Editing Lowell, Vermont

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<!-- Infobox begins. Additional parameter fields maybe available at Template:Infobox settlement -->
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Lowell, Vermont
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|settlement_type = Town
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|image_skyline = Lowell, Vermont (8267052378).jpg
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|mapsize = 200px
|map_caption = Located in Orleans County, Vermont
|image_map1 = Map of USA VT.svg
|mapsize1 = 195px
|map_caption1 = Location of Vermont with the U.S.A.
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Vermont]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Vermont|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Orleans County, Vermont|Orleans]]
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|parts = {{ubl|[[Lowell (CDP), Vermont|Lowell]]}}
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|established_title = Chartered
|established_date = February 7, 1791
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|area_total_km2 = 145.2
|area_land_km2 = 145.1
|area_water_km2 = 0.1
|area_total_sq_mi = 56.1
|area_land_sq_mi = 56.0
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.1
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|population_as_of = 2020
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|population_total = 887
|population_density_km2 = 6.1
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|population_blank1_title = Households
|population_blank1 = 365
|population_blank2_title = Families
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|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
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|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m = 287
|elevation_ft = 996
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 05847
|area_code = [[Area code 802|802]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 50-40525<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1462137<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref>
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'''Lowell''' is the westernmost [[Vermont municipality|town]] in [[Orleans County, Vermont|Orleans County]], [[Vermont]], United States. The population was 887 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US5001940525|title=Census - Geography Profile: Lowell town, Orleans County, Vermont|access-date=December 31, 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 56.1&nbsp;square miles (145.2&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), of which 56.0&nbsp;square miles (145.1&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 0.1&nbsp;square mile (0.2&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) (0.11%) is water. The unincorporated [[Lowell (CDP), Vermont|village of Lowell]] is in the center of the town.

===Geology===
Circa 400 million years ago, large and slow moving upheavals formed the [[serpentine rock]] and the asbestos fiber which sometimes accompanies serpentine. This serpentine comprises Brown's Ledges at the Lowell-Westfield border. A rare fern species, ''[[Adiantum viridimontanum]]'', grows which can tolerate the high nickel content of serpentine. Serpentine also contains iron, so much so that some rocks can be magnetized. This affects where cell towers can be placed in town. The iron oxide gives the color brown to "Brown's Ledges."<ref name="c080903">The Chronicle, September 8, 2008, page 22, "Geologist give talk about Lowell's geologic history"</ref>

The major [[Baie Verte, Newfoundland and Labrador|Baie Verte]] fault<!---needs to be linked differently when article is available on fault itself---> line runs through Lowell. The Burgess branch of the river follows the fault with serpentine rocks on one side and nonserpentine rocks on the other.<ref name="c080903"/>

The Lowell ([[chrysotile]]) [[quarry]] on [[Belvidere Mountain]] was the last [[asbestos]] mine to operate in the Eastern U.S. It closed in 1993.<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1189/pdf/Plate.pdf Plate.ai<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==History==

Lowell was chartered in 1787 by Governor [[Thomas Chittenden]] to John Kelley in 1787, for whom it was named '''Kellyvale'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The history of Orleans county, Vermont. civil, ecclesiastical, biographical and military |year=1882 |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyoforleans1882unse#page/268 |page=268|publisher=White River Junction, Vt., White River Paper Co. }}</ref> The first people other than the Native Americans to come to Lowell was in 1778 when the area was surveyed, preparatory to Col. John Hazen<ref>Most likely, the brother of [[Moses Hazen]], and a member of the American [[2nd Canadian Regiment]], Moses' regiment</ref> constructing a [[Bayley Hazen Military Road|road to Canada for military purposes]]. This road was abandoned at what is now named Hazen’s Notch on [[Vermont Route 58|Route 58]].

The first settlers were Major Caldwell and family from [[Barre, Massachusetts|Barre]], [[Massachusetts]] in 1806. The town was formally organized in 1812, the same year the first school began with twelve students.

The presence of asbestos was first noted in 1824.<ref name=C160727>{{Cite news | first=Bethany | last=Dunbar | title=The history of the asbestos mine | newspaper=The Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 1A, 18A, 19A | date=July 27, 2016}}</ref>

In 1831 the name was changed to Lowell; the origin remains uncertain.

The town grew from 144 people in 1820 with an average age of 17, to 413 in 1840 with an average age of 12.

By 1840 Churches had been built and Methodist, Congregational, Baptist and Roman Catholic services were being held.

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the population inflow was predominantly from other states of the US. In the second half the new arrivals were more often foreign-born - from [[Ireland]] and from French-speaking [[Canada]]. By 1870 the population was 944 and it reached its peak in 1890 when it stood at 1,178. Farming and lumber were its main economic base. Dairy products and hardwood were both exported to other states. Silsby and Company lumber mill closed in the 1920s. This loss of jobs resulted in a population drop of 40% between 1920 and 1940.

Several tons of asbestos were mined in 1870. By 1910, Lowell produced half the asbestos mined in the United States.<ref name=C160727/>

Lumber exports stopped by 1930. Farming has experienced a slow but steady decline since 1930 or so. Consistent with all of Vermont’s [[Northeast Kingdom]], Lowell lost population throughout most of the twentieth century. This trend reversed in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Richard | last=Creaser | title=At one time, Lowell was dotted with lumber mills | newspaper=[[The Chronicle (Barton, Vermont)|The Chronicle]] | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 15 | date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref>

The [[asbestos]] mine in Lowell was of economic importance from the 1940s to the mid-1980s. In the mid-1940s, the Belvidere mines produced more than 90% of all U.S. asbestos.<ref>{{cite book |title = An asbestos timeline | publisher = Burlington Free Press | date = July 29, 2008}}</ref>  In 1967, the mine produced {{convert|50000|ST}} of asbestos fiber [sic] annually.<ref name=C160727/> It closed in 1992.

The Shortsleve Mink Farm was located here.

In 2008, the town supported the Democratic candidate for president 225 to 151, yet voted for the local Republican challenger for the Vermont Legislature 229 to 79 to 71 (three parties).<ref>{{cite book |title = An Obama sweep and a conservative upset | publisher = the Chronicle | date = November 5, 2008}}</ref>

In 2008, the state warned residents of the town and nearby towns that there was a "health risk" for people living within a {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} radius of the asbestos mine on Belvidere Mountain. Above ground mill [[tailings]] were estimated at {{convert|16000000|yd3}}.<ref>{{cite book | author = Lefebvre, Paul |title = Residents shrug off asbestos findings | publisher = the Chronicle | date = December 1, 2008}}</ref> In April 2009, the Vermont Department of Health released a revised study which found that all deaths related to the asbestos mine were caused by occupational exposure. The report also concluded that people living near the mines had no increased risk of asbestos-related illness than people living anywhere else in Vermont.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://healthvermont.gov/enviro/asbestos/vagm-healthstudy.aspx|title = Asbestos and Lead Information for Building Professionals|date = July 18, 2016}}</ref> However, the site will still need to be cleaned up. In 2009, the expected cost of cleanup was $300 million.<ref>{{cite news | first=Chris | last=Braithwaite | title=Feds to recover a fraction of mine cleanup costs | publisher=the Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 22 | date=July 8, 2009 }}</ref>

In 2012 Kingdom Community Wind, built by Green Mountain Power in cooperation with Vermont Electric Cooperative, began operation.  With a nameplate capacity of over 63 MW, the 21 turbines produce enough power to meet the annual needs of over 24,000 average Vermont residences, and is the largest wind farm in the state of Vermont.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1820= 144
|1830= 314
|1840= 431
|1850= 637
|1860= 813
|1870= 942
|1880= 1067
|1890= 1178
|1900= 983
|1910= 1086
|1920= 1005
|1930= 725
|1940= 615
|1950= 643
|1960= 617
|1970= 515
|1980= 573
|1990= 594
|2000= 738
|2010= 879
|2020= 887
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="VTHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.vermonthistory.org/explorer|title=Vermont History Explorer|access-date=August 7, 2015}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 738 people, 270 households, and 204 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 13.2 people per square mile (5.1/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 403 housing units at an average density of 7.2 per square mile (2.8/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the town was 97.97% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.22% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.68% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], and 0.14% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.22% of the population.

There were 270 households, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the town, the population was distributed by age with 29.4% under of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $27,969, and the median income for a family was $29,408. Males had a median income of $25,446 versus $21,083 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $12,404. About 18.8% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 15.7% of those age 65 or over.

Since the 1980s, the population has expanded. A  number of the residents are in agriculture. Most commute to work. A few are engaged in home-based occupations.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

==Local government==

===Town===

* Town Clerk – Christy M. Pion
* Treasurer – Rebecca DiZazzo 
* Road Commissioner – Calvin Allen

===School District===

* Budget – $1,199,600
* Principal – Anita Gagner
* School Board Members – Steven Mason, Chair – Jason Blay, Member – David Legacy, Member

Lowell Graded School offers Pre-K–8. There are 119 students. 56 students from Lowell attend [[North Country Union High School]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Spotlight on Lowell | publisher = the Chronicle | date = June 13, 2007}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
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* [[Frederick W. Baldwin (Vermont politician)|Frederick W. Baldwin]], attorney and politician who served as [[President pro tempore of the Vermont Senate]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walter |first=Charles T. |date=April 1, 1902 |title=Vermont Men of Today: Frederick W. Baldwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gldEAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA162 |journal=The Vermonter: An Illustrated State Magazine |location=St. Albans, VT |publisher=Charles S. Forbes |page=162}}</ref>
* [[John C. Caldwell]], teacher, diplomat, and Civil War general<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_wpKWzSmvUC&q=John+C.+Caldwell%2C+lowell+vermont&pg=PA85|title=The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies|last=Wright|first=John D.|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415878036|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Donald Collins (Vermont politician)|Donald Collins]], member of the Vermont Senate<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=26214 |title=Candidate Details, Donald E. "Don" Collins |last=Joshua L. |date=June 20, 2012 |website=Our Campaigns.com |access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Edgar S. Coolidge]], farmer and legislator<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyo0AQAAMAAJ&q=Edgar+S.+Coolidge%2C%2C+lowell+vermont&pg=PA405|title=Vermont Legislative Directory|last=State|first=Vermont Office of Secretary of|date=1888|publisher=Rand, Avery|language=en}}</ref>

==Footnotes==

{{Reflist|2}}

==References==

* Proceedings of the Orleans County (Vermont) Historical Society, 1913 U. S. Census
* History of the Town of Lowell, Helen Gelo, 1976, Lowell, Vermont

==External links==
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{{Orleans County, Vermont}}
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[[Category:Lowell, Vermont| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Vermont]]
[[Category:Towns in Orleans County, Vermont]]