Editing Louis XIII

{{Short description|King of France from 1610 to 1643}}
{{For-multi|the cognac|Louis XIII (cognac)|the architectural style|Louis XIII style}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = Luis XIII, rey de Francia (Philippe de Champaigne).jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], {{Circa|1635}}
| alt          = Portrait of Louis XIII in his 34th year
| succession   = [[King of France]]
| moretext     = ([[Style of the French sovereign|more...]])
| reign        = 14 May 1610 – 14 May 1643
| coronation   = 17 October 1610<br/>[[Reims Cathedral]]
| cor-type     = France
| predecessor  = [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]
| successor    = [[Louis XIV]]
| regent       = [[Marie de' Medici]] (1610–1614)
| reg-type2    = {{Nowrap|[[Chief minister of France|Chief ministers]]}}
| regent2      = {{List collapsed|title={{Nobold|''See list''}}|
* [[Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes|Duke of Luynes]]<br/>(1617–1621)
* [[Cardinal Richelieu]]<br/>(1624–1642)
* [[Cardinal Mazarin]]<br/>(1642–1643)}}
| succession3  = [[King of Navarre]] {{Nobold|(as Louis II)}}
| reign3       = 14 May 1610 – 20 October 1620
| predecessor3 = [[Henry IV of France|Henry III]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1601|9|27|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Château de Fontainebleau]], Kingdom of France
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1643|5|14|1601|9|27|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], Kingdom of France
| burial_date  = 19 May 1643
| burial_place = [[Basilica of St Denis]], France
| spouse       = {{Marriage|[[Anne of Austria]]|24 November 1615}}
| issue        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Louis XIV]]
* [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]}}
| house        = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]
| father       = [[Henry IV of France]]
| mother       = [[Marie de' Medici]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in France|Roman Catholicism]]
| signature    = Signature of Louis XIII of France.svg
}}

'''Louis XIII''' ({{IPA|fr|lwi tʁɛz}}; sometimes called '''the Just'''; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was [[King of France]] from 1610 until his death in 1643 and [[King of Navarre]] (as '''Louis II''') from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

Shortly before his ninth birthday, Louis became king of France and Navarre after his father [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] was assassinated. His mother, [[Marie de' Medici]], acted as regent during his minority. Mismanagement of the kingdom and ceaseless political intrigues by Marie and her Italian [[favourite]]s led the young king to take power in 1617 by exiling his mother and executing her followers, including [[Concino Concini]], the most influential Italian at the French court.{{Sfn|Moote|1989}}

Louis XIII, taciturn and suspicious, relied heavily on his chief ministers, first [[Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes]] and then [[Cardinal Richelieu]], to govern the [[Kingdom of France]]. The King and the Cardinal are remembered for establishing the ''[[Académie française]]'', and ending the revolt of the [[French nobility]]. They systematically destroyed the castles of defiant lords, and denounced the use of private violence (dueling, carrying weapons, and maintaining private armies). By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu had established "the royal monopoly of force" as the ruling doctrine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tilly |first=Charles |title=Bringing the State Back In |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=P.B. |page=174 |chapter=War making and state making as organized crime |editor-last2=Rueschemeyer |editor-first2=D. |editor-last3=Skocpol |editor-first3=T. |editor-link3=Theda Skocpol}}</ref> The king's reign was also marked by the struggles against the [[Huguenot rebellions|Huguenots]] and [[Habsburg Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schneider, Robert A. ''History 1450–1789: Louis XIII.'' |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-xiii-of-france |access-date=23 August 2012 |publisher=Answers.com}}</ref>

==Early life, 1601–1610==
Born at the [[Palace of Fontainebleau]], Louis XIII was the eldest child of King [[Henry IV of France]] and his second wife [[Marie de' Medici]]. As son of the king, he was a [[Fils de France]] ("son of France"), and as the eldest son, [[Dauphin of France]]. His father Henry IV was the first French king of the [[House of Bourbon]], having succeeded his second cousin, [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] (1574–1589), in application of [[Salic law]]. Louis XIII's paternal grandparents were [[Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme]], and [[Jeanne d'Albret]], Queen of Navarre. His maternal grandparents were [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]], and [[Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany]]. [[Eleonora de' Medici]], his maternal aunt, was his [[godparent|godmother]].<ref>{{Harvnb|James|1897|pp=[https://archive.org/details/paintersandthei00ngoog/page/n430 421]}}</ref> As a child, he was raised under the supervision of the royal governess [[Françoise de Montglat]].

The ambassador of King [[James I of England]] to the court of France, [[Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury|Sir Edward Herbert]], who presented his credentials to Louis XIII in 1619, remarked on Louis's extreme congenital speech impediment and his [[Hyperdontia|double teeth]]:
{{quotation|...I presented to the King [Louis] a letter of credence from the King [James] my master: the King [Louis] assured me of a reciprocal affection to the King [James] my master, and of my particular welcome to his Court: his words were never many, as being so extream {{sic}} a stutterer that he would sometimes hold his tongue out of his mouth a good while before he could speak so much as one word; he had besides a double row of teeth, and was observed seldom or never to spit or blow his nose, or to sweat much, 'tho he were very laborious, and almost indefatigable in his exercises of hunting and hawking, to which he was much addicted...<ref>{{Harvnb|Herbert of Cherbury|1830|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9mALAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA116 116]}}</ref>}}

==Regency of Marie de' Medici, 1610–1617==
[[File:Louis Dreizehn France.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Louis XIII by [[Frans Pourbus the Younger]], {{circa|1616}}]]

Louis XIII ascended the throne in 1610 upon the assassination of his father, and his mother Marie de' Medici acted as his [[Regent]]. Although Louis XIII came of age at thirteen (1614), his mother did not give up her position as Regent until 1617, when he was 16. Marie maintained most of her husband's ministers, with the exception of [[Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully]], who was unpopular in the country. She mainly relied on [[Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy]], [[Noël Brûlart de Sillery]], and [[Pierre Jeannin]] for political advice. Marie pursued a moderate policy, confirming the [[Edict of Nantes]]. She was not, however, able to prevent rebellion by nobles such as [[Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646)]], second in line to the throne after Marie's second surviving son [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans]]. Condé squabbled with Marie in 1614, and briefly raised an army, but he found little support in the country, and Marie was able to raise her own army. Nevertheless, Marie agreed to call an [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] assembly to address Condé's grievances.

The assembly of this Estates General was delayed until Louis XIII formally came of age on his thirteenth birthday. Although his coming-of-age formally ended Marie's Regency, she remained the ''de facto'' ruler of France. The Estates General accomplished little, spending its time discussing the relationship of France to the [[Papacy]] and the [[venality]] of offices, but reaching no resolutions.

[[File:France 1643-A Half Louis d'Or.jpg|thumb|Half Louis d'Or (1643) depicting Louis XIII]]

Beginning in 1615, Marie came to rely increasingly on [[Concino Concini]], an Italian who assumed the role of her favourite, and was widely unpopular because he was a foreigner. This further antagonised Condé, who launched another rebellion in the early months of 1616. [[Huguenot]] leaders supported Condé's rebellion, which led the young Louis XIII to conclude that they would never be loyal subjects. Eventually, Condé and Queen Marie made peace with the ratification on 3 May of the [[Treaty of Loudun]], which allowed Condé great power in government but did not remove Concini. However, on 1 September, after growing dissatisfaction from nobles due to Concini's position, Queen Marie, with Louis's help, imprisoned Condé to protect Concini, leading to renewed revolts against the Queen and Concini.{{sfn|Moote|1989|p=86}}

In the meantime, Louis XIII decided, with the encouragement of [[Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes|Charles d'Albert]] (the [[Grand Falconer of France]]) and other advisers, to break with his mother and to arrest Concini.<ref>{{harvnb|Kettering|2008|pp=76–78}}. According to Moote, it is generally accepted that Louis XIII knew that Concini would be killed during the arrest ({{harvnb|Moote|1989|p=94}}).</ref> On 24 April 1617, during the attempted arrest, Concini was killed.{{sfn|Moote|1989|pp=92–94}} His widow [[Leonora Dori]] Galigaï was tried for witchcraft, condemned, beheaded, and burned on 8 July 1617,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Concino-Concini-Marquis-dAncre "Concini, Concino"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' online.</ref> and Marie was sent into exile in [[Blois]].{{sfn|Moote|1989|pp=100–101}} Later, Louis conferred the title of [[Duke of Luynes]] on Charles d'Albert.{{sfn|Kettering|2008|pp=100–101}}

==Ascendancy of Charles de Luynes, 1617–1621==
[[File:Louis XIII on Horseback. Circa 1615-1620 CE. Bronze, from France (probably Paris). The Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|thumb|Louis XIII on horseback, {{circa}} 1615–1620. [[Bronze]], from France (probably Paris). [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London]]

[[Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes|Luynes]] soon became as unpopular as Concini had been. Other nobles resented his monopolisation of the King. Luynes was seen as less competent than Henry IV's ministers, many now elderly or deceased, who had surrounded Marie de' Medici.

The [[Thirty Years' War]] broke out in 1618. The French court was initially unsure of which side to support. On the one hand, France's traditional rivalry with the [[House of Habsburg]] argued in favour of intervening on behalf of the Protestant powers (and Louis's father Henry IV of France had once been a Huguenot leader). On the other hand, Louis XIII had a strict Catholic upbringing, and his natural inclination was to support the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], the Habsburg [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]].

The French nobles were further antagonised against Luynes by the 1618 revocation of the ''[[Paulette (tax)|paulette tax]]'' and by the sale of offices in 1620. From her exile in Blois, Marie de' Medici became the obvious rallying point for this discontent, and the Bishop of Luçon (who became [[Cardinal Richelieu]] in 1622) was allowed to act as her chief adviser, serving as a go-between Marie and the King.

French nobles launched a rebellion on 2 July 1620, but their forces were easily routed by royal forces at the {{ill|Battle of Ponts-de-Cé|fr|Bataille des Ponts-de-Cé (1620)}} on 7 August 1620. Louis then launched an expedition against the Huguenots of [[Béarn]] who had defied a number of royal decisions. This expedition managed to re-establish Catholicism as the official religion of Béarn. However, the Béarn expedition drove Huguenots in other provinces into a rebellion led by [[Henri, Duke of Rohan]].

In 1621 Louis XIII was formally reconciled with his mother. Luynes was appointed [[Constable of France]], after which he and Louis set out to quell the Huguenot rebellion. The siege at the Huguenot stronghold of [[Montauban]] had to be abandoned after three months owing to the large number of royal troops who had succumbed to camp fever. One of the victims of camp fever was Luynes, who died in December 1621.

==Rule by council, 1622–1624==
[[File:Louis-XIII by-Franz-II-Pourbus.jpg|thumb|Louis XIII, by [[Frans Pourbus the younger]] (1620)]]

Following the death of Luynes, Louis determined that he would rule by council. His mother returned from exile and, in 1622, entered this council, where Condé recommended violent suppression of the Huguenots. The 1622 campaign, however, followed the pattern of the previous year: royal forces won some early victories, but were unable to complete a siege, this time at the fortress of [[Montpellier]].

The rebellion was ended by the [[Treaty of Montpellier]], signed by Louis XIII and the Duke of Rohan in October 1622. The treaty confirmed the tenets of the Edict of Nantes: several Huguenot fortresses were to be razed, but the Huguenots retained control of Montauban and [[La Rochelle]].

Louis ultimately dismissed Noël Brûlart de Sillery and Pierre Brûlart in 1624 because of his displeasure with how they handled the diplomatic situation over the [[Valtellina]] with [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]]. Valtellina was an area with Catholic inhabitants under the [[suzerainty]] of the Protestant [[Three Leagues]]. It served as an important route to Italy for France and it provided an easy connection between the Spanish and the Holy Roman empires, especially in helping each other with armies if necessary. Spain was constantly interfering in the Valtellina, which angered Louis, as he wanted to hold possession of this strategically important passageway.{{efn|In these years the French kingdom was literally surrounded by the Habsburg realms, for the Habsburgs were Kings of Spain as well as Holy Roman Emperors. In addition, the Spanish and Holy Roman empires included the territories of today's Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, and northern Italy.}} He therefore found a better servitor in his [[Superintendent of Finances]] [[Charles de La Vieuville]], who held similar views of Spain as the king, and who advised Louis to side with [[Netherlands|the Dutch]] via the [[Treaty of Compiègne (1624)|Treaty of Compiègne]].<ref>{{harvnb|Moote|1989|p=135}}</ref>
However, La Vieuville was dismissed by the middle of 1624, partly due to his bad behaviour (during his tenure as superintendent he was arrogant and incompetent) and because of a well-organized pamphlet campaign by [[Cardinal Richelieu]] against his council rival.<ref>{{harvnb|Moote|1989|p=114}}</ref> Louis needed a new chief advisor; Cardinal Richelieu would be that counsellor.

==Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu, 1624–1642==
{{further|Cardinal Richelieu#Chief minister}}
[[File:Louis XIII (crowned by victory).jpg|thumbnail|''Louis XIII Crowned by Victory (Siege of La Rochelle, 1628)'', [[Philippe de Champaigne]], [[musée du Louvre]]]]

Cardinal Richelieu played a major role in Louis XIII's reign from 1624, determining France's direction over the course of the next eighteen years. As a result of Richelieu's work, Louis XIII became one of the first examples of an [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarch]]. Under Louis and Richelieu, the crown [[Thirty Years' War#French intervention and continued Swedish participation (1635&ndash;1648)|successfully intervened]] in the [[Thirty Years' War]] against the Habsburgs, managed to keep the French nobility in line, and retracted the political and military privileges granted to the Huguenots by Henry IV (while maintaining their religious freedoms). Louis XIII successfully led the important [[Siege of La Rochelle]]. In addition, Louis had the port of [[Le Havre]] modernised, and he built a powerful navy.

Louis also worked to reverse the trend of promising French artists leaving for Italy to work and study. He commissioned the painters [[Nicolas Poussin]] and [[Philippe de Champaigne]] to decorate the [[Louvre Palace]]. In foreign matters, Louis organised the development and administration of [[New France]], expanding its settlements westward along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] from [[Quebec City]] to [[Montreal]].

==Expansion overseas under Louis XIII==

===Morocco===
[[File:Louis XIII.jpg|thumb|Louis XIII, by Peter Paul Rubens]]

In order to continue the exploration efforts of his predecessor Henry IV, Louis XIII considered a colonial venture in [[Morocco]], and sent a fleet under [[Isaac de Razilly]] in 1619.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Round table of Franciscan research |date=1952 |publisher=Capuchin Seminary of St. Anthony |volume=17, 18 |quote=The narrative really begins in 1619, when the adventurer, Admiral S. John de Razilly, resolved to go to Africa. France had no colony in Morocco; hence, King Louis XIII gave whole-hearted support to de Razilly.}}</ref> Razilly was able to explore the coast as far as [[Mogador]]. In 1624 he was given charge of an embassy to the pirate harbour of [[Salé]] in Morocco, in order to solve the affair of the [[Zaydani Library]] of [[Mulay Zidan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dubé |first1=Jean-Claude |title=The Chevalier de Montmagny (1601–1657): First Governor of New France |last2=Rapley |first2=Elizabeth |date=2005 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-0559-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chevalierdemontm0000dube/page/111 111]}}</ref>

In 1630, Razilly was able to negotiate the purchase of French slaves from the Moroccans. He visited Morocco again in 1631, and helped negotiate the [[Franco-Moroccan Treaty (1631)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=García-Arenal |first1=Mercedes |title=A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe |last2=Wiegers |first2=Gerard Albert |date=2003 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7225-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QbZRl9DMIPMC&pg=PA114 114] |translator-last=Beagles |translator-first=Martin |ol=7871017M}}</ref> The treaty gave France preferential treatment, known as [[Capitulation (surrender)|capitulations]]: preferential tariffs, the establishment of a consulate, and freedom of religion for French subjects.{{Sfn|Tapié|1984|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KPM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA259 259]}}

===Americas===
{{Further|France–Americas relations}}
Unlike other colonial powers, France, under the guidance of Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, encouraged a peaceful coexistence in [[New France]] between the natives and the colonists. Indians, converted to Catholicism, were considered as "natural Frenchmen" by the [[Ordonnance]] of 1627:
{{blockquote|The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country [New France], together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it, shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen, and as such may come to live in France when they want, and acquire, donate, and succeed and accept donations and legacies, just as true French subjects, without being required to take letters of declaration of naturalization.<ref>[http://notrehistoire.net/textes_histoire_droit/CN_Memoire.pdf Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada, contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu, le 29 avril 1627 ]</ref>}}

[[Acadia]] was also developed under Louis XIII. In 1632, Isaac de Razilly became involved, at the request of Cardinal Richelieu, in the colonization of Acadia, by taking possession of [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port-Royal]] (now [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia]]) and developing it into a French colony. The King gave Razilly the official title of [[List of Acadian governors|lieutenant-general for New France]]. He took on military tasks such as taking control of [[Fort Pentagouet]] at [[Castine, Maine|Majabigwaduce]] on the [[Penobscot Bay]], which had been given to France in an earlier Treaty, and to inform the English they were to vacate all lands north of Pemaquid. This resulted in all the French interests in Acadia being restored. In [[Brazil]], the colony of [[Equinoctial France]] was established in 1612, but only lasted 4 years until it was eliminated by the Portuguese. In 1642, Louis XIII authorised French subjects to engage in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] provided those they enslaved were converted to Christianity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.projectmanifest.eu/french-ports-and-the-development-of-the-plantation-economy-and-the-trade-of-enslaved-people-manifest/#:~:text=In%201642%2C%20Louis%20XIII%20authorized,captives%20were%20converted%20to%20Christianity | title=French ports and the development of the plantation economy and the trade of enslaved people (EN, FR) | date=13 December 2022 }}</ref>

===Asia===
[[File:Fleet of Montmorency led by Augustin de Beaulieu 1619 1622.jpg|thumb|upright|"Fleet of Montmorency", led by [[Augustin de Beaulieu]], in the [[East Indies]], 1619–22]]

[[France-Japan relations]] started under Louis XIII in 1615 when [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]], a Japanese samurai and ambassador, sent to Rome by [[Date Masamune]], landed at [[Saint-Tropez]] for a few days. In 1636, [[Guillaume Courtet]], a French [[Dominican order|Dominican]] priest, reciprocated when he set foot in Japan.<ref>''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' by Alban Butler, Paul Burns, p. 259</ref>

Also in 1615, Marie de' Medici incorporated the merchants of Dieppe and other harbours to found the [[Company of the Moluccas]]. In 1619, an armed expedition composed of three ships (275 crew, 106 cannon) and called the "Fleet of Montmorency" under General [[Augustin de Beaulieu]] was sent from Honfleur, to fight [[Netherlands|the Dutch]] in the [[Far East]]. In 1624, with the [[Treaty of Compiègne]], Cardinal Richelieu obtained an agreement to halt the Dutch–French warfare in the Far East.<ref name="Lach">{{cite book|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance|volume= 1 |first=Donald F.|last=Lach|author-link=Donald F. Lach|pages= 93–94, 398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjVKjJ-WgOYC&pg=PA94|isbn= 9780226467658 |date= 15 December 1998 |publisher= University of Chicago Press }}</ref>

==Antipathy with brother==
Twice the king's younger brother, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, had to leave France for conspiring against his government and for attempting to undermine the influence of his mother and Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in [[Languedoc]], he took refuge in [[Flanders]]. In 1643, on the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became lieutenant-general of the kingdom and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France.

==Marriage==
[[File:Anna of Austria by Rubens (1622-1625, Norton Simon Museum).jpg|thumb|upright|Anne of Austria, Queen of France, wife of Louis XIII (by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], 1625)]]
On 24 November 1615, Louis XIII married [[Anne of Austria]], daughter of [[Philip III of Spain]].{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|p=?}} The couple were second cousins, by mutual descent from [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]. This marriage followed a tradition of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. The tradition went back to the marriage of [[Louis VII of France]] and [[Constance of Castile]]. The marriage was only briefly happy, and the King's duties often kept them apart. After 23 years of marriage and four stillbirths, Anne finally gave birth to a son on 5 September 1638, the future [[Louis XIV]].

Many people regarded this birth as a miracle and, in show of gratitude to God for the long-awaited birth of an heir, his parents named him Louis-''Dieudonné'' ("God-given"). As another sign of gratitude, according to several interpretations, seven months before his birth, France was dedicated by Louis XIII to the [[Virgin Mary]], who, many believed, had interceded for the perceived miracle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nd-de-graces.com/history/brother_fiacre.htm |title=Apparition story of the Virgin Mary in Cotignac (Var, Provence) |access-date=2008-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014072153/http://www.nd-de-graces.com/history/brother_fiacre.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007}} Our Lady of Graces and the birth of Louis XIV, The website of the [http://www.nd-de-graces.com/accueil.php Sanctuary of Our Lady at Cotignac, Provence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513203930/http://www.nd-de-graces.com/accueil.php |date=13 May 2008 }}. Retrieved 24 January 2008</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Brémond|1908|pp=[https://archive.org/details/laprovencemysti00bremgoog/page/n415 381]}} "Sans l'assurance d'avoir un fils, Louis XIII n'aurait pas fait le voeu de 1638." Translation: "Without the assurance of having a son, Louis XIII would not have made the vow of 1638."</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572792/Louis_XIV.html |title=Louis XIV |publisher=MSN Encarta |year=2008 |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028021603/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572792/Louis_XIV.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> But the text of the dedication does not mention the royal pregnancy and birth as one of its reasons, and Louis XIII himself is said to have expressed his scepticism with regard to the miracle after his son's birth.<ref>[[Claude Dulong|Dulong, Claude]], ''Anne d’Autriche''. Paris: Hachette, 1980. "Irrité de voir tant de courtisans parler de "miracle", Louis XIII aurait répliqué que "ce n'était point là si grand miracle qu'un mari couchât avec sa femme et lui fasse un enfant." Translation: "Irritated to see so many courtiers speak of a 'miracle', Louis XIII is said to have replied: 'it was not such a great miracle that a husband slept with his wife and made a child with her'."</ref> In gratitude for having successfully given birth, the queen founded the [[Benedictine]] abbey of the [[Val-de-Grâce]], for which Louis XIV laid the cornerstone of its [[Church of the Val-de-Grâce|church]], an early masterpiece of French Baroque architecture.

==Issue==
The couple had the following offspring:

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! width=20% | Name !! width="100" | Portrait !! Lifespan !! Notes
|-
|stillborn child || || Dec&nbsp;1619 ||
|-
|stillborn child || || 14&nbsp;Mar&nbsp;1622 ||
|-
|stillborn child || || 1626 ||
|-
|stillborn child || || Apr&nbsp;1631 ||
|-
|[[Louis XIV|Louis-Dieudonné, Dauphin of France (later Louis XIV)]]  || [[File:LouisXIV-child.jpg|100px]] || 5&nbsp;Sep&nbsp;1638 – 1&nbsp;Sep&nbsp;1715 || Married [[Maria Theresa of Spain]] ({{langx|es|María Teresa de Austria}}; {{langx|fr|Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche}}) (1638–83) in 1660. Had issue, after Maria Theresa's death, he secretly married his last [[List of French royal mistresses|''maîtresse-en-titre'']] (official mistress), [[Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon|Madame de Maintenon]] but had no issue.
|-
|[[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou (later Duke of Orléans)]] || [[File:A young King Louis XIV of France (wearing Fleur-de-lis) sitting on a throne with his brother Philippe, Duke of Orléans.jpg|100px]] || 21&nbsp;Sep&nbsp;1640 – 8&nbsp;Jun&nbsp;1701 || Married (1) [[Henrietta of England|Princess Henrietta of England]] (1644–70) in 1661. Had issue. Married (2) [[Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine]] (1652–1722) in 1671. Had issue.
|}

[[Voltaire]] claimed in the second edition of ''Questions sur l'Encyclopédie'' (1771) that before Louis XIV was born, Louis XIII had an illegitimate son, who was jailed and his face hidden beneath an iron mask (see the [[Man in the Iron Mask]]).

==Sexuality==

[[File:LouisXIII.jpg|thumb|Coronation portrait of Louis XIII by [[Philippe de Champaigne]]]]

There is no evidence that Louis kept mistresses (a distinction that earned him the title "Louis the [[Chastity|Chaste]]"), but several reports suggest that he may have been homosexual. The prolonged temporal gap between the queen's pregnancies may have been a result of Louis XIII's aversion to heterosexual activity, a matter of great political consequence, since it took the couple more than 20 years of marriage before Louis XIV's birth.<ref>{{cite book|title=Louis XIV|url=https://archive.org/details/louisxiv00wolf|url-access=registration|author=John Baptiste Wolf|publisher=Norton|year=1968}}</ref> His interests as a teenager were focused on male courtiers and he developed an intense emotional attachment to his favourite, [[Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes|Charles d'Albert]], although some say there is no clear evidence of a sexual relationship.<ref>{{harvnb|Moote|1989|p=148}}</ref> [[Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux]], drawing from rumours told to him by a critic of the King (the [[Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet|Marquise de Rambouillet]]), explicitly speculated in his ''Historiettes'' about what happened in the king's bed.

A further [[affair|liaison]] with an [[equerry]], François de Baradas, ended when the latter lost favour fighting a duel after duelling had been forbidden by royal decree.<ref>{{Harvnb|Crompton|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC&pg=PA338 338]}} The grandson of Henry III, Saint-Luc, penned the irreverent rhyme:  "Become a bugger, Baradas / if you are not already one / like Maugiron my grandfather / and La Valette".</ref>

Louis was also captivated by [[Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars]], 19 years his younger, who was later executed for conspiring with the Spanish enemy in time of war. Tallemant described how on a royal journey, the King "sent M. le Grand [de Cinq-Mars] to undress, who returned, adorned like a bride. 'To bed, to bed' he said to him impatiently... and the mignon was not in before the king was already kissing his hands. But he did not find that M. le Grand, whose heart was elsewhere, responded to his great ardour."<ref>{{Harvnb|Crompton|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC&pg=PA338 338]}}</ref>

==Death==
Louis XIII was unwell during the winter of 1642–1643. He managed a few hunting trips to Versailles, but by the middle of February was mostly bedridden. From contemporary descriptions, modern historians have surmised that he suffered from [[extrapulmonary tuberculosis]].{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|p=131}} On 13 April his chief physician informed him that his illness would be fatal.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|p=137}} He died in Paris on 14 May 1643, the 33rd anniversary of his father's death. According to his biographer A. Lloyd Moote, <blockquote>"his intestines were inflamed and ulcerated, making digestion virtually impossible; [[tuberculosis]] had spread to his lungs, accompanied by habitual cough. Either of these major ailments, or the accumulation of minor problems, may have killed him, not to mention physiological weaknesses that made him prone to disease or his doctors' remedies of [[enemas]] and [[Bloodletting|bleedings]], which continued right to his death."<ref>{{harvnb|Moote|1989|p=292}}</ref></blockquote>

==Composer and lute player==
Louis XIII shared his mother's love of the [[lute]], developed in her childhood in Florence. One of his first toys was a lute and his personal doctor, Jean Héroard, reports him playing it for his mother in 1604, at the age of three.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classiquenews.com/interview-with-miguel-yisrael-lutenist-about-the-lute-in-france-in-the-17th-century/|title=INTERVIEW with Miguel Yisrael, lutenist, about the lute in France in the 17th century|website=classiquenews.com}}</ref> In 1635, Louis XIII composed the music, wrote the libretto and designed the costumes for the "[[Ballet de la Merlaison]]". The king himself danced in two performances of the ballet the same year at Chantilly and Royaumont.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnd.fr/agenda/214443/le-ballet-de-la-merlaison/|title=CND - Centre National de la Danse|website=cnd.fr|access-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226160511/http://www.cnd.fr/agenda/214443/le-ballet-de-la-merlaison/|archive-date=26 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Influence on men's fashion==
In the sphere of [[1600–1650 in Western European fashion#Men's fashions|men's fashion]], Louis helped introduce the wearing of [[wig]]s among men in 1624.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/161907 | title=Everything Has a History Including Wigs | work=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|first=Kurt|last=Stenn|date=13 March 2016|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> This fashion spread in Europe and European-influenced countries [[1650–1700 in Western European fashion#Men's fashion|in the 1660s]] and was a dominant style among men for about 140 years, until the [[1795–1820 in Western fashion#Men's hairstyles and headgear|change of dress in the 1790s]] which was affected by the [[French Revolution]] (1789–1799).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhistory.com/2009/02/24_wigs.html|title="Horrid Bushes of Vanity": A History of Wigs|publisher=Randomhistory.com|date=24 February 2009|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

==In fiction and film==
* Louis XIII, his wife Anne, and Cardinal Richelieu became central figures in [[Alexandre Dumas, père|Alexandre Dumas, ''père'']]'s 1844 novel ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'' and subsequent television and [[The Three Musketeers in film|film adaptations]]. The book depicts Louis as a man willing to have Richelieu as a powerful advisor but aware of his scheming; he is portrayed as bored and sour, dwarfed by Richelieu's intellect. Films such as [[The Three Musketeers (1948 film)|the 1948]], [[The Three Musketeers (1973 live-action film)|the 1973]] or [[The Three Musketeers (2011 film)|the 2011]] versions tend to treat Louis XIII as a comic character, depicting him as bumbling and incompetent. In the [[The Three Musketeers (1993 film)|1993 film]], he is depicted as willing to stand up to Richelieu when necessary but still strongly influenced by him. He is also depicted as in love with his wife, Anne, but very nervous and unsure around her.
* The 2014 BBC TV series, ''[[The Musketeers]]'', merging the historical with the fictional, portrayed the King as both incompetent and strong, whose alliance with Spain is ever faltering. He is portrayed by [[Ryan Gage]].
* [[Arthur Lubin]] portrayed him in the 1926 film ''[[Bardelys the Magnificent (1926 film)|Bardelys the Magnificent]]''.
* Louis XIII, his wife Anne, his younger brother Gaston, Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin and members of the Royal family are mentioned throughout the course of the ''[[1632 series]]'' of novels and other writings by [[Eric Flint]] ''et al.'', especially ''1636: The Cardinal Virtues''.
* Louis XIII appears in novels of [[Robert Merle]]'s ''[[Fortune de France]]'' series (1977&ndash;2003).
* Louis XIII was portrayed by [[Edward Arnold (actor)|Edward Arnold]] in the 1935 film [[Cardinal Richelieu (film)|''Cardinal Richelieu'']], with [[George Arliss]] portraying the Cardinal.
* [[Ken Russell]] directed the 1971 film ''[[The Devils (film)|The Devils]]'', in which Louis XIII is a significant character, albeit one with no resemblance to the real man. Louis XIII is portrayed as an effeminate [[Gay men|gay man]] who amuses himself by shooting Protestants dressed up as birds. The film was based on [[Aldous Huxley]]'s 1952 book ''[[The Devils of Loudun]]''.
* Louis XIII appears in the 2002 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' audio drama ''[[The Church and the Crown]]''.

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Louis XIII of France'''
|2= 2. [[Henry IV of France]]
|3= 3. [[Marie de' Medici]]
|4= 4. [[Antoine of Navarre]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=143–144}}
|5= 5. [[Jeanne d'Albret|Jeanne III of Navarre]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=143–144}}
|6= 6. [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]<ref name="Frieda2006">{{cite book|author=Leonie Frieda|title=Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPbRwMidibEC&pg=PA386|year=2006|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-074493-9|page=386}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany|Joanna of Austria]]<ref name="Frieda2006"/>
|8= 8. [[Charles, Duke of Vendôme]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=328–329}}
|9= 9. [[Françoise d'Alençon|Françoise of Alençon]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=328–329}}
|10=10. [[Henry II of Navarre]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|p=211}}
|11=11. [[Marguerite de Navarre|Marguerite of Angoulême]]{{sfn|Anselme|1726|p=211}}
|12=12. [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]<ref name="Medici">{{cite web |url=http://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf |title=The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115213538/http://www.medici.org/general/PhotoEssay.pdf |archive-date=2006-01-15|page=12}}</ref>
|13=13. [[Eleanor of Toledo]]<ref name="Medici"/>
|14=14. [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Johanna">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.) |volume=6 |page= 290}}</ref>
|15=15. [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary]]<ref name="BLKO-Johanna"/>
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[Absolute monarchy in France]]
* {{ill|Charles de Lorme|fr}}, personal medical doctor to Louis XIII
* [[French monarchs family tree]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

===Explanatory footnotes===
{{notelist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title=Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France |volume=1 |trans-title=Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France |last=Anselme de Sainte-Marie |first=Père |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76026j |publisher=La compagnie des libraires |location=Paris |language=fr |edition=3rd |year=1726 |ref={{harvid|Anselme|1726}} }}
* {{Citation | last = Brémond| first = Henri| author-link = Henri Brémond| title =La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle | publisher=Plon-Nourri| year =1908| place = Paris|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yWsrAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Crompton|first=Louis|title=Homosexuality & Civilization|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|place=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-02233-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC}}
* [[Claude Dulong|Dulong, Claude]], ''Anne d’Autriche''. Paris: Hachette, 1980
* {{cite book |last=Herbert of Cherbury |first=Edward |title=The life of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury |publisher=Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot |year=1830 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mALAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=James|first=Ralph N.|title =Painters and Their Works|publisher=L.U. Gill|year=1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoSQhHjfwpoC}}
*{{Cite book |author-last=Kettering |author-first=Sharon |title=Power and Reputation at the Court of Louis XIII: The Career of Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes (1578–1621) |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780719089985 }}
*{{Wikicite|ref={{SfnRef|Kleinman|1985}} |reference=
Kleinman, Ruth (1985). ''Anne of Austria: Queen of France''. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. {{ISBN| 9780814204290}}.}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ya0wDwAAQBAJ |isbn=9780520075467 |title=Louis XIII, the Just |last1=Moote |first1=A. Lloyd |date=1989 |publisher=University of California Press }}
* {{Cite book |last=Tapié |first=Victor L. |title=France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-5212-6924-7 |ol=3181429M |oclc=10185508}}

==Further reading==
* Blanchard, Jean-Vincent. ''Éminence: Cardinal Richelieu and the Rise of France'' (2011) New York: Walker & Company. {{ISBN |978-0-8027-1704-7}}
* Hayden, J. Michael. "Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French foreign policy, 1598–1615." '' Journal of modern history'' 45.1 (1973): 1–23. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877591online]
*[[James Howell|Howell, James]] "Louis XIII"  English historiographer Royal 1661–1666
*Huxley, Aldous. "The Devils of Loudun" (1952). The trial of [[Urbain Grandier]], priest of the town who was tortured and burned at the stake in 1634
*[[Robert Knecht|Knecht, Robert]], ''Renaissance France, genealogies'', Baumgartner, genealogical tables
* Malettke, Klaus. ''The Crown, Ministeriat and Nobility at the court of Louis XIII'' (German Historical Institute London, 1991) [https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004618/malettke_crown.pdf online].
*Willis, Daniel A. (comp). ''The Descendants of Louis XIII'' (1999). Clearfield

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Louis XIII}}
{{Commons category|Louis XIII of France}}
*[http://www.altesses.eu/princes003.php A complete portrait gallery of Louis XIII and Anna of Austria]
{{Gutenberg|no=1257|name=The Three Musketeers}}
*[http://www.classicalacarte.net/Fiches/9824.htm The Orchestra of Louis XIII, Jordi Savall, Le Concert des Nations – Alia Vox AV9824]
*[http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/FRENCH_ARMY.htm The French Army 1600–1900]
*{{ChoralWiki|Louis XIII}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Bourbon]]|27 September|1601|14 May|1643|[[House of Capet]]|name=Louis XIII of France & II of Navarre}}
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{{Princes of France (House of Bourbon)}}
{{Dauphins of France (House of Bourbon)}}
{{Monarchs of France}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis 13 of France}}
[[Category:Louis XIII| ]]
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[[Category:French people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:LGBTQ royalty]]
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