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands|first=Eric|last=Williams|date=1945|publisher=Howard University History Department Faculty Publications. 23.|accessdate=May 26, 2024}}</ref>

===World War II===
[[File:David Dubinsky, Governor Munoz, and an unidentified man break ground for the ILGWU - IBEC Santiago Iglesias housing project in Puerto Rico, 1957.jpg|thumb|David Dubinsky, Governor Munoz, and an unidentified man break ground for the ILGWU - IBEC Santiago Iglesias housing project in Puerto Rico, 1957]]
During the early stages of World War II, many thousands of Puerto Ricans were drafted to serve in the [[United States Army]]. This eased problems of overpopulation in the main island. Muñoz Marín promoted the construction of public housing projects to resolve a housing shortage.<ref name="p.76">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 76</ref> During the war he established low-interest scholarships and loans for the residents who were not drafted.  To address health issues, he established free public clinics, which opened throughout Puerto Rico.<ref name="p.76"/> In 1943 Puerto Rico would pass a Civil Rights Act.<ref name=puertoricocivilrights />

In 1944 the Popular Democratic Party won a majority again in the election, repeating the political victory of the previous elections. In 1947, Congress approved legislation allowing Puerto Ricans to elect their own Governor. Muñoz Marín successfully campaigned for the post and was the first democratically elected [[Governor of Puerto Rico]] and the second Puerto Rican to serve in that post.<ref name="Britannica" />

===Passage of Law 53 (the Gag Law)===
[[Image:Jayuya1950.gif|left|200px|thumb|Puerto Rican flag removed by an American soldier]]
In 1948,  the [[Puerto Rican Senate]] passed [[Law 53]], also known as the Gag Law, which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements in the island. Marin was instrumental in the passage of this law as he was in control of the Senate at the time.  The passage of the law allowed him to arrest any suspected nationalist without cause or due process and so allowed him to squash any potential question to his authority.<ref>[http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón, "La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327121629/http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ |date=March 27, 2012 }}, ''Academia Jurisprudencia''</ref>

The ''Ley de la Mordaza'' (a [[Gag order|gag law]]) passed the legislature on May 21, 1948, and was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, [[Jesús T. Piñero]]. It closely resembled the anti-communist [[Smith Act]] passed in the United States, and was perceived as an effort to suppress opposition to the PPD and the independence movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |title=Puerto Rican History |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date=January 13, 1941 |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201150442/http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under this law it became a crime to own or display a [[Flag of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican flag]] anywhere, even in one's own home. It also became a crime to speak against the [[U.S. government]]; to speak in favor of Puerto Rican independence; to print, [[publish]], sell or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years' [[imprisonment]], a fine of $10,000 (US), or both.<ref>"Jaime Benítez y la autonomía universitaria"; by: Mary Frances Gallart;  Publisher: CreateSpace. {{ISBN|978-1-4611-3699-6}}</ref>

According to Dr. [[Leopoldo Figueroa]], a member of the ''Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño'' (Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only non-member of PPD in the Puerto Rican House, the law was repressive and in direct violation of the First Amendment of the [[U.S. Constitution]], which guarantees [[freedom of speech]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/leyes2006/lexl2006282.htm |title=Ley Núm. 282 del año 2006 |access-date=April 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165415/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/leyes2006/lexl2006282.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Figueroa pointed out that every Puerto Rican was born with full citizenship, and full U.S. constitutional protections.<ref name="LG">{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/jaimepartsch/docs/jes_s_t._pi_ero_y_la_guerra_fria?mode=a_p |title=La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría |date=May 31, 2008 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713132356/http://issuu.com/jaimepartsch/docs/jes_s_t._pi_ero_y_la_guerra_fria?mode=a_p |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Muñoz Marín used Law 53 to [[arrest]] thousands of Puerto Ricans without [[due process]] – including members of other [[political parties]], and people who did not vote for him.<ref name="Malavet" /><ref name="NBC News 2019">{{cite web | title=Uncovering the roots of fury in Puerto Rico with Julio Ricardo Varela: podcast and transcript | website=NBC News | date=30 July 2019 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/uncovering-roots-fury-puerto-rico-julio-ricardo-varela-podcast-transcript-ncna1036116 | access-date=25 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825032310/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/uncovering-roots-fury-puerto-rico-julio-ricardo-varela-podcast-transcript-ncna1036116 | archive-date=August 25, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Governor===
Muñoz Marín officially took office on January 2, 1949. He held the post of Governor for sixteen years, being re-elected again in 1952, 1956 and 1960. In 1957, Muñoz Marín was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree (LL.D.) from [[Bates College]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Having made progress on illiteracy and other social problems, the party began debating how to establish an autonomous government.<ref name="p.80">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 80</ref> Muñoz Marín and his officials agreed to adopt a "Free Associated State" structure, which had been proposed by Barceló decades before. In Spanish the proposal's name remained unchanged, but in English, it was commonly referred to as a "Commonwealth", to avoid confusion with full statehood.<ref name="p.80"/> The main goal of the proposal was to provide more autonomy to the island, including executive functions similar to those in states, and to pass a constitution.<ref name="p.80"/>

During his terms as governor, a [[Constitutional Convention of Puerto Rico]], was called. Muñoz Marín participated in that and the drafting of the [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]]. It was passed by 82% of the people of Puerto Rico, and approved by the [[United States Congress]] in 1952. Supporters of independence left the PPD and founded the [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]] soon after.<ref name="p.81">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 81</ref>
[[Image:Presidential Medal of Freedom.svg|thumb|right|100px|Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction in 1963]]

The [[Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico]], led by Albizu Campos, also supported full independence and had abandoned the electoral process after low support. On October 30, 1950, a group of Puerto Rican nationalists attacked the governor's mansion and attempted to assassinate Muñoz Marín, by firing shots into his office. Muñoz Marín mobilized the [[Puerto Rican National Guard]] under the command of [[Puerto Rico Adjutant General]] [[Luis R. Esteves]] and sent them to confront the Nationalists in various towns, besides [[San Juan Nationalist revolt|San Juan]], such as [[Jayuya Uprising|Jayuya]] and [[Utuado Uprising|Utuado]]. He ordered the police to arrest many of the Nationalists, including Albizu Campos.<ref name="p.81"/><ref>''El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza;'' by [[Pedro Aponte Vázquez]]; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ; {{ISBN|978-1-931702-01-0}}</ref> Subsequently, the Muñoz Marín administration used law 53, known as ''Ley de Mordaza'' (lit. "the gag law") to arrest thousands of Puerto Ricans without due process, including pro-independence supporters who were not involved in the uprisings.<ref name="Malavet" />

The inauguration acts for the establishment of the ''Estado Libre Associado'' took place on July 25, 1952. Security for the event was tightened to avoid any incident, and invitations were issued.<ref name="p.82">Bernier-Grand et al., p.82</ref> Muñoz Marín feared that the new status could affect the Puerto Rican culture or "[[Americanization|Americanize]]" the island's [[Puerto Rican Spanish|language]].<ref name="p.83">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 83</ref> The government began promoting cultural activities, founding the [[Pablo Casals]] Festival, Music Conservatory, and Puerto Rico's Institute of Culture.<ref name="p.83"/>

During the decade of the 1950s, most ''jíbaros'' pursued work in factories instead of agriculture, to avoid the losses from frequent hurricanes. Many people migrated to [[New York City]] during this period for its good industrial jobs. Muñoz Marín said that he "did not agree with" the "continuing situation", and that the "battle for good life, should not have all its emphasis placed on industrialization. Part of it must be placed on agriculture."<ref name="p.83"/> American critics felt that he encouraged the migration to reduce overpopulation.<ref name="p.83"/> Despite efforts to provide more work in agriculture on the islands, the migration continued.<ref name="p.83"/>

In 1952, three United States senators referred to Muñoz Marin as a dictator when he would not approve "New Industry" tax exemptions for housing construction projects. Muñoz Marin said housing was not a new industry in Puerto Rico and the senators, [[Olin D. Johnston]], [[Owen Brewster]], and [[John Marshall Butler]] responded in kind by calling him a dictator on the floor of the US Senate.<ref name="dictator charges">{{cite news |last1=Edson |first1=Peter |title=Several Motives Are Behind Charges Against Muñoz-Marin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAIaAAAAIBAJ&q=Puerto+Rico&pg=PA2 |access-date=18 October 2019 |agency=The Times - News |date=28 February 1952}}</ref>

On December 6, 1962, Muñoz Marín was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by US President [[John F. Kennedy]]. By 1964, Muñoz Marín had been governor for sixteen years. A group of younger members of the Popular Democratic Party felt that he should retire.<ref name="p.85">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 85</ref> They suggested that he resign, and presented a proposal for term limits&nbsp;— two terms for elected officials.<ref name="p.85"/> The group named themselves ''Los veinte y dos'' ("The twenty-twos") and began running a campaign, calling on civilians for support.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Victoria, Muñoz Marín's youngest daughter joined the group, which he didn't oppose.<ref name="p.86">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 86</ref> The day before the party had an assembly to elect its candidates, Muñoz Marín announced his decision not to run for another term. He recommended [[Roberto Sánchez Vilella]], his [[Secretary of State of Puerto Rico|Secretary of State]], for the party's candidacy. When the crowd called for "four more years", Muñoz Marín said, "I am not your strength ... You are your own strength."<ref name="p.86"/> Sánchez Vilella was elected as governor.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Later years==
[[File:Luis Munoz Marin sculpture.JPG|thumb|left|Sculpture of Muñoz Marín inside the [[Capitol of Puerto Rico]]]]
After leaving the post of governor, Muñoz Marín continued his public service until 1970 as a member of the Puerto Rico Senate. In 1968, he had a serious dispute with Governor Sánchez Vilella. Still an influential figure inside the Popular Democratic Party, Muñoz Marín decided not to support Sánchez's re-election bid.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Governor Sánchez purchased the franchise of ''The People's Party'' (''Partido del Pueblo'') and decided to run for governor under this new party.<ref name="Malavet">{{cite book|last=Malavet|first=Pedro|title=America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the United States and Puerto Rico|publisher=NYU Press|year=2004|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&q=S%C3%A1nchez+Vilella+luis+mu%C3%B1oz+marin&pg=PA77|access-date=March 16, 2009|isbn=978-0-8147-5680-5}}</ref>

The PPD was defeated for the first time, and [[Luis A. Ferré]] was elected as governor. Muñoz Marín and Sánchez Vilella's friendship was severely strained after this.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===Retirement===
After resigning his senate seat in 1970, Muñoz Marín temporarily moved to Italy, where one of his daughters, Viviana, had established residence.<ref name="p.86"/> During this time he traveled to various destinations in Europe, including France, Spain and Greece.

He returned to Puerto Rico two years later, when he began writing an autobiography.<ref name="p.87">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 87</ref> He promoted the gubernatorial candidacy of the senate's president [[Rafael Hernández Colón]], the new leader of the Popular Democratic Party.<ref name="Malavet" />

Late in his life, Muñoz Marín's health weakened. On January 5, 1976, he suffered a severe stroke, which temporarily affected his ability to move, read and speak.<ref name="p.88">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 88</ref> On April 30, 1980, he died at the age of 82, after suffering complications from a severe fever.<ref name="p.89">Bernier-Grand et al., p. 89</ref> His funeral became an island-wide event, dwarfing his own father's funeral in 1916, and attended by tens of thousands of followers. He was buried at the [[Muñoz Rivera Family Mausoleum]] in [[Barranquitas, Puerto Rico]]<ref name="p.89"/>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Munozmarinstamp.jpg|thumb|Luis Muñoz Marín postage stamp issued by the U.S. Postal Service in 1990 {{FFDC|1=Munozmarinstamp.jpg|log=2011 March 13|date=March 2011}}]] -->

==Legacy and honors==
*On November 13, 1961, [[John F. Kennedy]] honored Muñoz Marín for his accomplishments with a [[state dinner]] at the [[White House]], and in 1963 he was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], with Special Distinction. The citation read: "Poet, politician, public servant, patriot, he has led his people on to new heights of dignity and purpose and transformed a stricken land into a vital society."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wetterau |first1=Bruce |title=The Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements |date=1996 |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Inc. |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=1568021283 |page=[https://archive.org/details/presidentialmeda00wett_0/page/75 75] |url=https://archive.org/details/presidentialmeda00wett_0 |url-access=registration |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> 
*Muñoz Marín also received the highest decorations from various other governments, including: [[France]], which awarded him the Grand Cross of the [[French Legion]];<ref name=PRPaP>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Serafín |last1=Méndez-Méndez |first2=Ronald |last2=Fernandez |encyclopedia=Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia |title=Muñoz Family |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PnnCQAAQBAJ&q=Luis+Mu%C3%B1oz |access-date=2020-07-05 |edition=2nd |year=2015 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO Greenwood]] |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |isbn=978-1440828317 |pages=291 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705214156/https://books.google.ca/books?id=9PnnCQAAQBAJ&dq=Orden+El+Sol+Luis+Mu%C3%B1oz+Mar%C3%ADn&q=Luis+Mu%C3%B1oz#v=snippet&q=Luis%20Mu%C3%B1oz&f=false |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Panama]], which conferred on him the [[Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa]];{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} and [[Peru]], which honored him with the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]].<ref name=PRPaP/>
*Muñoz Marín received Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degrees from [[Rutgers University]],<ref name=PRPaP/> {{citation needed span|date=July 2020|[[Bates College]], the [[University of Kansas]], [[Columbia University]],}} and [[Harvard University]],<ref name=PRPaP/> where he gave several lectures concerning Puerto Rico's progress and International Relations; he was also a Commencement Day speaker for the university in 1955.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*Muñoz Marín was featured twice on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' magazine, in 1949 and 1958.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101490502,00.html|title=Luis Munoz Marin&nbsp;– May 2, 1949|magazine=Time|access-date=August 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806114617/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101490502,00.html|archive-date=August 6, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101580623,00.html|title=Luis Munoz Marin&nbsp;– June 23, 1958|magazine=Time|access-date=August 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422004114/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101580623,00.html|archive-date=April 22, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The articles called him "one of the most influential politicians in recent times, whose works will be remembered for years to come."<ref>{{cite news|title=The Bard of Bootstrap|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810360,00.html|access-date=2 January 2013|newspaper=Time|date=June 23, 1958|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103173822/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810360,00.html|archive-date=January 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*In Rexford Tugwell's book ''The Art of Politics, as Practiced by Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Muñoz Marín, and Fiorello H. LaGuardia'' (1958), Tugwell described Muñoz Marín's achievements,

{{quote|Munoz led a movement and created a party, which consolidated the latent power of the stricken Puerto Rican mass and used it to force into being a disciplined program for rejuvenation. This effort has significance beyond itself. It soon became a wonder of a world looking for the means to lift backward peoples from the stew of poverty and demagoguism, which has become so characteristic of all the old colonial area. He was the creator, as much as one man could be, of a new status for a whole people and a new relationship among political entities. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico was a brilliant invention and its bringing into being a remarkable achievement.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWM0AAAAIAAJ&q=Munoz+led+a+movement+and+created+a+party+which+consolidated |title=The Art of Politics, as Practiced by Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Muñoz Marín, and Fiorello H. LaGuardia |first=Rexford G. |last=Tugwell |author-link=Rexford Tugwell |year=1958 |location=[[Garden City, New York]] |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |page=x |isbn=978-0837198224 |access-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705202634/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OWM0AAAAIAAJ&q=Munoz+led+a+movement+and+created+a+party+which+consolidated&dq=Munoz+led+a+movement+and+created+a+party+which+consolidated&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8-fi797bqAhXZJjQIHabpBrsQ6AEwAXoECAMQAg |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

*Muñoz Marín was presented with the Key to the City of [[Managua, Nicaragua]], by [[Nicaraguan]] President [[Luis Somoza Debayle]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
*In 1985, Puerto Rico's largest international airport was renamed [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] in his honor.
*In 1990, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 5-cent stamp honoring Muñoz Marín in their Great Americans Series.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-25-9001160494-story.html |title=Postal Service Will Issue a 5-cent Stamp Honoring Luis Munoz Marin<!--- no diacritics in the cited ref ---> |first=Dominic |last=Sama |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=1990-02-25 |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
* In [[Cleveland]], Ohio, the Luis Muñoz Marín Dual Language Academy, located in the La Villa Hispana neighborhood, serves students from pre-kindergarten to grade 8.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clevelandmetroschools.org/marin |title=Luis Muñoz Marín Dual Language Academy |work=[[Cleveland Metropolitan School District]] |access-date=2020-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724161425/https://www.clevelandmetroschools.org/marin |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In [[Newark, New Jersey]], the Luis Muñoz Marín School For Social Justice serves students from pre-kindergarten to grade 8.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.k12.nj.us/MAR/ |title=Luis Muñoz Marín School For Social Justice |work=[[Newark Public Schools]] |access-date=2020-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621030840/https://www.nps.k12.nj.us/mar/ |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* There is a 1974 oil painting of Muñoz Marín by Puerto Rican painter [[Francisco Rodón]] at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] of the [[Smithsonian Museum]] in Washington DC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Father of Modern Puerto Rico's Portrait Showing at Smithsonian|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/father-modern-puerto-ricos-portrait-showing-smithsonian-n409471|access-date=2020-10-07|website=NBC News|date=August 13, 2015 |language=en}}</ref> 
* An illustrated color portrait of Muñoz Marín, by [[Bernard Safran|Bernard Safrin]], was on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' on June 23, 1968.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=TIME Magazine Cover: Luis Munoz Marin - June 23, 1958|url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19580623,00.html|access-date=2020-10-07|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|language=en-us}}</ref> 
* An etching of Muñoz Marín is on a five cent red stamp in the Great Americans [[postage stamp]] series, issued by the [[United States Postal Service]] on February 18, 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1990 5c Great Americans: Luis Munoz Marin|url=https://www.mysticstamp.com/Products/United-States/2173/USA/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.mysticstamp.com|language=en}}</ref>
* In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], the Luis Muñoz Marín Elementary School in the Fairhill neighborhood serves students from pre-kindergarten to grade 8.
* Luis Munoz Marin Blvd, a major throughfare, in Jersey City, NJ
* In Bridgeport, Connecticut, Luis Muñoz Marín School on the East Side of the city was opened in January of 1992 and dedicated on May 3rd, 1992 to honor his achievements. It serves students from pre-kindergarten to grade 8.

==See also==
{{Portal|Puerto Rico|Biography|Literature}}
* [[Portrait of Luis Muñoz Marín]]
* [[List of Puerto Rican writers]]
* [[List of Puerto Ricans]]
* [[Puerto Rican literature]]
* [[List of governors of Puerto Rico]]
* [[Politics of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican Politics]]
* [[List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Poet and Politician of Puerto Rico: Don Luis Muñoz Marín|url=https://archive.org/details/poetpoliticianof00bern|url-access=registration|first=Carmen T. |last=Bernier-Grand|publisher=Orchand Books|location=New York|year=1995|isbn=978-0-531-08737-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Hispanic Stories: Luis Muñoz Marín|first=Abbott |last=Chrisman|publisher=Raintree Publishers|location=United States|year=1989|isbn=978-0-8172-2907-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/luismunozmarin0000glei}}

==External links==
* [https://luismunozmarin.org/ Luis Muñoz Marín Foundation] {{in lang|es}}
* {{Librivox author |id=18202}}

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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Chair of the Puerto Rico Popular Democratic Party]]|years=1938–1972}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|Popular Democratic]] nominee for [[Governor of Puerto Rico]]|years=[[1948 Puerto Rican general election|1948]], [[1952 Puerto Rican general election|1952]], [[1956 Puerto Rican general election|1956]], [[1960 Puerto Rican general election|1960]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Rafael Martínez Nadal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Senate of Puerto Rico|President of the Puerto Rico Senate]]|years=1941–1949}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jesús T. Piñero]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Puerto Rico]]|years=1949–1965}}
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[[Category:Georgetown University Law Center alumni]]
[[Category:Governors of Puerto Rico]]
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[[Category:Politicians from San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Senate of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Puerto Rican male writers]]
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