Editing Los Jaivas

{{Short description|Chilean musical group}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Expand Spanish|topic=cult|date=January 2010|Los Jaivas}}
}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name                = Los Jaivas
| background          = group_or_band
| image                 = Los Jaivas 1972.jpg
| caption            = Los Jaivas in 1972
| origin              = [[Viña del Mar]], Chile
| genre               = {{hlist|[[Folk rock]]|[[progressive rock]]|[[Latin music (genre)|latin music]]|[[andean music]]|[[indigenous music]]|[[psychedelic rock]]|[[avant-garde]]}}
| years_active        = 1963–present
| label               = 
|associated_acts = [[Violeta Parra]], [[Pablo Neruda]], [[Los Blops]], [[El Polen]], [[Arco Iris (band)|Arco Iris]]
|website = 
|current_members = Juanita Parra <br />Claudio Parra <br />Mario Mutis <br />Carlos Cabezas <br />Alan Reale <br />Francisco Bosco
|past_members    = Gabriel Parra † <br />Eduardo "Gato" Alquinta † <br />Eduardo Parra <br />Ankatu Alquinta <br />Julio Anderson † <br />Pájaro Canzani <br />Alberto Ledo † <br />Marcelo Muñoz <br />Fernando Flores <br />Eloy Alquinta † <br />Aurora Alquinta<br /> Juan Pablo Bosco
}}

'''Los Jaivas''' is a Chilean musical group who perform in folk, rock, psychedelic, and [[progressive rock]] styles formed in 1963 in Viña Del Mar, Chile. They are considered one of the most important and influential artists of all time in Latin America.

==History==
The origins of Los Jaivas can be found in the family nucleus made up of the brothers Eduardo, Claudio and Gabriel Parra, from [[Viña del Mar]]. Together with their friends and classmates from high school at the Liceo Guillermo Rivera Cotapos, located on Calle Montaña (a few steps de la Quinta Vergara),<ref>[http://www.mercuriovalpo.cl/site/edic/20030920010514/pags/20030920021256.html Histórica celebración de Los Jaivas], El Mercurio de Valparaíso, September 20, 2003</ref> Los Jaivas appeared in Chilean music on August 15, 1963, under the name of The High & Bass as a progressive-rock-andino group, mixing rock with South American ancestral music.<ref name="musicapopular.cl">{{cite web |title=Los Jaivas |url=http://www.musicapopular.cl/grupo/los-jaivas/ |website=MusicaPopular.cl |access-date=15 October 2022 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pareles |first=Jon |date=1985-05-01 |title=Music/Noted in Brief; Chilean Band Offers South American Pop |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/01/arts/music-noted-in-brief-chilean-band-offers-south-american-pop.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This name was proposed by Rolando Fuentes (a friend of founding member Claudio Parra during high school).<ref>This version was told by Claudio Parra and Rolando Fuentes to the audience during a concert in November 4th, 2017 at Colegio Sagrado Corazón de Apoquindo, Santiago, Chile</ref>

At that time in Chile, it was customary to use English names for musical bands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title='People were put in jail for music': a brief history of Latin American rock |url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/dec/16/people-were-put-in-jail-for-music-a-brief-history-of-latin-american-rock |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Another source indicates that the name is a reference to the members differences in height, since the word in Spanish for bass guitar is the same as that for short (bajo). Another source explains the name as a reference to the bass guitar played at a very high volume compared to the other instruments.<ref name="npr">{{Cite news |last=Zolov |first=Eric |date=2011-03-18 |title=Los Jaivas: How The Band Tried To Mend A Broken Chile In The 1970s |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/altlatino/2011/03/19/134631953/los-jaivas-trying-to-glue-a-broken-chile |access-date=2022-06-02}}</ref> During the following six years, and with its stable formation (Eduardo on keyboards, Claudio on accordion and piano, Gabriel on drums, Gato on guitar and Mario on bass) the band develops its musical proposal at parties and social gatherings in Viña del Mar, mainly performing music tropical, cha cha cha, bossa nova and boleros, with good results.<ref name="musicapopular.cl" /><ref name="stock">Stock, Freddy (2002). ''Los caminos que se abren: La vida mágica de Los Jaivas, Santiago, Grijalbo''</ref>

They quickly realized that an English-sounding name was not appropriate for a folk band, so they changed it to ''Jaivas'' (HIGH-BASS), a "Chileanized" pronunciation of "high bass" which ignores the fact that ''bass'' (the musical instrument) rhymes with ''base'' and ''lace'' in English, as opposed to the word ''bass'' (the fish) which rhymes with ''cass'' and ''lass'', which is how the syllable ''vas'' is pronounced in the band's name. The spelling of Jaivas is a misspelling of the word ''jaibas'', which means [[crab]]s in Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |title=JAIBA |url=http://etimologias.dechile.net/?jaiba |website=Etimologías de Chile - Diccionario que explica el origen de las palabras |access-date=15 October 2022 |language=es}}</ref>

Between 1970 and 1971, and with its Spanishized name "Los Jaivas", the group's concerts became absolute improvisations, without scripts or prepared schemes, and with each musical instrument generating its own atmosphere, even with the help of the audience. Improvisation led them to the appreciation of Latin American musical roots and to the exploration of the sounds of ancestral instruments, which allowed them to combine apparently irreconcilable styles, but which Los Jaivas decided to capture in their subsequent musical creation.<ref name="musicapopular.cl" /><ref name="stock" />

Several concerts from this time, including those held at the Vanguard Music Festival of Viña del Mar (January 1970), the Sala de la Reforma of the Faculty of Musical Arts and Sciences of the [[University of Chile]] (May 1970), the Cine Arte de Viña del Mar (June 1970) and the Park of the Cultural Institute of Las Condes (May 1970), in addition to the soundtrack prepared for a film that was never made (''¿Qué Hacer?'' by Raúl Ruiz, soundtrack recorded in October 1970), are reflected in the five-disc collection entitled La Vorágine, which documents the stage known as the Prehistory of Los Jaivas.<ref name="musicapopular.cl" />

During this time, in addition, the group participates in the mythical Red Stone Festival and records its first official record label, homonymous, but known as El Volantín, due to its characteristic cover. The album, released in 1971, contains improvisations along the lines of the avant-garde explored previously, but it also includes the first compositional sketches, especially on songs like "Foto de Primera Comunión" and "Que o la Tumba Seras".<ref>{{cite web |title=Los Jaivas REBELDE 1 |url=http://www.dospotencias.com.ar/rebelde/jaivas.htm |website=www.dospotencias.com.ar |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

In 1972 they released the Todos Juntos album. Its title track was a plea for unity among the people while Mira Ninita became another staple of the band's live set.<ref name="Wiser">{{Cite web |last=Wiser |first=Danny |date=2020-12-13 |title=CHILE: Alturas De Machu Pichu - Los Jaivas |url=https://www.200worldalbums.com/post/chile-alturas-de-machu-pichu-los-jaivas |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=200worldalbums.com |language=en}}</ref>

However the next year the band was forced to take refuge in [[Argentina]] after [[Chilean 1973 coup|the military dictatorship took over]] in Chile.<ref name="npr" /> In 1977, they headed to [[France]], where they resided for a long time.

During this period of exile, they released the albums Los Jaivas (El Indio) (1975), Cancion Del Sur (1977) and their most acclaimed album [[Alturas de Macchu Picchu]] (1981), which was based on the poems of [[Pablo Neruda]].

The band also flew to Peru to record a seminal concert video on the grounds of the famous Incan castle.<ref name="Wiser"/>

Subsequent albums included Aconcagua (1982) and Obras De Violeta Parra (1984). The latter album was based on the works of the Chilean communist folk singer [[Violeta Parra]] (unrelated to the Parra brothers).

Tragedy struck the band in 1988 when Gabriel died in [[Peru]] in a [[car crash]]. His daughter Juanita took his place behind the drums. In January 2003, the main singer, Gato Alquinta, died in [[Coquimbo]], Chile, of a heart attack while swimming in the sea.

Gato's three sons soon joined the band to replace him: Ankatu (guitar), Eloy (saxophone) and Aurora (vocals). Aurora left shortly after, and Eloy died of a heart attack in 2004. Ankatu, however, is still a member of the band.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Among various other activities, in 2006 the group performed a historic concert on [[Easter Island]], in addition to the [[Chilean Navy]] orchestra, and as part of the celebrations for the month of the sea. On September 20, 2006, [[Canal 13 (Chilean TV channel)|Canal 13]] broadcasts the television special ''Los Jaivas en Rapa Nui: Ojos Que Miran el Universo'', which includes fragments of the recital, as well as interviews with the group and with inhabitants of the Island. The DVD that includes the event It was finally launched on the market in November 2007 under the title of ''Los Jaivas en Rapa Nui''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Este 26 de noviembre LANZAMIENTO DVD "LOS JAIVAS EN RAPA NUI" |url=http://www.apes.cl/wordpress/?p=408 |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=APES Asesorías |date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211080003/http://www.apes.cl/wordpress/?p=408 |archive-date=11 December 2007 |language=es}}</ref> On March 22, 2011, Los Jaivas make a presentation in tribute to the then American president [[Barack Obama]] in the courtyard of Los Cañones of the [[Palacio de La Moneda (Chile)|Palacio de La Moneda]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mini recital de Los Jaivas en La Moneda generó polémica en la red |url=http://www.cooperativa.cl/mini-recital-de-los-jaivas-en-la-moneda-genero-polemica-en-la-red/prontus_nots/2011-03-21/220035.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Cooperativa.cl |date=21 March 2011 |language=Spanish}}</ref>

== Homage ==
The band celebrated its 50th anniversary in an open concert on the front of the National Museum of Fine Arts of Santiago de Chile. Special guests were [[Inti-Illimani|Inti Illimani]], [[Los Tres]] and [[Congreso]] among others. The concert attracted a multitude of over 60,000 people, causing mayor upheaval in the city, and the police had to intervene with water cannons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraga |first=Marcos |date=2013-08-16 |title=Los Jaivas celebran sus 50 años de historia con más de 60 mil asistentes |url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/los-jaivas-celebran-sus-50-anos-de-historia-con-mas-de-60-mil-asistentes/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=La Tercera}}</ref>

== Biopic ==
In March 2013, the same year as the celebration of the band's 50th anniversary, Chilean-Dutch filmmaker [[Erasmo de la Parra]] (son of Claudio Parra) convinced the musicians to make a biopic based on the band's formative years. The film would be set in the 1960s in Viña del Mar, from the time they were known as "The High Bass" to the time they became known as "Los Jaivas". The director revealed on the film's official Facebook page that the production would have gone through long negotiations with Netflix, but that the production house eventually chose other projects. The film, titled ''The High Bass'', is in pre-production with an unknown release date, and with the participation of Belgian, Dutch, and British producers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suárez |first=Constanza |date=2017-03-28 |title=High Bass: preparan la primera película acerca de Los Jaivas |url=https://www.latercera.com/culto/2017/03/28/high-bass-preparan-la-primera-pelicula-acerca-los-jaivas/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=La Tercera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hub |first=Filmarket |date=2018-07-23 |title=Interview with Erasmo Parra, author of "High Bass" Special Mention at 5th Pitchbox |url=https://medium.com/filmarket-hub-academy/interview-with-erasmo-parra-author-of-high-bass-special-mention-at-5th-pitchbox-9c253bf02fe1 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Filmarket Hub |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the 140-minute documentary Los Jaivas: Todos Juntos was released, honouring the band's 55-year history.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/los-jaivas-todos-juntos/ |title=Los Jaivas: Todos juntos (2020) |language=en |access-date=2024-06-14 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref> It was directed by Rodolfo Garate.

==Members==

=== Current members ===

*[[Claudio Parra]] – keyboards, piano, vocals <small>(1963–present)</small>
*[[Mario Mutis]] – vocals, bass guitar, guitars, percussion <small>(1963–1975; 1979–1985, 1996–present)</small>
*[[Juanita Parra]] – drums, percussion <small>(1990–present)</small>
*Carlos Cabezas – vocals, charango, violin, flute <small>(1998–present)</small>
*Francisco Bosco – saxophone, organ <small>(2004–present)</small>
*Alan Reale – guitars, vocals <small>(2013–present)</small>

=== Former members ===

*[[Eduardo Parra]] – keyboards, organ, percussion <small>(1963–2009)</small>
*[[Eduardo Alquinta|Eduardo "Gato" Alquinta]] – vocals, guitars <small>(1963–2003; his death)</small>
*[[Gabriel Parra]] – drums, percussion <small>(1963–1988; his death)</small>
*Julio Anderson – bass guitar <small>(1975; died 2023)</small>
*Alberto Ledo – quena, charango <small>(1975–1980; died 2010)</small>
*Carlos Canzani – bass guitar, guitars <small>(1975–1979)</small>
*Fernando Flores – bass guitar <small>(1988–1995)</small>
*Marcelo Muñoz – drums, percussion <small>(1989–1990)</small>
*Aurora Alquinta – vocals <small>(2003)</small>
*Ankatu Alquinta – vocals, guitars <small>(2003–2013)</small>
*[[Eloy Alquinta]] – vocals, saxophone, percussion <small>(2003–2004; his death)</small>
*Carlos Eduardo Gonzalez - guitar <small>(2013)</small>
*Juan Pablo Bosco  – drums, percusssion <small>(2004–2005)</small>

==Discography==
*''[[El Volantín]]'' 1971
*''Todos juntos'' 1972
*''La Ventana'' 1973
*''Palomita blanca (Movie soundtrack)'' 1973 (Released in 1992)
*''Sueños de América'' 1974 (Released in 1979)
*''Los Jaivas (El indio)'' 1975
*''Canción Del Sur'' 1977
*''Mambo de Machaguay (Compilation)'' 1978
*''[[Alturas de Macchu Picchu]]'' (based on lyrics from ''[[The Heights of Macchu Picchu]]'' by [[Pablo Neruda]]) 1981
*''Aconcagua'' 1982
*''Obras de Violeta Parra'' 1984
*''Si tu no estás'' 1989
*''Hijos de la Tierra'' 1995
*''Trilogia: El Rencuentro'' 1997
*''Mamalluca'' 1999
*''En El Bar-Restaurant Lo Que Nunca Se Supo (Compilation)'' 2000
*''Los Jaivas En Concierto: Gira Chile 2000 (Live)'' 2000
*''Arrebol'' 2001
*''Obras Cumbres (Compilation)'' 2003
*''La Vorágine I, Pan Negro (Improvisations 1969-70)'' 2003
*''La Vorágine II, La Reforma (Improvisations 1969-70)'' 2003
*''La Vorágine III, El Tótem (Improvisations 1969-70)'' 2003
*''La Vorágine IV, Mucha Intensidad (Improvisations 1969-70)'' 2003
*''La Vorágine V, ¿Qué Hacer? (Improvisations 1969-70)'' 2003
*''Serie de Oro: Grandes Exitos (Compilation)'' 2004

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.fundacionlosjaivas.cl/}} {{in lang|es}}
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/1006141-Los-Jaivas Los Jaivas biography and discography]
* [https://tiendaelvolantin.cl/ Official Los Jaivas music store]
* {{IMDb name|1097480}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Fundamental figures of Chilean music}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaivas, Los}}
[[Category:Chilean rock music groups]]
[[Category:Nueva canción musicians]]
[[Category:Rock en español music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Chile]]