Editing Louis II, Prince of Monaco

{{Short description|Prince of Monaco from 1922 to 1949}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Louis II
| caption      = Formal portrait, 1923
| succession   = [[Prince of Monaco]]
| image        = Prince Louis II of Monaco 05670r.jpg
| reign        = 26 June 1922 – 9 May 1949
| investiture  = 
| predecessor  = [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I]]
| successor    = [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier III]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Ghislaine Dommanget]]|1946}}
| issue        = [[Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois|Charlotte, Hereditary Princess of Monaco]]
| house        = [[House of Grimaldi|Grimaldi]]
| father       = [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco]]
| mother       = [[Mary Victoria Hamilton]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|df=y|1870|7|12}}
| birth_place  = [[Baden-Baden]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=y|1949|5|9|1870|7|12}}
| death_place  = [[Prince's Palace of Monaco|Prince's Palace]], [[Monaco]]
| full name    = Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi
| burial_place = [[Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate]]
| module       = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes
  | allegiance = {{flag|Monaco}}<br>{{flag|France}}
  | branch = [[File:Logo of the French Army (Armee de Terre).svg|20px]] [[French Army]]
  | serviceyears  = 1895–1899 <br />1914–1918<br />(end of active service)
  | rank = [[File:Army-FRA-OF-06.svg|35px]] [[Brigadier general]] 
  | servicenumber = <!-- Do not use data from primary sources such as service records -->
  | unit =[[Fifth Army (France)|5th Army]]
  | commands =
  | battles_label =
  | battles = [[World War I]]
  | awards =
  }}
}}
'''Louis II''' (Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi; 12 July 1870 – 9 May 1949) was [[Prince of Monaco]] from 26 June 1922 to 9 May 1949.

==Early years==
Born in [[Baden-Baden]], Louis II was the only child of [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco]] (1848–1922), and [[Lady Mary Douglas-Hamilton|Lady Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton]] (1850–1922). His mother was a daughter of [[William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton]] and [[Princess Marie Amelie of Baden]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=10 May 1949 |title=LOUIS II OF MONACO I DEAD AT AGE OF 78 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/05/10/archives/louis-ii-of-monaco-i-dead-at-age-of-78-ruler-since-22-of-tiny-state.html |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

Louis was born within a year of his parents' marriage, but his mother, a strong-willed 19-year-old, disliked Monaco and was unhappy with her husband. She left the country permanently shortly after the birth, and the couple's marriage was annulled in 1880.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=25 January 1925 |title=MONACO'S RULER TO LEAVE HERE SOON; Prince Louis II., Arriving as Comte de Thorigny, Has Spent a Month at Palm Beach. HIS ROMANTIC CAREER He Served In the French Army With Distinction 30 Years -- Marriage Angered His Father. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/01/25/archives/monacos-ruler-to-leave-here-soon-prince-louis-ii-arriving-as-comte.html |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref> Louis was raised in Germany by his mother and stepfather, Count (later Prince) [[Tassilo Festetics von Tolna]], along with his eldest half-sister Maria-Mathilde (later grandmother of [[Princess Ira von Fürstenberg]]); he did not see his father until age 11 when he was obliged to return to Monaco to be trained for his future princely duties.

Louis's father, [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert I]], was a dominating personality who had made Monaco a centre of cultural activity and whose intellectual achievements were recognized around the world. Unhappy to be living with his cold and distant father, Louis went to France as soon as he was old enough to enroll in [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr|Saint-Cyr]], the French national military college.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ilse |first=Jess |date=12 July 2020 |title=The complex prince who helped make modern Monaco: the life of Louis II |url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/monaco/the-complex-prince-who-helped-make-modern-monaco-the-life-of-louis-ii-145457/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=Royal Central}}</ref> Four years later, after graduating, he was attached to the [[French Foreign Legion]] and then served with a regiment of [[Chasseurs d'Afrique]] (African Light Horse) in [[Algeria]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=25 July 1946 |title=MONACO'S RULER, 76, WEDS; Prince Louis II Marries a Commoner, Chislaine Dommanges |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/07/25/archives/monacos-ruler-76-weds-prince-louis-ii-marries-a-commoner-chislaine.html |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

Before being stationed in [[Algeria]], he met [[Marie Juliette Louvet]] (1867–1930), a [[cabaret]] singer, on a short official visit to Paris.<ref name="caroline">{{cite book |last1=Rovira |first1=Ashley |title=Her Way: The Remarkable Life of Monaco's Princess Caroline |date=2021 |publisher=Heavy Crown Press |location=USA |url=https://www.amazon.com/Her-Way-Remarkable-Princess-Caroline-ebook/dp/B09J59CCYF/ |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Juliette was already the mother of two children, Georges and Marguerite, by her former husband, French "girlie" photographer Achille Delmaet (1860–1914). Reportedly, Prince Louis fell deeply in love but, because of her ignominious station in life, his father would not permit the marriage.<ref name=":1" /> It has been asserted that Louis ignored his father and married Juliette in 1897: there is, however, no evidence for this allegation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2017 |title=The House of Grimaldi: Louis II |url=https://www.hellomonaco.com/sightseeing/grimaldi-family/louis-ii-of-monaco-and-his-contribution/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=Hello Monaco}}</ref> They had an out-of-wedlock daughter, [[Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois|Charlotte Louise Juliette]], born on 30 September 1898 in [[Constantine, Algeria]].<ref name=":2" /> There is no mention of Louvet in the authorized biography of her grandson, [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier III]], who is Monegasque by nationality but whose ancestors include people of [[French people|French]], [[Mexican nobility|Mexican]], [[Italians|Italian]], [[Germanic peoples|German]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]],<ref name=":3" /> and [[English people|English]] nationality.

Louis served in the French Army for four years from 1895 to 1899, reaching the rank of lieutenant. He was awarded the [[médaille coloniale]] (Colonial Medal) and the Cross of the [[Legion of Honor]]. At the conclusion of his military service, he returned to Monaco, leaving behind his mistress and daughter. At the outbreak of [[World War I]], he re-enlisted in the [[French Army]] as a volunteer, serving as a staff officer under General [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey|Franchet d’Espèrey]]. Louis was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor and eventually became a [[brigadier general]].

==Solution to succession aspects in 1911–18==
A political crisis loomed for the Prince because without any other heir, the throne of Monaco would pass to his first cousin [[Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach|Wilhelm]], the 2nd [[Duke of Urach]], a German nobleman who was a son of Prince Albert's aunt, [[Princess Florestine of Monaco]]. To ensure this did not happen, in 1911 a law was passed recognizing his out-of-wedlock daughter, Charlotte, as Louis's acknowledged heir, and making her part of the princely family. This law was later held to be invalid, and thus another law was passed in 1918 modifying the statutes to allow the adoption of an heir with succession rights. Charlotte was formally adopted by Louis in 1919 and became Charlotte Louise Juliette Grimaldi, Princess of Monaco and Duchess of [[Valentinois]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

Wilhelm, 2nd Duke of Urach, thus placed further back in the line of succession to the throne of Monaco, was chosen as [[King of Lithuania]] for a few months in 1918, being known as Mindaugas II.<ref name="Holborn">{{cite book |last=Holborn |first=Hajo |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/429 |title=A history of Modern Germany |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-691-00797-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/429 429]}}</ref> It is a moot point whether he could be the sovereign of two European countries simultaneously, had he in fact succeeded to the throne of Monaco, but he had several sons. He renounced his claim to the principality in 1924, passing it to other French cousins that were also descended from the Grimaldi family, the counts of Chabrillan.

On 17 July 1918, largely because of the von Urach potential claim, France and Monaco signed a brief but far-reaching treaty requiring prior French approval of all future Monégasque princes.  Article 2 specified: "Measures concerning the international relations of the Principality shall always be the subject of prior consultations between the Government of the Principality and the French Government.  The same shall apply to measures concerning directly or indirectly the exercise of a regency or succession to the throne, which shall, whether by marriage or adoption or otherwise, pass only to a person who is of French or Monégasque nationality and is approved by the French Government."  Under Article 3, Prince Albert agreed "...for himself and his successors the commitment assumed towards the French Government not to alienate the Principality, in whole or in part, in favour of any Power other than France."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034207/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/27/26/00053293.pdf 1918 Franco-Monegasque Treaty text]</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:Le prince Louis II (1870-1949).jpg|thumb|right|Portrait by [[Philip de László]], 1928]]
On 26 June 1922, Prince Albert I died in Paris.  Louis Grimaldi ascended to the throne as Louis II, Prince of Monaco. While his reign never achieved the grandeur of his father, Louis II left an indelible imprint on the [[principality]]. In 1924 the [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco Football Club]] was formed and in 1929, the first [[Grand Prix of Monaco]] automobile race was held, won by [[William Grover-Williams]], driving a [[Bugatti]] painted in what would become the famous [[British racing green]] color. He collected artefacts belonging to [[Napoleon I]] which are now assembled and displayed in the [[Napoleon Museum (Monaco)|Napoleon Museum]] attached to the [[Prince's Palace of Monaco|Prince's Palace]] in Monte Carlo.

Particularly in the earlier years of Louis's reign, he acquired the reputation for administrative probity: he obtained the departure of [[Camille Blanc]] who had long managed [[Monte Carlo Casino]] yet who faced increasing questions regarding his administration of the casino's affairs.

In 1931 revolutionaries planned to depose Louis II and replace him with [[Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois]], his son-in-law. This was provoked by agitation from the administrator of the [[Monte Carlo Casino]], [[René Léon]], and planned to also dismantle the influence of the casino over the principality. The date was set for 15 April of that year<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 1931 |title=Revolution Planned in Monaco April 15 to Depose Louis II |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/03/04/archives/revolution-planned-in-monaco-april-15-to-depose-louis-ii.html |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref> but never materialised for unknown reasons.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In 1931, the prestige of Monaco's cultural life received a boost when [[René Blum (ballet)|René Blum]] was hired to form the Ballet de l'Opéra à Monte-Carlo.<ref name="Homans">Homans, Jennifer. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/books/review/book-review-rene-blum-and-the-ballets-russes-by-judith-chazin-bennahum.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "René Blum: Life of a Dance Master,"] ''New York Times'' (8 July 2011).</ref> Just before the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939, a modern large [[Association football|football]] stadium was built where the [[1939 International University Games|Universiade]] were staged at the newly named "[[Stade Louis II (1939)|Stade Prince Louis II]]".<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |date=22 May 2014 |title=Hélène Pastor- obituary |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10849904/Helene-Pastor-obituary.html |accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref>

While Louis's sympathies were strongly pro-French, he supported the [[Vichy France]] government of his old army colleague, [[Philippe Pétain|Marshal Pétain]].<ref name="englund">{{cite book |last1=Englund |first1=Steven |title=Grace of Monaco: An Interpretive Biography |date=1984 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=9780385188128 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2159165.Grace_of_Monaco |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> Nonetheless, his principality was beset with domestic conflict partly as a result of Louis's indecisiveness,<ref name="englund" /><ref name=":2" /> partly due to his questionable financial links with the Nazi regime, and also because the majority of the population was of Italian descent and supported the [[Fascism|fascist]] regime of Italy's [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref name=":4" /> Throughout the war, Louis's vacillation caused an enormous rift with his grandson [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier]] (the heir-presumptive to the throne after 1944),<ref name=":0" /> who strongly supported the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].<ref name="englund" />

In 1942, the Italian Army invaded and occupied Monaco. Shortly thereafter, following Mussolini's overthrow in Italy, [[Nazi Germany]] occupied Monaco.<ref name=":2" /> On the night of August 27, 1942, Monaco authorities rounded up 90 [[History of the Jews in Monaco|Jewish residents]] and handed them over to the Nazis; all but nine were murdered in the [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite news |title = Prince Albert apologises for Monaco's role in deporting Jews to Nazi camps |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/28/prince-albert-apologises-for-monacos-role-in-deporting-jews-to-nazi-camps |date=August 28, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=December 3, 2021 |agency=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-monaco-jews-deportation-apology-20150827-story.html |title=More than seven decades later, Monaco apologizes for deporting Jews |date=August 27, 2015 |access-date=December 3, 2021 |first=Carol J. |last=Williams |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref> Among them was René Blum, founder of the Opera, who was murdered in the Nazi [[concentration camp]] [[Auschwitz]].<ref name="Gilbert02">{{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYs5OSnsrHwC&q=Blum |title=The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-28145-4 |page=10 |authorlink=Martin Gilbert}}</ref><ref name="Homans" />

For a number of months in 1944, communists participated in the liberation administration of Monaco.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Following the liberation of Monaco by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], the 75-year-old Prince Louis did little for his principality and it began to fall into severe neglect.<ref name="englund" /> By 1946, he was spending most of his time in Paris. On 24–27 July of that year,<ref name=":2" /> he married in [[Monaco]] for the first time. His wife was [[Ghislaine Marie Françoise Dommanget|Ghislaine Dommanget]] (13 October 1900 – 30 April 1991)<ref name=":3" /> a French film actress and former wife of actor [[André Brulé]].<ref name="Brulé">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=June 1981 |title=L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTFcAAAAMAAJ&q=ghislaine+dommanget+monaco+brule |accessdate=November 16, 2018 |publisher=digitized book accessible - University of Michigan - (March 21, 2008) |page=569 |language=French |quote=''En 1934, elle mit au monde à Nice un enfant, venu d'une liaison avec l'acteur André Brulé : Jean-Gabriel Brulé. Elle rencontra le prince Louis II de Monaco en 1942, à l'occasion d'une représentation de l'Aiglon donnée dans la principauté par la troupe à laquelle elle appartenait alors...''}}</ref> Absent from Monaco during most of the final years of his reign, he and his wife lived at [[Marchais, Aisne|Marchais]], their family estate in northern France.<ref name="englund" />

==Death and succession==
Prince Louis II died in 1949 in the [[Prince's Palace of Monaco|Prince's Palace]] and is buried at the [[Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Monaco|Saint Nicholas Cathedral]] in [[Monte Carlo]], Monaco. His daughter, Charlotte, had ceded her succession rights to her son, Rainier, in 1944, at which time he became hereditary prince.<ref name=":0" />  Thus, when Louis II died five years later, he was succeeded by his grandson, Rainier III.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

==Honours==
[[File:Royal Monogram of Prince Louis II of Monaco, Variant.svg|thumb|150px|Princely monogram of Prince Louis II of Monaco]]

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}:
** Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.villacharlotte.fr/a-propos |website=villacharlotte.fr |title=Une histoire passionnante |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022195857/http://www.villacharlotte.fr/a-propos |language=fr |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref>
** Medal of the [[Order of the Francisque]]
** Badge of the [[Brigadier General]]
** Badge of the [[French Foreign Legion]]
* {{Flag|Baden}}: Grand Cross of the [[Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order|Military Merit Order of Karl-Friedrich]]
* {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]], ''23 March 1929''<ref>{{cite book|author=Pedersen, Jørgen |title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=466}}</ref>
* Italy:
** {{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}}:
*** Knight with Collar of the [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]]
*** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
** {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian Republic]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
* {{flag|Holy See}}: Knight of the [[Order of Pius IX]]
* {{flag|Portugal}}: 298th Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Henry]]
* {{flag|San Marino}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of San Marino]], ''30 March 1935''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Equestrian Order of San Marino |url=https://www.consolatosanmarino.uk/en/the-equestrian-order-of-san-marino/ |website=Consulate of the Republic of San Marino to the UK |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sweden}}:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sveriges statskalender (1940), II, pp. 7, 75|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1940bih/0007.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=sv}}</ref>
** Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Polar Star]], ''1906''
** Knight of the [[Order of the Seraphim]], ''9 April 1923''
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Order of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1889''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63  Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg]'' (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28</ref>
}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1.'''Louis II, Prince of Monaco'''
|2= 2. [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco]]
|3= 3. [[Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton|Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton]]
|4= 4. [[Charles III, Prince of Monaco]]
|5= 5. [[Antoinette de Merode|Countess Antoinette Ghislaine de Merode]]
|6= 6. [[William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton]]
|7= 7. [[Princess Marie Amelie of Baden]]
|8= 8. [[Florestan I, Prince of Monaco]]
|9= 9. [[Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz]]
|10= 10. Count Werner Jean-Baptiste de Merode
|11= 11. Countess Victoire de Spangen d'Uyternesse
|12= 12. [[Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton]]
|13= 13. [[Susan Euphemia Beckford]]
|14= 14. [[Charles, Grand Duke of Baden]]
|15= 15. [[Stéphanie de Beauharnais]]
|16= 16. [[Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco]]
|17= 17. [[Louise d'Aumont|Louise d’Aumont-Mazarin]]
|18= 18. Charles-Thomas Gibert
|19= 19. Marie-Françoise Le Gras de Vaubercey
|20= 20. Guillaume-Charles, Count de Merode, Prince de Rubempré
|21= 21. Marie Joséphine d'Ongnies, Countess of Mastaing, Princess van Grimberghen
|22= 22. Count François Louis de Spangen d'Uyternesse
|23= 23. Baroness Louise Xavière de Flaveau de Henry de la Raudière
|24= 24. [[Archibald Hamilton, 9th Duke of Hamilton]]
|25= 25. Lady Harriet [[Clan Stewart|Stewart]]
|26= 26. [[William Thomas Beckford]]
|27= 27. Lady Margaret Gordon
|28= 28. [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]]
|29= 29. [[Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|30= 30. [[Claude de Beauharnais (1756–1819)|Claude de Beauharnais, 2nd Count of Roches-Baritaud]]
|31= 31. Claudine Françoise de Lézay-Marnézia
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Grimaldi]]|12 July|1870|9 May|1949}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Monaco|Prince of Monaco]]|years=1922–1949}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier III]]}}
{{s-roy|mc}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Hereditary Prince of Monaco]]|years=1889–1922}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois|Charlotte]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Marquis of Baux]]|years=1889–1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier]]}}
{{s-reg|fr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I of Monaco]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Estouteville]]<br>[[Duke of Valentinois]]|years=1922–1949}}
{{s-non|reason=Extinct}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monegasque princes}}
{{Princes of Monaco}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis 02 Of Monaco, Prince}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century princes of Monaco]]
[[Category:People from Baden-Baden]]
[[Category:House of Grimaldi]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Monegasque philatelists]]
[[Category:Monegasque princes]]
[[Category:Officers of the French Foreign Legion]]
[[Category:Order of the Francisque recipients]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Saint-Charles]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Baux]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate]]
[[Category:Dukes of Valentinois]]
[[Category:Dukes of Estouteville]]
[[Category:19th-century French military personnel]]
[[Category:French Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Dukes of Mayenne]]
[[Category:Collaborators with Nazi Germany]]