Editing Louis Comfort Tiffany

{{short description|American stained glass and jewelry designer (1848–1933)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Louis Comfort Tiffany
|image=Louis Comfort Tiffany c. 1908.jpg
|image_upright=0.9
|caption=Tiffany {{circa}} 1910
|birth_date={{Birth date|1848|02|18}}
|birth_place=[[New York City]], U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|1933|01|17|1848|02|18}}
|death_place=New York City, U.S.
|resting_place=[[Green-Wood Cemetery]] ([[Brooklyn]], New York City, U.S.)
|known_for=[[Favrile|Favrile glass]], [[Tiffany lamp]]s
|education=[[Widener University|Pennsylvania Militar]]
|spouse=Mary Woodbridge Goddard (1872–1884; her death)<br> Louise Wakeman Knox (1886–1904; her death)
|parents=[[Charles Lewis Tiffany]]<br>Harriet Olivia Avery Young
|children=8, including [[Dorothy Burlingham]]
|signature = Louis_Tiffany_signature.jpg
}}

'''Louis Comfort Tiffany''' (February 18, 1848 – January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts and is best known for his work in [[stained glass]]. He is associated with the [[Art Nouveau|art nouveau]]<ref name="Lander">Lander, David. [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/2/2006_2_15.shtml "The Buyable Past: Quezal Glass"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829172935/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/2/2006_2_15.shtml |date=August 29, 2008 }} ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'' (April/May 2006)</ref> and [[Aestheticism|aesthetic]] art movements. He was affiliated with a prestigious collaborative of designers known as the Associated Artists, which included [[Lockwood de Forest]], [[Candace Wheeler]], and [[Samuel Colman]]. Tiffany designed stained glass windows and [[Tiffany lamp|lamps]], glass mosaics, blown glass, ceramics, jewelry, enamels, and metalwork.<ref>Warmus, William. ''The Essential Louis Comfort Tiffany''. New York: Abrams, 2001. Pages 5–8.</ref> He was the first design director at his family company, [[Tiffany & Co.]], founded by his father [[Charles Lewis Tiffany]].<ref name="Tifffany Morse Museum" /><ref name="Tiffany Studios" /><ref name="Tiffany Nash book" />

==Early life and education==
Tiffany was born in [[New York City]], the son of [[Charles Lewis Tiffany]], founder of [[Tiffany & Co.|Tiffany and Company]], and Harriet Olivia Avery Young. He attended school at [[Widener University|Pennsylvania Military Academy]] in [[Chester, Pennsylvania]], and [[Eagleswood Military Academy]] in [[Perth Amboy, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://widener.edu/pmcmuseum/distinguishedalumni.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720062944/http://www.widener.edu/pmcmuseum/distinguishedalumni.asp| url-status=dead| archive-date=July 20, 2008| publisher=Widener University| title=Widener University: Distinguished Alumni| access-date=October 6, 2008}}</ref>

==Early career==
[[Image:Louis Comfort Tiffany - Market day outside the walls of Tangiers, Morocco.jpg|thumb|left|Tiffany's 1873 painting ''Market Day Outside the Walls of Tangiers, Morocco'']][[File:The Alhambra by Louis Comfort Tiffany.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|[[The Alhambra]] in [[Granada]], by Tiffany, 1874]]
Tiffany's first artistic training was as a painter, studying under [[George Inness]] in [[Eagleswood, New Jersey]], and [[Samuel Colman]] in [[Irvington, New York]]. He also studied at the [[National Academy of Design]] in [[New York City]] in 1866 and 1867 and with salon painter [[Leon Belly|Leon-Adolphe-Auguste Belly]] in 1868 and 1869. Belly's landscape paintings had a great influence on Tiffany.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Louis Comfort Tiffany|last = Baal-Teshuva|first = Jacob|publisher = [[Taschen]]|pages = 12–14}}</ref> 
Although Tiffany started out as a painter, he became interested in glassmaking from about 1875 and worked at several glasshouses in [[Brooklyn]] until 1878. In 1879 he joined with [[Candace Wheeler]], [[Samuel Colman]], and [[Lockwood de Forest]] to form ''Louis Comfort Tiffany and Associated American Artists''. The business lasted only four years. The group made designs for wallpaper, furniture, and textiles. In 1881, Tiffany did the interior design of the [[Mark Twain House]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], which still remains.

===History of Tiffany Studios===
After Tiffany had formed a partnership with Colman, Lockwood DeForest, and Candace Wheeler, and after having incorporated the interior decorating firm of L.C. Tiffany & Associated Artists, a desire to concentrate on art in glass led Tiffany to choose to establish his own glassmaking firm.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch">{{cite book |last1=Kemeny |first1=George |last2=Miller |first2=Donald |editor1-last=Anbinder |editor1-first=Paul |title=Tiffany desk treasures: a collector's guide including a catalogue raisonné of Tiffany Studios and Tiffany Furnaces desk accessories |date=2002 |publisher=Hudson Hills Press |location=New York |isbn=1-55595-217-8 |pages=15 |edition=1. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-sERcg7Ps8C&q=colman,%20lockwood,%20DeForest,%20Candace%20Wheeler |access-date=5 February 2024 |chapter=1 |quote=For nineteen frustrating years he had used commercial glass houses, all the while wanting to be fully in charge of production and design security to supply his Manhattan showroom and clients.}}</ref> The first Tiffany Glass Company was incorporated on December 1, 1885. It became the Tiffany Glass & Decorating Company in 1892, and the Tiffany Studios in 1900.  He had used commercial glass houses for 19 years to supply his Manhattan showroom and clients, but wanted to be fully in charge of production and design security.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /> Finally, in 1892 he founded his own glassworks, the Louis C. Tiffany Furnaces in Corona Queens.  As a youth Tiffany had attended the Flushing Institute, on Roosevelt Avenue between Main and Union Streets, where Macy's department store now sits.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /><ref name="Tiffany's Flushing Institute education - Queens Library">{{cite web |author1=E.A Fairchild, Principal |title=Flushing Institute |url=http://digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org/browse/flushing-institute-4 |website=Queens Public Library |publisher=Collection: This image is from the Borough President of Queens Photographs and is depicted in a print and digital image.; Image is part of the Borough President of Queens Photographs |access-date=5 February 2024 |location=Queens, New York |date=1859}}</ref> Tiffany was keenly aware of the area's potential and for his furnaces to succeed, he needed to hire the town's pool of experienced immigrant workers, who were then mostly Italian, German, and Irish."<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /> Tiffany experimented with glass.  Sand for [[Glass coloring and color marking|glassmaking]] was abundantly available at nearby [[Oyster Bay, New York|Oyster Bay]]. Tiffany would eventually oversee two hundred artisans. Among them, [[Clara Driscoll (glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]], whose dragonfly lamp won a prize in the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Paris Exposition]], was by 1904 one of the highest paid women in the world.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /> Even some of Tiffany's artists were foreigners, such as [[Venice, Italy|Venetian-born]] Andrea Boldini, and both [[England, UK|Englishmen]] Joseph Briggs and Arthur J. Nash. 

With Tiffany later opening his own glass factory in [[Corona, New York]], he was determined to provide designs that improved the quality of contemporary glass.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Louis Comfort Tiffany|last = Baal- Teshuva|first = Jacob|publisher = Taschen|pages = 22–30}}</ref> The factory was the old [[Louis C. Tiffany|Tiffany Studios]] in [[Corona, Queens]], at the southwest corner of 43rd Avenue and 97th place, where it was used to cast art sculptures of bronze designs for sculptors, and bronze architectural elements such as floor registers, door jambs, window casings, lamps, and sconces, most notably for Tiffany.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> The building had undergone a metamorphosis of name changes, beginning with the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company, in 1892. In 1893, Tiffany built a new factory called the Stourbridge Glass Company, later called Tiffany Glass Furnaces, which was located in [[Corona, Queens]], hiring the Englishman Arthur J. Nash to oversee it.<ref>{{cite news| editor = Campell, Gordon| title = Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, vol. 2, pp. 464. | publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2006}}</ref> In 1893, his company also introduced the term ''[[Favrile]]'' in conjunction with his first production of blown glass at his new glass factory. Some early examples of his lamps were exhibited in the [[1893 World's Fair]] in [[Chicago]]. 

At the beginning of his career, Tiffany used cheap jelly jars and bottles because they had the mineral impurities that finer glass lacked. When he was unable to convince fine glassmakers to leave the impurities in, he began making his own glass. Tiffany used [[opalescent]] glass in a variety of colors and textures to create a unique style of stained glass. Tiffany acquired Stanford Bray's patent<ref name="Bray patent acquisition">{{cite web |title=Improvement in Joining Glass Mosaics |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US349424A/en |website=patents.google.com |publisher=US Patent Office |access-date=29 December 2023 |quote=The objects of my invention are to provide a cheap, simple, convenient, and expeditious means for joining colored glass mosaics}}</ref> for the "copper foil" technique, which, by edging each piece of cut glass in copper foil and soldering the whole together to create his windows and lamps, made possible a level of detail previously unknown. This can be contrasted with the method of painting in enamels or glass paint on colorless glass, and then setting the glass pieces in lead channels, which had been the dominant method of creating stained glass for hundreds of years in Europe.

Tiffany trademarked ''[[Favrile]]'' (from the old French word for handmade) on November 13, 1894. He later used this word to apply to all of his glass, enamel and pottery. "Tiffany's favrile glass vases were based on Venetian glassmaking techniques mixed with [[ancient Egyptian]] and [[Near Eastern]] inspirations."<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring">{{cite book |last1=Loring |first1=John |title=Louis Comfort Tiffany at Tiffany & Co |date=2002 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |location=New York, London |isbn=9780810932883 |pages=8–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZSLjgEACAAJ |access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref> Tiffany delved into glass-making with interest in Venetian glass-maker [[Antonio Salviati]]. Tiffany would study techniques from Salviati-trained glassmaker, Andrea Boldini. In 1902, Tiffany had been influenced by a ''[[Cyprus|Cypriote]]'' line of jewelry that his father, Charles Lewis Tiffany, had introduced earlier at the [[Turin International|Turin World's Fair]]. He coined this particular line of favrile glass the ''Cypriote'' line.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /><ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /><ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /><ref name="Tiffany Studios" />

Tiffany's first commercially produced lamps date from around 1895. Much of his company's production was in making stained glass windows and [[Tiffany lamps]], but his company designed a complete range of interior decorations. At its peak, his factory employed more than 300 artisans. "Within this complex, Tiffany carried out experiments in glass colors and pottery glazing, perfected techniques of assembling stained glass windows."<ref name="Tiffany Nash book">{{cite book |last1=Eidelberg |first1=Martin |last2=McClelland |first2=Nany |title=Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking: the Nash Notebooks |date=2001 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312282653 |pages=2–10 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Id9kQgAACAAJ}}</ref> “By 1901, Tiffany was at the peak of his profession. "At his father's death in 1902, came into an inheritance equivalent today to more than $20 million. At age fifty-four, he was appointed the first design director and vice president of [[Tiffany & Co.]], taking on leading roles in the famous jewelry firm as well as continuing in his own enterprises. Also in 1902 Tiffany formally adopted the trademark Tiffany Studios for all works made in Corona, though the imprint had apparently been used earlier."<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" />

===Tiffany Artisans===
By 1902, Louis C. Tiffany had "several highly-gifted assistants working under his direction: Arthur J. Nash in glass; [[Clara Driscoll (glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]] in leaded-glass lamps, windows, and mosaic design; [[Frederick Wilson (artist)|Frederick Wilson]] in ecclesiastical stained-glass windows; and Julia Halsey Munson in enamels and jewelry design.<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" />

====Arthur J. Nash====
Arthur J. Nash had been manager of a major glassworks in [[Stourbridge]], [[Worcestershire]], [[England]].<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /><ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /> Tiffany persuaded Nash to join him in founding and heading a new firm, first called the Stourbridge Glass Company, and later in 1902 became known as the [[Tiffany Studios|Tiffany Glass & Decorating Company]] in Corona, Queens.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /><ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /><ref name="Tifffany Morse Museum">{{cite web |title=Tiffany Studios |url=https://morsemuseum.org/louis-comfort-tiffany/tiffany-studios/ |website=The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Tiffany Studios" /> Arthur J. Nash became Tiffany's partner, as Nash applied the [[favrile]] the glass technique learned from his hometown of [[Stourbridge|Stourbridge, England]] to the glassworks produced by Tiffany.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /><ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /> Thereafter, its name evolved from being called the Stourbridge Glass Company in 1893 (in deference to the technique learned from Nash's hometown), to the Tiffany Glass Furnaces, and finally to the Tiffany Studios.<ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Marilynn A. |title=Louis Comfort Tiffany: artist for the ages [exhibition, Seattle art museum, October 13, 2005-January 4, 2006 ] |date=2005 |publisher=Scala |location=London |isbn=1-85759-384-7 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8vpAAAAMAAJ&q=louis+Comfort+tiffany+artist+for+the+ages |access-date=6 February 2024 |language=English |quote=Tiffany was so completely a creature of his family and times that I can't imagine his springing from another point on the space-time continuum.}}</ref> "Nash hired many more skilled English artisans. Tiffany's vision, Nash's management, and [[Charles Lewis Tiffany|Charles Lewis Tiffany's]] financing resulted in a thriving operation. Stourbridge Glass Company was absorbed by Tiffany into the Tiffany Furnaces in 1902.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" />
"In 1920, Tiffany's glass production was reorganized under Nash's son, A. Douglas Nash, as part of Louis C. Tiffany Furnaces, Inc.; and, as in the case of the metal shop under Arthur Nash's other son, Leslie Nash, the production turned to more commercial table and other wares."<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /> In 1922, Leslie Nash, a creative artist and designer in his own right, had a major influence on Tiffany's production. "In 1922, in the waning period of Tiffany Furnaces, Tiffany and Leslie Nash—inspired by motifs from [[Tutankhamun|King Tutankhamen's]] recently discovered tomb—designed an elaborate special order,"<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /> for the wife of [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] millionaire [[Cyrus McCormick]]. Tiffany sold his interests to the Nashes in 1928. Arthur Nash retired after 1918, and "with him retired the secrets of making the finest and most technically complicated types of Tiffany glass, which remain to this day one of the crowning achievements of the decorative arts in America."<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /> 

====Clara Driscoll====
{{multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Wiki-Tiffany-daffodil-low-.jpg
| width1    = 200
| caption1  = Tiffany Studios ''Daffodil'' stained glass leaded lampshade, now known to be one of head designer [[Clara Driscoll (Tiffany glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]]'s creations
| image2    = WLA nyhistorical Tiffany Studios 5.jpg
| width2    = 153
| caption2  = Close-up of a Tiffany Studios "Venetian" desk lamp, {{circa|lk=no|1910–20}}
}}
"A gifted unsung artist,"<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer">{{cite book |last1=Eidelberg |first1=Martin |last2=Gray |first2=Nina |last3=Hofer |first3=Margaret |title=A new light on Tiffany: Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany girls; on the occasion of the Exhibition: A New Light on Tiffany |date=2007 |publisher=New-York Historical Society |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-904832-35-5 |edition=1. publ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySPrAAAAMAAJ&q=unsung%20 |access-date=6 February 2024 |language=English |quote=Clara Pierce Wolcott Driscoll was one of the many creative artists employed by Louis C. Tiffany.}}</ref> [[Clara Driscoll (glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]] was one of the many gifted artists employed by Tiffany. Driscoll was born in Tallmadge, Ohio. Driscoll was educated at the [[Cleveland Institute of Art|
Western Reserve School of Design for Women]], and in 1888 moved to New York City to study at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art Schools|Metropolitan Museum of Art School]].<ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /> "The turning point in her career came when she and her sister found employment at the Tiffany Glass Company in [[Manhattan]]."<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> When Driscoll first began work at Tiffany's the firm was located at 333-35 Fourth Avenue, later renamed for its lush-green central median, [[Park Avenue]]. The names of the firm underwent a metamorphosis of name changes, as had Tiffany's glass operation with Nash: Louis C. Tiffany and Associated Artists, to Louis C. Tiffany & Co., and finally the Tiffany Glass Company.<ref name="Tiffany Morse Museum">{{cite web |title=Tiffany Studios |url=https://morsemuseum.org/louis-comfort-tiffany/tiffany-studios/ |website=The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Tiffany Studios" /><ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /> "As the name suggests, the company focused largely on leaded-glass windows but it also received commissions for interior decoration."<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> From the late 1880s until about 1909, Driscoll supervised many of Tiffany's most celebrated leaded windows and mosaics.<ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /> Since the common practice at the time was to limit female hires to unmarried status, Driscoll worked on and off on three separate occasions.<ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /> During Driscoll's first term in 1892, a "Women's Glass Cutting Department" with six female employees under Driscoll's direction was created, and in two years, this had increased to thirty-five.<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> Her third term at Tiffany's, "undoubtedly the most creative"<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> tenure of her career, was the period many refer to as "the most prestigious commissions for leaded-glass windows and mosaics by her "Tiffany Girls."<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> It was during this tenure that iconic pieces like the ''Dragonfly'', ''Wisteria'', and ''Poppy'' lamp shades were created.<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> Undoubtedly, the magic in the artistic endeavors by Tiffany and his artisans can only be ascribed to the "harmony that existed between Tiffany and his workers."<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /><ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /><ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" />

====Frederick Wilson====
{{Main|Frederick Wilson (artist)}}
[[File:This is one of the astonishing collection of 25 Louis Comfort Tiffany stained-glass windows that illuminate Saint Peter's Chapel on Mare Island, California LCCN2013635025.tif|thumb|"The Sower", designed by Frederick Wilson: one of 25 ''in situ'' Tiffany windows at [[St. Peter's Chapel, Mare Island]]]]
Frederick Wilson started at Tiffany Studios in 1893, became its chief window designer in 1897,<ref name="duncan">{{cite book|last1=Duncan|first1=Alastair|title=Louis Comfort Tiffany|date=1992|publisher=Abrams|location=New York|isbn=9780810938625|page=[https://archive.org/details/louiscomforttiff0000dunc/page/81 81]|url=https://archive.org/details/louiscomforttiff0000dunc/page/81}}</ref> and head of the Ecclesiastical Department in 1899.<ref name="vmfa">{{cite web|title=What are the Tiffany Windows?|url=https://www.vmfa.museum/mlit/what-are-the-tiffany-windows/|website=Virginia Museum of Fine Arts|date=3 June 2015 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> He was among the most prominent and prolific designers: ''e.g.'', ''The Righteous Shall Receive a Crown of Glory'' (1901); ''[[Angel of the Resurrection (Tiffany Studios stained glass window)|Angel of the Resurrection]]'' (1904); ''The Prayer of the Christian Soldier'' (1919). He worked in his studio at Briarcliff Manor, New York, as well as in the Tiffany Studios factory at Corona, Queens. After 30 years and more than 500 windows designed and executed,<ref name="wilson index">{{cite web |title=Tiffany Census, Designer Index: Frederick Wilson (507 items, 382 Extant) |url=https://www.cambridge2000.com/tiffany/html/designer/index.html#Frederick_Wilson |website=cambridge2000.com |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> he left Tiffany Studios in 1923 and moved to Los Angeles to work for Judson Studios.

====Julia Halsey Munson====
[[File:Tiffany and Company - Necklace - Walters 572121.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|This necklace exemplifies Tiffany & Co.'s jewelry production around the turn of the 20th century. Necklace circa 1904.]]
Julia Munson was born in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], in 1875. Munson was trained at the Artist-Artisan Institute of New York.<ref name="NYTimes Artist-Artisan Institute Munson">{{cite news |title=THE ARTIST-ARTISAN INSTITUTE; Beginning of Eighth Season -- Union Effected with the School of Industrial Art and Technical Design for Women. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/10/06/issue.html |access-date=6 February 2024 |agency=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Publishing |date=6 October 1895 |quote=Few New Yorkers appreciate how much excellent work is being done here ... at 140 West 23rd Street.}}</ref> Munson's drawings, preserved in Tiffany & Co. archives, exhibit abstract attention to nature's beauty, namely plants and flowers inspired by Tiffany's glassworks.<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /> "The idea of Tiffany's enamels as the link between his stained-glass windows and his jewelry for Tiffany & Co. is well founded. "During the twelve years they collaborated on jewelry, they maintained the practice of taking themes from Tiffany's glass, mosaics, and metalwork, creating jewels that women sought around the world."<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /><ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /><ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /> Although Tiffany's lamps are his most well-known artistic creations, his unique jewelry, characterised by vibrant colors, unusual stones, and exotic motifs, has also become sought after by collectors of fine jewelry.<ref name="Christie's jewelry">{{cite web |title=The exotic jewels of Louis Comfort Tiffany |url=https://www.christies.com/en/stories/louis-comfort-tiffany-jewels-74ef60299187466fb58fa0b25d34a4cd |website=Christies |access-date=6 February 2024 |quote=Tiffany's trips to North Africa and the Near East had a particular impact on his life’s work, because it was here that he became consumed by an interest in colour, light, and hues that were rarely seen in the palette of mainstream American artists.}}</ref>

In 1903, Julia Munson became the head of Tiffany & Co.'s jewelry department. She played a pivotal role in developing the enameling techniques used in Tiffany's jewelry, although her significant contributions remained largely unrecognized at the time, as none of the pieces she worked on were signed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Misiorowski |first1=Elise B. |last2=Dirlam |first2=Dona M. |date=1986-01-01 |title=Art Nouveau: Jewels and Jewelers |journal=Gems & Gemology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=209–228 |doi=10.5741/GEMS.22.4.209 |bibcode=1986GemG...22..209M |s2cid=67802910 |issn=0016-626X}}</ref> One notable example of their collaboration is the ''Peacock Necklace'' (circa 1906), designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and crafted by Munson. The necklace showcases opals, amethysts, sapphires, and demantoid garnets, all set in intricate cloisonné enamel on gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Art Nouveau Jewelry |url=https://dsfantiquejewelry.com/blogs/journal/the-rise-of-art-nouveau-jewelry |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=DSF Antique Jewelry |language=en}}</ref>

====Agnes Northrop====
{{Main|Agnes Northrop}}
Agnes Northrop  (1857 – 1953) started as a "Tiffany Girl" and became a designer. In 2024 the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] acquired her stained glass [[triptych]] entitled ''Garden Landscape'' <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{cite web |title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Acquires Monumental Tiffany Window Designed by Agnes Northrop |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2023/tiffany-windows |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>

===Finality===
Tiffany’s glass fell out of favor in the 1910s, and by the 1920s a foundry had been installed for a separate bronze company. Tiffany's leadership and talent, as well as his father's money and old firm, allowed Tiffany to relaunch Tiffany Studios as a marketing strategy for his business to thrive. In 1924 the firm underwent a name change, and was renamed the ''A. Douglas Nash Company.''<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> Leslie Nash states that they "made glass for only one and a half years" which would suggest that the firm stopped producing favrile glass by 1927 or the latest by 1929.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> Leslie Nash, son of Arthur Nash, describes the ultimate demise of the company in the context of the Great Depression:{{Quote box|quote  = "A Directors meeting was called—the auditors read the statement—which showed us in the red more than $400,000—a very heavy loss. It was voted to go into voluntary bankruptcy. Mr. Tiffany bought in all the stock at par, paid all outstanding indebtedness—and the famous Glass business was closed forever. Shortly following, the Tiffany Studios with all its departments did the same thing."|author = Leslie Nash|source = ''Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking,'' p. 13|width  = 50%|align  = left|bgcolor = beige|qalign = center}} In 1932, Tiffany Studios filed for bankruptcy. Ownership of the complex passed back to the original owners of the factory — the [[Roman Bronze Works]] — which had served as a subcontractor to Tiffany for many years.”<ref name="Tiffany Studios">{{cite web |title=A Chronology of Louis C. Tiffany and Tiffany Studios |url=https://www.tiffanystudios.org/tiffany-chronology.html |website=Tiffany Studios |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Tifffany Morse Museum">{{cite web |title=Tiffany Studios |url=https://morsemuseum.org/louis-comfort-tiffany/tiffany-studios/ |website=The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roman Bronze Works |url=https://www.cartermuseum.org/artists/roman-bronze-works |website=Amon Carter Museum of American Art |publisher=Carter Museum |access-date=23 December 2023 |language=English}}</ref> [[John Polachek]], founder of the [[General Bronze Corporation]] —who had worked at the Tiffany Studios earlier— purchased the Roman Bronze Works (the old Tiffany Studios).<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle - Polachek">{{cite news |last1=Erler |first1=Diana |title=Creating a New Bronze Age |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/55230082/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |date=19 August 1928 |pages=75}}</ref><ref name="NYT Bronze buys Tiffany Studios: again in control">{{cite news |title=BRONZE CORPORATION BUYS TIFFANY STUDIOS; John Polachek Again in Control of Metal Working Plant Which He Once Managed. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/01/31/issue.html |access-date=29 December 2023 |agency=The New York Times |issue=Business & Finance |publisher=The New York Times Publishing |date=31 January 1928}}</ref> General Bronze then became the largest [[metal fabrication|bronze fabricator]] in New York City formed through the merger of his own companies and Tiffany's Corona factory.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle - Polachek" /><ref name="NYT Polachek dies">{{cite news |title=John Polachek, An Industrialist |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/04/18/93802563.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |access-date=18 December 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=18 April 1955 |location=Obituaries |pages=22 |quote=In 1903, he became a supervisor of bronze manufacturing for Tiffany Studios. Founder of General Bronze Corporation Dies – Products Adorn Leading Buildings}}</ref><ref name="NYT Bronze buys Tiffany Studios: again in control"/> Today, the ''Louis Tiffany School'' or [[New York City|New York City's]] [https://www.ps110q.org/ P.S. (public school) 110Q], is now built on that site.<ref name="Tifffany Morse Museum" /><ref name="NYT Bronze buys Tiffany Studios: again in control" /><ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle - Polachek" /><ref name="NYT Polachek dies" />

===Controversy===
The relations between Louis C. Tiffany and his highly-gifted artisans—such as between Arthur Nash and his family business relationships with Tiffany; or Clara Driscoll, his head designer for lamps and stained-glass windows—-will probably never be known.<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> Clara Driscoll's work was never once publicly acknowledged. Arthur Nash, who served as the head of Tiffany's glassworks, was never once publicly acknowledged either.<ref name="Tiffany Girls - Eidelberg/Gray/Hofer" /> They have been under scrutiny ever since Tiffany retired after the stock market crash of 1929.{{Quote box|quote  = "When the firm was obliged to disclose the names of individual workers to juries, as at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris World's Fair of 1900]], it complied and, in fact, both Clara Driscoll and Arthur Nash as well as others received prizes. Nonetheless, their individual awards were never publicized, but Tiffany's were."|author = Martin Eidelberg, Nina Gray, Margaret Hofer|source = ''A New Light on Tiffany — Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany Girls,'' p. 12|width  = 50%|align  = right|bgcolor = lightblue|qalign = center}} "The exact nature of Arthur Nash's business relation to Tiffany remains problematic. That [one firm] was named the Stourbridge Glass Company in deference to Arthur Nash's previous work in England suggests Nash's eminence and influence."<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> 
{{Quote box|quote  = "The documentary evidence shows that at two points in its early history, on June 26 and September 13, 1893, the Stourbridge Glass Company sought financing by issuing additional stock. It was then that Louis C. Tiffany's father became a stockholder and Louis himself was designated as president."|author = Martin Eidelberg & Nancy A. McClelland|source = ''Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking,'' p. 7|width  = 50%|align  = left|bgcolor = beige|qalign = center}} It would appear that contracts negotiated between Tiffany and Nash's Stourbridge Glass Co. limited Nash's artistic control, and that, "there was a phrase that gave Louis C. Tiffany artistic control. Until then, Louis Tiffany's name had not appeared on the company's documents, but suddenly he was listed as president."<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> 
On January 6, 1920, the firm was incorporated as the ''Louis C. Tiffany Furnaces, Inc.'' At this time, Tiffany was still president, but most of his shares had been already transferred to the charitable foundations for artists that he had legally set up in his name.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> After this, the Nash family — Arthur J., and his two sons, A. Douglas and Leslie — owned a large block of the company.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> The closing of the factory has also been a matter of some debate. Overall, findings would suggest that the factory closed circa 1929-1930. Louis Tiffany subsequently died in 1933.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" />{{Quote box|quote=Nash's work was done anonymously and under Tiffany's shadow. '''Yet, had there not been a Tiffany, there would have been no Nash.'''|author=Martin Eidelberg, Nina Gray, Margaret Hofer|source = ''A New Light on Tiffany — Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany Girls,'' p. 24|width  = 50%|align  = right|bgcolor =beige|qalign = center}}

===White House===
[[File:White House entrance-hall Tiffany screen 1882 crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.8|The [[White House]] in 1882, showing the newly installed Tiffany glass screens]]
The new firm's most notable work came in 1882 when [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Chester Alan Arthur]] refused to move into the [[White House]] until it had been redecorated. Arthur commissioned Tiffany, who began to make a name for himself in New York City society for the firm's [[interior design]] work, to redo the state rooms, which Arthur found charmless.
Tiffany worked on the [[East Room]], the [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]], the [[Red Room (White House)|Red Room]], the [[State Dining Room]], and the Entrance Hall, refurnishing, repainting in decorative patterns, installing newly designed mantelpieces, changing to wallpaper with dense patterns, and adding [[Tiffany glass]] to gaslight fixtures and windows and adding an opalescent floor-to-ceiling glass screen in the Entrance Hall.<ref>[http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/special/renovation-1873.htm "Victorian Ornamentation"] on WhiteHouseMuseum.org</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_timelines/timelines_architecture-02.html "White House Timelines: Architecture"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117151932/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_timelines/timelines_architecture-02.html |date=January 17, 2011 }} on the [[White House Historical Association]] website</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_timelines/timelines_decorative-arts-02.html "White House Timelines: Decorative Arts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019080424/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_timelines/timelines_decorative-arts-02.html |date=October 19, 2010 }} on the [[White House Historical Association]] website</ref>
The Tiffany screen and other Victorian additions were all removed in the Roosevelt renovations of 1902, which restored the White House interiors to Federal style in keeping with its architecture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Theodore Roosevelt Renovation, 1902|url=http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/special/renovation-1902.htm|publisher=The White House Museum|access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref>

===First Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh===
The [[First Presbyterian Church (Pittsburgh)|First Presbyterian Church]] building of 1905 in [[Pittsburgh]], uses Tiffany windows that partially make use of painted glass.{{dubious|date=May 2017}} Use of the colored glass itself to create stained glass pictures was motivated by the ideals of the [[Arts and Crafts movement]] and its leader [[William Morris]] in England. Fellow artists and glassmakers Oliver Kimberly and Frank Duffner, founders of the [[Duffner and Kimberly]] Company and [[John La Farge]] were Tiffany's chief competitors in this new American style of stained glass. Tiffany, Duffner and Kimberly, along with La Farge, had learned their craft at the same glasshouses in Brooklyn in the late 1870s.
In 1889, at the [[Paris Exhibition of 1889|Paris Exposition]], Tiffany was said to have been "overwhelmed" by the glass work of [[Émile Gallé]], French [[Art Nouveau]] artisan.<ref name="Britannica"/> He also met artist [[Alphonse Mucha]]. In 1900, at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]] in Paris, he won a gold medal with his stained glass windows ''The Four Seasons''
Recent research by [[Rutgers University]] professor [[Martin Eidelberg]] suggests that a team of talented single women designers, sometimes referred to as the "Tiffany Girls",<ref>Gafffney, Dennis [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/stories/articles/2015/01/12/who-were-tiffany-girls "Who Were the Tiffany Girls?"] ''[[Antiques Roadshow]]'' website (January 12, 2015)</ref> led by [[Clara Driscoll (Tiffany glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]] played a big role in designing many of the floral patterns on the famous [[Tiffany lamp]] and other creations.<ref name=tws16nov35>{{cite news| author = Taylor, Kate| title = Tiffany's Secret Is Over| newspaper = [[New York Sun]]| date = February 13, 2007| url = http://www.nysun.com/arts/tiffanys-secret-is-over/48495/| access-date = November 16, 2009}}</ref><ref name=tws16nov43>{{cite news| author = Johnson, Caitlin A. | title = Tiffany Glass Never Goes Out Of Style| newspaper = [[CBS News]]| date = April 15, 2007| url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tiffany-glass-never-goes-out-of-style/| access-date = November 16, 2009}}</ref><ref name=tws16nov12>{{cite news| author = Kastner, Jeffrey | title = Out of Tiffany's Shadow, a Woman of Light | newspaper = [[The New York Times]]| date = February 25, 2007| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/arts/design/25kast.html?pagewanted=print| access-date = November 16, 2009}}</ref><ref name=tws16no72>{{cite news| author = Goodman, Vivian| title = Exhibition Honors Woman Behind the Tiffany Lamp|date = January 14, 2007| url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6854160| access-date = November 16, 2009|newspaper = [[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name=tws16nov21>{{cite news| title = Spare Times | newspaper = [[The New York Times]]| date = April 7, 2006| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E1D61030F934A35757C0A9609C8B63| access-date = November 16, 2009}}</ref> Tiffany interiors also made considerable use of [[mosaic]]s. The mosaics workshop, largely staffed by women, was overseen until 1898 by the Swiss-born sculptor and designer [[Jacob Adolphus Holzer]].

===Tiffany & Co.===
{{Main|Tiffany & Co.}}
In 1902, Tiffany became the first design director for [[Tiffany & Co.]], the jewelry company founded by his father.<ref>[http://www.tiffany.com/About/LouisComfort.aspx "Louis Comfort Tiffany"] on the [[Tiffany & Co.]] website</ref> 1911 saw the installation of an enormous glass curtain fabricated for the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] in [[Mexico City]]. It is considered by some to be a masterpiece.<ref name="Britannica">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref> Tiffany used all his skills in the design of his own house, the 84-room [[Laurelton Hall]], in the village of [[Laurel Hollow]], on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], completed in 1905. Later this estate was donated to his foundation for art students along with 60 acres (243,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of land, sold in 1949, and destroyed by a fire in 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.morsemuseum.org/louis-comfort-tiffany/laurelton-hall|title=Laurelton Hall, Louis Comfort Tiffany's Long Island estate|website=www.morsemuseum.org|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> Aside from his fame for glass and jewelry design, Tiffany also designed what we know today as the [[New York Yankees]] logo, originally used in 1877 as part of the [[NYPD|NYPD's]] [[New_York_City_Police_Department_Medal_of_Honor|Medal of Valor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/yankees-new-york-logo-origin|title=NYPD & Tiffany: The story behind Yanks' logo|website=www.mlb.com|date=2021-02-04}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Portrait Louis Comfort Tiffany with his parents and his children 1888.jpg|thumb|Tiffany (far left), holding his twin daughters Louise and Julia, along with his parents (seated)]]
Tiffany married Mary Woodbridge Goddard on May 15, 1872, in [[Norwich, Connecticut]], and had four children:

*Mary Woodbridge Tiffany (1873–1963) who married [[Graham Lusk]];<ref name="Pennoyer2009">{{cite book |last1=Pennoyer |first1=Peter |last2=Walker |first2=Anne |last3=Stern |first3=Robert A. M. |title=The Architecture of Grosvenor Atterbury |date=2009 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=9780393732221 |page=270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT2bw5tVtVMC&pg=PA270 |access-date=30 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*Charles Louis Tiffany I (1874–1874);
*Charles Louis Tiffany II (1878–1947) who married [[Katrina Ely Tiffany|Katrina Brandes Ely]]; 
*Hilda Goddard Tiffany (1879–1908), the youngest.

After the death of his wife, he married Louise Wakeman Knox (1851–1904) on November 9, 1886. They had four children:

*Louise Comfort Tiffany (1887–1974), who married Rodman Drake DeKay Gilder;
*Julia DeForest Tiffany (1887–1973), who married Gurdon S. Parker then married Francis Minot Weld;<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Parker Weds Francis M. Weld|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 18, 1930 }}</ref>
*Annie Olivia Tiffany (1888–1892); and
*[[Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany|Dorothy Trimble Tiffany]] (1891–1979), who, as Dorothy Burlingham, later became a noted [[psychoanalyst]] and lifelong friend and partner of [[Anna Freud]].

===Laurelton Hall===
{{Main|Laurelton Hall}}
[[File:Spring panel from the Four Seasons leaded-glass window by Louis Comfort Tiffany.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.8|Spring panel from the Four Seasons leaded-glass window, from Louis Comfort Tiffany's Laurelton Hall]]Tiffany had designed and built [[Laurelton Hall]] but has long since been demolished. It was situated in the village of [[Laurel Hollow]] in the [[Oyster Bay, New York|town of Oyster Bay]] on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. It was built as an 84-room mansion on 600 acres of land, designed in classic [[Art Nouveau]] style. "Laurelton was ever-evolving," according to Alice Frelinghuysen.<ref name="Tiffany - Laurelton Hall Frelinghuysen">{{cite book |last1=Frelinghuysen |first1=Alice Cooney |title=Louis Comfort Tiffany and Laurelton Hall: an artist's country estate [exhibition, Metropolitan museum of art, New York, November 21, 2006-May 20, 2007] |date=2006 |publisher=Metropolitan museum of art Yale university press |location=New York New Haven (Conn.) |isbn=1-58839-201-5 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzTFN8FPUygC&q=Louis+Comfort+Tiffany+and+Laurelton+Hall:+an+artist%27s+country+estate |access-date=6 February 2024 |quote=It can be argued that Laurelton Hall, completed in 1905,  was Tiffany's greatest achievement.}}</ref> The house, as well as the gardens, both manifested and embodied Tiffany's artistic expression.<ref name="NYTimes Laurelton">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=2006-10-29 |title=The Mansion That Got Away |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/realestate/the-mansion-that-got-away.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> "He filled museum-style cases with hundreds of the best examples of his own glass vases. pottery, enamelware, juxtaposed with Roman and Syrian glass, Egyptian jewelry, and Near Eastern ceramics and tiles."<ref name="Tiffany - Laurelton Hall Frelinghuysen" />

==Death==
Tiffany died on January 17, 1933, and is interred in [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York City.<ref name=obit /> Tiffany is the great-grandfather of investor [[George Gilder]].

==Societies==
* [[American Watercolor Society]]
* [[Architectural League]]
* Chevalier of the [[Legion of Honour]] in 1900
* Imperial Society of Fine Arts (Tokyo)
* [[National Academy of Design]] in 1880
* New York Society of Fine Arts
* [[Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts]] (Paris)
* [[Society of American Artists]] in 1877{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} <small>'''Source:<ref name=obit>[https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0218.html "Louis C. Tiffany, Noted Artist, Dies"] ''[[New York Times]]'' (January 18, 1933)</ref>'''</small>

==Awards and Honors==
* 1893: 44 medals, [[World Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago)
* 1900: gold medal, Chevalier of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France)
* 1900: grand prix, [[Paris Exposition of 1900|Paris Exposition]]
* 1901: grand prix, St. Petersburg Exposition
* 1901: gold medal, Buffalo Exposition
* 1901: gold medal, Dresden Exposition
* 1902: gold medal and special diploma, Turin Exposition
* 1904: gold medal, [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tiff/hd_tiff.htm |title=Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933) |last1=Frelinghuysen |first1=Alice Cooney |last2=Obniski |first2=Monica |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |date=July 2007 |access-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref>
* 1907: gold medal, [[Jamestown Exposition]]
* 1909: grand prize, Seattle Exposition
* 1915: gold medal, Panama Exposition
* 1926: gold medal, [[Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition of 1926|Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition]]
<small>'''Source:<ref name=obit />'''</small>

==Collections==
The [[Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art]] in [[Winter Park, Florida]], houses the world's most comprehensive collection of the works of Louis Comfort Tiffany, including [[Tiffany jewelry]], pottery, paintings, art glass, leaded-glass windows, lamps, and the [[Tiffany Chapel]] he designed for the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago. After the close of the exposition, a benefactor purchased the entire chapel for installation in the crypt of the [[Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York]] in New York City. As construction on the cathedral continued, the chapel fell into disuse, and in 1916, Tiffany removed the bulk of it to Laurelton Hall. After a 1957 fire, Hugh McKean,<ref>[http://www.morsemuseum.org/about/hmckean.htm Hugh McKean]</ref> a former art student in 1930 at Laurelton Hall, and his wife Jeannette Genius McKean rescued the chapel,<ref>[http://www.morsemuseum.org/about/jmckean.htm Jeannette Genius McKean]</ref> which now occupies an entire wing of the Morse Museum which they founded. Many glass panels from Laurelton Hall are also there; for many years some were on display in local restaurants and businesses in [[Central Florida]].  Some were replaced by full-scale color transparencies after the museum opened.

In November 2006, a major exhibit at Laurelton Hall at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]] opened. In 2007, an exhibit at the [[New-York Historical Society]] featured new information about the women who worked for Tiffany and their contribution to designs credited to Tiffany; the Society holds and exhibits a major collection of Tiffany's work. Since 1995, the [[Queens Museum of Art]] has featured a permanent collection of Tiffany objects, which continues Tiffany's presence in Corona, Queens where the company's studios were once located. [[Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church]] in [[Richmond, Indiana]], has a collection of 62 Tiffany windows which are still their original placements, but the church is deteriorating and in jeopardy.

In 1906, Tiffany created stained glass windows for the [[Stanford White]]-designed [[Madison Square Presbyterian Church, New York City (1906)|Madison Square Presbyterian Church]] located on [[Madison Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. The church was Tiffany's place of worship, and was torn down in 1919 after the [[Metropolitan Life Insurance Company]] bought the land to build their new [[Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower|headquarters]].  Tiffany had inserted a clause in his contract stipulating that if the church were ever to be demolished, then ownership of the windows would revert to him.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Tiffany enjoyed staying at the [[The Mission Inn Hotel & Spa|Mission Inn]] in [[Riverside, California]], and had become friends with the founder of the Mission Inn, [[Frank Augustus Miller]], so, after meeting with Miller in New York, Tiffany shipped the windows to the Mission Inn; they arrived there in 1924,<ref>''Riverside Daily Press'' (June 12, 1924)</ref> and were stored until the inn's St. Francis Chapel  was completed in 1931.  There are six rectangular windows and a 104” diameter window in the rear of the chapel, as well as another 104” diameter window is in the Galeria next to the chapel.  A smaller window entitled “Monk At The Organ” featuring a [[Franciscan]] friar, is in St Cecelia's Chapel, a wedding chapel, and is engraved with Tiffany's signature. The St Francis Chapel was designed with the intent of prominently displaying Tiffany's windows.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lech |first1=Steve |title=Riverside in Vintage Postcards |date=2005 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-2978-3 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvDHqrbZZx4C&pg=PA66 |language=en |quote=the Saint Francis Chapel had to be specially designed to house them}}</ref>
The [[Arlington Street Church]] in [[Boston]] has 16 Tiffany windows of a set of 20, designed by Frederick Wilson (1858–1932), Tiffany's chief designer for ecclesiastical windows.<ref name="ASCT-About">{{cite web|title=About Tiffany Windows|url=https://www.asctiffany.org/about-tiffany-windows/|website=ASC Tiffany|publisher=Foundation for the Preservation of 20 Arlington Street|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> They were gradually installed between 1889 and 1929. The church archives include designs for 4 additional windows which were never commissioned due to financial constraints caused by the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="ASC-Windows">{{cite web|title=Our Windows: A Guide to the Historic Collection of Tiffany Windows|url=http://www.ascboston.org/downloads/publications/brochures/ASC-Windows.pdf|website=Arlington Street Church|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> When funds again became available, Tiffany Studios had gone out of business and its stockpile of glass had been dispersed and lost, ending the prospect of completing the set.<ref name="ASC-Windows" /> Also in the [[Back Bay, Boston|Back Bay]] district of Boston is [[Frederick Ayer Mansion]], one of three surviving examples of Tiffany interiors, and the only surviving building also possessing exterior mosaics designed by Tiffany.<ref name=NHL-Ayer>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/ma/Frederick%20Ayer%20Mansion.pdf|title=NHL nomination for Frederick Ayer Mansion|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=2014-05-30}}</ref>
              
The Pine Street Baptist Church in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], was opened in 1917 at Lloyd and Wayland Street as Central Baptist and in 2003, became known as Community Church of Providence. Between 1917 and 2018 the church featured a large [[Tiffany glass|Tiffany]] stained glass memorial to Frederick W. Hartwell that was created by [[Agnes F. Northrop]]<ref>McGreevy, Nora, ''[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/after-100-years-obscurity-brilliant-tiffany-stained-glass-window-shine-chicago-180977850/ Stunning Tiffany Stained Glass Debuts After 100 Years of Obscurity]'', Smithsonian Magazine, May 28, 2021</ref> and entitled "Light in Heaven and Earth". The complex work, considered "one of the largest and finest landscape windows ever produced by Tiffany Studios", largely was overlooked in the community. In 2018, the church sold the window to the [[Art Institute of Chicago]]. After conservation and preparation, it will be displayed prominently as the [[Hartwell Memorial Window]].<ref name="HMW">{{cite news |last1=Naylor |first1=Donita |title=Tiffany church window, unnoticed in Providence, will be a star attraction in Chicago art museum |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/news/20200221/tiffany-church-window-unnoticed-in-providence-will-be-star-attraction-in-chicago-art-museum |accessdate=23 February 2020 |publisher=The Providence Journal |date=21 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223152839/https://www.providencejournal.com/news/20200221/tiffany-church-window-unnoticed-in-providence-will-be-star-attraction-in-chicago-art-museum |archivedate=23 February 2020}}</ref>

Significant collections of Tiffany windows outside the United States are the 17 windows in the former Erskine and American United Church, now part of the [[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]] in [[Montreal, Canada]],<ref>Mathieu, Christine Johanne. [http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/742/1/MQ39123.pdf ''The History of the Tiffany Windows at the Erskine and American Church, Montreal''] Concordia University (Master of Arts Thesis), 1999
</ref> and the two windows in the [[American Church in Paris]], on the [[Quai d'Orsay]], which have been classified as National Monuments by the French government; these were commissioned by [[Rodman Wanamaker]] in 1901 for the original American Church building on the right bank of the [[River Seine|Seine]].

The [[Haworth Art Gallery]] in [[Accrington]], England,<ref name=haworth>[http://www.hyndburnbc.gov.uk/hag "Haworth Art Gallery"] on the Hyndburn Borough Council website</ref> contains a collection of more than 140 examples of the work of Louis Comfort Tiffany, including vases, tiles, lamps, and mosaics. The collection, which claims to be the largest collection of publicly owned Tiffany glass outside of the United States, contains a fine example of an Aquamarine vase and the noted Sulphur Crested Cockatoos mosaic.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" caption="Stained glass windows" widths="225px" heights="250px">
File:Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg|Window of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]], in the [[Lightner Museum]], [[St. Augustine, Florida]]
File:Girl with Cherry Blossoms - Tiffany Glass & Decorating Company, c. 1890.JPG|''Girl with Cherry Blossoms'' (c. 1890)
File:tifftree.JPG|''The Tree of Life'' stained glass
File:WLA ima Angel of the Resurrection.jpg|''[[Angel of the Resurrection]]'' (1904), in the [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
File:The New Creation by Tiffany.jpg|''The New Creation'', at [[Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church]], [[Baltimore]]
File:Baptism of Christ by Tiffany.jpg|''The Baptism of Christ'', at Brown Memorial
File:LockportStainedGlass.jpg|''Nicodemus Came to Him by Night'', First Presbyterian Church, [[Lockport (city), New York|Lockport, New York]]
File:John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg|[[John the Baptist]] at [[Arlington Street Church]] in [[Boston]]
File:Sermon-on-the-mount-tiffany.jpg|[[Sermon on the Mount]] at [[Arlington Street Church]] in Boston
File:Tiffany Jesus Window in Pullman Memorial Universalist Church.jpg|''Christ the Consoler'' at [[Pullman Memorial Universalist Church]], [[Albion (village), New York|Albion, New York]]
File:95, Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (cropped).jpg|Corey Memorial Window ({{circa}} 1892-95), formerly at [[Christ Reformed Episcopal Church (Chicago)|Christ Reformed Episcopal Church]] and now in the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] in [[Chicago]]
Image:The Holy City.jpg|''The Holy City'' (1905), representing [[John of Patmos|St. John]]'s vision on the isle of [[Patmos]], one of eleven Tiffany windows at [[Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church]] in [[Baltimore]]; with 58 panels, it is believed to be one of the largest Tiffany Studios windows
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" caption=Education widths="875px" heights="210px">
File:Tiffany Education.JPG|[[Education (Chittenden Memorial Window)|''Education'']], the [[Chittenden Memorial Window]] at [[Yale University]]

</gallery>
<gallery class="center" widths="300" heights="250" caption="Tiffany Lamps">
File:VMFA Tiffany Lamps.jpg|Collection of Tiffany lamps from the [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]]
File:Wisteria Tiffany Studios Lamp.jpg|Wisteria table lamp
File:Tiffany Studios - Eighteen-Light Lily Lamp - up - HNT.jpg|Eighteen Lily floriform lamp by the Tiffany Studios (c. 1902) in the collection of The Huntington Library Art Museum in San Marino, CA.
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" caption="Interior Designs" widths="225px" heights="250px">
File:Fourth Universalist Tiffany Altar.jpg|Altar designed by Tiffany at the [[Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Tiffany glass#Locations and collections|Tiffany glass]]
* [[The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation]]
* [[Art Nouveau glass art]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Sources'''
* Eidelberg, M., Gray, N., & Hofer, M. ''A New Light On Tiffany — Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany Girls''. The New York Historical Society, New York, 2007.
* Eidelberg, M. & McClelland, N. ''Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking.'' St. Martin's Press, New York, 2001.
* Frelinghuysen, A. ''Louis Comfort Tiffany and Laurelton Hall.'' The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2001.
* Johnson, M., Burlingham, M., Kahn, M., & Joppien, R. ''Louis Comfort Tiffany: artist for the ages''. Scala, London, 2005. 
* Kemeny, G. & Miller, D. ''Tiffany Desk Treasures''. Hudson Hills Press, New York, 2002.
* Loring, J. ''Louis Comfort Tiffany at Tiffany & Co.'' Tiffany style. Harry Abrams, New York, 2008. 
* Paul, T. ''The Art of Louis comfort Tiffany.'' New Burlington Books, London, 2004.
* Tiffany, Louis Comfort & de Kay, Charles. ''The Art Work of Louis C. Tiffany''. Doubleday, Page & Co, New York, 1916.


'''Further reading'''
* Couldrey, Vivienne. ''The Art of Louis Comfort Tiffany''. Bloomsbury Publications, London, 1989,  {{ISBN|0-7475-0488-1}}
* Duncan, Alastair. ''Tiffany Windows''. Thames & Hudson, London, 1980, {{ISBN|978-0-500-23321-4}}
*{{cite book |author=Frelinghuysen, Alice Cooney | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/88550/rec/13  |title=Louis Comfort Tiffany and Laurelton Hall: an artist's country estate | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2006 | isbn=1588392015}}
* Koch, Robert H. ''Louis C. Tiffany – Rebel in Glass''. 3rd Ed., Crown Publishers Inc, New York, 1982, ASIN B 0007DRJK0
* Logan, Ernest Edwin. ''The Church That Was Twice Born: A History of the First Presbyterian Church Of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1773–1973''. Pickwick-Morcraft, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1973
* Rago, David. "Tiffany Pottery" in ''American Art Pottery''. Knickerbocker Press, New York, 1997
* {{cite web |url=http://www.michiganstainedglass.org/month/month.php?month=05&year=2008 |title=Featured Windows, Louis C. Tiffany and Tiffany Studios As Seen Through Michigan Stained Glass Windows |publisher=Michigan Stained Glass Census |date=May–June 2008 |access-date=February 18, 2012}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Louis Comfort Tiffany}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Tiffany, Louis Comfort}}
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16028coll5 Tiffany Digital Collection from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries] 
* [http://www.cmog.org/article/tiffany-treasures-favrile-glass-special-collections Tiffany Treasures: Favrile Glass from Special Collections.] Information on the 2009–2010 exhibition at The Corning Museum of Glass.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181008202728/http://www.collecting20thcentury.com/articles/Louis-Comfort-Tiffany.html Louis Comfort Tiffany – Artist and Businessman]
* {{Find a Grave|2957}}
* [http://collection.cooperhewitt.org/people/18044255/ Louis Comfort Tiffany objects in the collection of the] [[Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum]]
* [http://www.achome.co.uk/mission/index.php?page=pictorial_histories&subpage=lctiffany Louis Comfort Tiffany Pictorial Histories]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/press_room/full_release.asp?prid={2A41E484-0E5C-481E-B09C-C411D7A57F5E} Press Release on Metropolitan 2006–07 exhibition about Laurelton Hall]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061003152519/http://www.marktwainhouse.org/thehouse/tiffany.shtml Tiffany and The Associated Artists' work on the Mark Twain House]
* [http://edisoneffect.blogspot.com/2007/12/when-louis-comfort-tiffany-redesigned.html When Louis Tiffany Redesigned the White House]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190510235442/http://www.willardchapel.org/ Willard Memorial Chapel]
* [http://photo.photojpl.com/tour/tiffany/tiffany-glass.html Virtual visit of Tiffany Glass exhibit] at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (2010).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010303154429/http://www.reidpres.com/reid-5.htm Tiffany windows] at Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church in Richmond, Indiana.
* [http://ayermansion.org/ Ayer Mansion, Back Bay, Boston] (now [http://bayridgeresidence.org/facilities/ Bayridge Residence and Cultural Center])
* [https://www.bedfordfineartgallery.com/louis_comfort_tiffany_lilies.html Artwork by Louis Comfort Tiffany]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiffany, Louis Comfort}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:American glass artists]]
[[Category:American interior designers]]
[[Category:American Orientalist painters]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American stained glass artists and manufacturers]]
[[Category:Artists from New York City]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau designers]]
[[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:National Sculpture Society members]]
[[Category:People from Laurel Hollow, New York]]
[[Category:Tiffany & Co.]]
[[Category:Tiffany family]]
[[Category:Tiffany Studios]]
[[Category:Widener University alumni]]