Editing Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar

{{Short description|US Supreme Court justice from 1888 to 1893}}
{{about|the U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice|his father, a Georgia lawyer and judge|Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I}}
{{redirect|Senator Lamar}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Lucius Q. C. Lamar
| image               = Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II - Brady-Handy.jpg
| office              = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
| nominator           = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| term_start          = January 18, 1888<!--Term start date as per www.supremecourt.gov, reflects date oath taken-->
| term_end            = January 23, 1893
| predecessor         = [[William Burnham Woods]]
| successor           = [[Howell Edmunds Jackson]]
| office1             = 16th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]]
| president1          = Grover Cleveland
| term_start1         = March 6, 1885
| term_end1           = January 10, 1888
| predecessor1        = [[Henry M. Teller|Henry Teller]]
| successor1          = [[William Freeman Vilas|William Vilas]]
| jr/sr2              = United States Senator
| state2              = [[Mississippi]]
| term_start2         = March 4, 1877
| term_end2           = March 6, 1885
| predecessor2        = [[James L. Alcorn|James Alcorn]]
| successor2          = [[Edward C. Walthall|Edward Walthall]]
| order3              = [[Democratic Caucus Chairman of the United States House of Representatives|Chairman of the House Democratic Caucus]]
| 1blankname3         = Speaker
| 1namedata3          = [[Michael C. Kerr]] <small>(1875–1876)</small><br>[[Samuel J. Randall]] <small>(1876–1877)</small>
| term_start3         = March 4, 1875
| term_end3           = March 3, 1877
| predecessor3        = [[William E. Niblack]]
| successor3          = [[Hiester Clymer]]
| state4              = [[Mississippi]]
| district4           = {{ushr|MS|1|1st}}
| term_start4         = March 4, 1873
| term_end4           = March 3, 1877
| predecessor4        = [[George E. Harris|George Harris]]
| successor4          = [[Henry L. Muldrow|Henry Muldrow]]
| term_start5         = March 4, 1857
| term_end5           = January 12, 1861
| predecessor5        = [[Daniel B. Wright|Daniel Wright]]
| successor5          = George Harris (1870)
| order6              = Member of the<br>[[Georgia House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Newton County]]
| alongside6          = P. Reynolds
| term_start6         = November 7, 1853
| term_end6           = February 17, 1854
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1825|9|17}}
| birth_place         = [[Eatonton, Georgia|Eatonton]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1893|1|23|1825|9|17}}
| death_place         = [[Macon, Georgia|Vineville]], Georgia, U.S.<br/>(now Macon)
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| education           = [[Emory University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| father              = [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I]]
| allegiance          = {{Flag|Confederate States of America}}
| branch              = {{army|CSA}}
| branch_label        = [[Military branch|Branch]]
| rank                = [[File:Confederate States of America Colonel-Infantry.svg|23px]] [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]<br>[[File:Continental Army-Aide-de-camp.svg|23px]] [[Aide-de-camp]]
| battles             = [[American Civil War]]
*[[Battle of Williamsburg]] (May 5, 1862)
| battles_label       = Wars
| signature           = Signature of Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (1825–1893).png
| mother              = Sarah Bird
| resting_place       = St. Peter's Cemetery,<br/>[[Oxford, Mississippi|Oxford]], [[Mississippi]]
| unit                = [[File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (With White Border).svg|23px]] [[Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia]] ([[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], December 1864–April 1865)
| commands            = {{flag|Mississippi|1861}} [[19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]] ([[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]], May 1861–May 1862)<br>{{flag|Mississippi|1861}} [[19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]] ([[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], May 1862)
| serviceyears        = 1861–1865
| spouse              = {{marriage|Virginia Longstreet|July 1847|December 29, 1884|end=d}}
| children            = 4 
}}
'''Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II''' (September 17, 1825{{spaced ndash}}January 23, 1893) was a Confederate soldier, American politician, diplomat, and jurist. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he represented [[Mississippi]] in both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]], served as the [[United States Secretary of the Interior]], and was an associate justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. He also served as an official in the [[Confederate States of America]].

Born and educated in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], he moved to [[Oxford, Mississippi]], to establish a legal practice. He was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1856 and served until January 1861, when he helped draft Mississippi's [[Ordinance of Secession]]. He helped raise the [[19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]] and worked on the staff of his wife's cousin, General [[James Longstreet]]. In 1862, Confederate president [[Jefferson Davis]] appointed Lamar to the position of Special Confederate Commissioner to [[Russia]]. Following the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Lamar taught at the [[University of Mississippi]] and was a delegate to several state constitutional conventions.

Lamar returned to the United States House of Representatives in 1873, becoming the first Mississippi Democrat elected to the House since the end of the Civil War. He remained in the House until 1877, and represented Mississippi in the Senate from 1877 to 1885. He opposed [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]] and voting rights for African Americans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgAbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162 |title=A New History of Mississippi |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61703-977-5 |location=Jackson |page=162 |quote=Lamar told his audiences hat blacks were unfit to vote |access-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108234623/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_New_History_of_Mississippi/zgAbBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT162 |archive-date=2021-11-08 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Teed |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpMeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191 |title=Reconstruction: A Reference Guide |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-61069-533-6 |location=Santa Barbara |page=191 |access-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108234658/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reconstruction_A_Reference_Guide/kpMeCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA191 |archive-date=2021-11-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>  In 1885, he accepted appointment as [[Grover Cleveland]]'s Secretary of the Interior. In 1888, the Senate confirmed Lamar's nomination to the Supreme Court, making Lamar the first Southerner appointed to the court since the Civil War. He remained on the court until his death in 1893.

== Family and education ==
Lamar was born on September 17, 1825<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=LeMar |first=Harold Dihel |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89065274896&view=1up&seq=5 |title=History of the Lamar or Lemar Family in America |publisher=Cockle Printing Company |year=1941 |location=Omaha |pages=107–108 |oclc=3521676}}</ref> in [[Putnam County, Georgia|Putnam County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], near [[Eatonton, Georgia|Eatonton]], at the family's {{Convert|900|acre|km2}} [[plantation]] home known as "Fairfield".{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=5}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Gilbert |first=S. Price |date=1948 |title=The Lamars of Georgia: L. Q. C., Mirabeau B., and Joseph R. Lamar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25716679 |journal=American Bar Association Journal |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1157 |jstor=25716679 |issn=0002-7596}}</ref> His parents were [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I|Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar]] and Sarah Bird; he had five siblings.<ref name=":1" /> His paternal grandparents were first cousins. The elder Lamar, a lawyer and state judge in Georgia, suffered from depression and committed suicide when Lamar was nine years old.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=6}} Contemporary accounts explained the suicide as resulting from either [[insanity]] or severe [[Indigestion|dyspepsia]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=7}} Several members of Lamar's family reached prominence in various levels of government. His uncle, [[Mirabeau B. Lamar|Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar]], participated in the [[Texas Revolution]] and served as the second president of the [[Republic of Texas]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=6}} He was a cousin to [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices of the Supreme Court]] [[Joseph Rucker Lamar]]<ref name=":02" /> and [[John Archibald Campbell|John A. Campbell]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://library.cqpress.com/scc/bioenc-427-18168-979344 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court: The Lives and Legal Philosophies of the Justices |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4522-6728-9 |editor-last=Urofsky |editor-first=Melvin I. |editor-link=Melvin I. Urofsky |chapter=Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus |doi=10.4135/9781452240084}}</ref> and was related to [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representatives]] [[Absalom Harris Chappell]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chappell, Absalom Harris |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/CHAPPELL,-Absalom-Harris-(C000319)/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828205257/https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/C/CHAPPELL,-Absalom-Harris-(C000319)/ |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |website=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |language=en}}</ref> and [[William Bailey Lamar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamar, William Bailey |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/L/LAMAR,-William-Bailey-(L000031)/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030203434/https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/L/LAMAR,-William-Bailey-(L000031)/ |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |website=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |language=en}}</ref>

Lamar was briefly educated in the [[Milledgeville, Georgia|Milledgeville]] school system before being enrolled at the Manual Labor School in [[Covington, Georgia]], from 1837 to 1840. The school consolidated with Emory College (now known as [[Emory University]]) located in nearby [[Oxford, Georgia]], in 1840, leading to Lamar's mother and one of his uncles moving to the town.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=8}} Lamar was an average student, faring well in subjects he enjoyed and poorly in those he did not. Beyond his studies, he participated in campus debating activities, where he gained experience in public speaking and knowledge of important issues of the time such as slavery.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=|pp=10–11}} He completed his studies in 1845.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=12}}

At Emory, Lamar began a relationship with Virginia Longstreet, the daughter of [[Augustus Baldwin Longstreet]], president of the college. The couple married in July 1847,{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=12}} and they had four children: L.Q.C. Lamar III, Virginia, Sarah, and Frances.<ref name=":1" /> On December 29, 1884, Virginia died from lung disease that had plagued her since 1880.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=245}}  They were married in the President's House at Emory College in Oxford, GA—today the Dean's Residence at [[Oxford College of Emory University]].

== Early career ==

===Georgia lawyer and politician===
In 1845, a few months before his twentieth birthday, Lamar moved to [[Macon, Georgia]], where he studied law in his uncle's office for two years. He was admitted to the Georgia bar in 1847 in [[Vienna, Georgia|Vienna]].{{Sfn|Mayes|1896|p=37}} Afterwards, Lamar moved back to [[Covington, Georgia|Covington]], where he set up his own legal practice.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=13}} Using family connections associated with the Longstreet name, Lamar took his first steps into politics when [[Newton County, Georgia|Newton County]] sent him as a delegate to the state [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] convention in [[Milledgeville, Georgia|Milledgeville]] in 1847 and 1849. When that convention discussed the [[Wilmot Proviso]], Lamar embraced a staunch [[proslavery]] position that he never changed throughout the [[Antebellum South|antebellum period]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=14}}{{Efn|Indeed, the tax digest of Newton County for Lamar shows him owning multiple slaves.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=13}}}}

===Mississippi lawyer, slaveowner and politician===

Lamar moved to [[Oxford, Mississippi|Oxford]], [[Mississippi]], in 1849 after A.B. Longstreet became president of the [[University of Mississippi]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=14}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Ben |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616742_ely |title=The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 10: Law and Politics |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8078-3205-9 |editor-last=Ely |editor-first=James W. |location=Chapel Hill |jstor=10.5149/9781469616742_ely }}</ref> In June 1850, Lamar received a license to practice law in Mississippi, and in July, he became the university's assistant professor of mathematics.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=14–15}}  In the November, 1850 federal census, Lamar owned 14 slaves near Oxford (almost all women and girls)<ref>Two 28-year old as well as 24 and 16 year old Black women, girls aged 16, 15, 12, 11, 9, 7, 6, 4 and 2, and 6 and 4-year-old boys in 1850 U.S. Federal Census, Slave Schedule for Lafayette County, Mississippi p.68 of 68, available on ancestry.com</ref> compared to Longstreet's 10 slaves (almost all adults).<ref>51, 35, 30, 25 Black men and a e10 year old boy, as well as 53, 53, 50, 30 and 25 year old Black women in 1850 U.S. Federal Census, Slave Schedule for Lafayette County, Mississippi p.68 of 68, available on ancestry.com</ref> A decade later, after his brief return to Georgia described below, Lamar owned 31 slaves in Lafayette County, Mississippi, of whom 14 were female and 17 male, including 9 boys and 4 girls under 10.<ref>1860 U.S. Federal Census, Slave Schedule for Lafayette County, Mississippi p.70 of 98, available on ancestry.com</ref>

Lamar's political career in Mississippi began in May 1850, when he addressed a [[Lafayette County, Mississippi|Lafayette County]] convention on the topic of slavery.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=15}}  In March 1851, he helped organize a local branch of the [[Southern Rights Party]] in Oxford and soon became its delegate to the statewide party convention in Jackson.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=17}} Lamar campaigned on behalf of party candidate [[Jefferson Davis]] for governor and was the party's spokesman in a debate in Oxford with [[Union Party (United States, 1850)|Unionist]] opponent [[Henry S. Foote|Henry Foote]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=18}}{{Sfn|Mayes|1896|p=51}} Despite Lamar's efforts, Foote defeated Davis by 999 votes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rowland |first=Dunbar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MoGAQAAIAAJ&q=henry+s+foote+1851&pg=PA111 |title=The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi |publisher=Press of Brandon Printing Company |year=1912 |series=Mississippi Department of Archives and History |location=Nashville, Tennessee |page=111 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214071454/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MoGAQAAIAAJ&q=henry+s+foote+1851&pg=PA111 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Return to Georgia as lawyer and legislator===

Homesick and dissatisfied as a politician, in the summer of 1852, Lamar returned to Covington and entered into a legal partnership with a friend.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=|pp=21–22}} Lamar reentered politics in Georgia by winning a seat in the [[Georgia House of Representatives]] as a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in Newton County, which had typically favored [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] candidates.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=23–24}} Lamar became chairman of the Committee on the State of the Republic and also served on the Agriculture and Internal Improvements, Judiciary, and Public Printing committees, as well as on two special committees.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=24}} Throughout the 1853–1854 term, he focused on issues dealing with the [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]], party politics and slavery.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=26}}

In February 1854, after the legislative term ended, Lamar moved to Macon to open a law office. With support from former congressman [[Absalom Harris Chappell|A. H. Chappell]], Lamar sought the Democratic nomination in 1855 for [[Georgia's 3rd congressional district]] but failed to gather enough votes at the convention to become his party's candidate.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=27–28}}

=== Return to Mississippi and Congressman (1857–1860) ===

After losing that Georgia congressional campaign, and facing financial troubles as well as family responsibilities, Lamar left Georgia for the final time and returned to Lafayette County, Mississippi.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=29}} Along the [[Tallahatchie River]] north of [[Abbeville, Mississippi|Abbeville]], Lamar established his {{Convert|1,000|acre|km2}} "Solitude" cotton plantation that by 1857 had 26 slaves, though the plantation was never fully developed.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=30–31}} Lamar also practiced law in nearby [[Holly Springs, Mississippi|Holly Springs]] with two local prominent lawyers, C. M. Mott and James L. Autrey.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=32}}

[[File:L._Q._C._Lamar_portrait._(9708523191).jpg|thumb|Portrait of L.Q.C. Lamar (c. 1850–1860)]]
In 1857, Democratic Congressman [[Daniel B. Wright|Daniel Wright]] decided not to seek reelection in [[Mississippi's 1st congressional district]]. [[The Commercial Appeal|''The Memphis Daily Appeal'']] suggested Lamar as a possible candidate under the Democratic ticket, though he faced difficulties due to his prior support of [[Howell Cobb]], a leader of the Union movement. Nevertheless, at this convention, after numerous indecisive ballots, Mississippi Democrats made Lamar their candidate, and Lamar credited his old friend [[Jacob Thompson]] for the win.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=34–35}} Lamar campaigned against Whig opponent, [[James L. Alcorn|James Lusk Alcorn]] by stressing his strong support of the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act|Kansas-Nebraska bill]], and won by a comfortable margin, then two years later faced no opponent and thus easily won reelection.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=35–36}}

Lamar's antebellum congressional career primarily focused on [[Sectionalism|sectionalist]] issues, especially protecting Southern interests in slavery. Lamar supported the proslavery [[Lecompton Constitution]] in Kansas without [[Referendum|popular ratification]], which was the subject of a debate on the House floor on the morning of February 6, 1858.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=40}} When a South Carolina congressman attacked a Pennsylvania Republican congressman, a brawl ensued,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Most Infamous Floor Brawl in the History of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/The-most-infamous-floor-brawl-in-the-history-of-the-U-S--House-of-Representatives/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826063731/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/The-most-infamous-floor-brawl-in-the-history-of-the-U-S--House-of-Representatives/ |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |website=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |language=en}}</ref> with Lamar attacking Illinois congressman (and Congregational minister) [[Owen Lovejoy]], who had become a prominent abolitionist after a pro-slavery mob killed his brother.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=41–42}} Lamar supported the compromise [[English Bill (1858)|English Bill]] created by southerners and President [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=43}} Lamar again defended slavery as an institution verbally in an 1860 speech, during which he argued that not everyone is equal.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=44–45}} While Lamar never directly advocated for [[secession]], he mentioned it as possible if the South lost the ability to check the majority [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] opinion in the government.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=49}}

After the victory of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln in the November 1860 presidential election was clear, Lamar left Washington on December 12, 1860, to canvass for a seat in the upcoming Mississippi secession convention.{{Sfn|Smith|2014|p=23}} On January 12, 1861, Lamar resigned from Congress, as did all other members of the Mississippi delegation.{{Sfn|Smith|2014|p=83}}<ref>1861 [[Congressional Record|''Congressional Globe'']], 36th Congress, 2nd session, Page [https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=055/llcg055.db&recNum=346 345]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=William |date=December 2005 |title=Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar |url=https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/lucius-quintus-cincinnatus-lamar |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=Mississippi History Now |publisher=[[Mississippi Historical Society]]}}</ref>

== Secession ==
[[File:The_seceding_Mississippi_delegation_in_Congress_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg|left|thumb|A page from [[Harper's Weekly]] showing the seceding Mississippi Delegation; Lamar is bottom-left.]]
Lamar travelled to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] to participate in the [[1860 Democratic National Conventions|1860 Democratic Convention]] as an emissary for Jefferson Davis's message to focus on defeating [[Northern Democratic Party|northern Democrat]] [[Stephen A. Douglas|Stephen Douglas]] instead of withdrawing from the convention; however, this appeal had little effect on the Mississippi delegation who had already left the convention hall. He later spoke to a large group of southern sympathizers, denouncing Douglas and stating that the Democratic party had irremediably split.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=51–52}} He worked with Davis to convince Mississippi's delegates to attend the reconvened national convention in [[Baltimore]]. The Mississippi delegates attended, though would later withdraw with other southern delegates because of discontent with the northern Democrat's moderate position on slavery; the [[southern Democrats]] would instead nominate [[John C. Breckinridge]] for the presidency at their own convention. Following the conventions, Lamar accepted a professorship of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Mississippi and planned to retire from Congress at the session's end.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=53}}

With the victory of [[Abraham Lincoln]], Mississippi Governor [[John J. Pettus]] convened the state's congressional delegation to recommend a policy on [[secession]]. While Lamar and Senators Davis and [[Albert G. Brown]] favored a moderate approach, urging cooperative secession with other southern states, they were outvoted by the other congressional members; Lamar and the others joined the resolution to make it unanimous.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=55}} A day after the governor's conference, he proposed a plan for the creation of a confederacy at a [[mass meeting]] in [[Brandon, Mississippi]], though it attracted little support by other southern leaders.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=56–57}}

On January 7, 1861, Mississippi's secession convention organized, and Lamar was sent as a delegate from Lafayette County.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=57}} Lamar swiftly moved to establish a committee to prepare an [[Ordinance of Secession]], and by the next day, he was appointed chairman of it. On January 9, the committee presented the [[Mississippi Secession Ordinance]] which Lamar had authored prior to the convention;{{Sfn|Smith|2014|p=63}} by a vote of 70 to 29, the document passed.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=59}} On January 10, Lamar was appointed to the Committee on Southern Confederacy, where he introduced resolutions sympathetic to South Carolina's secession and to accept an initiation to meet with other seceding states to form a confederacy. Lamar also worked on a committee to draft a declaration of causes.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=60}} When the convention reconvened on March 29, 1861, he voted to pass the [[Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=61}}

==Role in the Confederacy==
[[File:L.Q.C._Lamar_1861.png|thumb|Portrait of Lamar in 1861 when he was a professor at the [[University of Mississippi]]]]
During the months preceding the Civil War, he continued teaching students at the University of Mississippi, though by June 1861, the university suspended operations because of too few students. Lamar entered active service as a [[lieutenant colonel]] in the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate army]], where he and his law partner C. H. Mott organized the [[19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment|19th Mississippi Regiment]] of volunteers in Oxford. The regiment registered to the [[Confederate States War Department|Confederate War Department]] on May 14, 1861, and subsequently left for [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]. Mott was commissioned as a [[colonel]] with Lamar as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=62}}{{Sfn|Mayes|1896|p=94}} While in Richmond, Lamar gave a closing address to an event headed by Jefferson Davis, where he proclaimed:<blockquote>"This very night I look forward to the day when this beloved country of ours— for, thank God! we have a country at last— will be a country to live for, to pray for, to fight for, and if necessary, to die for."{{Sfn|Mayes|1896|p=96}}</blockquote>
[[File:LQC_Lamar,_Confederate_Soldier.jpg|left|thumb|Lamar in 1862 while in the Confederate Army]]
Before his regiment moved to the front, Lamar suffered [[vertigo]], forcing him to return to Oxford to recover in mid-July 1861.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=65}} He returned to Richmond in November, and once there he acted as an adviser for Davis, in which he assisted him with an attempt to mend relations with General [[Joseph E. Johnston|Joseph Johnston]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=66}} His unit participated in the [[Battle of Williamsburg]], where Mott was killed in action. Lamar assumed control of the regiment and was praised for his leadership.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=67–68}} While preparing for another engagement, Lamar suffered a violent [[seizure]], forcing him to quit combat and head to Richmond to recover. At the same time, Lamar was facing personal issues with his younger brother and his cousin dying in combat. Seeking spiritual help, he joined the [[Methodism|Methodist Church]] in July.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=68}}

Following improvements to his health, on November 19, 1862, he returned to service, with Davis appointing him as a diplomat to the [[Russian Empire|Russian Imperial Government]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=68–69}} He reached Europe on March 1, 1863,{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=70}} though he was eventually given advice by [[Napoleon III|Emperor Napoleon III]] that a mission to Russia would be fruitless. Lamar assisted other confederate officials in France and England,{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=73–74}} though he failed to convince audiences in either country to recognize the Confederacy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Angelillo |first=Joseph |date=May 10, 2021 |title=The "Unrepentant Secessionist": The Nomination of L.Q.C. Lamar and the Retreat from Reconstruction |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsch.12256 |journal=Journal of Supreme Court History |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=42–61 |doi=10.1111/jsch.12256 |s2cid=236658364 |issn=1059-4329}}</ref> He received a letter from the Secretary of State [[Judah P. Benjamin|Judah Benjamin]] that the [[Confederate States Congress|Confederate Senate]] had refused to confirm him as commissioner to Russia.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=76}}{{Efn|According to Benjamin, the refusal to confirm him resulted from a backlash to the aloofness of European nations to the Confederacy.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=75}}}} After receiving the letter, Lamar spent several more months in Europe before leaving on November 1, 1863, from [[Liverpool]]. He arrived in Richmond in early January 1864.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=77–79}} With his return home, Lamar spent much of the last year of the war giving speeches on Davis' behalf.{{Sfn|Paul|1969|p=1436}}

On December 3, 1864, he was commissioned as a colonel in the Confederate Army with duty as a [[Judge-advocate|judge advocate]] in Richmond. He acted as an aide to General [[James Longstreet]] at the time of the Confederacy's surrender in 1865. He was [[parole]]d and released after his surrender.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=|pp=83–84}}

== Post-war period ==
[[File:L._Q._C._Lamar_House,_616_North_Fourteenth_Street,_Oxford_(Lafayette_County,_Mississippi)_-_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Lucius Q. C. Lamar House|L.Q.C. Lamar House]], built between 1869 and 1870 in [[Oxford, Mississippi]], by Lamar]]
After the war, Lamar returned to Oxford to reunite with his family. The war had claimed two brothers and both of his law partners.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=85}} Lamar's plantation had suffered damage and had its slaves freed; the land was also returned to his father-in-law as he could not maintain payments during the war.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=86–87}} Lamar entered into a law partnership with his friend [[Edward C. Walthall]] in the [[Coffeeville, Mississippi|Coffeeville]] [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]]. The successful practice was dissolved following health troubles, leading Lamar to accept a less-demanding professorship position at the University of Mississippi for the fall term of 1866.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=88–89}} He taught ethics and [[metaphysics]] initially, though by 1867, he was the chair of the law department.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=90}} He became a member of the [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] fraternity in 1865 and was among the first initiates in that fraternity's chapter at the [[University of Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levere |first=William C. |url=https://archive.org/details/paragraphhistory00leverich/page/32/mode/2up |title=A Paragraph History of Sigma Alpha Epsilon From the Founding of the Fraternity to the Present Time Chronically Arranged |year=1924 |pages=33 |oclc=999259}}</ref> He became a director of the [[Mississippi Central Railroad|Mississippi Central Railroad Company]] in 1867 and entered into a law partnership with E. D. Clark in Oxford in the fall of 1868.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=91–92}} From 1868 to 1872, he provided legal services for the railroad company, but by 1877, he had lost his stake when it was absorbed by the [[Illinois Central Railroad]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=93–94}} In 1870, he resigned from his professorship, fearing radicalization of the university and the possibility of admitting Black students after a new governing board was installed.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=97–98}}

Lamar had developed a reputation during the 1870s and 1880s as a leading contributor to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party's]] opposition to the [[African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900|predominantly Republican African-American officeholders]] in Mississippi. Lamar's testimony before the [[42nd United States Congress]]'s Joint Committee to Inquire into the Conditions of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States reveals that he was a passionate defender of [[Jim Crow|the Southern social order]] and the [[First Klan|Ku Klux Klan]], a secret society which had developed in response to the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth amendments]] and the events of [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. On June 21, 1871, several witnesses testified before the committee that Lamar, as a defense attorney in federal court in [[Oxford, Mississippi]], objected to a witness who could identify 27 men appearing on charges for organizing the Klan and terrorizing African Americans, missionary society teachers, and Republican voters. When the witness entered the courtroom, Lamar objected to his presence, then threw a chair at the witness, and [[wikt:cuss|"cussed]] [[Contempt of court|the judge, the court and all of its officers, and the United States federal government"]], as students of the University of Mississippi cheered from the gallery, then punched a federal marshal who moved to defend the witness. The presiding judge, [[Samuel J. Gholson]], revoked Lamar's law license, but only temporarily. He was allowed to continue practicing law after a three-month suspension from the bar.<ref>Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into The Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Mississippi Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 239, 290.</ref>

In 1868, Lamar purchased {{Convert|30|acre|km2}} in Oxford and built a six-room cottage between 1869 and 1870.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=92}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=L.Q.C. Lamar House Museum |url=https://www.lqclamarhouse.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813033727/https://www.lqclamarhouse.com/ |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |access-date=August 30, 2022 |website=www.lqclamarhouse.com}}</ref> The house is now known as the [[Lucius Q. C. Lamar House|L.Q.C. Lamar House Museum]] and was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1975.<ref name=":12" /> The house operates as a museum and the 3-acre grounds as a park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L.Q.C. Lamar House Museum |url=http://www.lqclamarhouse.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913025720/http://lqclamarhouse.com/ |archive-date=2017-09-13 |access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref>

==Congressional career (1873–1885)==
Lamar returned to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1873, the first Democrat from Mississippi to be elected to the House since the Civil War. He served there until 1877. Lamar was elected by the state legislature (as was the law at the time) to represent Mississippi in the U.S. Senate from 1877 to 1885. Lamar was a staunch opponent of [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]], and did not consider freedmen and other black Americans fit to vote. He promoted "the supremacy of the unconquered and unconquerable Saxon race."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |url=https://archive.org/details/redemptionlastba00lema |title=Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War |publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-374-24855-0 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/redemptionlastba00lema/page/96 96]–97, 105, 151 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

==Later career==
[[File:Cleveland_First_Cabinet.png|thumb|250x250px|President [[Grover Cleveland]] and his first Cabinet, with L.Q.C. Lamar in the rightmost, bottom spot]]

=== Secretary of the Interior (1885–1888) ===
With the victory of [[Grover Cleveland]] in the [[1884 United States presidential election|1884 presidential election]], Lamar recommended several southerners for his cabinet. Despite the recommendations, Cleveland decided to nominate Lamar for [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]. The two shared similar views on many issues, and Lamar provided geographical balance to Cleveland's cabinet. While questions were raised over his involvement in the Confederacy and limited administrative experience, he was confirmed with little difficulty.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=248–249}} As part of the first Democratic administration in 24 years, he was beseeched by members of his own party, especially those from the South, seeking [[Patronage|political patronage]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Utley |first1=Robert M. |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/doi/dept-everything-else.pdf |title=The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History |last2=Mackintosh |first2=Barry |publisher=U.S. Department of Interior |year=1989 |location=Washington D.C. |page=17 |oclc=20365460}}</ref> He engaged these requests, dismissing [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] officials for Democratic ones, though he did so cautiously.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=250–251}}

As secretary, he reduced the department's fleet of [[carriage]]s for high officials,<ref name=":2" /> as well as opposed efforts to dissolve [[Indian reservation]]s.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=254}} He forwarded a new Indian policy, encouraging citizenship and individual land-holding; he endorsed the [[Dawes Act|Dawes Act of 1887]].{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=255-256}} He favored [[Conservation movement|conservationism]] with [[public land]]s to reduce threats of exploitation. He was a staunch defender of the [[Homestead Acts|Homestead Act of 1862]], as he claimed it prevented mass exploitation of natural resources.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|pp=256–257}} Lamar also worked to [[Land reclamation|reclaim]] over {{Convert|45,000,000|acre|km2}}, mostly from railroad corporations.{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=258}}

He served from March 6, 1885, to January 10, 1888.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Past Secretaries |url=https://www.doi.gov/whoweare/past-secretaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828224405/https://www.doi.gov/whoweare/past-secretaries |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=August 30, 2022 |website=[[U.S. Department of Interior]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court (1888–1893) ===
[[File:Lamar_Nomination.JPG|alt=|thumb|Lamar's Supreme Court nomination]]
In May 1887, Republican Justice [[William Burnham Woods|William B. Woods]] died while in office, and following the reconvening of Congress, Lamar was nominated by Cleveland on December 12, 1887, without serious competition. Lamar was from the South just like the deceased justice,{{Sfn|Paul|1969|p=1443}}<ref name=":0" /> and he would be the first Southerner nominated to the court since the Civil War.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, Lamar's nomination "symbolized the road to reconciliation."<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Hoffer |first1=Peter Charles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6cfr54 |title=The Supreme Court: An Essential History, Second Edition |last2=Hoffer |first2=Williamjames Hull |last3=Hull |first3=N.E.H. |date=2018 |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |isbn=978-0-7006-2682-3 |pages=137 |chapter=The Waite Court, 1874–1888|jstor=j.ctv6cfr54 }}</ref> The Republican-dominated [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] reported against his nomination because of lack of legal experience and old age; he was the second oldest nominee ever at the time. Thanks to the votes of a few western Republicans breaking from party leadership, Lamar was confirmed on January 16, 1888, by a close 32 to 28 vote.{{Sfn|Paul|1969|pp=1443-1444}}<ref name=":0" /> He took the judicial oath on January 18, 1888.<ref name=":0" />

Lamar's time on the court was spent briefly under the [[Waite Court]], with the rest under the [[Fuller Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |language=en}}</ref> His service on the court is considered by some as unremarkable,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> though to others, the quality of his opinions he produced improved as his time on the court went on.{{Sfn|Paul|1969|p=1444}} Throughout his tenure, he authored 96 opinions, with him issuing 13 dissents from the court; overall, his opinions did not receive much opposition from other members of the court, with generating only four dissents.<ref name=":43">{{Cite journal |last=Angelillo |first=Joseph |date=May 10, 2021 |title=The "Unrepentant Secessionist": The Nomination of L.Q.C. Lamar and the Retreat from Reconstruction |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsch.12256 |journal=Journal of Supreme Court History |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=42–61 |doi=10.1111/jsch.12256 |issn=1059-4329 |s2cid=236658364}}</ref>{{Sfn|Murphy|1973|p=264}}

== Death and legacy ==
Lamar died on January 23, 1893, in [[Vineville, Georgia]]. He was originally interred at Riverside Cemetery in [[Macon, Georgia]], but was reinterred at St. Peter's Cemetery in [[Oxford, Mississippi]], in 1894.

Lamar was later featured in [[John F. Kennedy]]'s Pulitzer Prize–winning book, ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'' (1957), for his eulogy for Massachusetts Senator [[Charles Sumner]] (R) in 1874, along with his support of the findings of a partisan congressional committee regarding the disputed [[1876 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1876]], and for his unpopular vote against the [[Bland–Allison Act]] of 1878.

==Memorials and namesakes==
[[File:Lamar Hall at University of Mississippi.jpg|alt=Picture of Lamar Hall at the University of Mississippi|thumb|Lamar Hall at the University of Mississippi]]
A variety of places have been named in Lamar's honor, including three [[County (United States)|U.S. counties]]: [[Lamar County, Alabama]];<ref name="ALarch">{{cite web |title=Alabama Counties |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/counties.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120134841/http://www.archives.state.al.us/counties.html |archive-date=November 20, 2008 |access-date= |publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History}}</ref> [[Lamar County, Georgia]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=County Names and Origins |url=http://www.accg.org/library/County%20names%20&%20Origins.pdf |access-date=July 11, 2023 |publisher=Association County Commissioners of Georgia}}</ref> and [[Lamar County, Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=County History |url=https://lamarcountyms.gov/ms/town-history/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Lamar County Mississippi |language=en-US}}</ref> Several communities are named for him, including ones in [[Lamar, Arkansas|Arkansas]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teske |first=Steven |date=June 16, 2023 |title=Lamar (Johnson County) |url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/lamar-johnson-county-913/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Arkansas]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Lamar, Wisconsin|Wisconsin]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Callary |first=Edward |title=Place Names of Wisconsin |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-299-30964-0 |location=Madison, WI |pages=148}}</ref> [[Lamar, Nebraska|Nebraska]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Fitzpatrick, Lillian L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dlas_EPVGFEC |title=Nebraska Place-Names |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1960 |isbn=0803250606 |pages=35}}</ref> [[Lamar, Colorado|Colorado]], [[Lamar, Mississippi|Mississippi]], and [[Lamar, Missouri|Missouri]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Gannett, Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA180 |title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |year=1905 |pages=180}}</ref> In Oxford, Mississippi, a building on the [[University of Mississippi]]'s campus, Lamar Hall, and the main thoroughfare for the town, Lamar Avenue, are named for him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saul |first=Stephanie |date=2017-08-09 |title=Ole Miss Edges Out of Its Confederate Shadow, Gingerly |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/us/ole-miss-confederacy.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A road in Memphis is also named for him.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Blank |date=May 21, 2015 |title=More Memphis Streets Should Honor Great Musicians |url=http://wknofm.org/post/more-memphis-streets-should-honor-great-musicians |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123213120/https://www.wknofm.org/post/more-memphis-streets-should-honor-great-musicians |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |access-date=January 12, 2020 |publisher=WKNO-FM}}</ref> The [[Lamar School (Meridian, Mississippi)|Lamar School]] in Meridian, MS, a former [[segregation academy]], is named for L.Q.C. Lamar.<ref name="Johnston">{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Erle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Z8aAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Lamar+School%22+segregation+mississippi |title=Mississippi's Defiant Years, 1953-1973: An Interpretive Documentary with Personal Experiences |date=1990 |publisher=Lake Harbor Publishers |isbn=9789991746159 |page=309 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Lamar |url=https://www.lamarschool.com/about-lamar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502221835/https://www.lamarschool.com/about-lamar |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |access-date=July 11, 2023 |website=www.lamarschool.com}}</ref>{{Efn|Other schools include the high schools in the communities named for him, such as [[Lamar High School (Arkansas)|Lamar High School, Arkansas]], and [[Lamar High School (Missouri)|Lamar High School, Missouri]]. Other places bear the Lamar namesake for the county they are located in, such as [[Lamar Municipal Airport (Colorado)|Lamar Municipal Airport, Colorado]]}}

The east fork of the [[Yellowstone River]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]] is called the [[Lamar River]], coined by geologist [[Arnold Hague]] during an 1884–85 [[Geological Survey]]. Similarly, Lamar Valley, and other park places are named in honor of Lamar as Secretary of the Interior.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haines |first=Aubrey L. |title=Yellowstone Place Names – Mirrors of History |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-87081-382-5 |location=Niwot |pages=106–107}}</ref> In [[Hot Springs National Park]], the Lamar Bathhouse is named for him.<ref>{{Cite web |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Lamar Bathhouse - Hot Springs National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/hosp/learn/historyculture/lamar-bathhouse.htm |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=[[National Park Service]] |language=en}}</ref> During World War II, the Liberty Ship {{SS|Lucius Q. C. Lamar}} was named for him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAR |url=https://vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/ShipHistory/Detail/3110 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=[[United States Maritime Administration]] |publisher=[[Department of Transportation]]}}</ref>

Emory University had two named professorships in the [[Emory University School of Law|School of Law]] that were named for Lamar. In April 2022, Emory removed Lamar's name from the professorships after a review by Emory's Committee on Naming Honors recommended that the name be changed due to his staunch defense of slavery.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Diamond |first1=Laura |title=Emory to rename campus spaces and professorships honoring Robert Yerkes and L.Q.C. Lamar |url=https://news.emory.edu/stories/2022/04/er_naming_honors_update_21-04-2022/story.html |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=[[Emory University]] |date=April 21, 2022 |location=Atlanta |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===

* {{Cite book |last=Cate |first=Wirt Armistead |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.beal/lucqcla0001&i=1 |title=Lucius Q.C. Lamar: Secession and Reunion |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=1935 |location=Chapel Hill |oclc=980989098 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mayes |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/embed/luciusqclamarhi00mayegoog |title=Lucius Q.C. Lamar: His Life, Times, and Speeches, 1825-1893 |publisher=Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. |year=1896 |location=Nashville |oclc=318405882}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=James B. |url=https://archive.org/details/lqclamarpragmati00murp |title=L. Q. C. Lamar: Pragmatic Patriot |publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8071-0217-6 |location=Baton Rouge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Arnold M. |url=https://archive.org/details/justicesofunite00frie/page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Justices of The United States Supreme Court 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions |publisher=Chelsea House in association with [[R. R. Bowker|Bowker]] |year=1969 |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Leon |volume=2 |location=New York, London |chapter=Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar |isbn=978-0-8352-0217-6 |editor-last2=Israel |editor-first2=Fred L.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Timothy B. |url=https://academic.oup.com/mississippi-scholarship-online/book/29729 |title=The Mississippi Secession Convention: Delegates and Deliberations in Politics and War, 1861-1865 |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |date=October 26, 2014 |isbn=978-1-62674-056-3 |location=Jackson, Miss. |pages= |chapter= |url-access=subscription}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite thesis |last=Murphy |first=James |title=L. Q. C. Lamar: Pragmatic Patriot |date=1968 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College]] |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2509&context=gradschool_disstheses |doi= }}
* L.Q.C. Lamar Collection, Archives and Special Collections, J.D. Williams Library, [[University of Mississippi|The University of Mississippi]]
* {{Cite book |last1=Utley |first1=Robert M. |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/doi/dept-everything-else.pdf |title=The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History |last2=Mackintosh |first2=Barry |publisher=U.S. Department of Interior |year=1989 |location=Washington D.C. |oclc=20365460}}
* Senate summary of ''Profiles in Courage'' https://www.senate.gov/reference/common/generic/Profiles_LL.htm
* {{Cite news |date=April 10, 2016 |title=Where the name Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar came from |work=The Oxford Eagle |url=https://www.oxfordeagle.com/2016/04/10/where-the-name-lucius-quintus-cincinnatus-lamar-came-from/}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (II)}}
{{Wikisource}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1726}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Daniel B. Wright|Daniel Wright]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from Mississippi's 1st congressional district|years=1857–1861}}
{{s-vac|next=George Harris}}
|-
{{US House succession box|state=Mississippi |district=1|before=[[George E. Harris|George Harris]]|after=[[Henry L. Muldrow|Henry Muldrow]]|years=1873–1877}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Philetus Sawyer]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States House Pacific Railroads Committee|House Pacific Railroads Committee]]|years=1875–1877}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James W. Throckmorton|James Throckmorton]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William E. Niblack|William Niblack]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Caucus Chairman of the United States House of Representatives|Chair of the House Democratic Caucus]]|years=1875–1877}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hiester Clymer]]}}
|-
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box|state=Mississippi|class=2|before=[[James L. Alcorn|James Alcorn]]|after=[[Edward C. Walthall|Edward Walthall]]|years=1877–1885|alongside=[[Blanche Bruce]], [[James Z. George|James George]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard J. Oglesby]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate Interior Committee]]|years=1879–1880}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph E. McDonald]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Matt Whitaker Ransom|Matt Ransom]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Railroads|Senate Railroads Committee]]|years=1880–1881}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Pitt Kellogg|William Kellogg]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry M. Teller|Henry Teller]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Secretary of the Interior]]|years=1885–1888}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Freeman Vilas|William Vilas]]}}
|-
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Burnham Woods|William Woods]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]|years=1888–1893}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Howell Edmunds Jackson|Howell Jackson]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{USSenMS}}
{{USSecInterior}}
{{Cleveland 22 cabinet}}
{{SCOTUS Justices}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus II}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]]
[[Category:Methodists from Mississippi]]
[[Category:Cleveland administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Confederate States Army officers]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Mississippi]]
[[Category:Members of the Georgia House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People from Covington, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Putnam County, Georgia]]
[[Category:People of Mississippi in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:United States federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland]]
[[Category:United States secretaries of the interior]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:Bourbon Democrats]]
[[Category:United States senators who owned slaves]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court justices who owned slaves]]
[[Category:Sigma Alpha Epsilon members]]
[[Category:Lamar family]]
[[Category:19th-century United States senators]]
[[Category:19th-century members of the Georgia General Assembly]]
[[Category:19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Neo-Confederates]]