Editing Ludo

{{Short description|Board game}}
{{About|the board game}}
{{Infobox Game
| title = Ludo
| italic title = no
| subject_name = Ludo
| image_link = Ludo-3.jpg
| image_caption = An early commercial Ludo board
| years = Since {{circa|1896}}
| genre = [[Board game]] <br />[[Race game]] <br />[[Dice game]]
| players = 2–4
<!-- |ages = 4 and up<ref>{{cite book |last=Mohr |first=Merilyn Simonds |title = The New Games Treasury |url=https://archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr |url-access=registration |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=1997 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr/page/68 68] |quote=Complexity: children who can count can play. |isbn=1-57630-058-7}}</ref> -->| playing_time = < 90 min
| random_chance = High ([[Dice game|dice rolling]])
| ages = 5+
| skills = [[Strategy game|Strategy]], tactics, [[counting]], [[probability]]
| footnotes = 
}}
'''Ludo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|lj|uː|d|oʊ}}; {{ety|la|ludo|[I] play}}) is a [[Abstract strategy game|strategy]]-based [[board game]] for two to four{{efn|In some countries (at least [[Denmark]]) a variant for six players is available, but it is uncommon. Also in Denmark, a four-player variant called Partners is available, where the players compete in pairs in a [[Contract bridge|Bridge]]-like manner.}} players, in which the players [[race game|race]] their four {{boardgloss|piece|tokens}} from start to finish according to the rolls of a single [[dice|die]]<!-- Please don't change "die" to "dice" -- a single die is rolled by players in this game; "dice rolls" implies two or more. -->. Like other [[cross and circle game]]s, Ludo originated from the [[India]]n game [[Pachisi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marin|first=G.|date=September 1942|title=64. An Ancestor of the Game of 'Ludo.'|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2791716|journal=Man|volume=42|pages=114–115|doi=10.2307/2791716|jstor=2791716 |issn=0025-1496}}</ref> The game and its variations are popular in many countries and under various names.

==History==
[[File:Ludo-1.jpg|thumb|One of the first commercially printed editions of Ludo]]
Ludo has its origins in the Indian game of  [[Pachisi]], created in India in the sixth century CE. It was modified to use a cubic die<!-- Please don't change "die" to "dice" -- a single die is rolled by players in this game; "dice rolls" implies two or more. --> with a die cup and patented as "Ludo" in England in 1896 by Alfred Coller.{{efn|Patent number 14636.<ref name=Bell_p12 />}}<ref name="Bell_p12">{{cite book |last=Bell |first=R. C. |author-link=Robert Charles Bell |title=Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations |edition=Revised |volume=I |publisher=[[Dover Publications|Dover Publications Inc]] |year=1979 |orig-year=1st Pub. 1960, [[Oxford University Press]], London |page=12 |isbn=0-671-06030-9}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://pachisi.vegard2.net/ludo.html |title=Pachisi & Ludo – pc games, rules & history |work=vegard2.net}}</ref><!-- q.v. da.wikipedia.org no.wikipedia.org -->Coller eventually patented the game and sold it as "Royal Ludo". The board game [[Uckers]], popular in the [[Royal Navy]], is based on Ludo.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Padfield |first1=Peter |title=War Beneath The Sea |date=1995 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-471-24945-9 |page=86}}</ref>

==Ludo board==
Special areas of the Ludo board are typically coloured bright yellow, green, red, and blue. Each player is assigned a colour and has four tokens{{efn|Tokens were originally flat bone discs;<ref name=Bell_1983 /> modern materials are cardboard or plastic.}} in their colour. The board is normally square with a cross-shaped {{boardgloss|playspace}}, with each arm of the cross having three columns of squares, usually six per column. The middle columns usually have five squares coloured; these represent a player's home column. A sixth coloured square not on the home column is a player's starting square. At the centre of the board is a large finishing square, often composed of coloured triangles atop the players' home columns (thus depicting "arrows" pointing to the finish).

==Rules==

===Overview===
[[File:Ludo_paths.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Trajectory of tokens of each colour on the original Ludo board]]
Two, three, or four can play, without partnerships.{{efn|name=2to4|"From two to four-play, each with four pieces, and without partnerships."<ref name="Parlett">Parlett (1999), p. 49.</ref>}} At the beginning of the game, each player's four tokens are out of play and {{boardgloss|staging area|staged}} in the player's yard (one of the large corner areas of the board in the player's colour). When able to, the players enter their tokens one per turn on their respective starting squares and proceed to race them clockwise around the board along the game track (the path of squares not part of any player's home column). When reaching the square below their home column, a player continues by moving tokens up the column to the finishing square. The rolls of a single die<ref name=Parlett /><ref name=DG_p13 /> control the swiftness of the tokens, and entry to the finishing square requires a precise roll from the player. The first to bring all their tokens to the finish wins the game. The others often continue to play to determine second-, third-, and fourth-place finishers.

===Gameplay===
Each player rolls a die; the highest roller begins the game. Players alternate turns in a clockwise direction. To enter a token into play from its yard to its starting square, a player must roll a six.<ref name=Parlett /><ref name="DG_p13">Diagram Group (1975), p. 13.</ref> Players can draw a token from home every time they get a six unless home is empty or move a piece six times. The start box has two own tokens (is doubled). If the player has no tokens yet in play and rolls other than a six, the turn passes to the next player.

Players must always move a token according to the die value rolled. Once players have one or more tokens in play, they select a token and move it forwards along the track the number of squares indicated by the die. If a token advances onto a spot occupied by opponent's token then the opposing token is returned to its respective home point. This forces the opponent to roll another 6 to take it out of their home and move it again.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=MacQuaid |first=Murphy |date=2021-05-18 |title=Ludo Board Game - Rules You Should Know |url=https://bargames101.com/ludo-rules/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Bar Games 101 |language=en-US}}</ref> If a token advances onto a spot occupied by a token of the same colour, then they create something that is called a "block".<ref name="Bell_1983">Bell (1983), p. 113.</ref> If an opposing token lands on the same spot as the block, the advancing token is returned to its respective home point.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ludo Official BSE Rules |url=http://www.banglagym.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Ludo_Rules.pdf |website=Banglagym.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Ludo Rules |url=https://www.ludoculture.com/ludo-rules/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095954/https://www.ludoculture.com/ludo-rules/ |archive-date=Nov 24, 2023 |website=Ludo Culture}}</ref>

If the player cannot draw a token from home, rolling a six earns the player an additional or "bonus" roll in that turn. If the bonus roll results in a six again, the player earns again an additional bonus roll.{{efn|"Should a player throw two sixes in succession, he is allowed a third throw."<ref name=DG_p13 />}} If the third roll is also a six, the player may not move and the turn immediately passes to the next player.

A player's home column squares are always safe, since no opponent may enter them. In the home column, a player cannot jump over; after one rotation is completed, the player must enter the home and roll the exact number needed to get each token onto the home triangle.

==Variants==

===List of international variants===
<!--This is not a dictionary. Non-English names in individual countries are not relevant, except as interwiki links.-->
[[File:Tablero de parqués.svg|right|thumb|Regular ''parqués ''board for four players]]

Ludo exists under different names and brands, and in various game derivations:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pwp.etb.net.co/dokuser/eng/history.html |title=History of Parques |access-date=2009-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712163650/http://pwp.etb.net.co/dokuser/eng/history.html |archive-date=2012-07-12 }}</ref>
* [[Pachisi]], Indian
* [[Uckers]], British<ref name="syh">{{Cite web |title=Personal Time - Uckers |url=http://www.seayourhistory.org.uk/content/view/151/268/1/1/ |access-date=2011-09-17}}</ref>
* Fia, Swedish
* Eile mit Weile (Haste makes Pace), Swiss
* Cờ cá ngựa, Vietnamese
* [[Parchís]], Spanish
* [[Parqués]], Colombian
**Vuelta obligada (mandatory restart)
**Cielo robado (stolen heaven)
**De piedra en piedra (from stone to stone)
**Con Policía (With Policeman)

====Mensch ärgere Dich nicht====
[[File:Mens Erger Je Niet Bordspel 1.jpg|thumb|''Mens erger je niet'', Dutch version for six players]]
[[Mensch ärgere Dich nicht]] (Man, Don't Become Annoyed), is a German game from 1914 and has equivalent names in Albanian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Greek, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, and Turkish.
* "Mens erger je niet" (Dutch)
* "Non t'arrabbiare" (Italian)
* "Človek, ne jezi se" (Slovenian)
* "Člověče, nezlob se" (Czech)
* "Čovječe, ne ljuti se" (Croatian)
* "Човече не љути се" (Serbian)
* "Kızma Birader" (Turkish)
* "Не се сърди, човече" (Bulgarian)
* "Człowieku, nie irytuj się", also known as "Chińczyk"<ref>[[:pl:Chińczyk (gra planszowa)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2022}} (Polish)
* "Nu te supăra, frate" (Romanian)

====German specific====
* Verliere nicht den Kopf (Do not lose your head)
* Mensch ärgere dich nicht (Don't get angry)
* [[Coppit]]
* Brändi Dog (Swiss German)

====French====
* [[Jeu des petits chevaux]]

====Hasbro====
Hasbro has multiple brand names for ludo-like games from its acquisitions including:
* [[Aggravation (board game)|Aggravation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fgbradleys.com/rules/Aggravation.pdf|title=Aggravation Rules|website=Fgbradleys.com|date=20 June 2016 |access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Headache (board game)|Headache]]
** Game of Headache, British<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/9921/headache|title = Headache}}</ref>
* Based on Pachisi
** [[Parcheesi]], North American
** [[Sorry! (game)|Sorry!]]; North American and British<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/324486/summary.html|title=Canadian Patent Database / Base de données sur les brevets canadiens|first=Government of Canada, Industry Canada, Office of the Deputy Minister, Canadian Intellectual Property|last=Office|website=brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca|access-date=30 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727085126/http://brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/324486/summary.html|archive-date=27 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=H&trademark=502898|title=Search for a trade mark – Intellectual Property Office|website=www.ipo.gov.uk|access-date=30 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401144941/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=H&trademark=502898|archive-date=1 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photosurrealism.com/games/sorry/history.html|title=History|access-date=30 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104024820/http://www.photosurrealism.com/games/sorry/history.html|archive-date=4 November 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Trouble (board game)|''Trouble'']], North American
** [[Kimble (board game)|''Kimble'']], Finnish version of ''Trouble''
** [[Trouble (board game)|''Frustration'']], British and Irish version of ''Trouble''<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to play Trouble {{!}} Official Rules {{!}} UltraBoardGames|url=https://www.ultraboardgames.com/trouble/game-rules.php|access-date=2021-10-22|website=www.ultraboardgames.com}}</ref>

====Chinese====
* [[Aeroplane chess]]: A Chinese cross-and-circle board game derived from Ludo, it uses aeroplanes as tokens, with additional features such as coloured cells, jumps, and shortcuts.

====Canadian====
* [[Tock]]: Players race their four tokens (or marbles) around the game board from start to finish, with the objective being to be the first to take all of one's tokens "home". Like Sorry!, it is played with playing cards rather than dice.

====Latvian====
The Latvian version of the game is called "Riču-Raču". The board is larger than the original board with seven home spaces instead of four (but the player must always reach the four farthest home spaces anyway, if the player overrolls, then they must move the extra spaces back and wait for their next turn). Captures are allowed and two tokens cannot occupy the same space. If a player rolls a one or a six, they can either get a second roll or move a token to the starting position.

===Differences===
[[File:Narayangarh-12.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Pachisi variant being played on a Ludo board in [[Nepal]]]]
* Ludo played in the [[Indian subcontinent]] features a safe square in each quadrant, normally the fourth square from the top in the rightmost column. These squares are usually marked with a star. In India Ludo is often played with two dice, and rolling ''1'' on a die<!-- Please don't change "die" to "dice" -- a single die is rolled by players in this game; "dice rolls" implies two or more. --> also allows a token to enter active play. Thus if a player rolls a ''1'' and a ''6'', they may get a token out and move it six steps.
*In [[Pakistan]], a variation that uses two dice allows backwards movement. The dice are rolled and the die<!-- Please don't change "die" to "dice" -- a single die is rolled by players in this game; "dice rolls" implies two or more. --> values can be used independently or in combination to move two pieces or a single piece forwards or backwards or both. (E.g., if the roll gives ''1'' and ''4'', the player can move a single piece 4 steps forwards and then 1 step backwards, or 1 step forwards and 4 steps backwards, or 1 then 4 steps forwards or backwards. Or the player can move a piece 1 step forwards or backwards, and another piece 4 steps forwards or backwards.)
* To get a game started faster, some [[house rule]]s allow a player with no pieces on the board to bring their first piece into play on any roll, on a ''1'' or a ''6'', or allow multiple tries to roll a ''6'' (with three rolls being the most popular).
* If a piece lands on the same space as another piece of the same colour, the moved piece must take the preceding space.
* Some variations permit doubled blocks to be passed by rolling a ''6'' or ''1''.
* A block of two or more pieces cannot be taken by an opponent's single piece.<ref>Murray (1978), p. 138.</ref>
* Doubled pieces may move half the number if an even number is thrown (e.g. move two spaces if a ''4'' is thrown).
* A doubled piece may capture another doubled piece (like in [[Coppit]]). Three pieces together are weak and can be cut by a single piece.
* A board may have only four spaces in each home column. All four of a player's pieces must finish in these spaces for the player to have finished the game. (See {{lang|de|[[Mensch ärgere dich nicht]]}}.)
* A player must move all the numbers rolled (e.g. if a player rolls multiple ''6s'', they have to use all the numbers to move).
* A player cannot capture or enter finish if they have numbers remaining. (E.g., if a player rolls a ''6'' and a ''2'' and they have the option to capture or enter finish with one of their pieces using the ''2'', they can only do so if they have another piece that can use the ''6''.)
* To speed the game up, extra turns or bonus moves can be awarded for capturing a piece or getting a piece home; these may grant passage past a block.
* In Denmark and some other countries the board has eight spaces marked with a globe and eight with a star. The globes are safe spaces where a piece cannot be captured. The exception is that a player who has not yet entered all pieces, can always enter a piece on a roll of ''6''. If the entry space is occupied by another player's piece, that piece is captured. Otherwise the entry spaces work like the other globe spaces. A piece which would have landed on a star instead moves to the next star.
* In Vietnam, it is called "Cờ cá ngựa", where the game is modeled after a horse race with the tokens modeled as horse heads. In this variation, a ''1'' is given equal status to a ''6'' (meaning that the player can enter a token into play and can roll again). Furthermore, once a player's token reaches their home column, it can only go up each square with an exact roll. This means that a person outside the column must roll a ''1'' to enter the first square, a ''2'' afterwards to enter the second, and so forth.

[[File:Ludu Play 02.jpg|thumb|A player about to throw the die]]

====African====
In some parts of Africa including Nigeria, Ghana, Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho and South Africa, the following rules are reportedly played:
* A doubled block also blocks trailing pieces of the player who created the block, or blocks them unless they roll the exact number to land on the block; additionally, the doubled block cannot move forwards until the block that landed upon it moves off again. This reduces the tactical advantage of a block and makes the game more interesting.
* If the two players sitting opposite are partners, the players can exchange numbers.
* There are four safety squares on the board, like castle squares in Pachisi, as well as the safe home squares, where a piece may able to move forwards or backwards and start their turn before previous player finishes.
* A piece landing on a square with an opponent's piece not only sends the opponent piece back to the starting area but also sends the landing piece to its home square.
* A player cannot move their first piece into the home column unless they have captured at least one piece of any of the opponents.
* If a player captures the piece of another player, they are awarded a bonus roll. If in the bonus roll, another player's piece is captured, another bonus roll is awarded and so on.

====Indian====
The Indian Ludo is based on the ancient game Pachisi. It was first played on cloth boards using cowrie shells and small tokens. Over time, it changed into a simpler version with a square board and a single die. This version is now played in homes across the country.

Players take turns rolling the die and moving their tokens around the board to reach the home area. If a token lands on another, it can be sent back to start.

In recent years, digital versions have become popular. Mobile apps like [[Zupee (Ludo)|Zupee Ludo]], Ludo King and MPL, offer different ways to play. Some include quick matches, no-dice formats, or reward-based systems. These are often grouped under the term online Ludo. Many people in India now play both offline and online versions. With almost 79% of the players that are from India, making the majority of the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ashutosh |date=2024-08-01 |title=Demographics of Ludo Game App Users |url=https://sdlccorp.com/post/demographics-of-ludo-game-app-users/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=SDLC Corp |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ashta Chamma (board game)|Ashta Chamma]]
*[[Ashte kashte]] – a game with similar rules
*[[Backgammon]]
*[[Chaupur]]
*''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' (2020 Film)
*''[[Ludo King]]''
*[[Patolli]]
*[[Zupee (Ludo)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|notes=|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Commons category|Ludo}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Bell
 |first=R. C.
 |author-link=Robert Charles Bell
 |title=The Boardgame Book
 |publisher=Exeter Books
 |year=1983
 |isbn=0-671-06030-9}}
* {{cite book
 |author=Diagram Group
 |editor=Ruth Midgley
 |title=The Way to Play
 |publisher=Paddington Press Ltd
 |year=1975
 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/waytoplayillustr00diag/page/12 12–13]
 |isbn=0-8467-0060-3
 |url-access=registration
 |url=https://archive.org/details/waytoplayillustr00diag/page/12
 }} 
* {{cite book
 |editor-first=Frederic V.
 |editor-last=Grunfeld
 |title=Games of the World
 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston
 |year=1975
 |isbn=0-03-015261-5
 |url-access=registration
 |url=https://archive.org/details/gamesofworldhowt0000unse
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Murray
 |first=H. J. R.
 |author-link=H. J. R. Murray
 |title=A History of Board-Games Other than Chess
 |edition=Reissued
 |publisher=Hacker Art Books Inc
 |year=1978
 |isbn=0-87817-211-4
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Parlett
 |first=David
 |author-link=David Parlett
 |title=The Oxford History of Board Games
 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl
 |url-access=registration
 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] Inc
 |year=1999
 |isbn=0-19-212998-8
 }}

; Attribution
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Petits-Chevaux|volume=21|page=308}}

[[Category:Board games introduced in the 1890s]]
[[Category:Children's board games]]
[[Category:Cross and circle games]]
[[Category:Games and sports introduced in 1896]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Indian board games]]
[[Category:Pakistani games]]