Editing Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

{{short description|Roman politician and military figure (c. 519 – c. 430 BC)}}
{{redirect|Cincinnatus}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
| image              = Cincinnatus Cincinnatorum.png
| image_upright      = 1.1
| alt                = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption            = Statue of Cincinnatus holding the [[fasces]] at his [[plough]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]],{{nbsp}}[[Ohio]]
| birth_date         = {{circa|519}} BC
| death_date         = {{circa|430}} BC (aged {{circa|89}})
| nationality        = Roman
| office             = {{ubl|[[Roman consul|Consul]] (460 BC)|[[Roman dictator|Dictator]] (458, 439 BC)}}
| spouse             = Racilia
| children           = {{hlist|[[Caeso Quinctius]]|[[Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (consular tribune)|Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus]]|[[Titus Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus]]}}
| family             = [[Quinctia gens]]
| module             = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| battles            = [[Battle of Mount Algidus]] (458&nbsp;BC)}}
}}
'''Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus''' ({{circa|519|430{{nbsp}}[[Common Era|BC]]}}) was a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]], [[Roman Senate|statesman]], and [[Roman army|military leader]] of the early [[Roman Republic]] who became a famous model of [[Virtus (virtue)|Roman virtue]]—particularly [[civic virtue]]—by the time of the late Republic.

Modern historians question some particulars of the story of Cincinnatus that was recounted in [[Livy]]''<nowiki/>'s [[History of Rome (Livy)|History of Rome]]'' and elsewhere, but it is usually accepted that Cincinnatus was a historical figure who served as [[suffect consul]] in 460{{nbsp}}BC and as [[Roman dictator|dictator]] in 458{{nbsp}}BC and (possibly) again in 439{{nbsp}}BC.

The most famous story related to Cincinnatus occurs after his retirement from public service to a simple life of farming. As Roman forces struggled to defeat the [[Aequi]], Cincinnatus was summoned from his plough to assume complete control over the state. After achieving a swift victory in sixteen days, Cincinnatus relinquished power and its privileges, returning to labor on his farm. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hillyard |first=Michael J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRCMAAAAQBAJ&dq=cincinnatus&pg=PA23 |title=Cincinnatus and the Citizen-Servant Ideal: The Roman Legend's Life, Times, and Legacy |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-4628-0465-8}}</ref>

Cincinnatus's success and his immediate resignation of near-absolute authority at the end of the crisis (traditionally dated to 458 BC) has often been cited as a model of selfless leadership, civic virtue, and service to the greater good. The story has also been seen as an exemplar of agrarian virtues like humility, modesty, and hard work.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Arena |first1=Valentina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ReJWEAAAQBAJ&dq=cincinnatus+agrarian+virtue&pg=PA76 |title=A Companion to the Political Culture of the Roman Republic |last2=Prag |first2=Jonathan R. W. |last3=Stiles |first3=Andrew |date=2022-01-25 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-3965-9 |language=en}}</ref> Cincinnatus was an opponent of the rights of the [[plebeians]] (the common citizens). His son, [[Caeso Quinctius]], caused the plebeians to fall into poverty when he violently opposed their desire to have a [[code of law|written code]] of [[Equality before the law|equally enforced]] [[Roman law|laws]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

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{{anchor|Biography|History}}

==Life==

{{multiple image |align=left |width=100 |footer=1553 French portraits of Cincinnatus and his wife Racilia or Rasilia |image1=Cincinnatus.jpg |alt1=Cincinnatus |image2=Racilia.jpg |alt2=Racilia }}
According to the traditional accounts, Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was probably born around 519{{nbsp}}BC,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=784}} during the last decade of the [[Roman Kingdom]]. He would have been a member of the ancient [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] [[gens|clan]] [[Quinctia gens|Quinctia]],{{sfn|Niebuhr|1828|pp=291–292}} which predated the founding of Rome and was moved to Rome from the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latin]] city of [[Alba Longa]] by [[Tullus Hostilius]].{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', I, § 30}} The clan's first [[consul]] was [[Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus]], elected in 471{{nbsp}}BC.{{sfnp|''DGRB&M''|1867|loc=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/641?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image Vol. III, "Qui′ntia Gens"]}} As both Titus and Lucius were recorded as the son and grandson of men named Lucius Quinctius, Titus is sometimes thought to have been Lucius's brother. This suggests Lucius was the first of his [[cognomen]] ''{{lang|la|[[wikt:cincinnatus|Cincinnatus]]}}'', meaning "the [[curly hair]]ed".{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} The family was rich.{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}}

In the late 460s{{nbsp}}BC, Rome was fending off [[Roman-Aequian wars|raids]] by the [[Aequi]] to their east. Beginning in 462{{nbsp}}BC, the [[Tribune of the Plebs|tribune]] [[G. Terentilius Harsa]] began pressing for [[code of laws|codification]] of the [[Roman law]]s to establish a kind of [[constitution]] that would check the near-regal power of the [[Roman patrician|patrician]] consuls. In the years that followed, he and the other plebeians were ignored, fended off, rejected on procedural grounds, and finally beaten and driven from the streets by gangs of patricians and their [[Roman client|clients]], supposedly including Cincinnatus's son [[Caeso Quinctius|Caeso]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The violent resistance of the patricians prompted [[Conflict of the Orders|so much unrest]] that [[Appius Herdonius]] was able to seize the [[Capitoline Hill]] and hold it against the city with a gang of outlaws and [[slave revolt|rebel slaves]] (in Livy) or with an army of [[Sabines]] (in Dionysius).{{sfnp|Forsythe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aEfvR1Qcd0gC&pg=PA205 205]}} The [[Roman consul|consul]] Publius Valerius Poplicola was killed in its recovery in 460{{nbsp}}BC{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}} and Cincinnatus, probably illegally,<ref name=dicro /> became the [[suffect consul|suffect]] ("replacement") consul for the remainder of the year. Cincinnatus was himself a violent opponent of the plebs' proposal,<ref name=dicro>{{harvp|''DGRB&M''|1867|loc=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/767?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image Vol. I, "Cincinna′tus"]}}</ref> which made no progress during his administration. His son was supposedly driven from town and killed<ref name=dicro /> for his murder of a plebeian.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=748}} Cincinnatus quit the city and retired to an estate he held to the west of the [[Tiber]].{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}}

Cincinnatus served as [[dictator of Rome|dictator]], a king-like figure appointed by the Republic in times of extreme emergency, in 458 or 457{{nbsp}}BC in order to lead reinforcements to the defense of the [[Roman army]] under the consul [[Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus|L. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus]] at [[Battle of Mount Algidus|Mount Algidus]].{{efn|[[Cicero]], apparently mistakenly, places these events in Cincinnatus's second dictatorship.<ref>{{citation |author=Cicero |title=On Old Age |at=§ 16 }}</ref>}} Many of the details of the story are now assumed to be spurious<ref name=dicro/> and some consider the entire military account fictional, believing its parallels with T. Quinctius Cincinnatus's 380{{nbsp}}BC defeat of [[Praeneste]]{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', VI, §§ 28–29}} and [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus|Fabius the Delayer]]'s 217{{nbsp}}BC rescue of [[Marcus Minucius Rufus|M. Minucius Rufus]] from [[Hannibal]]{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', §§ 23–30}} too great for chance.{{sfnp|Forsythe|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AUdCCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA319 319]}} In one account, Cincinnatus took advantage of his position as dictator to hold a hearing, despite the objections of the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes]], in which his son's accuser Marcus Volscius was charged with [[perjury]], driving him into exile.<ref name=dicro />{{efn|The accusations against Volscius are sometimes placed in 459{{nbsp}}BC and credited to the patricians as a class, rather than to Cincinnatus himself, although this seems to have been a later fabrication.{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}}}}

During the [[decemvir]]ate, Cincinnatus ran unsuccessfully for a position in that government in 450{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name=dicro/>{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', III, § 35}}  Livy noted his involvement in the discussion about opening the consulship to plebeians.{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', IV, § 6}}

Cincinnatus may have returned to serve as dictator in 439{{nbsp}}BC to defend Rome against the conspiracy the [[praefectus annonae|prefect]] [[Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus|L. Minucius Augurinus]] alleged [[Spurius Maelius]] was plotting against the Republic. When Spurius Maelius ignored his summons, he was killed by Cincinnatus's master of horse and any plot collapsed.{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', IV, §§ 13–15}} Cincinnatus presumably died sometime soon afterwards.{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}}

==Legend==

===Son of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus===

[[File:Cincinnatus at Schönbrunn.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[sculptures in the Schönbrunn Garden|sculpture]] of Cincinnatus in [[Vienna]]'s [[Schönbrunn Garden]]]]
In the traditional accounts of the story, Cincinnatus's son [[Caeso Quinctius|Caeso]] was an openly violent opponent of the attempts of the plebeians to enact the Terentilian Law, which sought to codify the Roman legal tradition and circumscribe the authority of the patrician consuls. Caeso would lead gangs to drive the [[Tribunes of the Plebs]] from the [[Roman Forum|Forum]], disrupting the procedures necessary to approve it. He was brought up on capital charges in 461{{nbsp}}BC but released on a large [[bail]]. A plebeian named Marcus Volscius testified that his brother, while feeble from sickness, had been knocked down and injured by Caeso with such force that he later died.{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}} Rather than face his accusers in court, Caeso fled to the [[Etruscans]]. He was then [[death penalty|condemned to death]] ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' and his father subjected to a huge punitive fine, forcing him to sell most of his estates and to retire from public life to personally work a small farm{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', III, § 13}} (some accounts say Caeso was killed with Poplicola in the recovery of the Capitoline from Herdonius).{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}} Modern historians particularly reject the fine as a later invention inserted to explain the dictator's supposed poverty and heighten his virtues.<ref name=dicro/>{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} Some reject the story in its entirety.{{sfnp|Forsythe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aEfvR1Qcd0gC&pg=PA204 204]}}

===First dictatorship===

[[File:Cincinato abandona el arado para dictar leyes a Roma, c.1806 de Juan Antonio Ribera.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Juan Antonio Ribera]]'s {{circa|1806}} ''Cincinnatus Leaves the Plough to Dictate Laws to Rome'']]
[[File:Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus par Denis Foyatier (1793-1863), jardin des Tuileries, Paris.jpg|alt=Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus by Denis Foyatier (1793–1863) Tuileries Garden, Paris|thumb|280x280px|Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus by [[Denis Foyatier]] (1793–1863) [[Tuileries Garden]], [[Paris]]]]
In 458{{nbsp}}BC, the [[Aequi]] to Rome's east broke their treaty of the year before and attempted to retake [[Tusculum]] ([[Frascati]]). The consuls for the year—[[Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus|L. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus]] and [[Gaius Nautius Rutilus|G. Nautius Rutilus]]—led out two armies, one to Tusculum's relief and another to strike against the lands of the Aequi and their [[Sabines|Sabine]] allies. Upon reaching [[Mount Algidus]] in the [[Alban Hills]], the army under L. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus encamped and rested instead of immediately attacking. The Aequi quickly deployed around their position and successfully besieged them, with only five [[Roman cavalry|horsemen]] escaping{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}} to tell the [[Roman Senate]] what had happened. With the army of the second consul unable to help, the senators fell into a panic and authorized the nomination of a dictator. G. Nautius Rutilus or Horatius Pulvillus named Cincinnatus for a term of six months.{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', III, § 26}}

A group of senators was sent to Cincinnatus to inform him of his appointment, finding him ploughing his farm.{{efn|This story is sometimes told of his election as consul.{{sfnp|''NSRW''|1914}}}} He asked them, "Is everything all right?" and they replied that they hoped "it might turn out well for both him and his country", asking that he don his [[senatorial toga]] before hearing the Senate's mandate. He then called out to his wife Racilia, telling her to bring his toga from their cottage.{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', III, § 26}} Once he was properly dressed, the delegation hailed him as a dictator and ordered him to come to the city. He crossed the [[Tiber]] in one of the senate's boats and was greeted on his return by his three sons and most of the senators. He was given several [[lictor]]s for protection and enforcement of his orders.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The next morning, Cincinnatus went to the [[Roman Forum|Forum]] and named Lucius Tarquitius as his [[Magister equitum|master of the horse]].{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}} He then went to the assembly of the people and ordered every man of military age to appear on the [[Campus Martius|Field of Mars]] (''Campus Martius'') by the end of the day{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', III, § 27}} with twelve times the normal amount of [[Sudis (stake)|encamping spikes]]. They then marched to the relief of the consul's relieving army. At the [[Battle of Mount Algidus]], they used their spikes to quickly besiege the besieging Aequi. Rather than slaughter them between the two Roman camps, Cincinnatus accepted their pleas for mercy and offered an amnesty provided that three principal offenders were executed, and Gracchus Cloelius and their other leaders be delivered to him in chains. A "[[yoke]]" of three spears was then set up and the Aequi made to pass under it as an act of submission, bowing and admitting their defeat. Cincinnatus then disbanded his army and returned to his farm, abandoning his control a mere fifteen days after it had been granted to him.{{sfn|Livy|loc=''History'', III, §§ 28–29}}

===Second dictatorship===

[[File:Domenico Beccafumi 010.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Domenico Beccafumi|Beccafumi]]'s ''Ahala, Master of the Horse, Presents the Dead Maelius to Cincinnatus'', a fresco in [[Siena]]'s [[Palazzo Pubblico|Public Palace]]]]

On the nomination of his brother or nephew [[Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus]], Cincinnatus came out of retirement for a second term as dictator in 439{{nbsp}}BC to deal with the feared plot of the wealthy plebeian [[Spurius Maelius]] to buy the loyalty of the poor and establish himself as king over Rome. Cincinnatus named [[Gaius Servilius Ahala|C. Servilius Ahala]] his [[Master of the Horse|master of the horse]] and directed him to bring Spurius Maelius before him. He and the other patricians then garrisoned the Capitoline Hill and other strongholds around the city.
Maelius fended off Ahala's officer with a butcher's knife and fled into a crowd. Ahala led a band of patricians into the crowd and killed him during his flight. With the crisis resolved, Cincinnatus again resigned his commission, having served 21 days (Ahala was later brought to trial for exceeding his commission and accepted voluntary exile).{{sfnp|''AC''|1879}} Various aspects of the story are connected with spurious [[etiological myth|etiological legends]] and it may have no more connection to the dictator of 458{{nbsp}}BC than the fact that the Cincinnatus of 439{{nbsp}}BC was a member of the same clan.{{sfnp|Forsythe|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aEfvR1Qcd0gC&pg=PA240 240]}}

===Other legends===

Cincinnatus became a legend to the Romans. Twice granted supreme power, he held on to it for not a day longer than absolutely necessary. He consistently demonstrated great honour and integrity. The high esteem in which he was held by the later Romans{{sfnp|''NSRW''|1914}} is sometimes extended to his family. One legend from the end of his life claims a Capitolinus defended one of his sons from a charge of military incompetence by asking the jury who would go to tell the aged Cincinnatus the news in the event of a conviction. The son was said to have been acquitted because the jury could not bring itself to break the old man's heart.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

==Legacy==

[[File:Downtown Cincinnati viewed from Devou Park.jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|[[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], the [[list of United States cities by population|64th-most populous city]] in the [[United States]]<ref name=9cincy/>]]
[[File:Paris 75001 Jardin des Tuileries - statue Cincinnatus by Denis Foyatier.jpg|thumb|200px|The statue of Cincinnatus in Paris' [[Tuileries Garden]]]]
Many Italian cities have plazas, streets, or other locations named after Cincinnatus ({{langx|it|Cincinnato|links=no}}). The [[Cincinnato, Italy|Cincinnato]] neighborhood in [[Anzio]], Italy is named in his honor.

The legend of Cincinnatus's military victory and subsequent relinquishment of power has continued to inspire admiration. It has also been invoked to honor other political leaders, notably [[George Washington]]. Washington's relinquishing of control of the [[Continental Army]], refusal to consider establishing a monarchy or assuming monarchical powers, and voluntary retirement after two terms as [[president of the United States|president]] to return to his farm at [[Mount Vernon]] have made allusions to Cincinnatus common in historical<ref>{{citation |title=BuzzFeed News |publisher=Buzzfeed |contribution-url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/rubycramer/team-cincinnatus-tom-steyer-draws-name-from-roman-dictator |contribution='Team Cincinnatus': Tom Steyer Draws Name from Roman Dictator |last=Cramer |first=Ruby |date=16 January 2015 |location=New York }}</ref> and literary{{efn|For example, in [[Lord Byron]]'s 1814 "[[:s:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 3/Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte|Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte]]".<ref>{{citation |last=Byron |first=George Gordon |author-link=Lord Byron |title=Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte |at=[[:s:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 3/Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte#314|§ XIX]] |date=1814 |title-link=:s:The Works of Lord Byron (ed. Coleridge, Prothero)/Poetry/Volume 3/Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte }}</ref>}} treatments of the era.

The [[Society of the Cincinnati]] was established by [[Henry Knox]] in 1783 to assist the [[military officer|officers]] of the [[Continental Army]] and [[Continental Navy|Navy]] and their families, to preserve the ideals of the [[American Revolution]], and to maintain the [[Federalist#United States|union]] of the [[Thirteen Colonies|former colonies]]. A French Society of the Cincinnati was founded soon afterward by King [[Louis XVI]]. [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]] and [[Cincinnatus, New York]], in the United States, were named in his honor.<ref name=9cincy>[[:s:EB9|''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 9th ed.]] (1878), [[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume V|Vol. V]], "[[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Cincinnati|Cincinnati]]".</ref>

Cincinnatus is referenced in Book II, Chapter 1 of Thomas Carlyle's ''[[Sartor Resartus]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caryle |first1=Thomas |title=Sartor Resartus The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdröckh |date=1895 |publisher=H. Althemus |page=88}}</ref> The protagonist of Vladimir Nabokov's ''[[Invitation to a Beheading]]'' is named Cincinnatus C.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zunshine |first1=Lisa |title=Nabokov at the Limits Redrawing Critical Boundaries |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=109}}</ref>

Whistleblower [[Edward Snowden]] used the nickname "Cincinnatus" when first contacting journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]] about releasing classified [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) documents.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=No place to hide : Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. surveillance state|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62779-073-4|location=New York|oclc=864356553}}</ref>

British Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] referred to Cincinnatus in his farewell speech outside [[10 Downing Street]] in London on 6 September 2022. Some commentators noted that while, as Johnson said, Cincinnatus returned to his plough, he was also later recalled to power.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jamie|last=Grierson|date=6 September 2022|title=Boris Johnson likens himself to Roman who returned as dictator|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/sep/06/boris-johnson-likens-himself-to-roman-cincinnatus-who-returned-as-dictator|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906132030/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/sep/06/boris-johnson-likens-himself-to-roman-cincinnatus-who-returned-as-dictator|archive-date=6 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

When, in July 2024, United States President [[Joe Biden]] [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|announced]] that he would not run for re-election, multiple political commentators compared him to Cincinnatus.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frum |first1=David |author-link=David Frum |title=The Dramatic Contrast of Biden's Last Act |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/07/joe-biden-speech-cincinnatus/679229/ |website=The Atlantic |language=en |date=25 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bunch |first1=Will |title=Biden can go down as an American hero — but only if Harris can beat Trump {{!}} Will Bunch |url=https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/biden-drops-out-legacy-harris-trump-20240721.html |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en |date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brannon |first1=Rebecca |title=Joe Biden joins George Washington as America's second Cincinnatus |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/4787902-washington-cincinnatus-presidential-age/ |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Karem |first1=Brian |title=Joe Biden shows us the meaning of unity |url=https://www.salon.com/2024/07/21/joe-biden-demonstrates-the-meaning-of-unity-the-drops-out-so-kamala-harris-can-step-up/ |website=Salon |language=en |date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://smotus.substack.com/p/scranton-cincinnatus |title=Scranton Cincinnatus |author=Seth Masket |date=2024-08-20 |publisher=Substack }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cato the Elder]]
* [[List of Roman dictators]]
* [[Horatii and Curiatii]]
* [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]]
* [[Publius Decius Mus (consul 340 BC)]]

==Notes==

{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==

{{Reflist|22em}}

==Sources==

===Primary sources===
* [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] ''[[Roman Antiquities]]'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/10A*.html Book X], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/10B*.html#23 §§{{nbsp}}23–25].
* [[Florus]], ''Epitome of Roman History'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/1A*.html#I Book I], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/1B*.html#11 §{{nbsp}}11].
* {{citation |author=Livy|title=History of Rome|at=Book III, [[:s:From the Founding of the City/Book 3#26|§§&nbsp;26–29]]|author-link=Livy|title-link=Ab Urbe Condita Libri}}.
* {{citation |author=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History |at=Book XVIII, §{{nbsp}}4 |author-link=Pliny the Elder |title-link=Pliny's Natural History }}.

===Secondary sources===
* {{cite book |last=Niebuhr |first=Barthold Georg |author-link=Barthold Georg Niebuhr |title=The History of Rome |volume=2 |translator1=Julius Charles Hare |translator2= Connop Thirlwall |publisher=John Taylor |location=Cambridge |date=1828 |url={{GBurl|Gqc9AAAAIAAJ}} }}
* {{citation |contribution=[[:s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintius|Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus]] |title=American Cyclopaedia, ''Vol. IV'' |date=1879 |ref={{harvid|''AC''|1879}} |editor-last=Ripley |editor-first=George |editor2-last=Dana |editor2-first=Charles A. |editor-link=George Ripley (transcendentalist) |editor2-link=Charles Anderson Dana |location=New York |title-link=:s:The American Cyclopædia (1879) }}.
* {{citation |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William |contribution-url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/767?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/6?rgn=full+text;view=image |contribution=Cincinna′tus |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, ''Vol. I'' |date=1867 |publisher=Little, Brown, & Co. |location=Boston |ref={{harvid|''DGRB&M''|1867}} }}.
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Cincinnatus |volume=5  |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |pages=784–785 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius |volume=6 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |page=374 }}
* {{cite NSRW |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintius |volume=1 |ref={{harvid|''NSRW''|1914}} }}
* {{citation |last=Forsythe |first=Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEfvR1Qcd0gC |title=A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520249912 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Mineo |editor-first=Bernard |contribution=The Beginnings of the Republic from 509 to 390 BC |last=Forsythe |first=Gary |pages= 313–329 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUdCCgAAQBAJ&pg=313|title=A Companion to Livy |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=2015 |location=Chichester }}.
* Duncan, Mike, “[https://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/the_history_of_rome/2008/11/7-the-roman-washington.html 7 – The Roman Washington]”. History of Rome podcast (2008-11-11). Retrieved 2020-06-26.

==Further reading==

{{commons category}}
* {{Cite Americana |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius |volume=6 |ref=none |short=x }}
* {{citation |last=Cavazzi |first=F. |date=12 April 2012 |title=Illustrated History of the Roman Empire |contribution-url=http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/earlyrep-index.html |contribution=The Early Roman Republic |ref=none }}
* {{citation |last=Gill |first=N.S. |title=About Ancient/Classical History |publisher=About.com |contribution-url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/rulersleaderskings/p/Cincinnatus.htm |contribution=Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus |date=17 August 2016 |ref=none |access-date=28 August 2007 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102010/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/rulersleaderskings/p/Cincinnatus.htm |url-status=dead }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Publius Valerius Poplicola (consul 475 BC)|P. Valerius Poplicola]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]]|years=460 BC (suffect)|regent1=[[Gaius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 467 BC)|Q. Fabius Vibulanus]]|after2=[[Lucius Cornelius Maluginensis Uritinus|L. Cornelius Maluginensis Uritinus]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quinctius Cincinnatus, Lucius}}
[[Category:519 BC births]]
[[Category:430 BC deaths]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman dictators]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman generals]]
[[Category:Italian farmers]]
[[Category:Legendary Romans]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Quinctii|Cincinnatus, Lucius]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]