Editing Long Island Motor Parkway

{{Short description|Former highway on Long Island, New York}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name        = Long Island Motor Parkway
| nrhp_type   = hd
| nocat       = yes
| image       = Lookingeast 2.JPG
| caption     = Remnant of Long Island Motor Parkway {{circa|2008}} at [[Springfield Boulevard]] in Queens, looking east
| location    = Roughly [[Alley Pond Park|Alley Pond]] and [[Cunningham Park]]s, between Winchester Blvd. and [[Clearview Expressway]], between 73rd Ave. and Peck Ave., [[Queens, New York|Queens]], [[New York City]] (historic district only)
| coordinates = {{coord|40|44|13|N|73|45|35|W|display=inline}}
| locmapin    = New York City#New York#USA
| built       = {{start date and age|1908|10|10}}
| architect   = E.G. Williams;<br/> E.H. Brown
| added       = April 1, 2002
| area        = {{convert|10|acre}} (historic district only)
| refnum      = 02000301<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a|dateform=mdy}}</ref>
}}
The '''Long Island Motor Parkway''', also known as the '''Vanderbilt Parkway''', '''Vanderbilt Motor Parkway''', or '''Motor Parkway''', was a [[limited-access road|limited-access]] [[Parkways in New York|parkway]] on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States. It was the first highway designed for automobile use only.<ref name="kroplick">{{cite book|title=Long Island Motor Parkway, The | last=Kroplick | first=Howard |author2=Al Velocchi  | publisher=Acadia Publishing |series= Images of America | location=Charleston, SC | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7385-5793-9 | page=7}}</ref> The [[parkway]] was privately built by [[William Kissam Vanderbilt II]] with overpasses and bridges to remove most intersections. It officially opened on October 10, 1908.<ref name="nyt-1908-10-10"/> It closed in 1938 when it was taken over by the state of New York in lieu of [[back taxes]]. Parts of the parkway survive today, used as sections of other roads or as a bicycle trail.

[[File:William Kissam Vanderbilt II.jpg|thumb|left|[[William K. Vanderbilt II]], who privately built the parkway]]

== Origins and construction ==
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</mapframe>[[William Kissam Vanderbilt II]], the great-grandson of [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], was an auto-racing enthusiast and created the [[Vanderbilt Cup]], the first major road racing competition, in 1904. He ran the races on local roads in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] during the first decade of the 20th century, but the deaths of two spectators and injury to many others showed the need to eliminate racing on residential streets. Vanderbilt responded by establishing a company to build a graded, banked and grade-separated highway suitable for racing that was also free of the horse manure dust often churned up by motor cars. The resulting Long Island Motor Parkway, with its [[banked turn]]s, [[guard rail]]s, reinforced concrete roadbed, and limited-access, was the first [[limited-access road|limited-access highway]] in the world.<ref name="NYT12OCT08">{{cite news|last=Patton|first=Phil|date=October 9, 2008|title=A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225130/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|archivedate=2018-07-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

The road was originally planned to stretch for {{convert|70|mi|km}} in and out of [[New York City]] as far as [[Riverhead (town), New York|Riverhead]], the county seat of [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]] and point of division for the [[North Fork (Long Island)|north]] and [[South Fork (Long Island)|south]] forks of [[Long Island]]. Only {{convert|45|mi|km}} (from [[Queens]] in New York City to [[Lake Ronkonkoma, New York|Lake Ronkonkoma]]) were constructed, at a cost of $6 million.<ref name="NYT12OCT08"/> Construction began in June 1908<ref name="Adcock">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs701a%2C0%2C106290%2Cprint.story |title=The Age of the Auto: Sportsman William K. Vanderbilt II's cup race paves the way to the future |last=Adcock |first=Sylvia |date=April 12, 1998 |page=A16 |work=[[Newsday]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050131204720/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs701a,0,106290,print.story |archivedate=January 31, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (a year after the [[Bronx River Parkway]]). On October 10, 1908,<ref name="nyt-1908-10-10">{{cite news|title=35 cars to race on the Motor Parkway|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/10/10/104760606.pdf|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 10, 1908|page=10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001195717/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/10/10/104760606.pdf|archivedate=October 1, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> a {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} section opened as far as modern Bethpage. It hosted races in 1908 and on the full road in 1909 and 1910, but an accident in the 1910 Vanderbilt Cup, killing two [[riding mechanic]]s with additional injuries,<ref>{{cite news|title=Alco again wins Vanderbilt Cup but race's death toll is high|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/10/02/105093850.pdf|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 2, 1910|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182915/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/10/02/105093850.pdf|archivedate=2018-10-01|url-status=live}}</ref> caused the [[New York State Legislature|New York Legislature]] to ban racing except on race tracks, ending its career as a racing road.

[[File:Long Island Motor Parkway train service 1908-10-18.png|thumb|right|Advertisement in ''The New York Times'', October 18, 1908.]]

By 1911, the road was extended to Lake Ronkonkoma. Its western stretch was also extended from [[Great Neck, New York|Great Neck]] to what is now [[Fresh Meadows, Queens|Fresh Meadows]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/12/archives/longer-motor-parkway-long-island-organization-will-add-five-miles.html |title=Longer Motor Parkway: Long Island Organization Will Add Five Miles of Good Roads in Queens |work=The New York Times |date=July 12, 1911 |page=9}}</ref> The Long Island Motor Parkway was the first road designed exclusively for automobile use, the first concrete highway in the United States, and the first to use overpasses and bridges to eliminate intersections.<ref name="Adcock" />

===AAA Champ Car Venue===
The parkway was used for four [[American Automobile Association]] [[AAA Contest Board|Contest Board]] [[Champ Car World Series|Champ Car]] races.<ref name="RacingReferenceAAA">{{cite web |title=AAA Champ Car Race Results at Long Island Motor Parkway |url=https://www.racing-reference.info/tracks/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway |website=www.racing-reference.info |accessdate=September 15, 2020}}</ref> The first one was held on October 30, [[1909 AAA Championship Car season|1909]], and was won by [[Harry Grant (racing driver)|Harry Grant]].<ref name="RacingReferenceAAA" /> Three races were held on October 10, [[1910 AAA Championship Car season|1910]], in front of a crowd estimated at 300,000 people.<ref name="RacingReferenceAAA" /> Grant won the main 22-lap event.<ref name="RacingReferenceAAA" /> A 15-lap event was won by [[Frank Gelnaw]], and [[Bill Endicott]] won a 10-lap event.<ref name="RacingReferenceAAA" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Winner !! Laps
|-
| October 30, 1909 || [[Harry Grant (racing driver)|Harry Grant]] || 22
|-
| October 1, 1910 || [[Harry Grant (racing driver)|Harry Grant]] || 22
|-
| October 1, 1910 || [[Frank Gelnaw]]|| 15
|-
| October 1, 1910 || [[Bill Endicott]] || 10
|}
Reference:<ref name="RacingReferenceAAA" />

== Access ==
[[File:Limp.track.jpg|thumb|400px|Map showing the Long Island Motor Parkway (in purple)]]
The Long Island Motor Parkway was a [[limited-access road|limited-access]] [[toll road]], with access at a small number of toll booths, joined to local roads by short [[Connector (road)|connector roads]]. Traffic could turn left between the parkway and connectors, crossing oncoming traffic, so it was not a [[controlled-access highway]] (or "freeway" as later defined by the federal government's [[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]]). Access points were:
*Nassau Boulevard ([[New York State Route&nbsp;25D|NY&nbsp;25D]]) west of [[Francis Lewis Boulevard]]. The right-of-way of Nassau Boulevard was later used for the Long Island Expressway ([[Interstate 495 (New York)|I-495]]).
*Hillside Avenue ([[New York State Route 25B|NY&nbsp;25B]])&nbsp;– [[Springfield Boulevard]] south of 77th Avenue
*[[Great Neck, New York|Great Neck]]&nbsp;– Lakeville Road south of Lake Road
*[[Roslyn, New York|Roslyn]]&nbsp;– Roslyn Road south of Barnyard Lane
*[[Mineola, New York|Mineola]]&nbsp;– Jericho Turnpike ([[New York State Route 25|NY&nbsp;25]]) at Rudolph Drive
*[[Garden City, New York|Garden City]]&nbsp;– Clinton Road at Vanderbilt Court
*Meadowbrook – Merrick Avenue north of Stewart Avenue
*[[Bethpage, New York|Bethpage]]&nbsp;– Hicksville Road ([[New York State Route 107|NY&nbsp;107]]) south of Avoca Avenue; Round Swamp Road south of Old Bethpage Road
*[[Melville, New York|Melville]]&nbsp;– Broad Hollow Road ([[New York State Route 110|NY&nbsp;110]]) north of Spagnoli Road
*[[Deer Park, New York|Deer Park]]&nbsp;– Deer Park Road ([[New York State Route 231|NY&nbsp;231]])
*[[Commack, New York|East Commack]]&nbsp;– Commack Spur along Harned Road ([[County Route 14 (Suffolk County, New York)|CR&nbsp;14]]) to Jericho Turnpike (NY&nbsp;25)
*[[Brentwood, New York|Brentwood]]&nbsp;– Washington Avenue
*[[Ronkonkoma, New York|Ronkonkoma]]&nbsp;– Rosevale Avenue

When the parkway opened, the toll was set at $2. It was reduced to $1.50 in 1912, $1 in 1917, and 40 cents in 1938. The first six toll houses were designed by architect [[John Russell Pope]], designer of the [[Jefferson Memorial]] and the rotunda in the [[American Museum of Natural History]].<ref name="NYT12OCT08"/> The toll houses were designed to include living space for the toll collectors so that toll could be collected at all hours. The most prominent remaining toll house is in Garden City.<ref>[http://www.gardencityhistoricalsociety.org/Events.htm Garden City Historical Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002234735/http://www.gardencityhistoricalsociety.org/Events.htm |date=2011-10-02 }} Garden City Toll Lodge</ref>  Once located at the junction of Clinton Road and Vanderbilt Court, it was moved in 1989 to 230 Seventh Street, now the headquarters of the Garden City Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{cite news |title=Efforts Underway to Preserve Long Island Motor Parkway |first=Carisa |last=Giardino |url=http://gardencity.patch.com/articles/efforts-underway-to-preserve-long-island-motor-parkway |newspaper=Garden City Patch |date=June 23, 2011 |accessdate=2011-08-26}}</ref>

== Demise ==
[[File:LongIslandMotorParkway1.JPG|thumb|Historical marker for the Long Island Motor Parkway in [[Melville, New York|Melville]].]]
Roadway design advances of the 1920s rendered the road obsolete less than 20 years after construction. At the same time [[Robert Moses]] was planning the [[Northern State Parkway]]. In 1929, the owners and some Long Island officials proposed that New York State should buy the road and integrate it into the state parkway system, despite its narrow roadway (varying from 16 to 22 feet wide) and steep bridges not meeting new standards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/07/29/archives/wants-state-to-buy-li-motor-parkway-nassau-citizens-group-starts.html |title=Wants State to Buy L.I. Motor Parkway: Nassau Citizens' Group Starts Movement to Condemn It for Public Use: Would Acquire Park land: Widening and Landscaping Advocated for Old Road Built for Sportsmen |work=The New York Times |date=July 29, 1929 |page=15}}</ref> Moses opposed the idea, stating that the Long Island Motor Parkway had been "a white elephant for the last twenty years" and that it would need significant reconstruction to integrate it into the state parkway system.<ref name="derides">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/07/31/archives/derides-plan-to-buy-li-motor-parkway-moses-calls-idea-propaganda.html |title=Derides Plan to Buy L.I. Motor Parkway: Moses Calls Idea 'Propaganda for Nassau Millionaire Estate Owners' |work=The New York Times |date=July 31, 1929 |page=23}}</ref>

The completion of the Northern State Parkway signaled the end for the road. In 1937, the portion of the Long Island Motor Parkway in Suffolk County was donated to Suffolk County.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/26/archives/motor-parkway-gift-accepted-by-suffolk-supervisors-approve.html |title=Motor Parkway Gift Accepted by Suffolk; Supervisors Approve Vanderbilt Transfer of 17-Mile Right-of-Way for Public Use |work=The New York Times |date=October 26, 1937 |page=18}}</ref> In July 1938, the remainder of the parkway's land was given to Nassau County and the Long Island State Parks Commission.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/07/01/archives/completes-gift-of-road-w-k-vanderbilt-jr-gives-last-50-miles-of.html |title=Completes Gift of Road: W. K. Vanderbilt Jr. Gives Last 50 Miles of Parkway to Nassau |work=The New York Times |date=July 1, 1938 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/07/26/archives/county-takes-over-parkway.html |title=County Takes Over Parkway |work=The New York Times |date=July 26, 1938 |page=32}}</ref>

== Remaining portions ==
[[File:BQG 73 Av 199 St jeh.jpg|thumb|left|Passing over 73rd Avenue]]
Most of the road in Queens is a bicycle trail from [[Cunningham Park]] to [[Alley Pond Park]], part of the [[Brooklyn–Queens Greenway]]. It starts at [[Francis Lewis Boulevard]] in Cunningham Park. The path runs south, parallel with 199th Street, and crosses a bridge over 73rd Avenue. It turns east toward Francis Lewis Boulevard, crossing it on a bridge. It continues through the park, crossing under the [[Clearview Expressway]] through a tunnel, and then over Hollis Hills Terrace on a third bridge before leaving the park. There is access to 209th and 210th Streets in [[Hollis Hills]]. It goes through a wooded corridor, soon crossing over Bell Boulevard on a bridge, and provides access to 220th Street just east of Bell Boulevard. After crossing Springfield Boulevard on another bridge, there is access to Cloverdale Boulevard where the main line of the greenway goes north. The road continues as a spur route that enters Alley Pond Park, crosses under the [[Grand Central Parkway]], and provides access to Union Turnpike before ending at Union Turnpike and Winchester Boulevard at the park's eastern boundary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bikemap-2019.pdf|title=NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps|date=2019|website=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]]|publisher=[[New York City Department of Transportation]]|access-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref>

The Nassau County roadway has been redeveloped, or turned into a [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right of way]] for [[Long Island Power Authority]] transmission lines. A small section of the roadway remains in [[Lake Success, New York|Lake Success]] in Great Neck, though unmarked and not open to the public. Most of this section is currently within the property of [[William A. Shine Great Neck South High School|Great Neck South High School]].<ref>Newman, Andy (August 8, 2014) [http://www.greatneckrecord.com/duo-push-for-park-path/ "Duo Push For Park Path"] the ''Great Neck Record''. Retrieved December 23, 2015.</ref> The adjacent former Great Neck toll house was incorporated into the building of a private house.<ref>[http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/index.php/blog/article/wednesday_september_16_2009_the_great_neck_lodge_in_lake_success The Great Neck Lodge in Lake Success] Vanderbiltcupraces.com. Retrieved December 23, 2015.</ref>
[[File:LIMP Williston Pk jeh.jpg|thumb|Remnants of the Long Island Motor Parkway in [[Williston Park]]]]
Another section may be seen on either side of Willis Avenue on the boundary between [[Albertson, New York|Albertson]] and [[Williston Park, New York|Wiliston Park]]. On the east side of the avenue, several hundred yards of road provide access to the Williston Park pool property abutting the LIRR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Long Island Motor Parkway|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/2000/07/long-island-motor-parkway/|website=Forgotten New York|date=9 July 2000 |accessdate=April 16, 2017}}</ref>

{{Infobox road small
|state=NY
|type=CR
|county=Suffolk
|route=67
|location=[[Melville, New York|Melville]]–[[Ronkonkoma, New York|Ronkonkoma]]
|length_mi=14.51
|length_ref=<ref name="inventory">{{cite web|url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/highway-data-services/inventory-listing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020818/https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/highway-data-services/inventory-listing |url-status=dead |archivedate=April 19, 2014 |title=Region 3 Inventory Listing |publisher=[[New York State Department of Transportation]] |date=March 2, 2009 |accessdate=February 4, 2010 }}</ref>
}}
The road survives as a continuous county road, Vanderbilt Motor Parkway (CR&nbsp;67), from Half Hollow Road in Dix Hills to its original end in Ronkonkoma, just a few blocks short of the lake. Signage along the way also identifies it variously as Vanderbilt Parkway and Motor Parkway. From Half Hollow Road, it goes northeast to NY&nbsp;231 (Deer Park Avenue). It starts to parallel the Northern State Parkway and intersects with [[County Route 4 (Suffolk County, New York)|CR&nbsp;4]] (Commack Road) in [[Commack, New York|Commack]]. It crosses the [[Sagtikos State Parkway]] (with northbound access northbound) and heads south to I-495 (the Long Island Expressway). The parkway heads eastward, paralleling the expressway (with access to and from the LIE) before ultimately crossing it and continuing southeast to [[New York State Route 111|NY&nbsp;111]] (Joshua's Path). It then heads north, crossing the LIE again at exit&nbsp;57, and then curves to the east and crosses [[New York State Route 454|NY&nbsp;454]] (Veterans Memorial Highway). It heads east across Old Nichols and Terry roads ahead of one final northeastward turn to end at Rosevale Avenue ([[County Route 93 (Suffolk County, New York)|CR&nbsp;93]]) in Ronkonkoma, close to the lake. <mapframe latitude="40.775342" longitude="-73.251343" zoom="10" width="263" height="245" align="right">
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            -73.15425380598755,
            40.817354461284424
          ],
          [
            -73.15123933833094,
            40.817436227660714
          ],
          [
            -73.14923421945423,
            40.81759918920703
          ],
          [
            -73.13980566803366,
            40.81841843124266
          ],
          [
            -73.13803570345044,
            40.81864834369151
          ],
          [
            -73.13667875714602,
            40.81904362377795
          ],
          [
            -73.13565101008864,
            40.81947927596931
          ],
          [
            -73.13400551676752,
            40.820366175825775
          ],
          [
            -73.12980790156873,
            40.823432872744704
          ]
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}
</mapframe>Though not a limited-access highway since 1938, most of the road was recognizable into the 1970s, while new intersections continued to be cut through it. In the approximate middle of the road in and around [[Islandia, New York|Islandia]], office construction and other commercial building has widened the road and made it appear a typical highway.

In 2008 the road celebrated its 100th anniversary. On October 30, 2011, a centennial event marked the 100th anniversary of the completion of the Lake Ronkonkoma section. Led by the winner of the 1909 and 1910 Vanderbilt Cup races, a parade of automobiles made prior to 1948 went from Dix Hills to Lake Ronkonkoma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motor Parkway Parade Rescheduled for October 30 |first=Chris R. |last=Vaccaro |url=http://sachem.patch.com/articles/motor-parkway-parade-rescheduled-for-october-30 |newspaper=Sachem Patch |date=October 21, 2011 |accessdate=November 25, 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Attached KML}}
*[http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/index.php/motor_pkwy/ Long Island Motor Parkway] (VanderbiltCupRaces.com)
* [http://www.nycroads.com/history/motor/ Long Island Vanderbilt Parkway] (NYCROADS.com)
* [https://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/blog/index/C92 Long Island Motor Parkway Preservation Society] (VanderbiltCupRaces.com)
* [http://arrts-arrchives.com/newpage3limp.html Long Island Motor Parkway] (Arrt's Arrchives)
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=40.7732619&lon=-73.493042&z=11&l=0&m=s&tag=42297&search=limp LIMP] (wikimapia.org map showing route and remnants of the parkway)
{{NYSR external links|alps=cr_67|display=County Route 67}}

{{National Register of Historic Places in New York}}
{{National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1908 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:1938 disestablishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Bike paths in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Demolished highways in the United States]]
[[Category:Former toll roads in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Highways in Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Motorsport in New York City]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Nassau County, New York]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Parks in Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Parkways in New York City]]
[[Category:Roads on Long Island]]
[[Category:Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Transportation in Nassau County, New York]]
[[Category:Vanderbilt Cup]]