Editing Loranthaceae

{{Short description|Family of mistletoes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Ligaria cuneifolia.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ligaria cuneifolia]]''
| taxon = Loranthaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
| range_map = Loranthaceae distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Loranthaceae.
}}
[[File:Psittacanthus-on-a-tree.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Psittacanthus]]'' flowering atop a tree]]

'''Loranthaceae''', commonly known as the '''showy mistletoes''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s.<ref name=FoAO/><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kuijt|first1=Job|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-09296-6|title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Santalales, Balanophorales|last2=Hansen|first2=Bertel|date=2015|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-09295-9|location=Cham|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-09296-6|s2cid=35096693 }}</ref> It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of [[woody plant]]s, many of them [[Parasitic plant|hemiparasites]]. The three terrestrial species are ''[[Nuytsia floribunda]]'' (the Western Australian Christmas tree), ''[[Atkinsonia ligustrina]]''  (from the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] of Australia), and ''[[Gaiadendron punctatum]]'' (from Central/South America.) Loranthaceae are primarily [[xylem]] parasites, but their [[haustorium|haustoria]] may sometimes tap the [[phloem]],<ref name=Barlow1997/> while ''[[Tristerix aphyllus]]'' is almost [[Parasitic plant|holoparasitic]].<ref name=Stevens/>
For a more complete description of the Australian Loranthaceae, see [http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=48250 Flora of Australia online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144414/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=48250 |date=2018-04-01 }}.,<ref name=FoAO/> for the Malesian Loranthaceae see [http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/cdm_dataportal/taxon/ad82e45a-8bff-4ea0-85cf-789168c29e14 Flora of Malesia].

Originally, Loranthaceae contained all [[mistletoe]] species, but the mistletoes of Europe and North America (''[[Viscum]]'', ''[[Arceuthobium]]'', and ''[[Phoradendron]]'') belong to the family [[Santalaceae]]. The [[APG II system]] 2003 assigns the family to the order [[Santalales]] in the clade [[core eudicots]].

== Phylogeny==
[[Molecular phylogenetics]] suggests the following relationships of tribes, subtribes and genera:<ref name=Der/><ref name=Vidal-Russell/><ref name=Malecot/><ref name=Amici/>  ''[[Nuytsia]]'' is sister to the rest of the Loranthaceae,<ref name=Vidal-Russell2005/> with many characters, including its pollen, its fruit (dry and three winged), and the number of its [[cotyledons]], differing substantially from all other Loranthaceae genera.<ref name=Stevens/> The root parasitic habit is thought to be the basal condition of the family.,<ref name=Stevens/> with the stem/branch parasitic habit evolving ca. 28-40  million years ago.<ref name=Stevens/><ref name=Vidal-Russell2008/>  However, Grimsson ''et al.'' (2017)<ref name=Grimsson/> estimate this as occurring somewhat earlier (ca. 40-52 million years ago).

{{Clade| style=line-height:75%; font-heigh:75%;
|1={{clade
  |1=Remaining [[Santalales]]
  |label2=Loranthaceae
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
              |label1=[[Nuytsieae]] 
                 |1={{clade
                 |1=''[[Nuytsia]]''
                 }}
  	      |label2=[[Gaiadendreae]] 
                |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Atkinsonia]]''
                 |2=''[[Gaiadendron]]''
                 }}                
              |label3=[[Elytrantheae]]
                 |3={{clade
                   |1=''[[Alepis]]''
                   |2=''[[Amylotheca]]''  
                   |3=''[[Cyne (plant)|Cyne]]''
                   |4=''[[Decaisnina]]''
                   |5=''[[Elytranthe]]''  
                   |6=''[[Lampas (plant)|Lampas]]''
                   |7=''[[Lepeostegeres]]''  
                   |8=''[[Lepidaria]]''
                   |9=''[[Loxanthera]]''
                   |10=''[[Lysiana]]'' 
                   |11=''[[Macrosolen]]''  
                   |12=''[[Peraxilla]]''
                   |13=''[[Trilepidea]]'' 
                   |14=''[[Thaumasianthes]]''                        
              }}
              |label4=[[Psittacantheae]]
                   |4={{clade
                   |label1=[[Tupeinae]]
                       |1={{clade
                       |1=''[[Tupeia]]'' 
                       }}
                   |label2=[[Notantherinae]] 
                       |2={{clade 
                         |1=''[[Desmaria]]''
                         |2=''[[Notanthera]]'' 
                       }}                      
                   |label3=[[Ligarinae]] 
                       |3={{clade 
                         |1=''[[Ligaria (plant)|Ligaria]]''
                         |2=''[[Tristerix]]'' 
                       }}  
                 |label4=[[Psittacanthinae]] 
                       |4={{clade 
                         |1=''[[Aetanthus]]''
                         |2=''[[Cladocolea]]'' 
                         |3=''[[Dendropemon]]''
                         |4=''[[Maracanthus]]'' 
                         |5=''[[Oryctanthus]]''
                         |6=''[[Oryctina]]'' 
                         |7=''[[Panamanthus]]''
                         |8=''[[Passovia]]'' 
                         |9=''[[Peristethium]]''
                         |10=''[[Phthirusa]]'' 
                         |11=''[[Psittacanthus]]''
                         |12=''[[Struthanthus]]'' 
                         |13=''[[Tripodanthus]]'' 
                       }}  
              }}                                   
              |label5=[[Lorantheae]]
              |5={{clade
                 |1={{clade
                 |label1=[[Ileostylinae]]
                   |1={{clade
                      |1=[[Ileostylus]]
                      |2=[[Muellerina (plant)|Muellerina]]
                      }}
                 |label2=[[Loranthinae]]
                   |2={{clade

                    |1=''[[Cecarria]]''
                    |2=''[[Loranthus]]''
                    }}
   
                |label3=[[Amyeminae]]
                   |3={{clade
                     |1=''[[Amyema]]''
                     |2=''[[Baratranthus]]''
                     |3=''[[Benthamina]]''
                     |4=''[[Dactyliophora]]''
                     |5=''[[Diplatia]]''
                     |6=''[[Distrianthes]]''
                     |7=''[[Helicanthes]]''
                     |8=''[[Papuanthes]]''
                     |9=''[[Sogerianthe]]''
                     }}
                 |label4=[[Scurrilinae]]
                     |4={{clade
                        |1=''[[Scurrula]]''
                        |2=''[[Taxillus]]''
                        }}
                 |label5=[[Dendrophthoinae]]
                     |5={{clade
                        |1=''[[Dendrophthoe]]''
                        |2=''[[Helixanthera]]''
                        |3=''[[Tolypanthus]]''
                        |4=''[[Trithecanthera]]''
                        }}
                 |label6=[[Emelianthinae]]
                  |6={{clade
                       |1=''[[Emelianthe]]''
                       |2=''[[Erianthemum]]''
                       |3=''[[Globimetula]]''
                       |4=''[[Moquiniella]]''
                       |5=''[[Oliverella]]''
                       |6=''[[Phragmanthera]]''
                       |7=''[[Spragueanella]]''
                     }}
              |label7=[[Tapinanthinae]]
                   |7={{clade
                       |1=''[[Actinanthella]]''
                       |2=''[[Agelanthus]]''
                       |3=''[[Bakerella (plant)|Bakerella]]''
                       |4=''[[Berhautia]]''
                       |5=''[[Englerina]]''
                       |6=''[[Oedina]]''
                       |7=''[[Oncella]]''
                       |8=''[[Oncocalyx]]''
                       |9=''[[Pedistylis]]''
                       |10=''[[Plicosepalus]]''
                       |11=''[[Septulina]]''
                       |12=''[[Socratina]]''
                       |13=''[[Tapinanthus]]''
                       |14=''[[Vanwykia]]''
                   }}
                 }}
                }}
   	  }}
      
 
       }}
     }}
   }}

== Genera ==
78 genera are accepted:<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000121-2 Loranthaceae Juss.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=12em|
*''[[Actinanthella]]''
*''[[Aetanthus]]''
*''[[Agelanthus]]''
*''[[Alepis]]''
*''[[Amyema]]''
*''[[Amylotheca]]''
*''[[Atkinsonia]]''
*''[[Bakerella (plant)|Bakerella]]''
*''[[Baratranthus]]'' (''Barathranthus'')
*''[[Benthamina]]''
*''[[Berhautia]]''
*''[[Cecarria]]''
*''[[Cladocolea]]''
*''[[Cyne (plant)|Cyne]]''
*''[[Dactyliophora]]''
*''[[Decaisnina]]''
*''[[Dendropemon]]''
*''[[Dendrophthoe]]''
*''[[Desmaria]]''
*''[[Diplatia]]''
*''[[Distrianthes]]''
*''[[Elytranthe]]''
*''[[Emelianthe]]''
*''[[Englerina]]''
*''[[Erianthemum]]''
*''[[Gaiadendron]]''
*''[[Globimetula]]''
*''[[Helicanthes]]''
*''[[Helixanthera]]''
*''[[Ileostylus]]''
*''[[Lampas (plant)|Lampas]]''
*''[[Lepeostegeres]]''
*''[[Lepidaria]]''
*''[[Ligaria (plant)|Ligaria]]''
*''[[Loranthella]]''
*''[[Loranthus]]''
*''[[Loxanthera]]''
*''[[Lysiana]]''
*''[[Macrosolen]]''
*''[[Maracanthus]]''
*''[[Moquiniella]]''
*''[[Muellerina (plant)|Muellerina]]''
*''[[Notanthera]]''
*''[[Nuytsia]]''
*''[[Oedina]]''
*''[[Oliverella]]''
*''[[Oncella]]''
*''[[Oncocalyx]]''
*''[[Oryctanthus]]''
*''[[Oryctina]]''
*''[[Panamanthus]]''
*''[[Papuanthes]]''
*''[[Passovia]]''
*''[[Pedistylis]]''
*''[[Peraxilla]]''
*''[[Peristethium]]''
*''[[Phragmanthera]]''
*''[[Phthirusa]]''
*''[[Plicosepalus]]''
*''[[Psittacanthus]]''
*''[[Pusillanthus]]''
*''[[Scurrula]]''
*''[[Septemeranthus]]''
*''[[Septulina]]''
*''[[Socratina]]''
*''[[Sogerianthe]]''
*''[[Spragueanella]]''
*''[[Struthanthus]]''
*''[[Tapinanthus]]''
*''[[Taxillus]]''
*''[[Thaumasianthes]]''
*''[[Tolypanthus]]''
*''[[Trilepidea]]''
*''[[Tripodanthus]]''
*''[[Tristerix]]''
*''[[Trithecanthera]]''
*''[[Tupeia]]''
*''[[Vanwykia]]''
}}

==See also==
*[[Parasitic plant]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Amici>Amico, G.C., [[Romina Vidal-Russell|Vidal-Russell, R.]], Garcia, M.A., [[Daniel Lee Nickrent|Nickrent, D.L.]] 2012. {{cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA279905949|title= Evolutionary History of the South American Mistletoe Tripodanthus (Loranthaceae) Using Nuclear and Plastid Markers|date= January 2012}}. ''Systematic Botany'' 37: 218-225</ref>
<ref name=Der>Der, J.P., [[Daniel Lee Nickrent|Nickrent, D.L.]] 2008. A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales). Systematic Botany 33: 107-116.{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233645466|title=(pdf)}} {{doi|10.1600/036364408783887438}}</ref>
<ref name=Malecot>Malecot, V, [[Daniel Lee Nickrent|Nickrent, D.L.]] 2008. Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships of Olacaceae and Related Santalales. ''Systematic Botany'' 33, 97-106.{{cite web|url=http://nickrentlab.siu.edu/NickrentPDFs/Malecot&Nickrent2008.pdf |title=(pdf)}}{{doi|10.1600/036364408783887384}}</ref>
<ref name=Vidal-Russell>[[Romina Vidal-Russell|Vidal-Russell, R.]], [[Daniel Lee Nickrent|Nickrent, D.L.]] 2008. Evolutionary relationships in the showy mistletoe family (Loranthaceae). ''American Journal of Botany'' 95: 1015-1029.{{cite web|url=http://nickrentlab.siu.edu/NickrentPDFs/Vidal2008LoranthsAJB.pdf |title=(pdf)}}{{doi|10.3732/ajb.0800085}}</ref>
<ref name=Vidal-Russell2005>[[Romina Vidal-Russell|Vidal-Russell, R.]], & [[Daniel Lee Nickrent|Nickrent, D.L.]] 2005. "A molecular phylogeny of the mistletoe family Loranthaceae." Pp. 131-132, in ''Botany 2005. Learning from Plants.''</ref>
<ref name=FoAO>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=48250|title=Flora of Australia online: Loranthaceae|author=Barlow, B.A.|access-date=2018-04-01|archive-date=2018-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144414/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=48250|url-status=dead}} Data derived from ''Flora of Australia Volume'' 1984 Vol 22, ABRS, ©Commonwealth of AustraliaAccessed 1 April 2018</ref>
<ref name=Stevens>Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). {{cite web|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since].}} Accessed 12 February 2018.</ref>
<ref name=Vidal-Russell2008>[[Romina Vidal-Russell|Vidal-Russell, R.]], & [[Daniel Lee Nickrent|Nickrent, D.L.]] 2008. The first mistletoes: Origin of aerial parasitism in Santalales. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 523-537.{{cite web|url=http://nickrentlab.siu.edu/NickrentPDFs/Vidal2008MPE.pdf |title=(pdf)}}{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.016}}</ref>
<ref name=Grimsson>Grímsson, F., Kapli, P., Hofmann, C.-C., Zetter, R., & Grimm, G.W. 2017. ''Eocene Loranthaceae'' pollen pushes back divergence ages for major splits in the family.// PeerJ 5:e3373. {{doi|10.7717/peerj.3373}}</ref>
<ref name=Barlow1997>[[Bryan Alwyn Barlow|Barlow, B.A.]] 1997. {{cite web|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/570360|title=Loranthaceae. Pp. 209-401 (pdf)}}, in Kalkman C., et al. (eds.), Flora malesiana. Ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://parasiticplants.siu.edu/Loranthaceae/index.html Loranthaceae on the Parasitic Plant Connection web site]
*[http://www.chilebosque.cl/epiv/nhete.html ''Notanthera heterophylla'' illustrations]
*[http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_Loranthaceae.php Chilean Loranthaceae] at Chileflora

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156691}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Loranthaceae| ]]
[[Category:Eudicot families]]