Editing Lublin

{{Short description|City in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland}}
{{distinguish|Lubin}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lublin
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/3/2/2
| image1 = Lublin PanoramaStaregoMiasta (cropped).JPG{{!}}Panorama of the Old Town
| image2 = Lublin Cathedral 05.jpg{{!}}St. John the Baptist Cathedral
| image3 = Krakowska Gate (5613990184).jpg{{!}}Krakowska Gate
| image4 = Kaplica Trójcy Świętej w Lublinie, wnętrze 2.jpg{{!}}Medieval frescoes in Chapel of the Holy Trinity at the Royal Castle
| image5 = Lublin Rynek 11-13.jpg{{!}}Mannerist tenements at the Market Square
| image6 = Zamek Lublin, dawne więzienie.jpg{{!}}Royal Castle
| caption1 = [[Lublin Old Town|Old Town]]
| caption2 = [[St. John the Baptist Cathedral, Lublin|Cathedral]]
| caption3 = [[Kraków Gate in Lublin|Kraków Gate]]
| caption4 = [[Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Lublin Castle|Castle Chapel]]
| caption5 = Market Square
| caption6 = [[Lublin Castle|Royal Castle]]
}}
| image_flag = POL Lublin flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Lublin COA 1.svg
| image_blank_emblem = LOGO LUBLIN.svg
| blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]]
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = top
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Lublin Voivodeship|name=Lublin}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Poland|Powiat]]
| subdivision_name2 = '''City County'''<br /><small>(Capital of [[Lublin County]] but not part of it)</small>
| leader_party = [[Civic Platform|PO]]
| leader_title = City mayor
| leader_name = [[Krzysztof Żuk]]
| parts_type = [[Dzielnica|Districts]]
| parts = 27 boroughs
| seat_type = [[Seat of local government|City Hall]]
| seat = [[Lublin New Town Hall]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = before 12th century
| established_title3 = City rights
| established_date3 = 1317
| area_total_km2 = 147
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021
| population_total = 336,339 {{decrease}} ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|9th]])<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka |title=Local Data Bank |access-date=18 July 2022 |publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 0663000.</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 2310
| population_metro = 664,000
| population_demonym = lublinianin (male) <br/> lublinianka (female) ([[Polish language|pl]])
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|51|15||N|22|34||E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 20-001 to 20-999
| area_code = +48 81
| website = {{URL|http://www.lublin.eu/en}}
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = LU
| blank_name_sec2 = Primary airport
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Lublin Airport]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:S12-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S12 (Poland)]] [[File:S17-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S17 (Poland)]] [[File:S19-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S19 (Poland)]]
| motto = ''Fidelitatem et Constantiam'' (in Latin)<br />''Wiernością i Stałością'' (in Polish)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interpelacja w sprawie mozliwosci i stanu realizacji postulatow |url=http://bip.lublin.eu/radydzielnic/index.php?t=210&id=196894 |type=pdf |language=pl |date=August 19, 2013 |publisher=Przewodniczago Rady Miasta Lublin|access-date=September 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233819/http://bip.lublin.eu/radydzielnic/index.php?t=210&id=196894 |archive-date=September 16, 2016 }}</ref>
| footnotes = {{designation list|embed=yes
| designation1 = Historic Monument of Poland
| designation1_offname = Lublin – historic architectural and urban ensemble
| designation1_date = 2007-04-25
| designation1_number = Dz. U. z 2007 r. Nr 86, poz. 574<ref name=ph>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 25 kwietnia 2007 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Lublin - historyczny zespół architektoniczno-urbanistyczny"|year=2007|volume=86|number=574}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Lublin'''{{efn|Pronunciation:
* English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʊ|b|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|LUUB|lin}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lublin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803223646/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lublin  |archive-date=2020-08-03 |title=Lublin |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|l|uː|b|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|LOO|blin}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Lublin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825185913/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Lublin  |archive-date=2021-08-25 |title=Lublin |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lublin|title=Lublin|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
* Polish: {{IPA|pl|ˈlublin||Pl-Lublin.ogg}}
* German: {{IPA|de|ˈlʊbliːn||De-Lublin.ogg}}.

{{Langx|la|Lublinum}}.}} is [[List of cities and towns in Poland|the ninth-largest city]] in [[Poland]]{{TERYT}} and the second-largest city of historical [[Lesser Poland]]. It is the capital and the centre of [[Lublin Voivodeship]] with a population of 336,339 (December 2021).<ref name="population" /> Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the [[Vistula]] River, located {{convert|153|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Warsaw]].

One of the events that greatly contributed to the city's development was the [[Union of Krewo|Polish–Lithuanian Union of Krewo]] in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between [[Vilnius]] and [[Kraków]]; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The Lublin [[Sejm|Parliament]] session of 1569 led to the creation of a [[Union of Lublin|real union]] between the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Lublin witnessed the early stages of the [[Reformation]] in the 16th century. A [[Calvinist]] congregation was founded and groups of radical [[Arians]] appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of [[Arianism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/lublin/3,local-history/?action=view|title=Local&nbsp;history - Information about the town - Lublin - Virtual Shtetl|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320232615/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/lublin/3,local-history/?action=view|archive-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>

Until the [[Partitions of Poland|partitions at the end of the 18th century]], Lublin was an important [[royal city]] of the Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates, alike [[Szlachta|nobles]], had the right to participate in the [[Royal elections in Poland|royal election]]. In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the [[Crown Tribunal]], the highest [[appeal]] [[court]] in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning.

In 2011, the analytical [[Financial Times Group]] found Lublin to be one of the best cities for business in Poland.<ref>lublin.eu (21 February 2012): [https://lublin.eu/en/lublin/news/lublin-ahead-of-wroclaw-gdansk-and-lodz,153,1261,1.html ''Lublin ahead of Wrocław, Gdańsk and Łódź''] (and behind Warsaw, Cracow, Katowice and Poznań).</ref> The [[Foreign direct investment|Foreign Direct Investment ranking]] placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the [[Cost-effectiveness analysis|cost-effectiveness]] category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high [[standard of living]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lublin.eu/en/business/investors/lublin--investment-destination/standard-of-living-in-lublin/|title=Standard of living in Lublin / Lublin – investment destination / Investors / Business / Lublin City Office|first=UM|last=Lublin|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> the city has been selected as the 2023 [[European Youth Capital]] and 2029 [[European Capital of Culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our European Youth Capital for 2023 is…. Lublin! |url=https://www.youthforum.org/our-european-youth-capital-2023-lublin|access-date=2021-03-03|website=European Youth Forum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.whitemad.pl/en/lublin-has-been-awarded-the-title-of-european-capital-of-culture-2029/ | title=Lublin has been awarded the title of European Capital of Culture 2029! | date=25 September 2024 }}</ref> Its historical [[Lublin Old Town|Old Town]] is one of Poland's national [[List of Historical Monuments (Poland)|monuments]] (''[[Pomnik historii]]'') tracked by the [[Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa|National Heritage Board of Poland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20070860574|title=Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych|first=Kancelaria Sejmu|last=RP}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Lublin}}
[[File:Alians PL,CracowGateInLublin,2012,P9240022.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kraków Gate in Lublin|Kraków Gate]] in the Old Town is among the city's most recognisable landmarks.]]
Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill.

The [[early Middle Ages]] were marked by an intensified settlement of people, particularly in the areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of the [[Lendians]], a [[Lechites|Lechitic]] tribe. When the tribal [[stronghold]] was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill.

At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of [[Casimir the Restorer]] in the 11th century.<ref name="Rozwalka">{{cite book |author=Andrzej Rozwałka |author2=Rafał Niedźwiadek |author3=Marek Stasiak |title='Origines Polonorum': Lublin wczesnośredniowieczny |work=The medieval urban complex of Lublin. A study of its spatial development |publisher=TRIO / FNP |year=2006 |pages=199–203 |id=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160225165050/http://hellostudio.eu/polonorum/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Lublin_summary.pdf Summary translated by Philip Earl Steele] (PDF).}}</ref> The castle became the seat of a [[castellan]], first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

[[File:Autor Paweł Brodzisz © tytuł ZAMEK LUBELSKI 2022 47x37cm linoryt.jpg|thumb|''Lublin Castle'' – (2022). Linocut on paper by [[Paweł Brodzisz]], 37 x 47 cm]]

The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by [[Mongols]], [[Tatars]], [[Ruthenians]], and [[Lithuanians]], which resulted in its destruction.<ref name="Rozwalka"/> It was also ruled by [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] between 1289 and 1302.<ref name="Rozwalka"/> Lublin was founded as a town by [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of the prince [[Bolesław V the Chaste]].<ref name="Rozwalka"/> [[Casimir III the Great]], appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.<ref name="lublin.eu">{{cite web|url=http://www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf|title=Tourist Guide: Lublin|work=Lublin City Council|date=2009|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420082704/http://www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

===Jagiellonian Poland===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 219
| image1 = Lublin, Zamek; wzgórze zamkowe zielenią, drzewostanem, ulicami, alejkami i schodami 01.jpg
| caption1 = [[Neogothic]] façade of [[Lublin Castle]]
| image2 = Lublin Donżon i dziedziniec zamku.jpg
| caption2 = [[Lublin Castle|Castle]] courtyard with a fortified [[keep]]
}}

In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from the king [[Władysław II Jagiełło]]. With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of [[Sandomierz Voivodeship]] and combined to form the [[Lublin Voivodeship]], the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments (''[[Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland|Sejm]]'') of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the [[Union of Lublin]], which united Poland and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]]. Lublin as one of the most influential cities<ref name="Rozwalka"/> of the state enjoyed voting rights during the [[royal elections in Poland]].

Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century [[Polish renaissance]] lived and worked in Lublin, including [[Sebastian Klonowic]] and [[Jan Kochanowski]], who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the [[Crown Tribunal]], the highest court of the [[Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Lesser Poland Province]], was established in Lublin.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

Since the second half of the 16th century, [[Protestant Reformation]] movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of [[Polish Brethren]] was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time.<ref name="Rozwalka"/> Jews established a widely respected'' yeshiva'', Jewish hospital, synagogue, [[Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin|cemetery]], and education centre (''kahal'') and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the [[Holocaust]], during which they were relocated by [[Nazi Germany]] to the infamous [[Lublin Ghetto]] and ultimately murdered.<ref name="Rozwalka"/>

[[File:Lublin Union 1569.PNG|thumb|''[[Union of Lublin (painting)|Union of Lublin]]'', painting by [[Jan Matejko]] at the [[National Museum, Lublin|National Museum of Lublin]]]]

The yeshiva became a centre of learning of [[Talmud]] and [[Kabbalah]], leading the city to be called "the Jewish [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]".<ref name="Rozwalka"/> In 1567, the ''[[rosh yeshiva]]'' (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities.

The city declined due to the disastrous [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]], when it was invaded by [[Tsardom of Russia|Russo]]-[[Cossacks|Cossack]] forces in 1655, and [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] in 1656.

===19th and early 20th century===
After the [[Third Partition of Poland]] in 1795, Lublin was located in the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian empire]], then following the [[Austro-Polish War]] of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]], and then in 1815 it became part of the [[Congress Poland]] in the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland.

[[File:Lublin Market Square (8265258).jpg|thumb|left|19th-century drawing of the Lublin Old Town by Adam Lerue]]
At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877, a railway connection to Warsaw and [[Kovel]] and [[Lublin Station]] were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).<ref>[[Joshua D. Zimmerman]], ''Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality'', Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-299-19464-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 Google Print, p. 16]</ref>

Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] in 1918, the [[Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland]]—the first government of independent Poland—operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the [[Plage i Laśkiewicz]] works, later nationalised as the [[LWS (aircraft manufacturer)|LWS]] factory. The [[Catholic University of Lublin]] was founded in 1918.

In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of the city's population, with Jews at 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadkowski |first1=Konrad |title=Church, nation and state in Poland: Catholicism and national identity formation in the Lublin region, 1918–1939 |date=1995 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=85–86}}</ref>

On 20 July 1931 [[1931 Lublin tornado|a violent tornado]] carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the [[Fujita scale]]; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at {{convert|246|to|324|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, potentially ranking it as an F5.<ref name="ESWD">{{cite web|publisher=European Severe Storms Laboratory|year=2022|access-date=December 8, 2022|title=European Severe Weather Database|url=http://essl.org/ESWD/}}</ref>

===World War II===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-013-0068-18A, Polen, Treffen deutscher und sowjetischer Soldaten.jpg|thumb|German and Soviet troops in Lublin during the invasion of Poland in September 1939]]
In early September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]], the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish [[gold reserve]] from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to [[Łuck]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wróbel|first=Janusz|year=2002|title=Wojenne losy polskiego złota|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=8-9 (19-20)|page=56|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> before the city was [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]], and found itself in the newly formed [[General Government]] territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on [[intelligentsia]] and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, priests, lecturers of the local theological seminary, and lecturers and students of the [[Catholic University of Lublin]],<ref name=mw247>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=247}}</ref> which the occupiers closed down.<ref name=mw247/> Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]].<ref name=mw247/>

On 23–25 December 1939, the Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin.<ref name=mw248>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 247–248</ref> Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, [[starost]]s of [[Lublin County|Lublin]] and [[Lubartów County|Lubartów]] counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region.<ref name=mw248/> In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin friars]] and 43 [[Jesuit]] friars.<ref>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 248</ref> Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the ''[[German AB-Aktion in Poland|AB-Aktion]]''. On 24 June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including [[Biała Podlaska]], [[Chełm]], [[Puławy]].<ref name=mw264>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 264–265</ref> Many of the prisoners were then deported to the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in [[Executions in Rury Jezuickie|five large massacres]] carried out in the present-day district of [[Rury, Lublin|Rury]] in 1940.<ref>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 265</ref> Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] members, policemen, teachers and school and university students.<ref name=mw264/>

[[File:Pomnik ofiar egzekucji w Rurach Jezuickich w Lublinie 01.jpg|thumb|left|Monument and cemetery in [[Rury, Lublin|Rury]] where the Germans [[Executions in Rury Jezuickie|massacred]] around 500 Poles in 1940]]
An attempt to "[[Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)|Germanise]]" the city led to an influx of the ethnic ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'', increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called "reservation" for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the "[[Nisko Plan|Nisko or Lublin Plan]]".<ref name="MajerMuseum2003">{{cite book|author1=Diemut Majer|author2=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|title="Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-IQu7nWQwQC&pg=PA759|access-date=19 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3|page=759}}</ref>

The Germans established and operated a [[Baudienst]] [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp for [[Polish people|Poles]] in Lublin.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|volume=4|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=99|page=29|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pawelec|first=Marek|year=2010|title="Lista Katyńska" KUL|magazine=Przegląd Uniwersytecki|volume=4|language=pl|publisher=Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II|issue=126|page=8|issn=0866-9961}}</ref>

[[File:Obóz na Majdanku 05 kjk.jpg|thumb|The site of the former [[Majdanek]] concentration camp, located on the outskirts of Lublin]]
The Jewish population was forced into the newly established [[Lublin Ghetto]] near [[Podzamcze, Lublin County|Podzamcze]]. The city served as headquarters for [[Operation Reinhardt]], the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the [[Bełżec extermination camp]] between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the [[Majdanek concentration camp]] established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the [[Holocaust in Poland]]. The secret [[Żegota|Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota"]], established by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] operated in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datner|first=Szymon|year=1968|title=Las sprawiedliwych|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|page=69}}</ref> There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|sheltering and aiding Jews]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej|year=2014|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|pages=64, 250, 271}}</ref> Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.<ref>''Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej'', pp. 80, 255, 263</ref>

After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the [[Polish Righteous Among the Nations|Christian rescuers]] or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries.<ref name="Ścieżki">{{cite book |url=http://biblioteka.teatrnn.pl/dlibra/Content/20604/sciezki_pamieci_1.pdf |chapter=Ścieżki Pamięci, Żydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy, Miejsca, Historia (Path of Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History) |publisher=Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie |author1=Helena Ziemba née Herszenborn |author2=Irena Gewerc-Gottlieb |title=1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie |year=2001 |location=Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland |pages=24, 27, 29, 30 |format=PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB |language=pl}}</ref>

In the first years of the occupation, many [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled Poles]] from [[Gdańsk]] and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin,<ref>{{cite book|last=Drywa|first=Danuta|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=[[Kraków]]|publisher=[[Jagiellonian University|Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], [[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]]|page=184|chapter=Germanizacja dzieci i młodzieży polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim z uwzględnieniem roli obozu koncentracyjnego Stutthof}}</ref> and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 [[Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany|expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region]] were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany.<ref name=maj>{{cite web|url=http://www.majdanek.eu/pl/pow/wysiedlency_z_zamojszczyzny_w_obozie_koncentracyjnym_na_majdanku/48|title=Wysiedleńcy z Zamojszczyzny w obozie koncentracyjny na Majdanku|website=Majdanku.eu|access-date=11 September 2021|language=pl}}</ref> In August 1943, thanks to efforts of the Polish ''Rada Główna Opiekuńcza'' charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps.<ref name=maj/> Many of the released people, including hundreds of [[Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany|kidnapped Polish children]], were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals,<ref name=maj/> which quickly became overcrowded.<ref name=mgrs/> Many exhausted children died soon.<ref name=mgrs>{{cite book|last1=Gajderowicz|first1=Magdalena|last2=Skrzyniarz|first2=Ryszard|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|pages=144–145|chapter=Dzieci Zamojszczyzny w obozie na Majdanku (w wybranych aktach archiwalnych i relacjach)}}</ref> Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving the hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an [[epidemic typhus]] outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population.<ref name=mgrs/>

On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the [[Soviet Army]] and became the temporary headquarters of the [[Stalinist Poland|Soviet-controlled]] communist [[Polish Committee of National Liberation]] established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as the basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the [[Polish government-in-exile]], Władysław Cholewa, and the commander of the regional branch of the [[Home Army]], Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Grabowski|first=Waldemar|year=2002|title=Na drodze do powstania|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=8-9 (19-20)|page=42|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.

===Post-war period===
In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded [[Maria Curie-Skłodowska University]]. A large automotive factory, [[Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych]] (FSO), was built in the city. In 2017, the city was awarded the [[Europe Prize]] by the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|Parliamentary Assembly]] of the [[Council of Europe]] for having made exceptional efforts to spread the ideal of European unity.<ref>[http://website-pace.net/web/apce/the-europe-prize The Europe Prize]</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Lublin wrotkow zalew zemborzycki 2009.jpg|thumb|Zemborzyce Lake]]

Lublin lies in eastern [[Poland]] on the [[Lublin Upland]]. The {{ill|Bystrzyca (Wieprz tributary)|lt=Bystrzyca|pl|Bystrzyca (dopływ Wieprza)}} river, a tributary of the [[Wieprz]] river, passes through the city and divides it into two parts: western, with a more varied relief with [[loess]] gorges, and eastern, which is flat. In the southern part of the city there is an artificial Zemborzyce Lake created by damming Bystrzyca.

The area of the city is 147 km2. The highest point lies at a height of {{Convert|235.0|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the lowest point at a height of {{Convert|163.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

Lublin has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') with cold, damp winters and warm summers.

{{Weather box
| location = Lublin (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 12.0
| Feb record high C = 16.9
| Mar record high C = 23.2
| Apr record high C = 29.3
| May record high C = 31.6
| Jun record high C = 34.1
| Jul record high C = 35.1
| Aug record high C = 35.3
| Sep record high C = 33.8
| Oct record high C = 26.6
| Nov record high C = 19.6
| Dec record high C = 14.8
| year record high C = 35.3
| Jan high C = -0.1
| Feb high C = 1.6
| Mar high C = 6.6
| Apr high C = 13.8
| May high C = 19.1
| Jun high C = 22.4
| Jul high C = 24.5
| Aug high C = 24.3
| Sep high C = 18.6
| Oct high C = 12.5
| Nov high C = 6.1
| Dec high C = 1.2
| year high C = 12.6
| Jan mean C = -2.5
| Feb mean C = -1.4
| Mar mean C = 2.4
| Apr mean C = 8.6
| May mean C = 13.6
| Jun mean C = 16.9
| Jul mean C = 18.9
| Aug mean C = 18.4
| Sep mean C = 13.4
| Oct mean C = 8.2
| Nov mean C = 3.2
| Dec mean C = -1.0
| year mean C = 8.2
| Jan low C = -4.9
| Feb low C = -4.2
| Mar low C = -1.1
| Apr low C = 3.8
| May low C = 8.4
| Jun low C = 11.7
| Jul low C = 13.6
| Aug low C = 13.1
| Sep low C = 9.0
| Oct low C = 4.6
| Nov low C = 0.8
| Dec low C = -3.3
| year low C = 4.3
| Jan record low C = -33.7
| Feb record low C = -30.6
| Mar record low C = -24.2
| Apr record low C = -7.3
| May record low C = -4.1
| Jun record low C = 0.2
| Jul record low C = 4.1
| Aug record low C = 0.8
| Sep record low C = -3.8
| Oct record low C = -7.7
| Nov record low C = -20.6
| Dec record low C = -24.5
| year record low C = -33.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 33.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 31.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 37.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 42.3
| May precipitation mm = 70.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 66.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 82.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 54.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 62.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 47.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 36.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 34.5
| year precipitation mm = 601.0
| Jan snow depth cm = 9.2
| Feb snow depth cm = 10.8
| Mar snow depth cm = 8.1
| Apr snow depth cm = 3.0
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.8
| Nov snow depth cm = 4.0
| Dec snow depth cm = 6.2
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 17.10
| Feb precipitation days = 15.01
| Mar precipitation days = 14.83
| Apr precipitation days = 12.50
| May precipitation days = 13.43
| Jun precipitation days = 13.17
| Jul precipitation days = 14.07
| Aug precipitation days = 10.93
| Sep precipitation days = 11.97
| Oct precipitation days = 13.07
| Nov precipitation days = 14.47
| Dec precipitation days = 16.33
| year precipitation days = 166.88
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 18.8
| Feb snow days = 17.8
| Mar snow days = 9.6
| Apr snow days = 1.5
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.6
| Nov snow days = 4.8
| Dec snow days = 14.4
| year snow days = 67.5
| Jan humidity = 87.9
| Feb humidity = 85.5
| Mar humidity = 78.7
| Apr humidity = 70.5
| May humidity = 72.9
| Jun humidity = 74.5
| Jul humidity = 74.4
| Aug humidity = 73.4
| Sep humidity = 80.1
| Oct humidity = 84.5
| Nov humidity = 89.0
| Dec humidity = 89.5
| year humidity = 80.1
| Jan sun = 44.5
| Feb sun = 70.3
| Mar sun = 127.5
| Apr sun = 187.7
| May sun = 253.1
| Jun sun = 262.8
| Jul sun = 263.2
| Aug sun = 246.4
| Sep sun = 166.2
| Oct sun = 116.5
| Nov sun = 52.8
| Dec sun = 30.3
| year sun = 1821.3
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351220495&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Lublin-Radawiec Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351220495&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Lublin-Radawiec Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Katowice Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

== Population ==
{{Historical populations|1950|116629|1960|183400|1970|238500|1978|290420|1988|345758|2002|357110|2011|349103|2021|334681|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Lublin | title=Lublin (Lubelskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>}}
[[File:Lublin population pyramid.svg|thumb|Lublin population pyramid in 2021]]
The population of Lublin in 2021 was 334,681.[[File:Lublin UMCS Pomnik Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.jpg|thumb|[[Marie Curie Monument in Lublin|Marie Curie Monument]] near the [[Maria Curie-Skłodowska University]] (UMCS)]]

== Economy and infrastructure ==
The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to [[Western Europe]]. Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality [[Świdnik]] for large-scale industrial investments.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[File:Piotr Kownacki, Elżbieta Kruk, PZL Świdnik, 24-03-2009.jpg|thumb|Polish MPs in the [[PZL-Świdnik]] helicopter factory]]
[[File:Alians PL LublinStreetBernardynska Perla,2009 08 11,P8110003.jpg|thumb|Perła – [[Browary Lubelskie]]]]
Lublin is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example [[Comarch|Comarch S.A.]], Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., [[Asseco Poland|Asseco Poland S.A.]]) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin,{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} due to reasons like quality of life, culture management, the environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

The large car factory [[Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych]] (FSC) was acquired by the [[South Korea]]n [[Daewoo]] conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the [[Asian financial crisis]], the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daewoo Polish Truck Factory Bankrupt|url=https://apnews.com/article/6df0d8f83f7ac54eb0378ea12e57eb3a|access-date=2022-02-01|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the [[Maria Curie-Sklodowska University]].

The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863 |title=Samorząd Miasta Lublin |website=Um.lublin.pl |access-date=2009-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930152418/http://www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863 |archive-date=2011-09-30  }}</ref> Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said:

{{blockquote|In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post-development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country.<ref>{{cite web|author=internet ART; www.internetart.pl |url=http://www.paiz.gov.pl/nowosci/?id_news=1392&lang_id=1 |title=PAIiIZ &#124; News &#124; Inwestycje w Polsce |website=Paiz.gov.pl |date=2007-05-31 |access-date=2009-05-05}}</ref> }}

In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of "Park Mielec" — the European Economic Development area.<ref>{{cite web|author=Marcin Bielesz |url=http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html |title=Lublin fetuje specjalną strefę ekonomiczną |website=Miasta.gazeta.pl |date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2009-05-05}}</ref> At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, [[Modern-Expo]], and [[Browary Lubelskie|Perła Browary Lubelskie]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lublin.wyborcza.pl/lublin/7,35640,4527639.html?disableRedirects=true|title=Wyborcza.pl|website=Lublin.wyborcza.pl|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona |title=Serwis regionalny Lublin |date=18 August 2007 |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818010437/http://ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref> At the same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.

Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets.<ref>{{cite web|author=opracowali: tn, dil, msa, ms, jb, pr, wa |url=http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,36651,3823552.html |title=Taki był 2006 rok |website=Miasta.gazeta.pl |date=2007-01-01 |access-date=2009-05-05}}</ref>

=== Media ===
The local [[Telewizja Polska|TVP]] station, [[TVP3 Lublin]], broadcasts from a {{convert|104|m|ft|abbr=on}}-tall concrete television tower.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L |title=Przegląd obiektów z emisjami |website=Emi.emitel.pl |access-date=2009-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102010428/http://emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L |archive-date=2014-11-02  }}</ref> The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to [[TVP3]] channel and later [[TVP Info]].

The radio stations airing from Lublin include Radio 'eR – 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' – 103.6 FM, [[Polish Radio Lublin|Radio Lublin]] (regional station of the [[Polskie Radio|Polish Radio]]) – 102.2 FM, [ Radio Centrum (university radio station)] – 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio) – 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin – 95.6 FM.

Local newspapers include ''Kurier Lubelski'' daily, regional partner of the national newspaper ''Dziennik Wschodni'' daily, ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'' [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper ''Gazeta Wyborcza''), ''[ Metro]'' (daily, free), and ''[[Nasze Miasto Lublin]]'' weekly (free).<gallery>
File:20210625 TVP3 Lublin.jpg|TVP3 Lublin headquarters
File:Wieża nadajnika Radia "Lublin".jpg|Radio Lublin transmitter tower
</gallery>

===Transport===
==== Airport ====
[[File:Airport Lublin.jpg|thumb|Lublin Airport]]
The [[Lublin Airport]] (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ) is located about {{convert|10|km|1|abbr=in}} SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown.

==== Railways ====
From [[Lublin Główny railway station]], ten trains depart each day to [[Warsaw]], and three to [[Kraków]], as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with [[Rzeszów]], [[Szczecin]], [[Gdynia]], and other Polish cities and towns in the region as [[Nałęczów]], [[Chełm]] or [[Zamość]]. The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rozklad.mortin.pl/lublin.html |title=Lublin - Rozkład jazdy pociągów PKP, autobusów PKS oraz komunikacji miejskiej dla miasta Lublin |website=Rozklad.mortin.pl |access-date=2009-06-02}}</ref>

[[File:Lublin Główny, budynek dworca, 21.04.2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lublin Główny railway station, the city's main train station]]
There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains:
* {{ill|Lublin Ponikwoda railway station|pl|Lublin Ponikwoda}}
* {{ill|Lublin Północny railway station|pl|Lublin Północny}}
* {{ill|Lublin Zemborzyce railway station|pl|Lublin Zemborzyce}}
* {{ill|Lublin Zadębie railway station|pl|Lublin Zadębie}}
* {{ill|Lublin Zachodni railway station|pl|Lublin Zachodni}}
* {{ill|Stasin Polny railway station|pl|Stasin Polny}}
* {{ill|Rudnik Przystanek railway station|pl|Rudnik Przystanek}}

====Roads====
[[File:Dworzec Lublin (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lublin Metropolitan Station is aimed at connecting metropolitan, regional, and national transport.]]
[[File:Solaris trolleybus, Plac Łokietka, Lublin, Poland 01.jpg|thumb|Lublin has [[Trolleybuses in Lublin|one of three trolleybus systems]] in Poland.]]
Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways [[Expressway S12 (Poland)|S12]], [[Expressway S17 (Poland)|S17]], and [[Expressway S19 (Poland)|S19.]]
Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of the planned expressway network around the city, that will be built in the coming years, consists of S12 to the east in the direction [[Chełm]], S19 north towards [[Białystok]], and S17 southeast towards [[Zamość]]. The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre.

Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. 
{{main|Trolleybuses in Lublin}}
Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot, and Tychy).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ztm.lublin.eu/?sid=34&lng=en|title=Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Lublinie|website=Ztm.lublin.eu|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

Lublin is the largest city in Poland to not have a tram network

==Culture and tourism==
Lublin is the largest city in eastern [[Poland]] and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians.

===Architecture===

Lublin's Old Town shares several traditions with Lesser Poland, mostly the dialect and historic architecture that brings a unique ambience comparable with [[Kraków]]. It is, however, a distinct experience, which benefits from artistic renovation, that progressed somehow slower and more modestly focusing more on quality and less on commercialization. Historic buildings, including ruined townhouses that await for new owners, create a unique atmosphere of the renaissance city. Lublin's Old Town has cobbled, narrow streets and mostly medieval layout and design. Many venues around Old Town enjoy an architecture applicable for restaurants, art hotels, pubs galleries, and clubs. Apart from entertainment, the area houses small businesses and prestigious offices.

There are several historic churches in the Old Town, including the [[Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Lublin Castle|Holy Trinity Chapel]] in [[Lublin Castle]] with the frescos, that are a mixture of Roman Catholic motifs with eastern Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the west with the east. Other important churches are the Late Gothic Virgin Mary Victorious Church, Renaissance Dominican Basilica and Bernardine church as well as [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] [[St. John the Baptist Cathedral, Lublin|St. John the Baptist Cathedral]].

Monuments of the 20th-century architecture include the [[Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva]] and its [[Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva Synagogue|synagogue]], socialist-realist [[:pl:Plac Zamkowy w Lublinie|Zamkowy Square]] and brutalist [[:pl:Osiedle Słowackiego (Lublin)|Słowacki housing estate]] by Oskar Hansen.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Lublin zamek 2009.jpg|Courtyard of the [[Lublin Castle]] with the 13th-century keep and the 14th-century [[Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Lublin Castle|Holy Trinity Chapel]]
File:Kaplica Trójcy Świętej w Lublinie, wnętrze 5.jpg|[[Fresco]]es inside the Holy Trinity Chapel
File:Lublin, Brama Grodzka2.JPG|Grodzka Gate
File:Lublin Trybunał Koronny.jpg|[[Crown Tribunal]] at the Market Square
File:Kamienice na rynku Starego Miasta w Lublinie, 18-04-2009.JPG|Historic tenement houses at the Market Square
File:PL Lublin Katedra1.jpg|Lublin Cathedral
File:W lubelskiej Archikatedrze.jpg|Interior of the Cathedral
File:Kościół Matki Bożej Zwycięskiej w Lublinie.jpg|Late Gothic Virgin Mary Victorious Church
File:Lublin Dominikanie.jpg|Dominican Church
File:Pałac Lubomirskich w Lublinie.jpg|Lubomirski Palace
File:Lublin. Grand Hotel "Lublinianka" (3).jpg|Eclectic [[Grand Hotel Lublinianka]]
File:Lublin, Lubartowska 85; Synagoga, Hotel Ilan.jpg|[[Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva]] and its [[Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva Synagogue|synagogue]]
</gallery>

=== The arts ===
====Museum====
[[File:Interior of the Lublin Museum.jpg|thumb|National Museum in Lublin]]
The premier museum in the city is the [[National Museum, Lublin|National Museum of Lublin]], one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland. It is located in the Lublin castle and contains some castle's interiors, like the [[Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Lublin Castle|Holy Trinity Chapel]] with its frescoes in the Byzantine style. The museum permanent collection include also many Polish and foreign painting from the 17th to 20th century, as well as the gallery of paintings by [[Tamara de Lempicka]].

Other museums include also the Museum of the History of the City of Lublin, the Museum of the Eastern Territories of the Old Polish Republic, the Józef Czechowicz Museum, the Under the clock Martyrdom Museum and the Museum of Housing Estates on the Słowacki Housing Estate.

Important museum is also the [[Majdanek State Museum]] in the former Majdanek Nazi concentration and extermination camp. In 2011 it was visited by 121,404 visitors.<ref name="majdanek.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.majdanek.com.pl/obozy/majdanek/pmm_statystyki.html | title=Statystyki | publisher=Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku | work=Frekwencja zwiedzających | year=2011 | access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref>

====Cinema====
Lublin is a city with a proactive approach towards filmmaking industry. The city is featured in some notable films, and that include [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning ''[[The Reader]]'' which was partially filmed at the Nazi [[Majdanek]] concentration camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0976051/trivia|title=The Reader|date=30 January 2009|website=IMDb.com}}</ref>

In 2008, Lublin collaborated with Ukrainian [[Lviv]], to film and distribute promotional materials which painted both cities as attractive to the filmmaking industry. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at [[Cannes Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.film.lublin.eu |title=Lublin, Lwów &#124; miasto filmowe - Aktualności |website=Film.lublin.eu |date=2008-04-08 |access-date=2009-07-08}}</ref> This was sponsored by the [[European Union]]. There are numerous movie theatres in Lublin including a few multiplexes, i.e. Cinema City and Multikino chains, also smaller venues like Cinema Bajka, Cinema Chatka Żaka, Cinema Perla, Cinema Grazyna and Cinema Medyk.

The Lublin Film Fund has been active since 2009, actively caring for cultivation of cinematographic talents in Lublin and promoting the city by provision of financial and organizational support. Numerous feature films have been partially financed by the fund, including Kamienie na Szaniec, Panie Dulskie, Volta and award-winning Carte Blanche.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lublin filmowy / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin|url=https://lublin.eu/lublin/lubelski-fundusz-filmowy/lublin-filmowy/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Lublin.eu}}</ref>

====Theatres====
[[File:Lublin, Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy - fotopolska.eu (214424).jpg|thumb|Juliusz Osterwa Theatre]]
[[File:Centrum Spotkania Kultur, Plac Teatralny, Lublin 2018-08-30.jpg|thumb|The Centre for the Meeting of Cultures and Teatralny Square, view from the Lublin Conference Center]]

There are many cultural organizations in Lublin, either municipal, governmental and/or non-governmental. Among the popular venues are municipal theatres and playhouses such as:
* Musical Theatre in Lublin – ''Teatr Muzyczny w Lublinie'', opera, operetta, musical, ballet
* [[Henryk Wieniawski]] Lublin Philharmonic – ''Filharmonia Lubelska''
* Juliusz Osterwa Theatre
* Hans Christian Andersen Theatre – with puppet programmes for children

Fringe theatres:

* Centrum Kultury w Lublinie
* [[Gardzienice|Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych – Gardzienice]]
* [[Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre|Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka – Theatre NN"]]
*Centrum Projekt Pracovnia Maat

====Galleries====
There are numerous art galleries in Lublin; some are run by private owners, and some are municipal, government, NGO, or associations' venues. The [[Labyrinth Gallery]] (formerly "BWA") is the Artistic Exhibitions Office – ''Biuro Wystaw''

===Food and music===
In the Old Town and the immediate surrounding, over 100 unique restaurants, fine-dining venues, cafes, pubs, clubs and other catering outlets are located. In the latter half of the 2010s, the robust international community gathered around Lublin's Medical University has impacted the growth of restaurants offering various world cuisines.

Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsi.lublin.pl/de/deptak1.htm |title=Lublin-Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny-lublin |website=Lsi.lublin.pl |access-date=2009-05-05}}</ref> Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl/ |title=Teatr Lubelski |date=18 August 2007 |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090846/http://www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl/ |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm |title=Teatr Stary W Lublinie - the Old Theatre in Lublin |access-date=2016-07-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108014338/http://www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm |archive-date=2007-11-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filharmonialubelska.pl/|title=Filharmonia im. H. Wieniawskiego w Lublinie, filharmonia lubelska, filharmonia w Lublinie, orkiestra symfoniczna, koncerty, muzyka kameralna, zespoły :: Strona główna|website=Filkarmonialubelska.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zamek-lublin.pl/index.php?l=pl&r=1 |title=Muzeum Lubelskie w Lublinie |access-date=2006-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223134649/http://zamek-lublin.pl/index.php?l=pl&r=1 |archive-date=2006-02-23  }}</ref>

=== City of festivals ===
[[File:Plac Litewski w Lublinie (SZ-2017-07-09) 04.jpg|thumb|Litewski Square]]
[[File:Krakowskie Przemieście.JPG|thumb|Krakowskie Przedmieście, one of the main streets of the historic city center]]
[[File:Lublin, Rynek Kiermasz 2008-02-08.jpg|thumb|A street fair in the Old Town]]
[[File:Krakowskie Przedmieście w Lublinie, obchody 440-lecia Unii Lubelskiej.jpg|thumb|440th anniversary of the [[Union of Lublin]]]]

Lublin aims to be known as the Polish Capital of Festivals.<ref name="Rozwalka"/> Most years, Lublin increases the number of festivals held in the city. The most significant of them include:
*Carnaval Sztukmistrzów – held in last days of July, is the largest new circus festival in Poland. Name of the Carnival is inspired by the character of [[The Magician of Lublin (novel)|The Magician of Lublin]], from a novel by [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sztukmistrze.eu/|title=Carnaval Sztukmistrzów 2021 &#124;22-25 lipca, Lublin|website=Sztukmistrze.eu|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Urban Highline Festival Lublin|Urban Highline Festival]] – held in last days of July<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbanhighline.pl/home/|title=Strona Główna|website=Urbanhighline.pl|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Night of Culture]] (Noc Kultury) – usually held on the first Saturday night of June. Consisting of hundreds of events spanning the city, it is a cultural manifestation of Lublin's potential. Admission to all events is free.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nockultury.pl/pl/|title=Strona główna|website=Nockultury.pl|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*OpenCity Festival – outdoor performances festival. International artists and performers create art installations in public places in Lublin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opencity.pl/|title=Otwarte Miasto|website=Opencity.pl|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Long Night of Museums|Night of Museums]] – Lublin's culture institutions become open to visitors at night.
* The Jagiellonian Fair (Jarmark Jagielloński) – held in late August, is a chance to meet numerous artists, artisans, and craftspeople from Central and Eastern Europe.
*St Nicolas Day International Festival of Folk Music (Mikołajki Folkowe)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mikolaje.lublin.pl/index.php?strona=wstep&wiecej=t&jezyk=en|title=The Saint Nicholas Orchestra - main|website=Mikolaje.lublin.pl|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> – the oldest folk music festival in Poland, held in the first decade of December<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mikolajki.folk.pl/|title=XXXI Międzynarodowy Festiwal Muzyki Ludowej Mikołajki Folkowe|first=Marcin|last=Stelmaszczuk|website=Mikolajki.folk.pl|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*East Of Culture – Different Sounds Art'n'Music Festival (Wschód Kultury – Inne Brzmienia Art'n'Music Festival), held in late June, is a meeting of world-class artists that represent various nationalities and practise diverse music styles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.innebrzmienia.eu/about/|title=About Festival &#124; Different Sounds|website=En.innebrzmienia.eu|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej – Lublin's Days of Student Culture – an annual students' holiday. Usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June. Due to the city's large student population, the festival in Lublin is the longest in Poland.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
*Lublin. Miasto Poezji – Poetry Festival organised by ''Ośrodek "''Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN''"'' and Polish Literature Institute of [[John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin|Catholic University in Lublin]].
* Noc z Czechowiczem – ''A Night with Czechowicz'' – a walking tour, inspired by the "Poem on the City of Lublin" written by [[Józef Czechowicz]]. It is held on the first full moon in July, and is organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN".
* Najstarsze Pieśni Europy – ''The oldest songs of Europe'' – Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation
* Future Shorts – World Short Film Label
*International Lublin Dance Festival – Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca – one of the leading dance art festivals in Europe<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mstt.pl/en/home/|title=IDTF – International Dance Theatres Festival|website=Mstt.pl|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*International Theatre Festival "Confrontations" – Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://konfrontacje.pl/|title=Homepage|website=Konfrontacje.pl|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
*Ukraine in the Center of Lublin – Ukraina w Centrum Lublina<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lublin.eu/kultura/wydarzenia/ukraina-w-centrum-lublina,52211,0,w.html|title=Wydarzenia / Kultura / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin|website=Lublin.eu|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> – held in November since 2008, is a showcase of contemporary Ukrainian culture and a space for Polish-Ukrainian intercultural dialogue.
*"Falkon" – Fantasy and Science Fiction Festival – Ogólnopolski Festiwal Fantastyki Falkon – held in November, is one of the biggest fantasy conventions in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lublin.eu/kultura/wydarzenia/festiwal-fantastyki-falkon,51777,0,w.html|title=Wydarzenia / Kultura / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin|website=Lublin.eu|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>
*Polish Students' Theatre Festival – Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje
* International Folk Dance Festival – Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka
* Scena Młodych – ''Youth Scene'', music festival
* Zwierciadła – ''Mirrors'' – High School Theatres Revision
* Zaduszki Jazzowe – ''Jazz Souls' Day'' – which take place in [[Dominican Order]] Monastery

===European Capital of Culture===
In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of [[European Capital of Culture]]. Lublin was shortlisted, but ultimately [[Wrocław]] was chosen. Lublin is a pilot city of the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[European Commission]] Intercultural cities programme.

==Sports==
[[File:Arena Lublin podczas XI Lubelskiego Festiwalu Nauki 10.jpg|thumb|[[Arena Lublin]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
|+ Professional sports teams
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Trophies
|-
|[[KM Cross Lublin (speedway team)|Speed Car Motor Lublin]]
|[[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]]
|[[Ekstraliga (speedway)|Ekstraliga]]
|3 Polish Championships ([[2022 Polish speedway season|2022]], [[2023 Polish speedway season|2023]], [[2024 Polish speedway season|2024]])
|-
|[[Start Lublin]]
|Basketball (men's)
|[[Polish Basketball League]]
|0
|-
|[[MKS Lublin]]
|[[Handball in Poland|Handball]] (women's)
|[[Polish Women's Superliga (women's handball)|Polish Women's Superliga]]
|22 Polish Championships<br>11 Polish Cups<br>1 [[Women's EHF Cup]] (2001)
|-
|[[AZS UMCS Lublin]]
|Basketball (women's)
|[[Basket Liga Kobiet]]
|1 Polish Championship (2023)<br>1 Polish Cup (2016)
|-
|[[Budowlani Lublin]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|[[Ekstraliga (rugby union)|Ekstraliga]]
|1 Polish Cup (2002)
|-
|[[LKPS Lublin|LUK Lublin]]
|[[Volleyball]] (men's)
|[[PlusLiga]]
|1 Polish Championship ([[2024–25 PlusLiga|2025]])<br>1 [[CEV Challenge Cup]] ([[2024–25 CEV Challenge Cup|2025]])
|-
|[[Motor Lublin]]
|[[Association football|Football]] (men's)
|[[Ekstraklasa]]
|0
|-
|[[AZS UMCS Lublin]]
|Futsal (men's)
|I liga
|0
|}

Other notable clubs:
* [[AZS UMCS Lublin]] – multi-sports club, one of the top athletics clubs in Poland.
* [[Lublinianka]] – men's [[Association football|football]] team competing in the [[III liga|Polish 4th Division]] ({{As of|2023|lc=y}}), city's oldest football club.
* Unia Lublin – women's football team competing in the II liga (3rd tier) ({{As of|2023|lc=y}}).
* LSKT – Lublin's Taekwon-do sport club.
* Tytani Lublin – semi-professional [[American football]] team.

=== International events ===
* [[2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup]]
* An annual [[motocross]] race

==Education==
[[File:Biotechnologia KUL.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Biotechnology, KUL]]
[[File:Informatyka UMCS.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Information Technology, UMCS]]
There are five public schools of higher education:
* [[Maria Curie-Sklodowska University]] (UMCS)
* [[John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin]] (KUL)
* [[Medical University of Lublin]]
* [[University of Life Sciences in Lublin]]
* [[Politechnika Lubelska]]

Lublin is home to private higher education establishments.
* [[University of Economics and Innovation]] in Lublin
* Lubelska Szkoła Biznesu
* Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych z siedzibą w Lublinie
* Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Administracji
* Vincent Pol University in Lublin

It is home to one of the oldest still-functioning schools in Poland, [[:pl:I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Stanisława Staszica w Lublinie|The Staszic School]], which was established in 1586. The school has many notable alumni, such as [[Bolesław Prus]], one of the most influential Polish writers and novelists, and [[:pl:Lesław Paga|Lesław Paga]], the co-founder of the [[Warsaw Stock Exchange]].

== Politics and local government ==
Lublin is the capital of the province called [[Lublin Voivodeship]], a province ([[Voivodeships of Poland|voivodeship]]) created in 1999. The city is a separate urban [[gmina]] and city county ([[powiat]]).

=== Municipal government ===
[[File:Lublin Nowy Ratusz.jpg|thumb|Lublin City Hall]]
Lublin is governed by the municipal legislature known as the [[city council]] (Rada Miasta) and the city's mayor (Prezydent Miasta). The city council is made up of 31 councillors directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including the development of local infrastructure, transport, and planning permission. The city's current mayor is [[Krzysztof Żuk]], who has served in this position since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lublin.eu/en/prezydent/|title=Mayor of Lublin City / Lublin City Office|website=Lublin.eu|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>

===Symbols===
Lublin has an official flag, a 5:8 rectangle divided into three horizontal stripes: white (top), green (narrow, middle), and red (bottom). In the central part, there is the coat of arms of Lublin. It is also allowed to hang the flag in the form of a vertical ribbon: then white should be on the left side or near the spar.
[[File:Lublin dzielnice.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Districts of Lublin]]

=== Districts ===
Lublin is divided into 27 administrative divisions (dzielnica):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lublin.eu/lublin/o-miescie/dzielnice-lublina/|title=Dzielnice Lublina / O mieście / Lublin / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin|website=Lublin.eu|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> Abramowice, Bronowice, Czechów Południowy, Czechów Północny, Czuby Południowe, Czuby Północne, Dziesiąta, Felin, Głusk, Hajdów-Zadębie, Kalinowszczyzna, Konstantynów, Kośminek, Ponikwoda, Rury, Sławin, Sławinek, Stare Miasto, Szerokie, Śródmieście, Tatary, Węglin Południowy, Węglin Północny, Wieniawa, Wrotków, Za Cukrownią, and Zemborzyce.

==International relations==
Lublin is a pilot city of the [[Council of Europe]] and the EU Intercultural cities programme.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/lublin_en.asp |title=Intercultural city: Lublin, Poland |last=[[Council of Europe]] |work=coe.int |year=2011 |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> In 2017, Lublin was awarded [[the Europe Prize]] by the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lublin.wyborcza.pl/lublin/7,48724,21746398,lublin-z-prestizowa-nagroda-od-rady-europy-za-promocje-idei.html?disableRedirects=true|title=Wyborcza.pl|website=lublin.wyborcza.pl|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> In 2023, Lublin was selected as the [[European Youth Capital]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our European Youth Capital for 2023 is…. Lublin!|url=https://www.youthforum.org/our-european-youth-capital-2023-lublin|access-date=2021-02-27|website=European Youth Forum|language=en}}</ref> by international jury of the [[European Youth Forum]]. Lublin is a signatory of the [[European charter for equality of women and men in local life]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poland: 16 pioneering cities commit to going above and beyond for local equality|url=https://ccre.org/en/actualites/view/4225|access-date=2021-11-16|website=ccre.org}}</ref>

In 2023, following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the city of Lublin was honoured by President of Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] who granted it the title of "City-Rescuer" in recognition of its humanitarian and financial assistance to Ukraine and the country's [[war refugee]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/9766/Artykul/3147673,polands-lublin-honoured-by-ukraines-zelensky-city-hall |title=Poland's Lublin honoured by Ukraine's Zelensky: City Hall |website=polskieradio.pl |date=7 April 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lublin.eu/en/lublin-4-all/news/the-title-of-city-rescuer-for-lublin-from-president-of-ukraine,213,1413,1.html |title=The title of "City-Rescuer" for Lublin from President of Ukraine |website=lublin.eu |date=6 April 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

{{multiple image|align=right|caption_align=center|perrow=2|total_width=330
| image1 = SM Lublin Pałac Czartoryskich 2022 (1).jpg
| image2 = Lublin, Krakowskie Przedmieście 58; kamienica, fronton.jpg
| caption1 = Honorary Consulate of Moldova
| caption2 = Honorary Vice-Consulate of Italy}}
In Lublin, there is a Consulate General of [[Ukraine]], an Honorary Consulate General of [[Hungary]], honorary consulates of [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Moldova]], [[Peru]], [[Slovenia]], and an Honorary Vice-Consulate of [[Italy]]
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/misje-dyplomatyczne-urzedy-konsularne-i-organizacje-miedzynarodowe-w-polsce|title=Misje dyplomatyczne, urzędy konsularne i organizacje międzynarodowe w Polsce|website=Portal Gov.pl|language=pl|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

Two settlements outside of Poland were created that were named Lublin. [[Lublin, Wisconsin]], is a village in [[Taylor County, Wisconsin|Taylor County]] in the [[United States]], while [[Lublin, Moldova]], was a [[History of the Jews in Bessarabia#Rural colonies|Jewish agricultural colony]] founded in what is now the village of Nimereuca in 1842.

===Twin towns — sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
[[File:Medal miasto-ratownik.jpg|thumb|upright|"City Rescuer" honorary badge awarded by the Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]]]
Lublin is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Lublin twinnings">{{cite web|url=https://lublin.eu/en/lublin/international-relations/lublins-partner-cities/|title=Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities|website=Lublin.eu|language=pl|trans-title=Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524213846/https://lublin.eu/en/lublin/international-relations/lublins-partner-cities/|archive-date=2019-05-24|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alcalá de Henares]], [[Spain]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Debrecen]], [[Hungary]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Delmenhorst]], [[Germany]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/><ref name="Ivano-Frankivsk">{{cite web|url= http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/|script-title=uk:Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська|work=mvk.if.ua|language=uk|access-date=7 March 2010}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Signing ceremony of the partnership agreement between Lublin and Kharkiv (online) / Lublin City Office |url=https://lublin.eu/en/lublin-4-all/news/signing-ceremony-of-the-partnership-agreement-between-lublin-and-kharkiv-online,181,1413,1.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=lublin.eu}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kryvyi Rih]], [[Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lublin City Council adopted a resolution on signing a twinning agreement with Kryvyi Rih |url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/en/admin/articles/16075.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=decentralization.gov.ua}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings" />
||
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lublin, Wisconsin]], [[United States]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings" />
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Luhansk]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings" />
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lutsk]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lviv|L'viv]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Münster]], [[Germany]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/><ref name="Münster twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html|title=Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte|access-date=2013-08-07|work=Stadt Münster|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134659/http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html|archive-date=2013-05-09}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], [[France]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Nykøbing Falster]], [[Denmark]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Panevėžys]], [[Lithuania]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
||
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Pernik]], [[Bulgaria]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings" />
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Nilüfer, Bursa|Nilüfer]], [[Turkey]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings" />
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Israel]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/><ref name="Lublin - Rishon LeZion twinning">{{cite web |url=http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896 |title=The Municipality of Lublin City |website=Um.lublin.eu |date=1992-10-01 |access-date=2009-05-05  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004815/http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896 |archive-date=2009-04-23 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Starobilsk]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Sumy]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Tilburg]], [[Netherlands]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Viseu]], [[Portugal]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[Canada]]<ref name="Lublin twinnings"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909|title=Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities|publisher=The Municipality of Lublin City|access-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165658/http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909|archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>
|}

Former twin towns:
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Belarus]] (terminated on 3 March 2022 as a response to the Belarusian involvement in the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]])<ref>{{cite web| url = https://radio.lublin.pl/2022/03/lublin-zrywa-wspolprace-z-brzesciem/ |language=pl |title=Lublin zrywa współpracę z Brześciem |date=3 March 2022 |access-date = 6 March 2022}}</ref>

== Notable residents ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Jan Kochanowski.png
| image2 = Grassi Stanisław Kostka Potocki.jpg
| image3 = Henryk Wieniawski three quarters length (cropped).jpg
| image4 = Climbing World Championships 2018 Speed Final Rudzinska (BT0A6513).jpg
| footer = Clockwise: [[Jan Kochanowski]], [[Stanisław Kostka Potocki]], [[Aleksandra Mirosław]], and [[Henryk Wieniawski]]
}}
* [[Biernat z Lublina]] (~1465-~1529), Polish poet, fabulist, translator and physician
* [[Franciszka Arnsztajnowa]] (1865–1942), née Meyerson, poet, playwright and translator
* [[Jacek Bąk]], Polish footballer and captain of Poland during [[World Cup 2006]]
* [[Józef Czechowicz]], (1903–1939), poet, writer and editor
* [[America's Next Top Model (season 10)|Katarzyna Dolinska]], contestant on Cycle 10 of ''[[America's Next Top Model (season 10)|America's Next Top Model]]''. She came in 5th place.
* [[Rabbi]] [[Jacob ben Ephraim]] (unknown–1648), "The Gaon Rabbi Jacob of Lublin"
* [[Rabbi]] [[Joshua Falk]] (1555–1614), also known as Joshua ben Alexander HaCohen Falk
* [[Rabbi]] [[Shneur Zalman Fradkin]] (1830–1902), "The Toras Chessed"
* [[Rabbi]] [[Aryeh Tzvi Frumer]] (1884–1943), "The Kozhiglover Rav", Holocaust victim
* [[Rafał Gan-Ganowicz]] (1932–2002), mercenary, journalist and activist
* [[Jacob Glatstein]] (1896–1971), literary critic
* [[Alter Mojze Goldman]] (1909–1988), resistance fighter
* [[Rabbi]] [[Zadok HaKohen]] Rabinowitz (1823–1900)
* [[Kitty Hart-Moxon]] (born 1926), Holocaust survivor
* [[Julia Hartwig]] (1921–2017), poet, writer and translator
* [[Paweł Holc]] (born 1971), footballer
* [[Rabbi]] [[Moses Isserles]] (1520–1572), "Rema"
* [[Jann (singer)|Jann]] (born 1999), singer-songwriter
* [[Sebastian Klonowic]] (1545–1602), Polish poet and composer
* [[Jan Kochanowski]] (1530–1584), [[Polish Renaissance]] poet
* [[Józef Ignacy Kraszewski]] (1812–1887), [[Polish people|Polish]] writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, political activist, painter and author
* [[Anna Langfus]] (1920–1966), née Anna Szternfinkiel, writer, Prix de Goncourt winner in 1966
* [[Felix Lembersky]] (1913–1970), artist and painter
* [[Janusz Lewandowski]] (1951–), [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]], former minister of privatisation
* [[Rabbi]] [[Solomon Luria]] (1510–1573), "The Maharshal"
* [[Aleksandra Mirosław]] (born 1994), speed climber
* [[Marcin Narwojsz]] (born 1976), retired footballer
* [[Wincenty Pol]] (1807–1872), poet and geographer
* [[Rabbi]] [[Jacob Pollak]] (1460–1541)
* [[Stanisław Kostka Potocki]] (1755–1821), Polish nobleman, politician and writer
* [[Rabbi]] [[Sholom Rokeach]] (1781–1855), "Sar Sholom", the first Belzer Rebbe
* [[Yitzhak Sadeh]] (born Isaac Landsberg; 1890–1952), a founder of the [[Israel Defense Forces]]
* [[Mateusz Sawrymowicz]] (born 1987), swimmer
* [[Rabbi]] [[Shalom Shachna]] (unknown–1558)
* [[Rabbi]] [[Meir Shapiro]] (1887–1933), "The Lubliner Rav"
* [[Rabbi]] [[Joel Sirkis]] (1561–1640), also known as Joel ben Samuel Sirkis
* [[Bartosz Staszewski]] (1990–), activist and filmmaker
* [[Patryk Szysz]] (1998–), Polish professional footballer
* [[Dominik Tarczyński]] (born 1979), Member of European Parliament
* [[Bronisława Wajs]] (1908–1987), Polish-Romani poet and singer
* [[Henryk Wieniawski]] (1835–1880), violinist, born in Lublin
* [[Tomasz Wójtowicz (volleyball player)|Tomasz Wójtowicz]] (1953–2022), volleyball player, Olympic champion
* [[Rabbi]] [[Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin]] (1745–1815), "The Seer of Lublin"
* [[Rabbi]] [[Mordecai Yoffe]] (1530–1612), "The Levush"
* [[Krzysztof Zalewski]] (born 1984), singer-songwriter
* [[Wladyslaw Zmuda]] (born 1954), Polish former professional footballer, four-time World Cup participant
* [[Johann Hermann Zukertort]] (1842–1888), chess grand master
* [[Henio Zytomirski]] (1933–1942), Holocaust victim

==See also==
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
*[[Church of the Holy Myrrh-Bearing Women, Lublin]]
* [[Lublin Triangle]]
* [[Lublin Renaissance]]
* [[Lublin Holocaust Memorial]]
* [[Lublin Department]] (Polish: ''Departament Lubelski''): a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland's [[Duchy of Warsaw]], 1806–15
* [[Vilnius–Lublin Portal]]
* [[Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin]]
* [[Cathedral of the Transfiguration, Lublin]]
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
*''[[Union of Lublin (painting)|Union of Lublin]]'' (painting)
* [[Missionary Church and Monastery, Lublin]]
*[[Urban Highline Festival Lublin]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lublin}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://www.lublin.eu/ Lublin official website (in Polish)] [http://www.lublin.eu/en (in English)]
*Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy, (2020), [https://www.academia.edu/53863074/The_Former_Reformati_Order_s_Monasteries_Route The Former Reformati Order's Monasteries Route (Lublin, p. 30-33)], ISBN 978-83-949345-3-8
*[http://kultura.lublin.eu/0.html?locale=en_GB Official site Lublin the City of Inspiration (English version)]
*[http://www.um.lublin.pl/ Lublin Municipality official website (in Polish)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216025909/http://www.um.lublin.pl/en/index.php (in English)]
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|514340|Lublin, Poland}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lublin (town)|display=Lublin, a town of Russian Poland|short=x}}

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[[Category:Lublin| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lublin Voivodeship]]
[[Category:City counties of Poland]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Poland]]
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