Editing Low-temperature technology timeline

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The following is a '''[[timeline]] of low-temperature technology and [[Cryogenics|cryogenic]] technology''' ([[refrigeration]] down to close to [[absolute zero]], i.e. –273.15&nbsp;°C, −459.67&nbsp;°F or 0 K).<ref>{{cite journal|title=The terminology of low-temperature technology (discussion)| doi=10.1007/BF01146769|volume=12|issue=5|journal=Chemical and Petroleum Engineering|pages=470–472|year=1976|last1=Martynov|first1=A. V.| s2cid=110774259}}</ref> It also lists important milestones in [[thermometry]], [[thermodynamics]], [[statistical physics]] and [[calorimetry]], that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.

== Prior to the 19th century ==
* {{ca.|1700 BC}} – [[Zimri-Lim]], ruler of Mari in Syria commanded the construction of one of the first [[Ice house (building)|ice house]]s near the [[Euphrates]].<ref name="Dalley2002">{{cite book|author=Stephanie Dalley|author-link=Stephanie Dalley|title=Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oTh51M5XF4C&pg=PA91|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=978-1-931956-02-4|page=91}}</ref>
* {{ca.|500 BC}} – The [[yakhchal]] (meaning "ice pit" in Persian) is an ancient Persian type of refrigerator. The structure was formed from a mortar resistant to heat transmission, in the shape of a dome. Snow and ice was stored beneath the ground, effectively allowing access to ice even in hot months and allowing for prolonged [[food preservation]]. Often a [[badgir]] was coupled with the [[yakhchal]] in order to slow the heat loss. Modern refrigerators are still called yakhchal in Persian.
* {{ca.|60 AD}} – [[Hero of Alexandria]] knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water.<ref>T.D. McGee (1988) ''Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement'' {{ISBN|0-471-62767-4}}</ref> The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube. This was the first established principle of gas behaviour vs temperature, and principle of first thermometers later on. The idea could predate him even more ([[Empedocles]] of Agrigentum in his 460 B.C. book On Nature).
* 1396 AD – Ice storage warehouses called "Dong-bing-go-tango" (meaning "east ice storage warehouse" in Korean) and Seo-bing-go ("west ice storage warehouse") were built in Han-Yang (currently Seoul, Korea). The buildings housed ice that was collected from the frozen Han River in January (by lunar calendar). The warehouse was well-insulated, providing the royal families with ice into the summer months.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} These warehouses were closed in 1898 AD but the buildings are still intact in Seoul.
* 1593 – [[Galileo Galilei]] builds a first modern [[thermoscope]]. But it is possible the invention was by [[Santorio Santorio]] or independently around same time by [[Cornelis Drebbel]]. The principle of operation was known in [[ancient Greece]].
* {{ca.|1611}}–1613 – Francesco Sagredo or [[Santorio Santorio]], put a numerical scale on a thermoscope.
* 1617 – [[Giuseppe Biancani]] publishes first clear diagram of thermoscope
* 1638 – [[Robert Fludd]] describes thermometer with a scale, using air thermometer principle with column of air and liquid water.
* 1650 – [[Otto von Guericke]] designed and built the world's first [[vacuum pump]] and created the world's first ever [[vacuum]] known as the [[Magdeburg hemispheres]] to disprove [[Aristotle]]'s long-held supposition that '[[Nature abhors a vacuum]]'.
* 1656 – [[Robert Boyle]] and [[Robert Hooke]] built an [[air pump]] on this design.
* 1662 – [[Boyle's law]] (gas law relating pressure and volume) is demonstrated using a [[vacuum pump]]
* 1665 – Boyle theorizes a minimum temperature in ''New Experiments and Observations touching Cold''.
* 1679 – [[Denis Papin]] – [[safety valve]]
* 1702 – [[Guillaume Amontons]] first calculates [[absolute zero]] to be −240&nbsp;°C using an air thermometer of his own invention (1702), theorizing at this point the gas would reach zero volume and zero pressure.
* 1714 – [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] invented the first reliable thermometer, using mercury instead of alcohol and water mixtures
* 1724 – [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] proposes a Fahrenheit scale, which had finer scale and greater reproducibility than competitors.
* 1730 – [[René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur]] invented an alcohol thermometer and temperature scale ultimately proved to be less reliable than Fahrenheit's mercury thermometer.
* 1742 – [[Anders Celsius]] proposed a scale with zero at the boiling point and 100 degrees at the freezing point of water. It was later changed to be the other way around, on the input from Swedish academy of science.
* 1755 – [[William Cullen]] used a pump to create a partial [[vacuum]] over a container of [[diethyl ether]], which then [[boiling point|boiled]], absorbing [[heat of vaporization|heat]] from the surrounding air.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arora|first=Ramesh Chandra|title=Refrigeration and Air Conditioning|publisher=PHI Learning|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-203-3915-6|page=3|chapter=Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration|date=30 March 2012}}</ref>
* 1756 – The first documented public demonstration of artificial [[refrigeration]] by [[William Cullen]]<ref>William Cullen, ''Of the Cold Produced by Evaporating Fluids and of Some Other Means of Producing Cold,'' '''in''' Essays and Observations Physical and Literary Read Before a Society in Edinburgh and Published by Them, II, (Edinburgh 1756)</ref>
* 1782 – [[Antoine Lavoisier]] and [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] invent the [[Calorimetry|ice-calorimeter]]
* 1784 – [[Gaspard Monge]] liquefied the first pure gas with Clouet producing liquid [[sulfur dioxide]].<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=23905084 |title=Quelques précisions sur le chimiste Clouet et deux de ses homonymes |last1=Taton |first1=René |journal=Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de Leurs Applications |date=1952 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=359–367 |doi=10.3406/rhs.1952.2972 }}</ref><ref name="Wisiak2003">[https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/22723/1/IJCT%2010%282%29%20223-236.pdf Wisniak, Jaime. "Louis Paul Cailletet—The liquefaction of the permanent gases." (2003).]</ref>
* 1787 – [[Charles's law]] (Gas law, relating volume and temperature)
* 1799 – [[Martin van Marum]] and [[Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk]] compressed ammonia to see if it followed Boyle's law. They found at room temperature and 7 atm gaseous ammonia condensed to a liquid.<ref name="Wisiak2003"/>

== 19th century ==
* 1802 – [[John Dalton]] wrote "the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids"
* 1802 – [[Gay-Lussac's law]] (Gas law, relating temperature and pressure).
* 1803 – Domestic [[ice box]]
* 1803 – Thomas Moore of Baltimore, Md. received a patent on refrigeration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.waterfordhistory.org/history/waterford-thomas-moore.htm |title=1803 – Thomas Moore |access-date=2008-09-06 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093918/http://www.waterfordhistory.org/history/waterford-thomas-moore.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1805 – [[Oliver Evans]] designed the first closed circuit refrigeration machine based on the [[vapor-compression refrigeration]] cycle.
* 1809 – [[Jacob Perkins]] patented the first refrigerating machine
* 1810 – [[John Leslie (physicist)|John Leslie]] [[freezing|freeze]]s [[water]] to ice by using an [[airpump]].
* 1811 – [[Avogadro's law]]
* 1823 – [[Michael Faraday]] liquefied Cl<sub>2</sub><ref>Mendelssohn, Kurt. "Quest for absolute zero: the meaning of low temperature physics." (1977).</ref>
* 1824 – [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]] – the [[Carnot Cycle]]
* 1834 – [[Ideal gas law]] by [[Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron|Émile Clapeyron]]
* 1834 – [[Émile Clapeyron]] characterizes phase transitions between two phases in form of [[Clausius–Clapeyron relation]].
* 1834 – [[Jacob Perkins]] obtained the first patent for a [[vapor-compression refrigeration]] system.
* 1834 – [[Jean-Charles Peltier]] discovers the [[Peltier effect]]
* 1844 – [[Charles Piazzi Smyth]] proposes comfort cooling<ref>[http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/8/3/3/18337/18337.htm 1844 – Charles Piazzi Smyth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210085439/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/8/3/3/18337/18337.htm |date=2012-02-10 }}</ref>
* c.1850 – [[Michael Faraday]] makes a hypothesis that freezing substances increases their dielectric constant.
* 1851 – [[John Gorrie]] patented his mechanical refrigeration machine in the US to make ice to cool the air<ref>[http://www.myoutbox.net/popch20.htm 1851 John Gorrie]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00008080&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0008,080.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0008,080%2526RS%3DPN%2F0008,080&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|title=Patent Images|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>
* 1852 – [[James Prescott Joule]] and [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] discover [[Joule–Thomson effect]]
* 1856 – [[James Harrison (engineer)|James Harrison]] patented an ether liquid-vapour compression refrigeration system and developed the first practical ice-making and refrigeration room for use in the brewing and meat-packing industries of [[Geelong]], Victoria, Australia.
* 1856 – [[August Krönig]] simplistic foundation of [[kinetic theory of gases]].
* 1857 – [[Rudolf Clausius]] creates a sophisticated theory of gases based including all [[degrees of freedom]], as well derives [[Clausius–Clapeyron relation]] from basic principles.
* 1857 – [[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]], the [[Siemens cycle]]
* 1858 – [[Julius Plücker]] observed for the first time some pumping effect due to electrical discharge.
* 1859 – [[James Clerk Maxwell]] determines distribution of velocities and kinetic energies in a gas, and explains emergent property of temperature and heat, and creates a first law of statistical mechanics.
* 1859 – [[Ferdinand Carré]] – The first [[Absorption refrigeration|gas absorption]] refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia")
* 1862 – [[Alexander Carnegie Kirk]] invents the [[Air cycle machine]]
* 1864 – [[Charles Tellier]] patented a refrigeration system using [[dimethyl ether]]
* 1867 – [[Thaddeus S. C. Lowe]] patented a refrigeration system using [[carbon dioxide]], and in 1869 made ice making machine using dry carbon dioxide. The same year Lowe bought a steamship and put a compressor based refrigeration device on it for transport of frozen meat.
* 1867 — French immigrant [[Eugene Dominic Nicolle (inventor) | Eugene Dominic Nicolle]] dissolved [[ammonia]] in [[water]] to reach a temperature of −20°C in a sealed room. Together with another new Australian, industrialist [[Thomas Sutcliffe Mort | Sir Thomas Mort]] — who in 1867 built the first [[freezerworks]] using this idea in [[Balmain, New South Wales | Balmain]] — and with the help of [[NSW]] politician, [[Augustus Morris]], overcame the public's mistrust of frozen food by revealing the fact to an audience of the influential (after their state meal) on 2 September, 1875.<ref>JT Critchell & J. Raymond (Constable & Co., London: 1912), [https://archive.org/stream/historyoffrozenm00crituoft/historyoffrozenm00crituoft_djvu.txt  ''A History of the Frozen Meat Trade'']. </ref>
* 1869 – [[Charles Tellier]] installed a cold storage plant in France.
* 1869 – [[Thomas Andrews (scientist)|Thomas Andrews]] discovers existence of a [[critical point (thermodynamics)|critical point]] in fluids.
* 1871 – [[Carl von Linde]] built his first [[ammonia]] compression machine.
* c.a. 1873 – [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals|Van der Waals]] publishes and proposes a [[real gas]] model named later a [[Van der Waals equation]].
* 1875 – [[Raoul Pictet]] develops a refrigeration machine using [[sulphur dioxide]] to combat high-pressure problems of ammonia in when used in tropical climates (mainly for the purpose of shipping meat).
* 1876 – [[Carl von Linde]] patented equipment to liquefy air using the [[Joule–Thomson effect|Joule Thomson expansion process]] and [[regenerative cooling]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4404/app-a1.htm|title=app-a1|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>
* 1877 – [[Raoul Pictet]] and [[Louis Paul Cailletet]], working separately, develop two methods to liquefy [[oxygen]].
* 1879 – [[Brayton cycle#Reverse Brayton cycle|Bell-Coleman machine]]
* 1882 – [[William Soltau Davidson]] fitted a compression refrigeration unit to the New Zealand vessel [[Dunedin (ship)|''Dunedin'']]
* 1883 – [[Zygmunt Wróblewski]] condenses experimentally useful quantities of [[liquid oxygen]]
* 1885 – [[Zygmunt Wróblewski]] published hydrogen's critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.
* 1888 – [[Loftus Perkins]] develops the "Arktos" cold chamber for preserving food, using an early ammonia absorption system.
* 1892 – [[James Dewar]] invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass [[Dewar flask]]
* 1894 – [[Marcel Audiffren]], a French [[Cistercian ]] monk, patented a hand-cranked device that did not lose coolant to the atmosphere.
* 1895 – [[Carl von Linde]] files for [[patent]] protection of the [[Hampson–Linde cycle]] for liquefaction of atmospheric air or other gases (approved in 1903).
* 1898 – James Dewar condenses [[liquid hydrogen]] by using [[regenerative cooling]] and his invention, the [[vacuum flask]].

== 20th century ==
* 1905 – [[Carl von Linde]] obtains pure liquid [[oxygen]] and [[nitrogen]].
* 1906 – [[Willis Carrier]] patents the basis for modern [[air conditioning]].
* 1908 – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] liquifies [[helium]].
* 1911 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on metallic low-temperature phenomenon characterised by no electrical resistance, calling it [[superconductivity]].
* 1915 – [[Wolfgang Gaede]] – the [[Diffusion pump]]
* 1920 – Edmund Copeland and Harry Edwards use [[iso-butane]] in small refrigerators.
* 1922 – [[Baltzar von Platen (inventor)|Baltzar von Platen]] and [[Carl Munters]] invent the 3 fluids absorption chiller, exclusively driven by heat.
* 1924 – [[Fernand Holweck]] – the [[Holweck pump]]
* 1926 – [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Leó Szilárd]] invent the [[Einstein refrigerator]].
* 1926 – [[Willem Hendrik Keesom]] solidifies helium.
* 1926 – [[General Electric Company]] introduced the first hermetic compressor refrigerator
* 1929 – David Forbes Keith of Toronto, Ontario, Canada received a patent for the [[Icy Ball]] which helped hundreds of thousands of families through the [[Dirty Thirties]].
* 1933 – [[William Giauque]] and others – Adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration
* 1937 – [[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]], [[John F. Allen (physicist)|John F. Allen]], and [[Don Misener]] discover [[superfluidity]] using helium-4 at 2.2 [[Kelvin|K]]
* 1937 – [[Frans Michel Penning]] invents a type of [[cold cathode]] vacuum gauge known as [[Penning gauge]]
* 1944 – [[Manne Siegbahn]], the [[Turbomolecular pump|Siegbahn pump]]
* 1949 – S.G. Sydoriak, E.R. Grilly, E.F. Hammel, first measurements on pure 3He in the 1 K range
* 1950 –  Invention of the so-called Gifford-McMahon cooler by K.W. Taconis (patent US2,567,454)
* 1951 – [[Heinz London]] invents the principle of the [[dilution refrigerator]]
* 1955 – Willi Becker <!-- April 28, 2011 – Removed link to politician; no article yet for this pump engineer. --> [[turbomolecular pump]] concept<ref>[http://www.avs.org/pdf/timelineD.pdf Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline]</ref>
* 1956 – G.K. Walters, W.M. Fairbank, discovery of phase separation in 3He-4He mixtures
* 1957 – Lewis D. Hall, Robert L. Jepsen and John C. Helmer [[Ion pump (physics)|ion pump]] based on Penning discharge
* 1959 – [[Kleemenko cycle]]
* 1960 – Reinvention of the Gifford-McMahon cooler by H.O. McMahon and W.E. Gifford
* 1965 – D.O. Edwards, and others, discovery of finite solubility of 3He in 4He at 0K
* 1965 – P. Das, R. de Bruyn Ouboter, K.W. Taconis, one-shot dilution refrigerator<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103390| issn=0011-2275 | title = Development of Dilution refrigerators – A review | journal = Cryogenics| volume = 121| year = 2022| last1 = Zu | first1 = H.| last2 = Dai | first2 = W.| last3 = de Waele | first3 = A.T.A.M.| s2cid=244005391 }}</ref>
* 1966 – H.E. Hall, P.J. Ford, K. Thomson, continuous dilution refrigerator
* 1972 – [[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]], [[Robert Coleman Richardson]] and [[Douglas Osheroff]] discover superfluidity in helium-3 at 0.002 K.
* 1973 – [[Linear compressor]]
* 1978 – [[Laser cooling]] demonstrated in the groups of Wineland and Dehmelt.
* 1983 – Orifice-type [[pulse tube refrigerator]] invented by Mikulin, Tarasov, and Shkrebyonock
* 1986 – [[Karl Alexander Müller]] and [[J. Georg Bednorz]] discover [[high-temperature superconductivity]]
* 1995 – [[Eric Cornell]] and [[Carl Wieman]] create the first<ref>{{cite web|title=New State of Matter Seen Near Absolute Zero|url=http://physics.nist.gov/News/Update/950724.html|publisher=NIST|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601175245/http://physics.nist.gov/News/Update/950724.html|archive-date=2010-06-01}}</ref> [[Bose–Einstein condensate]], using a dilute gas of [[Rubidium-87]] cooled to 170 nK. They won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2001 for BEC.
* 1999 – D.J. Cousins and others, dilution refrigerator reaching 1.75 mK
* 1999 – The current world record lowest temperature was set at 100 picokelvins (pK), or 0.000 000 000 1 of a kelvin, by cooling the nuclear spins in a piece of [[rhodium]] metal.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/LTL/World_record_in_low_temperatures|title = World record in low temperatures|access-date =2009-05-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090618075820/http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/LTL/World_record_in_low_temperatures| archive-date=2009-06-18| url-status= live}}</ref>

== 21st century ==

* 2000 – [[Nuclear spin]] temperatures below 100&nbsp;pK were reported for an experiment at the [[Helsinki University of Technology]]'s Low Temperature Lab in [[Espoo]], [[Finland]]. However, this was the temperature of one particular [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degree of freedom]] –&nbsp;a [[quantum]] property called nuclear spin&nbsp;– not the overall average [[thermodynamic temperature]] for all possible degrees in freedom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knuuttila|first=Tauno|url=http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Kirjasto/Diss/2000/isbn9512252147|title=Nuclear Magnetism and Superconductivity in Rhodium|location=Espoo, Finland|publisher=Helsinki University of Technology|year=2000|isbn=978-951-22-5208-4|access-date=2008-02-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428173229/http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Kirjasto/Diss/2000/isbn9512252147/|archive-date=2001-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Low Temperature World Record|url=http://ltl.hut.fi/Low-Temp-Record.html|publisher=Low Temperature Laboratory, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu|date=8 December 2000|access-date=2008-02-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080218053521/http://ltl.hut.fi/Low-Temp-Record.html| archive-date=2008-02-18| url-status= live}}</ref>
* 2014 – Scientists in the [[CUORE]] collaboration at the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] in Italy cooled a copper vessel with a volume of one cubic meter to {{convert|0.006|K|C F|sigfig=6|abbr=out}} for 15 days, setting a record for the lowest temperature in the known universe over such a large contiguous volume<ref>{{cite news|title=CUORE: The Coldest Heart in the Known Universe.|url=http://www.interactions.org/cms/?pid=1034217|access-date=21 October 2014|publisher=INFN Press Release}}</ref>
* 2015 – Experimental physicists at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) successfully cooled molecules in a gas of sodium potassium to a temperature of 500 nanokelvins, and it is expected to exhibit an exotic [[state of matter]] by cooling these molecules a bit further.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT team creates ultracold molecules|url=https://newsoffice.mit.edu/2015/ultracold-molecules-0610|work=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge|date=10 June 2015 }}</ref>
* 2015 – A team of atomic physicists from [[Stanford University]] used a matter-wave lensing technique to cool a sample of rubidium atoms to an effective temperature of 50&nbsp;pK along two spatial dimensions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kovachy |first1=Tim |last2=Hogan |first2=Jason M. |last3=Sugarbaker |first3=Alex |last4=Dickerson |first4=Susannah M. |last5=Donnelly |first5=Christine A. |last6=Overstreet |first6=Chris |last7=Kasevich |first7=Mark A. |date=2015 |title=Matter Wave Lensing to Picokelvin Temperatures |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=143004 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.143004|pmid=25910118 |arxiv=1407.6995 |bibcode=2015PhRvL.114n3004K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 2017 - [[Cold Atom Laboratory]] (CAL), an experimental instrument launched to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/coolest-science-ever-headed-space-station|title=Coolest science ever headed to the space station|date=2017-09-05|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|access-date=2017-09-24|language=en}}</ref> The instrument creates extremely cold conditions in the [[microgravity]] environment of the ISS leading to the formation of [[Bose Einstein Condensate]]s that are a magnitude colder than those that are created in laboratories on Earth. In this space-based laboratory, up to 20 seconds interaction times and as low as 1 picokelvin (<math>10^{-12}</math> K) temperatures are projected to be achievable, and it could lead to exploration of unknown [[Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] phenomena and test some of the most fundamental laws of physics.<ref name="NASA Cold Atom Laboratory Mission">{{cite web |url=http://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092843/http://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-03-29 |title=Cold Atom Laboratory Mission |work=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |publisher=NASA |date=2017 |access-date=2016-12-22 }}</ref><ref name="CALnasa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/cold_atom_lab/ |title=Cold Atom Laboratory Creates Atomic Dance |work=NASA News |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=2015-05-21 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of timelines]]
* [[Liquefaction of gases]]
* [[History of superconductivity]]
* [[History of thermodynamics]]
* [[Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology]]
* [[Timeline of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and random processes]]
* [[Industrial gas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814221021/http://www.rogersrefrig.com/history.html Refrigeration History]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Low-temperature technology timeline}}
[[Category:Technology timelines|Low-temperature technology]]
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[[Category:Cooling technology]]
[[Category:Industrial gases]]
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