Editing Lucia di Lammermoor

{{short description|Opera by Gaetano Donizetti}}
{{Infobox opera 
| name              = ''Lucia di Lammermoor''
| composer          = [[Gaetano Donizetti]]
| image             = Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani (retouched).jpg
| image_upright     =
| caption           = [[Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani]] as Lucia in the London premiere in 1838
| type       = Opera
| librettist        = [[Salvadore Cammarano]]
| language          = Italian
| based_on          = {{based on|''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]''|[[Walter Scott]]}}
| premiere_date     = {{Start date|1835|09|26|df=y}}
| premiere_location = [[Teatro di San Carlo]], Naples
}}
'''''Lucia di Lammermoor''''' ({{IPA|it|luˈtʃiːa di ˈlammermur}}) is a {{lang|it|dramma tragico}} (tragic [[opera]]) in three acts by Italian composer [[Gaetano Donizetti]]. [[Salvadore Cammarano]] wrote the Italian-language [[libretto]] loosely based upon [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]]'s 1819 historical novel ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]''.<ref>The plot of Walter Scott's [[The Bride of Lammermoor|original novel]] is based on an actual incident that took place in 1669 in [[Galloway]], although Scott transposed the location to the [[Lammermuir Hills]] area of [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland]] Scotland. The real family involved were the [[James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair|Dalrymples]].

While the libretto retains much of Scott's basic intrigue, it also contains very substantial changes in terms of characters and events. In Scott's novel, it is her mother, Lady Ashton, not Enrico, who is the villain and evil perpetrator of the whole intrigue. Also, Bucklaw was only wounded by Lucy after their unfortunate wedding, and he later recovered, went abroad, and survived them all. In the opera, Lucia's descent into insanity is more speedy and dramatic and very spectacular, while, in the book, it is more mysterious and ambiguous. Also, in the novel, Edgar and Lucy's last talk and farewell (supervised by her mother) is far less melodramatic and more calm, though the final effect is equally devastating for both of them. At the end of the novel, Edgar disappears (his body never found) and is presumably killed in some sort of an accident on his way to have his duel with Lucy's older brother; therefore, he does not commit a spectacular, operatic style suicide with a stiletto on learning of Lucy's death.</ref>

Donizetti wrote ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' in 1835, when he was reaching the peak of his reputation as an opera composer. [[Gioachino Rossini]] had recently retired and [[Vincenzo Bellini]] had died shortly before the premiere of ''Lucia'' leaving Donizetti as "the sole reigning genius of Italian opera".<ref name=Mackerras29>Mackerras, p. 29</ref> Not only were conditions ripe for Donizetti's success as a composer, but there was also a widespread interest in the history and culture of Scotland. The perceived romance of its violent wars and feuds, as well as its folklore and mythology, intrigued 19th century readers and audiences.<ref name="Mackerras29" /> [[Walter Scott]] dramatized these elements in his novel ''The Bride of Lammermoor'', which inspired several musical works including ''Lucia''.<ref name=Mackerras30>Mackerras, p. 30</ref>

The story concerns the emotionally fragile Lucy Ashton (Lucia) who is caught in a feud between her own family and that of the Ravenswoods. The setting is the [[Lammermuir Hills]] of Scotland (Lammermoor) in the 17th century.

==Performance history==
[[File:Disegno per copertina di libretto, disegno di Peter Hoffer per Lucia di Lammermoor (1954) - Archivio Storico Ricordi ICON012449.jpg|thumb|Disegno per copertina di libretto, drawing for Lucia di Lammermoor (1954).]]
===19th century===

The opera premiered on 26 September 1835 at the [[Teatro di San Carlo]] in Naples. However, John Black notes that "the surprising feature of its subsequent performance history is that it established so slowly in the Neapolitan repertoire",<ref name="BLK"/> noting that while there were 18 performances in the rest of 1835, there were only four in 1836, 16 in 1837, two in 1838, and continuing in this manner with only two in each of 1847 and 1848.<ref name="BLK">Black, pp. 34—35</ref>

London saw the opera on 5 April 1838 and, for Paris, Donizetti revised the score for a French version which debuted on 6 August 1839 at the [[Théâtre de la Renaissance]] in Paris. It reached the United States with a production in New Orleans on 28 May 1841.<ref>New Orleans Picayune, May 28, 1841, p. 2, col. 1</ref>

===20th century and beyond===

The opera was never absent from the repertory of the [[Metropolitan Opera]] for more than one season at a time from 1903 until 1972. After World War II, a number of sopranos were instrumental in giving new life to the opera, including [[Maria Callas]] (with performances from 1954 at [[La Scala]] and Berlin in 1955 under [[Herbert von Karajan]]) and Dame [[Joan Sutherland]] (with 1959 and 1960 performances at the [[Royal Opera House]] Covent Garden).

It has remained a staple of the operatic repertoire.<ref>[http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en&break=0&show=opera&no=50&nat= Performance statistics]. Accessed 13 November 2013</ref>

An aria from the opera, "Il dolce suono", is mentioned in E.M. Forster's ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread]]''.<ref>{{cite document |last=Girardi |first=Michele |title="Lucia di Lammermoor" |type=Opera Program |location=Venice |publisher=Fondazione Teatro La Fenice di Venezia |page=8 |year=2011}}</ref> It is also featured in Luc Besson's film ''[[The Fifth Element]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119116/trivia/?ref_=tt_ql_3 | title=The Fifth Element (1997) - Trivia - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> The famous Act 2 sextet features prominently in Scorsese's film ''[[The Departed]]''.

==Roles==
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast
|-
|Miss Lucia 
|[[soprano]]
|[[Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani]]
|-
|Lord Enrico Ashton, Lord of Lammermoor; Lucia's brother
|[[baritone]]
|[[Domenico Cosselli]]
|-
|Sir Edgardo di Ravenswood
|[[tenor]]
|[[Gilbert Duprez]]
|-
|Lord Arturo Bucklaw
|tenor
|Balestrieri
|-
|Raimondo Bidebent, a Calvinist chaplain
|[[bass (voice type)|bass]]
|Carlo Ottolini Porto
|-
|Alisa, Lucia's handmaid
|[[mezzo-soprano]]
|Teresa Zappucci
|-
|Normanno, a huntsman; a retainer of Enrico
|tenor
|Anafesto Rossi
|}

==Instrumentation==
[[File:Lammermuir Hills2.jpg|thumb|[[Lammermuir Hills]], Scotland]]
The instrumentation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imslp.org/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor_(Donizetti,_Gaetano)|title=Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti, Gaetano) - IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library: Free Public Domain Sheet Music|website=imslp.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> is:
*[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwinds]]: [[piccolo]], 2 [[flute]]s, 2 [[oboe]]s, 2 [[clarinet]]s and 2 [[bassoon]]s
*[[Brass instrument|Brass]]: 4 [[French horn|horns]], 2 [[trumpet]]s, and 3 [[trombone]]s
*[[Percussion instrument|Percussion]]: [[timpani]], [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]], [[bass drum]], [[cymbal]]s and [[campana (musical instrument)|campana]] ([[tubular bells]])
*[[String section|Strings]]: [[harp]], first [[violin]]s, second violins, [[viola]]s, [[cello|violoncellos]] and [[double bass]]es.

Additionally an off-stage wind band is used; Donizetti did not provide instrumentation. 
Also, occasionally the [[glass harmonica]] is substituted for solo flute in Lucia's mad scene, per Donizetti's original score.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/arts/music/05glas.html|title=Lucia di Lammermoor - Glass Harmonica - Opera|last=Tommasini|first=Anthony|date=5 October 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
*Time:  17th century
*Place: Scotland<ref>Osborne, p. 240</ref>

===Act 1===
''Scene 1: The gardens of Lammermoor Castle<ref name="ReferenceA">original stage direction from the Ricordi score</ref>''
[[File:17929A-Lucia di Lammermoor.jpg|thumb]]
{{Listen|image=none|help=no|type=music|filename=17929A-Lucia di Lammermoor.ogg|title=Harp solo, composed by Donizetti, preceding the aria "Regnava nel silenzio"|description=Performed by Francis J. Lapitino, 1915 (2:11)}}
Normanno, captain of the castle guard, and other retainers are searching for an intruder. He tells Enrico that he believes that the man is Edgardo of Ravenswood, and that he comes to the castle to meet Enrico's sister, Lucia. It is confirmed that Edgardo is indeed the intruder. Enrico reaffirms his hatred for the Ravenswood family and his determination to end the relationship.

''Scene 2: By a fountain at the entrance to the park, beside the castle''

Lucia waits for Edgardo. In her famous aria "{{Lang|it|Regnava nel silenzio}}", Lucia tells her maid Alisa that she has seen the ghost of a girl killed on the very same spot by a jealous Ravenswood ancestor. Alisa tells Lucia that the apparition is a warning and that she must give up her love for Edgardo. Edgardo enters; for political reasons, he must leave immediately for France. He hopes to make his peace with Enrico and marry Lucia. Lucia tells him this is impossible, and instead they take a sworn vow of marriage and exchange rings. Edgardo leaves.

===Act 2===
''Scene 1: Lord Ashton's apartments''

Preparations have been made for the imminent wedding of Lucia to Arturo. Enrico worries about whether Lucia will really submit to the wedding. He shows his sister a forged letter seemingly proving that Edgardo has forgotten her and taken a new lover. Enrico leaves Lucia to further persuasion, this time by Raimondo, Lucia's chaplain and tutor, that she should renounce her vow to Edgardo, for the good of the family, and marry Arturo.

''Scene 2: A hall in the castle''

Arturo arrives for the marriage. Lucia seems distressed, but Enrico explains that this is due to the death of her mother. Arturo signs the marriage contract, followed reluctantly by Lucia. At that point Edgardo suddenly appears in the hall, which leads to the celebrated sextet ''Chi mi frena in tal momento''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucia di Lammermoor musical highlight: The Act II sextet and finale |url=https://www.roh.org.uk/news/lucia-di-lammermoor-musical-highlight-the-act-ii-sextet-and-finale |website=Royal Opera House |access-date=29 Dec 2019 |date=11 April 2016}}</ref> Raimondo prevents a fight, and he shows Edgardo Lucia's signature on the marriage contract. Edgardo curses her, demanding that they return their rings to each other. He tramples his ring on the ground, before being forced out of the castle.

===Act 3===
[[File:Donizettiluciabuehnenbildbagnara hi.jpg|thumb|Set design for act 3, scene 3 by [[Francesco Bagnara]], circa 1844 (Civica Raccolta Stampe Bertarelli Milan)]]''Scene 1: Wolfcrag<ref name="ReferenceA"/>''

Enrico visits Edgardo to challenge him to a duel. He tells him that Lucia is already enjoying her bridal bed. Edgardo agrees to fight him. They will meet later by the graveyard of the Ravenswoods, near the Wolf's Crag.

''Scene 2: A Hall<ref>original stage direction in the Ricordi score</ref>''

Raimondo interrupts the marriage celebrations to tell the guests that Lucia has gone mad and killed her bridegroom Arturo. Lucia enters. In the aria "{{Lang|it|Il dolce suono}}" she imagines being with Edgardo, soon to be happily married. Enrico enters and at first threatens Lucia but later softens when he realizes her condition. Lucia collapses. Raimondo blames Enrico for precipitating the whole tragedy.

''Scene 3: The graveyard of the Ravenswood family''

Edgardo is resolved to kill himself on Enrico's sword. He learns that Lucia is dying and then Raimondo comes to tell him that she has already died. Edgardo stabs himself with a dagger, hoping to be reunited with Lucia in heaven.<ref>''This synopsis by Simon Holledge was first published on [http://www.operajaponica.org Opera japonica] (www.operajaponica.org) and appears here by permission.''</ref>

==Music==

===The "mad scene"===
The [[cabaletta]] "{{Lang|it|Spargi d'amaro pianto}}" following the more lyrical "{{Lang|it|[[Il dolce suono]]}}" from the "[[mad scene]]" (Act 3, Scene 2), has historically been a vehicle for several [[coloratura soprano]]s (providing a breakthrough for [[Joan Sutherland|Dame Joan Sutherland]]) and is a technically and expressively demanding piece. Donizetti wrote it in [[F major]], but it is often transposed down a tone (two [[half-step]]s) into E-flat.

Some sopranos, including [[Maria Callas]], have performed the scene in a ''{{Lang|it|come scritto}}'' ("as written") fashion, adding minimal ornamentation to their interpretations. Most sopranos, however, add ornamentation to demonstrate their technical ability, as was the tradition in the [[bel canto]] period. This involves the addition and interpolation of [[trill (music)|trills]], [[mordent]]s, turns, runs and [[cadenza]]s. Almost all sopranos append cadenzas to the end of the "mad scene", sometimes ending them on a high keynote (E-flat or F, depending on the [[Key (music)|key]] in which they are singing, though [[Mado Robin]] takes an even higher B-flat<ref>{{cite video | title=Mado Robin sings Bb over high C!!! | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32hdZaQi4-I | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/32hdZaQi4-I| archive-date=2021-11-18 | url-status=live| work=Youtube.com | type=television | access-date=31 December 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>). Some sopranos, including [[Ruth Welting]],<ref>[[Elizabeth Forbes (musicologist)|Forbes, Elizabeth]], [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ruth-welting-1134202.html Obituary: Ruth Welting], ''[[The Independent]]'', 23 December 1999. Accessed 6 February 2009.</ref> [[Mariella Devia]],<ref>{{Citation|last=jovi1715|title=Mariella Devia - Lucia di Lammermoor Mad Scene (Original version) - 1990|date=8 June 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LF6SbG-8-G8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/LF6SbG-8-G8| archive-date=2021-11-18 | url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Mady Mesplé]], and [[Lily Pons]] have sung the "mad scene" in Donizetti's original F major key, although E-flat is more commonly heard.

The original scoring of this scene was for [[glass harmonica]] and soprano. However, an adaptation for flute and the soprano soloist has been more commonly performed since, mostly for practical reasons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tommasini |first1=Anthony |title=Resonance Is a Glass Act for a Heroine on the Edge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/arts/music/05glas.html |website=New York Times |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> Glass harmonica players Sascha Reckert and Philipp Alexander Marguerre resuscitated [[Gaetano Donizetti]]'s vision in 2006 at the Opera [[La Scala]] in Milan,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pariset |first1=Paola |title=Nel nome di Lucia |url=http://uniromanetwork.altervista.org/nel-nome-di-lucia/ |website=Uniroma Network|date=20 April 2015 }}</ref> accompanying [[Mariella Devia]], and have since brought Donizetti's original score back to all major opera houses, including the venue of its premiere, [[Teatro di San Carlo]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cotarelli |first1=Pino |title=Lucia di Lammermoor |url=http://teatrocultrecensioni.blogspot.com/2017/04/lucia-di-lammermoor-musiche-di-gaetano.html |website=Teatrocult Recensioni}}</ref> [[Friedrich Heinrich Kern]], who has been collaborating with Reckert and Marguerre as Ensemble Sinfonia di Vetro,<ref>{{cite web |last1=di Vetro |first1=Sinfonia |title=Ensemble |url=http://sinfoniadivetro.squarespace.com/ensemble-1/ |website=sinfonia di vetro}}</ref> started to revive the original performance practice in the United States, recently featured in ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' productions at the [[Metropolitan Opera]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gbopera.it/2018/04/new-york-metropolitan-opera-lucia-di-lammermoor/|title=New York, Metropolitan Opera: "Lucia di Lammermoor" {{!}} GBOPERA|website=www.gbopera.it|date=28 April 2018|language=it-IT|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> [[Santa Fe Opera]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/opera/celestial-harmony-the-glass-harmonica-in-lucia-di-lammermoor/article_c44c087e-5d13-11e7-95a6-b32f6a693617.html|title=Celestial harmony: The glass harmonica in "Lucia di Lammermoor"|last=Keller|first=James M.|work=Santa Fe New Mexican|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref> and [[Opera Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.operaphila.org/backstage/opera-blog/2018/lucia-di-lammermoor/|title=Lucia di Lammermoor - From Bergamo to Benjamin Franklin|last=Philadelphia|first=Opera|website=Opera Philadelphia|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref>

The popular soprano and flute duet cadenza was composed in 1888 by [[Mathilde Marchesi]] for her student [[Nellie Melba]]'s performance of the role, requiring ten weeks of rehearsal for the new addition and causing a critical reevaluation and surge of new interest in the opera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3878303|title=Pugliese, p. 32|jstor=3878303 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref>

===List of arias and musical numbers===
The index of Bonynge's edition lists the following numbers.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
<poem>
1. "Preludio"
''Act 1''
2. "Percorrete le spiaggie vicine"
3. "Tu sei turbato!"
4. "Cruda, funesta smania" (Enrico)
5. "La pietade in suo favore" (Enrico)
6. "Ancor non giunse!" (Lucia)
7. "Regnava nel silenzio" (Lucia)
8. "Quando rapito in estasi" (Lucia)
9. "Egli s'avanza" (Alisa, Edgardo, Lucia)
10. "Sulla tomba che rinserra" (Edgardo, Lucia)
11. "Qui di sposa eterna... Ah! Verranno a te sull'aure" (Edgardo, Lucia)
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>

''Act 2''
12. "Lucia, fra poco a te verrà"
13. "Appressati, Lucia"
14. "Il pallor funesto, orrendo"
15. "Soffriva nel pianto"
16. "Che fia"
17. "Se tradirmi tu potrai"
18. "Ebben? – Di tua speranza"
19. "Ah! cedi, cedi" (Raimondo)
20. "Al ben de' tuoi qual vittima" (Raimondo)
21. "Per te d'immenso giubilo"
22. "Dov'è Lucia?"
23. "Chi mi frena in tal momento" (sextet)
24. "T'allontana sciagurato"
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>

''Act 3''
25. "Orrida è questa notte"
26. "Qui del padre ancor respira"
27. "D'immenso giubilo"
28. "Ah! cessate quel contento"
29. "Oh! qual funesto avvenimento!"
30. "Oh, giusto cielo!... Il dolce suono" (Lucia, "Mad Scene")
31. "Ohimè! sorge il tremendo fantasma"
32. "S'avanza Enrico"
33. "Spargi d'amaro pianto"
34. "Si tragga altrove"
35. "Tombe degli avi miei" (Edgardo)
36. "Fra poco a me ricovero"
37. "Oh meschina!"
38. "Tu che a Dio spiegasti l'ali" (Edgardo)
</poem>
{{col-end}}

=={{Anchor|Lucie de Lammermoor}}''Lucie de Lammermoor'' (French version)==
After ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' was produced in Paris, a French version in four acts was commissioned for the [[Théâtre de la Renaissance]] in Paris. Donizetti was living there at the time, preparing the revision of ''[[Poliuto]]'' into its French version (which became ''[[Les Martyrs]]''). ''Lucie'' opened on 6 August 1839 and this version toured extensively throughout France. <ref>{{cite web |title=LUCIE DE LAMMERMOOR Festival d'Aix-en-Provence |url=https://festival-aix.com/en/program/opera/lucie-de-lammermoor |website=festival-aix.com |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> The libretto, written by [[Alphonse Royer]] and [[Gustave Vaëz]], is not simply a translation, as Donizetti altered some of the scenes and characters. One of the more notable changes is the disappearance of Alisa, Lucia's handmaid and confidante. This allows the French version to isolate Lucia, thus increasing the story's emotional impact. Furthermore, Lucia loses most of Raimondo's support; his role is dramatically diminished while Arturo's is increased. Donizetti also added a new character, Gilbert, who is loosely based on the huntsman in the Italian version. However, Gilbert is a more developed figure who serves both Edgardo and Enrico, divulging their secrets to the other for money.

The French version is performed far less frequently than the Italian, but it was revived to great acclaim by [[Natalie Dessay]] and [[Roberto Alagna]] at the [[Opéra National de Lyon]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caulton |first=Annabel |title=BBC - Music - Review of Donizetti - Lucie de Lammermoor |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/c2vr/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was co-produced by the [[Boston Lyric Opera]] and the [[Glimmerglass Opera]]. [[Sarah Coburn]] sang the title role as her first "Lucia" in this French version in 2005. In 2008 ''Lucie'' was produced by the [[Cincinnati Opera]] with Coburn again in the title role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucie and Jerry: Music in Cincinnati - Classical Music Journalism by Mary Ellyn Hutton (reviews_2008) |url=http://www.musicincincinnati.com/site/reviews_2008/Lucie_and_Jerry.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=www.musicincincinnati.com}}</ref>

==Recordings==
[[File:Lucia Sextet.jpg|thumb|A caricature of the "Lucia Sextet", circa 1900 (Civica Raccolta Stampe Bertarelli Milan)]]
{{main|Lucia di Lammermoor discography}}
''Lucia'' has received over twenty commercial studio recordings, and dozens more of live performances. Among these, two of the French versions and one of the original Italian edition are translated into English. The earliest complete recording was made in 1929 with [[Lorenzo Molajoli]] conducting the [[La Scala]] Orchestra and Chorus and [[Mercedes Capsir]] in the title role. There are several recordings with [[Maria Callas]] in the title role, including two studio versions conducted by [[Tullio Serafin]] (1953 and 1959) and two live versions by [[Herbert von Karajan]] (1954 and 1955). [[Joan Sutherland]], who was particularly noted for performances as Lucia, has also been recorded in the role several times including a 1971 [[Decca Records]] recording conducted by [[Richard Bonynge]] with [[Luciano Pavarotti]] as Edgardo. In 2002, [[Chandos Records]] released the English version with [[David Parry (conductor)|David Parry]] conducting and [[Elizabeth Futral]] as Lucia. Several video recordings have also been released, including one in French.<ref>[http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLDOLUCI.HTM ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' Discography] on Operadis</ref> [[Charles Mackerras]] returned to Donizetti's autograph score and prepared a new edition of the score. He returned to the original key structure and the Mad Scene is quite different.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} He recorded this version for Sony in 1997. Another recording is [[Diana Damrau]]'s along with [[Joseph Calleja]] in the role of Edgardo and [[Ludovic Tézier]] as Enrico.

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Cited sources'''
*[[William Ashbrook|Ashbrook, William]]; Sarah Hibberd (2001), in [[Amanda Holden (writer)|Holden, Amanda]] (Ed.), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam. {{ISBN|0-14-029312-4}}.
*Black, John (1982), ''Donizetti’s Operas in Naples, 1822—1848''. London: The Donizetti Society.
* {{cite AV media notes|last=Mackerras|first=Sir Charles|author-link=Charles Mackerras|title=Lucia di Lammermoor|pages=[https://archive.org/details/donizettihisoper00ashb/page/29 29–33]|type=CD booklet|publisher=Sony Classical|year=1998|isbn=0-521-27663-2|url=https://archive.org/details/donizettihisoper00ashb/page/29}}
*[[Charles Osborne (music writer)|Osborne, Charles]] (1994), ''The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini'', Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-71-3}}
* {{citation |last=Pugliese |first=Romana |title=The Origins of ''Lucia di Lammermoor's'' Cadenza|others=Martin Deasy |journal=Cambridge Opera Journal |volume=16,1 |date=March 2004 |pages=23–42 |doi=10.1017/S0954586704001776 |s2cid=194103588 }}

'''Other sources'''
*Allitt, John Stewart (1991), ''Donizetti: in the light of Romanticism and the teaching of Johann Simon Mayr'', Shaftesbury: Element Books, Ltd (UK); Rockport, MA: Element, Inc. (US)
*Ashbrook, William (1982), ''Donizetti and His Operas'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23526-X}}
*Ashbrook, William (1998), "Donizetti, Gaetano" in [[Stanley Sadie]] (Ed.), ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'', Vol. One. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. {{ISBN|0-333-73432-7}} {{ISBN|1-56159-228-5}}
* {{citation |last=Boyden |first=Matthew |title=The Rough Guide to Operas |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2007 |edition=4th |isbn=978-1-84353-538-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetooper00boyd }}
* {{citation |last=Cipriani |first=Nicola |title=Le tre Lucie: un romanzo, un melodramma, un caso giudiziario : il percorso di tre vittime del pensiero maschile |publisher=Zecchini |year=2008 |isbn=978-88-87203-66-0 |pages=276 |editor=Varese }}
* {{citation |last=Fisher |first=Burton D. |title=Lucia di Lammermoor |publisher=Opera Journeys Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=1-930841-79-5 }}
*Loewenberg, Alfred (1970). ''Annals of Opera, 1597–1940'', 2nd edition. Rowman and Littlefield
*[[Charles Osborne (music writer)|Osborne, Charles]], (1994), ''The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini'', Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-71-3}}
*Sadie, Stanley, (Ed.); John Tyrell (Exec. Ed.) (2004), ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]''. 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-19-517067-2}} (hardcover). {{ISBN|0-19-517067-9}} {{OCLC|419285866}} (eBook).
* Weinstock, Herbert (1963), ''Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century'', New York: Pantheon Books. {{LCCN|63013703}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMSLP|work=Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti, Gaetano)|cname=''Lucia di Lammermoor''}}
* [http://opera.stanford.edu/Donizetti/Lucie/libretto.html Libretto of the French version] at stanford.edu
* [http://www.murashev.com/opera/Lucia_di_Lammermoor_libretto_Italian_English Italian libretto with line-by-line English, French, German libretto]
* [https://archive.org/stream/recueildopras00leuv#page/n364/mode/1up Libretto of the French version] in the ''Magasin théâtral'' at the [[Internet Archive]].
* [https://archive.org/stream/luciedelammermo00doni#page/n4/mode/1up Vocal score of the French version] at the Internet Archive.
* [http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLDOLUCI.HTM Further ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' discography]
* [http://www.metoperafamily.org/metupload/hd/LuciaDiLammermoor.pdf Lucia di Lammermoor synopsis] ([[Metropolitan Opera]])
* [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhq5367/large/index.html Online vocal score]

{{Gaetano Donizetti|state=collapsed}}
{{Salvadore Cammarano}}
{{Portal bar|Opera}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucia Di Lammermoor}}
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:Operas set in Scotland]]
[[Category:1835 operas]]
[[Category:Italian-language operas]]
[[Category:Operas by Gaetano Donizetti]]
[[Category:Operas based on novels]]
[[Category:Operas based on works by Walter Scott]]
[[Category:Opera world premieres at the Teatro San Carlo]]