Editing London Borough of Hackney

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
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| official_name      = Hackney
| other_name         = 
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| established_date   = 1 April 1965
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| seat               = Mare Street, Hackney
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| government_type    = [[London borough council]]
| governing_body     = [[Hackney London Borough Council]]
| leader_title1      = Mayor
| leader_name1       = [[Caroline Woodley]] (Labour)
| leader_title2      = London&nbsp;Assembly
| leader_name2       = [[Sem Moema]] (Labour) AM for [[North East (London Assembly constituency)|North East]]
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| leader_name3       = [[Diane Abbott]] (Labour) <br/> [[Meg Hillier]] (Labour) <br> [[David Lammy]] (Labour) <br> [[Emily Thornberry]] (Labour)
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}}

The '''London Borough of Hackney''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-LBHackney.ogg|ˈ|h|æ|k|n|i}} {{respell|HAK|nee}}) is a [[London boroughs|London borough]] in [[Inner London]], England. The historical and administrative heart of Hackney is [[Mare Street]], which lies {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} north-east of [[Charing Cross]]. The borough is named after [[Hackney, London|Hackney]], its principal district. Southern and eastern parts of the borough are popularly regarded as being part of east London that spans some of the traditional [[East End of London]] with the northwest belonging to north London. Its population is estimated to be 281,120.

The London Plan issued by the [[Greater London Authority]] assigns whole boroughs to [[List of sub regions used in the London Plan|sub-regions]] for statutory monitoring, engagement and resource allocation purposes. The most recent (2011) iteration of this plan assigns Hackney to the 'East' sub-region,<ref>{{cite web|title=London Places |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/LP2011%20Chapter%202.pdf |website=Greater London Authority |access-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090756/http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/LP2011%20Chapter%202.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref> while the 2008 and 2004 versions assigned the borough to "North" and "East" sub-regions respectively. The modern borough was formed in 1965 by the merger of the [[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney]] with the much smaller Metropolitan Boroughs of [[Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington|Stoke Newington]] and [[Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch|Shoreditch]].

Hackney is bounded by [[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] to the west, [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] to the north, [[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]] to the north-east, [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] to the east, [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] to the south-east and the [[City of London]] to the south-west. Hackney was one of the host boroughs of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics in 2012]], with several of the [[Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park]] venues falling within its boundaries.

==History==
===Place name origin===
In the 13th century the name appears as ''Hackenaye'' or ''Hacquenye'', but no certain derivation is advanced.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Hackney|volume=12|page=794}}</ref> The ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Place Names'' (fourth edition) discusses the origin of the name. The first surviving records of the place name are as Hakney (1231) and Hakeneye (1242 and 1294). The "ey" suffix almost certainly refers to an island; the dictionary favours the interpretation that Hackney means "Haka's island", with Haka being a notable local person and the island (or inaccessible place surrounded by marshes) lying close to the [[River Lea]]. This was once a much wilder place than today.

The dictionary suggests that the ''Hack'' element may also derive from:
* The Old English "Haecc", meaning a hatch – an entrance to a woodland or common.
* Or alternatively from "Haca", meaning a hook, and in this context, a bend of the river.
Given the island context, the "hatch" option is unlikely to be correct, so the favoured "Haka's Island" or the "Island on the bend" seem more likely.

The place name will have originally referred to just the island or possibly both the island and the manor of the same name based around it. Subsequently, the name Hackney was applied to the whole [[ancient parish]] of Hackney.

===Iron Age to Anglo-Saxon period===
In the Iron Age and probably until after the Roman period (as the Romans used tribal territories as administrative sub-divisions), the [[River Lea]] was considered to separate the territories of the [[Catuvellauni]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brickfields.org.uk/text/roman-landscape.html|title=Hackney: Roman Landscape|publisher=Building Exploratory:Brickfields|access-date=10 May 2007|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104113659/http://brickfields.org.uk/text/roman-landscape.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> to the west of the river from the [[Trinovantes]] to the east.

The Romans built the [[Roman road]], [[Ermine Street]], which runs through the modern borough under the names [[Shoreditch High Street]] and [[Kingsland Road]], among others.

In the Anglo-Saxon period, the [[River Lea]] separated the core territories of the [[East Saxons]] (on the east side) from the [[Middle Saxons]] (on the western, Hackney side) they often controlled. This continuity of this natural boundary from pre-Roman period may be a result of the differing Saxon groups taking control of pre-defined territories.

After both areas were brought under the control of [[Alfred the Great]], the river became the boundary between the historic counties of Middlesex (Hackney) and Essex (modern [[Newham]], [[Waltham Forest]] and [[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]]).

===Later history===
[[File:Sutton house hackney 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sutton House, London|Sutton House]] was built in 1535.]]

In the [[Tudor era|Tudor period]], the lands of religious orders were [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|seized]] by the Crown and put up for sale. Thus Hackney became a retreat for the [[nobility]] around [[Hackney Central]] and [[Homerton]]. [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s Palace was by [[Lower Clapton|Lea Bridge roundabout]], where [[BSix Sixth Form College]] stands today.<ref name="to1800">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22694 'Hackney: Settlement and Building to c.1800', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 10–4] Date accessed: 2 October 2006</ref> [[Sutton House, London|Sutton House]], on Homerton High Street, is the oldest surviving dwelling in Hackney,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/london/sutton-house-and-breakers-yard/visiting-sutton-house | title=Visiting Sutton House&#124; London }}</ref> originally built in 1535 as ''Bryck Place'' for [[Ralph Sadleir|Sir Ralph Sadleir]], a diplomat. The village of Hackney flourished from the Tudor to late [[Georgian period]]s as a rural retreat.

The first documented "[[hackney coach]]"—the forerunner of the more generic "[[hackney carriage]]"—operated in London in 1621. Current opinion is that the name "hackney", to refer to a London taxi, is derived from the village name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-hac1.htm|title=The history of the word 'Hackney'|date=11 May 2002|publisher=Worldwidewords.org|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> (Hackney, associated with high-stepping horses and horse-drawn carriages, is the root of the French word ''haquenée'', a term used for a small breed of horse,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnrtl.fr/etymologie/haquen%C3%A9e|title=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales|author=CNRS – Nancy Université|publisher=ATILF|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[Sardinia]]n {{lang|sc|[[Giara horse|achetta]]}} horse.) Construction of the railway in the 1850s ended Hackney's rural reputation by connecting it to other parts of the city and stimulating development.

[[File:Curtain Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|[[Curtain Theatre]] circa 1600 print. Note: some authorities believe this to be a depiction of [[the Theatre]] – the other Elizabethan theatre in [[Shoreditch]].]]
London's first [[English Renaissance theatre|Tudor theatres]] were built at [[Shoreditch]]. The [[Gunpowder Plot]] was first exposed nearby in [[Hoxton]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g08.pdf Houses of Parliament factsheet on event] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215195506/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g08.pdf|date=15 February 2005}}. Retrieved 6 March 2007.</ref>

In 1727 [[Daniel Defoe]] said of the villages of Hackney {{blockquote|''All these, except the Wyck-house, are within a few years so encreas'd in buildings, and so fully inhabited, that there is no comparison to be made between their present and past state: Every separate hamlet is encreas'd, and some of them more than treble as big as formerly; Indeed as this whole town is included in the bills of mortality, tho' no where joining to London, it is in some respects to be call'd a part of it.''}}

{{Blockquote|''This town is so remarkable for the retreat of wealthy citizens, that there is at this time near a hundred coaches kept in it; tho' I will not join with a certain satyrical author, who said of Hackney, that there were more coaches than Christians in it.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Defoe&c_id=21|title=Daniel Defoe, Letter VI: Middx, Herts & Bucks|work= A Vision of Britain|publisher=University of Portsmouth and others|access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>}}

The parish [[church of St John-at-Hackney]] was built in 1792, replacing the nearby former 16th-century parish church dedicated to [[Augustine of Canterbury|St Augustine]] (pulled down in 1798).

Notable residents from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries included [[Robert Aske (merchant)|Robert Aske]], [[Baron Amherst of Hackney|William Cecil]], [[Samuel Courtauld (industrialist)|Samuel Courtauld]], [[Samuel Hoare Jr|Samuel Hoare]], [[Joseph Priestley]] and [[Thomas Sutton]].

Many grand houses stood in [[Stoke Newington]] and [[Stamford Hill]]; the latter neighbourhood became a center of Hackney's many Orthodox [[Jewish people|Jewish]] residents from the 1930s. [[Alfred Hitchcock]] made many of his first films in Hoxton at the [[Gainsborough Studios]] in Poole Street.<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/visit/data/vi_vill4.htm Visiting Hackney] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102230509/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/visit/data/vi_vill4.htm|date=2 January 2008|access-date=10 May 2007}}</ref>

The interwar era saw the building of [[London County Council housing developments|social housing by the LCC]] and the borough council in the area including the Kingsmead Estate, Morningside Estate, Banister House and Nisbet House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hackney: Homerton and Hackney Wick {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol10/pp51-59 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannister House, Homerton High Street |url=https://www.layersoflondon.org/map/records/bannister-house-homerton-high-street |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.layersoflondon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=G |first=Sludge |title=Banister House Homerton E9 1935 |date=2008-07-26 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/sludgeulper/2702974313/ |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref> The borough also includes housing projects developed by high-profile postwar architects including The Beckers (1958) by [[Frederick Gibberd|Sir Frederick Gibberd]], Granard House (1959) by [[Colin St John Wilson]] and Pitcairn House (1962) by [[Eric Lyons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitcairn House, Frampton Park Estate, Mare Street, London |url=https://www.ribapix.com/Pitcairn-House-Frampton-Park-Estate-Mare-Street-London_RIBA43948 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=RIBApix |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=municipaldreams |date=2016-03-10 |title=Municipal Dreams |url=https://municipaldreams.tumblr.com/post/140801396994/the-beckers-hackney-constructed-late-1950s |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Tumblr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bentham Road Estate, Hackney |url=https://www.layersoflondon.org/map/records/bentham-road-estate-hackney |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.layersoflondon.org}}</ref> Following extensive post-war development and immigration since the late 20th century, population pressure has increased and the area's many Georgian and Victorian terraces are being gentrified, warehouses are being converted to housing, and new flats are being built.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/4homes/ontv/best&worst/2007/Hackney-Best-Worst-One-Year-Later-2.html ''Location, Location: Best and Worse Hackney One Year On''], Channel 4 TV. Retrieved 7 November 2007.</ref>

In the 1980s and beyond, Hackney was described as the poorest borough in Britain - although it has been questioned whether this may have in fact been [[Glasgow City Council|Glasgow]], at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shields |first1=Richard |last2=Webber |first2=Jon |date=1986 |title=Hackney Lurches Local |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44256577 |journal=Community Development Journal |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.1093/cdj/21.2.133 |jstor=44256577 |issn=0010-3802}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dreams |first=Municipal |date=2013-09-17 |title=Woodberry Down, Hackney: 'the Estate of the Future' |url=https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/woodberry-down-hackney-the-estate-of-the-future/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Municipal Dreams |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rate-capped Authorities (Government Policy)   |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1985/apr/04/rate-capped-authorities-government-policy |access-date=2023-02-26 |date=4 April 1985 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpuuaHfJvwUC&dq=hackney+%22britain's+poorest+borough%22&pg=PA220 |title=Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities 1850-2000 |date=2005-10-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-81894-4 |language=en}}</ref> The council used the phrase 'Britain's Poorest Borough' in official materials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political poster |url=https://museum-collection.hackney.gov.uk/object-1991-26 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Hackney Museum Collections Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=badge {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1990-0310-6 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref> It was described in this way as late as 2001<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waller |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49238454 |title=The almanac of British politics |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |others=Byron Criddle |isbn=0-415-26833-8 |edition=7th |location=London |pages=417 |oclc=49238454}}</ref> and in Parliament in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debate: Financial Support (Students) - 15th Dec 2010 Jeremy Corbyn extracts from Financial Support (Students) (15th December 2010) |url=https://www.parallelparliament.co.uk/mp/jeremy-corbyn/debate/2010-12-15/commons/westminster-hall/financial-support-students |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.parallelparliament.co.uk}}</ref> This picture has now changed: the 2019 [[Indices of Multiple Deprivation]] found that Hackney was the 22nd most deprived borough in England, down from 11th in 2015 and 2nd in 2010, whilst Hackney has also featured prominently in discussions of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Profile of Hackney, its people and place, Hackney Council, 2020 |url=https://hced.co.uk/download/Hackney-Profile_2020.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Happened When Hackney Was Gentrified? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/east-london-gentrification-rife-book-extract/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Vice.com |date=12 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Mina |date=2012-07-07 |title=Chatsworth Road: the frontline of Hackney's gentrification |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/07/chatsworth-road-frontline-hackney-gentrification |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

It was ranked as inner London's "greenest borough" and London Transport's "best bike borough 2006",<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/print/xc-news-april06-bestbike.htm ''Hackney wins best bike borough'' (LBH Press release, 6 April 2006)]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} accessed 7 November 2007</ref> with 62 [[Hackney parks and open spaces|parks and open spaces]], covering {{convert|815|acre|km2|1}}.<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/cp-community-parks.htm ''Parks department'' (LB Hackney)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109120843/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/cp-community-parks.htm|date=9 November 2007|access-date=7 November 2007}}</ref> Seven Hackney parks have now achieved [[Green Flag award|Green Flag]] status.<ref>''Hackney Today'' 188 21 July 2008</ref> One, [[Abney Park Cemetery|Abney Park]], became scheduled in 2009 as one of Britain's historic parks and garden at risk from neglect and decay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/historic-at-risk-register/ |title=English Heritage's 'At Risk' register|access-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> [[Hackney Marshes]] play host to the largest collection of football pitches in Europe. Part of it was used as a site for events of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].

In 2021, the addition of 3 illegal art pieces,the anarchist charity [[Antepavilion|Antepavillion]] was given an ordinance to remove their most recent illegal art piece "''[[Sharks!]]"'' This brought the [[Metropolitan Police]] to raid Antepavillion's main warehouse and illegal Potemkin Theatre to stop the addition of the piece. After its placement was banned in the protected canal area, the Islington Boat Club put it on display in their private area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTRODUCTION |url=https://www.antepavilion.org/hackney-fight |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Antepavilion |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Listed buildings and conservation areas===
There are 1,300 [[Grade I and II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Hackney|listed buildings in Hackney]], including the [[Hackney Empire]], [[Tudor period|Tudor]] [[Sutton House, London|Sutton House]], and the Grade I medieval [[St Augustine's Tower Hackney|St Augustine's Tower]], the borough's oldest building. The borough contains 25 [[conservation area]]s including [[Clapton Square]] and [[Hackney parks and open spaces|urban open-spaces]] including Clapton Common and [[Clissold Park]]. Conservation areas also protect large areas of [[Georgian era|Georgian]] and [[Victorian era|Victorian housing]], and areas of [[industrial heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hackneysociety.org/|title= Hackney Society photographic survey| access-date=23 January 2007}}</ref>

===Administrative history===
The area of the modern borough broadly corresponds to the three [[ancient parish]]es of [[Hackney (parish)|Hackney]], [[Shoreditch (parish)|Shoreditch]] and [[Stoke Newington (parish)|Stoke Newington]], which had all historically been part of the [[Ossulstone]] [[Hundred (county division)|hundred]] of the county of [[Middlesex]]. For some administrative functions, Ossulstone was divided into four divisions. Stoke Newington was part of the [[Finsbury division]]. Hackney and Shoreditch were both part of the [[Tower division]], which was noteworthy in that the men of the area owed military service to the [[Tower of London]].

[[File:st augustines tower.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[St Augustine's Tower, Hackney]]. A former property of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knights of St John]] dating from the 13th century, St Augustine's Tower is Hackney's oldest building. The tower is all that remains of the [[medieval]] parish church, which was demolished in 1798.]]
The ancient parishes provided a framework for both civil (administrative) and ecclesiastical (church) functions, but during the 19th century there was a divergence into distinct civil and ecclesiastical parish systems. The ecclesiastical parishes were gradually sub-divided to better serve the needs of a growing population, while the civil parishes continued to be based on the same ancient parish areas.

From 1856 the area was governed by the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]], which was established to provide services across the [[metropolis]] of London.<ref>[[Metropolis Management Act 1855]] (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120)</ref> In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the [[County of London]]. From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various [[List of London vestries and district boards|parish vestries and district boards]]. Shoreditch was governed by its [[vestry]], whilst Hackney and Stoke Newington were initially grouped into the [[Hackney District (Metropolis)|Hackney District]] with a single board covering the two parishes. This proved unpopular, especially in more affluent Stoke Newington. After four unsuccessful attempts, the Hackney District was dissolved in 1894 under the Metropolis Management (Plumstead and Hackney) Act 1893, and its two parishes were then each governed separately by their own vestries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol8/pp194-200|title=Stoke Newington: Local government &#124; British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref name=Youngs>{{cite book | first=Frederic |last=Youngs | title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England | volume=I: Southern England | year=1979 | publisher=[[Royal Historical Society]] | location=London | isbn=0-901050-67-9}}</ref>

In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into [[Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London|metropolitan boroughs]]. In this area the three parishes each became a borough: [[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch|Shoreditch]] and [[Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington|Stoke Newington]].<ref>[[London Government Act 1899]] (62 & 63 Vict. c. 14)</ref> There were some rationalisations to boundaries, notably that Shoreditch absorbed part of the tiny [[Liberty of Norton Folgate]] (with the rest going to neighbouring [[Metropolitan Borough of Stepney|Stepney]]).

Stoke Newington was smaller than the desired size for the new boroughs, and there were proposals to re-merge Stoke Newington and Hackney, or to detach the northern part of Hackney and join it with Stoke Newington. These proposals were rejected due to the experience of "intolerable and interminable feuds" between the districts when they were previously "forced together". The [[First Lord of the Treasury]], [[Arthur Balfour]] recognised that there was "great ill-feeling and mutual ill-will... between the inhabitants of the two districts".<ref>Arthur Balfour, [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1899/may/18/london-government-bell ''Hansard''], 18 May 1899, Vol. 71, Col. 979.</ref> It was therefore decided to merge the [[South Hornsey]] exclaves of [[Hornsey (parish)|Hornsey]], with a population about 20,000, with Stoke Newington. While this still created a borough of only about 50,000 inhabitants, and thus "the smallest borough in London, the anomaly would be a gradually diminishing one, because the population in this district was rapidly increasing. When dividing London up into boroughs they could not avoid creating some anomalies as to size."<ref name=hansard>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1899/may/18/london-government-bell |title=London Government Bill |date=18 May 1899 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

The modern London Borough of Hackney was created in 1965 under the [[London Government Act 1963]]. It covered the combined area of the three metropolitan boroughs of Hackney, Shoreditch and Stoke Newington.<ref name="Youngs"/>

==Governance==
{{main|Hackney London Borough Council}}
[[File:Hackney town hall 1.jpg|thumb|[[Hackney Town Hall]] was built in the 1930s for the former [[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney]].]]
The local authority is Hackney Council, which meets at [[Hackney Town Hall]] and has its main offices in the adjoining Hackney Service Centre. Since 2002 the council has been led by the directly elected [[Mayor of Hackney]]. A [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] fulfils the civic and ceremonial duties previously undertaken by the (non-political) mayor prior to 2002.<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/l-speakerwhat.htm ''The Speaker of Hackney Council'']. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120084847/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/l-speakerwhat.htm |date=20 November 2008|access-date= 27 May 2010}}.</ref>

===Greater London representation===
Since 2000, for elections to the [[London Assembly]], the borough forms part of the [[North East (London Assembly constituency)|North East]] constituency. The constituency returned [[Sem Moema]] AM as the directly elected Assembly Member in 2021.

===UK Parliament===
The borough comprises two parliamentary constituencies: [[Hackney North and Stoke Newington (UK Parliament constituency)|Hackney North and Stoke Newington]] (represented by [[Diane Abbott]] MP) and [[Hackney South and Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hackney South and Shoreditch]] (represented by [[Meg Hillier]] MP); both are [[Privy Counsellor]]s and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] Members of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. Final recommendations for a change to the boundaries of these two constituencies were published by the Boundary Commission in July 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk/2023-review/2023-review-volume-one-report/the-2023-review-of-parliamentary-constituency-boundaries-in-england-volume-one-report-london/page/4/|last=Boundary Commission for England|title=The 2023 review of parliamentary constituency boundaries in England - volume one: report - London|date=2023|accessdate=22 November 2023}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Neighbourhoods===
{{Further|List of districts in Hackney}}
The borough was formed by the merger of the metropolitan boroughs of [[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch|Shoreditch]] and [[Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington|Stoke Newington]], with the boundaries of these very closely based on the Ancient Parishes of the same name; these areas have been consistently defined for many centuries. Historically, the River Lea formed the boundary between the predecessor counties of [[Middlesex]] and [[Essex]].
[[File:hackney districts.gif|frame|right|Localities in the London Borough of Hackney]]

Within these parish areas are a large number of sub-districts, some of which have sub-districts of their own. These sub-districts are generally based on former hamlets that expanded and merged as the area urbanised. These sub-districts have never been administrative units so have never had any formal boundaries, however a degree of informal definition has developed.
 
The sub-districts typically take [[Metropolitan Borough]]\[[Civil Parish#Ancient parishes|Ancient Parish]] boundaries where available, and can also have informal customary boundaries such as road and railways. Despite this, many areas have only a weakly or partially understood extent and it is not unusual for perceptions of place to overlap or change over time.

The area of the former parish and borough of [[Stoke Newington]] includes the [[Woodberry Down]] area, while the former parish and borough of [[Shoreditch]] includes [[Hoxton]] and [[Haggerston]].

The former parish and borough of [[Hackney, London|Hackney]] is much larger and includes [[Hackney Central]], [[Hackney Downs]], [[West Hackney]], [[Dalston]], [[De Beauvoir Town]], [[Shacklewell]], [[Stamford Hill]], [[London Fields]], [[Clapton, London|Upper and Lower Clapton]], [[Hackney Wick]] and [[Homerton]].

===Topography and Landscape history===
The London Borough of Hackney covers an area of {{convert|19.06|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, rising westward from the Lea to reach {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level at Clapton Common and [[Stamford Hill]]. The area around [[Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets|Victoria Park]], in the south of the borough lies about {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}} above sea level.

After the [[Norman Conquest]] the area became part of the [[Forest of Middlesex]], which covered much of the [[Middlesex|county]], but this gives rise to misunderstanding, as in this context "Forest" is a legal term referring to royal hunting rights and had a weak correlation with woodland cover, especially in the early post-Conquest Period.<ref name="ReferenceA">The History of the Countryside, Oliver Rackham, 1986</ref>

By the time of the earliest reliable maps, in the 18th century, the area covered by the modern borough was an agricultural area characterised by enclosed farmland with small hamlets and very little woodland. There were a number of commons, most of which survived to become the basis of modern parks. Many of the major roads were present by this time, the road now known as the [[Ermine Street|A10]] was Roman, and others, like many in England, may be older.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

With the obvious exception of the urbanisation of the area, the greatest changes have been to the waterways and wetlands of the area. The [[River Lea]], the area's primary geographic feature, has lost its grazing marshes and seen the [[River Lee Navigation]] created in 1770. This is an artificial channel of the river, passing through [[Hackney Cut]] and across the [[Hackney Marshes]] to straighten a meander of the natural river. In Roman times and for a long time after, the [[River Lea]] was an estuary, tidal as far as [[Hackney Wick]].

At Hackney Wick the [[Hackney Brook]] met the [[River Lea|Lea]]; the [[confluence]] was very wide when flooded. [[Hackney Brook]] was fully culverted in 1860 by the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]].<ref name="intro">{{cite book|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22692 |title=Hackney: Introduction, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney|date=1995|pages= 1–4|access-date= 13 June 2009}}</ref>

The [[New River (London)|New River]] was opened in 1613, diverting water from the Lea catchment to create a source of drinking water for London. The New River still passes through the borough, close to [[Finsbury Park]] and flows towards [[Islington]]. Another man-made feature, the [[Regents Canal]] also crosses the borough to the south of [[De Beauvoir Town]] in the west, joining the [[Hertford Union Canal]] below Victoria Park.<ref name="intro" />

===Housing and industry===
Much of Hackney retains an inner-city character, but in such places as [[Dalston]] large [[Council house|housing estates]] have been joined by newly developed [[gated community|gated communities]]. In [[South Hackney]], near [[Victoria Park, East London|Victoria Park]], terraced [[Georgian era|Georgian]], [[Victorian era|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] housing still survives.

Light industries in the area around the [[River Lea]] employ over 3,000 people.

===Geology===
The Lea and Hackney Marshes are underlain by [[alluvium]] soils; and the higher ground between Homerton and Stamford Hill is formed on a widening bed of [[London Clay]]. [[Brickearth]] deposits are within tongues of clay extending beneath Clapton Common, Stamford Hill and Stoke Newington High Street. The centre and south-western districts lie on river terrace deposits of Taplow Gravel. Victoria Park and Well Street Common lie on flood plain gravel.<ref name="intro" />

===Climate===
This data was taken between 1971 and 2000 at the nearest national weather station in [[Greenwich]]; around {{convert|7|mi|km|1}} south of Hackney Town Hall:
{{Greenwich weatherbox}}

== Demography ==
[[File:Hackney population pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of the Borough of Hackney in 2021]]
{{Historical populations
|type = UK
|title = Population
|footnote = Source: [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10056858&c_id=10001043&add=N ''A Vision of Britain through time'']
|1801 |14609
|1811 |19523
|1821 |25342
|1831 |35482
|1841 |68246
|1851 |94961
|1861 |172385
|1871 |249810
|1881 |327234
|1891 |369209
|1901 |374132
|1911 |379120
|1921 |368469
|1931 |358117
|1941 |305501
|1951 |260626
|1961 |240521
|1971 |221975
|1981 |179536
|1991 |187792
|2001 |202819
|2011 |246270
|2021 |259147
}}
In 1801, the [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]]es that form the modern borough had a total population of 14,609. This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 95,000 in the middle of that century. When the railways arrived the rate of [[population growth]] increased&nbsp;— reaching nearly 374,000 by the turn of the century. This increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new towns]] under the [[Patrick Abercrombie|Abercrombie Plan for London]] (1944).<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10056858&c_id=10001043&add=N ''A Vision of Britain through time'']. Retrieved 20 February 2009.</ref> The population is now rising again, and the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]] gives Hackney a population of 202,824.<ref>Statistics for ethnicity [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8919], country of birth [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8279], and religion {{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk%3D8288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110220738/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8288 |archive-date=10 January 2009 |access-date=5 February 2010}} are from the [[UK census]].</ref>

The population is ethnically diverse. Of the resident population, 89,490 (44%) people describe themselves as [[White British]]. 24,861 (12%) are in other White [[ethnic group]]s, 50,009 (24%) are Black or Black British, 19,791 (9%) are Asian or Asian British, 8,501 (4%) describe themselves as 'Mixed', and 6,432 (3%) as Chinese or Other.

[[File:Stamford hill.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stamford Hill]], along with neighbouring West Hackney, Clapton and Stoke Newington, has a large [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jewish]] population.]]

There is also a large [[British Turks|Turkish]] and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] population resident in Hackney.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Hackney |date=2019-02-03 |title=Beyond kebabs: Hackney's Turkish speakering community |url=http://www.hackneymagazine.com/beyond-kebabs-hackneys-turkish-speakers/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Hackney Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kurdish community in London |url=https://anfenglish.com/special/the-kurdish-community-in-london-4497 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=ANF News |language=en}}</ref> Turkish and Kurdish communities are located in all parts of the borough, though there is a greater concentration in north and central Hackney.

132,931 (66%) of the resident population were British born. A further 10,095 (5%) were born in other parts of Europe, and the remaining 59,798 (29%) born elsewhere in the world.

2018 estimates<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/percentage-population-religion-borough?resource=abfb6175-f489-4c6e-add2-f4d323183224|title=Population by Religion, Borough – London Datastore}}</ref> are that Christianity is the biggest religion in Hackney, with 31% of residents identifying Christian; 13% identified as Muslim, 10% Jewish, and 7% belonged to other religions. A further 38% either have no religion, or did not submit a response. In numerical terms, Hackney has the second largest Jewish population of any local authority in the United Kingdom, after the [[London Borough of Barnet]] (and in percentage terms, third after Barnet and the [[Hertsmere]] borough of [[Hertfordshire]]).

32% of households are owner–occupied.

The largest rise of ethnic groups between 2001 and 2011 was "Other", which increased by 222%. This was followed by "Mixed", which rose by 84%.

According to the GLA Population Estimate for 2018, 36.4% of the borough's population are White British, 18.1% are "Other White", 10.3% are of Black African heritage, and 6.4% are of Black Caribbean heritage. Hackney is also home to several smaller Asian communities.

===Ethnicity===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
! rowspan="3" |Ethnic Group
! colspan="14" |Year
|-
! colspan="2" |1966 estimations<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frasure |first=Robert C. |date=1971 |title=Constituency Racial Composition and the Attitudes of British M. P.'s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/421299 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.2307/421299 |jstor=421299 |issn=0010-4159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=KRAMER |first=DANIEL C. |title=White Versus Colored in Britain: An Explosive Confrontation? |date=1969 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40969991 |journal=Social Research |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=585–605 |jstor=40969991 |issn=0037-783X}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1971 estimations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tim Butler |first=Chris Hamnett |title=Ethnicity, class and aspiration |url=https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/ethnicity-class-and-aspiration |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Policy Press |page=66}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1981 estimations<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1991 census<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1991 census – theme tables |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm.aspx |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=NOMIS |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930205650/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001 census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/construct/submit.asp?forward=yes&menuopt=201&subcomp= |title=KS006 – Ethnic group  |publisher=NOMIS |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011 census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS201EW/view/1946157259?cols=measures |title=Ethnic Group by measures |publisher=NOMIS |access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total 
!–
!92.9%
!–
!85.1%
!131,797
!73.2%
!124,090
!66%!! 120,468 !! 59.4% !! 134,617 !! 54.7%
!137,709
!53.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[White British|British]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 89,490 || 44.1% || 89,030 || 36.2%
|87,927
|33.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[White Irish|Irish]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 6,117 || 3.0% || 5,216 || 2.1%
|5,582
|2.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[White Gypsy or Irish Traveller|Gypsy or Irish Traveller]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–||  –||  –|| 474 || 0.2%
|248
|0.1%
|-
|White: Roma
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|865
|0.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | White: [[Other White|Other]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 24,861 || 12.3% || 39,897 || 16.2%
|43,087
|16.6%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total 
!–
!–
!–
!–
!33,171
!18.4%
!41,903
!22.3%!! 50,009 !! 24.7% !! 56,858 !! 23.1%
!54,645
!21.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|African]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|7,701
|4.3%
|12,886
|6.9%|| 24,290 || 12.0% || 27,976 || 11.4%
|29,478
|11.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|19,330
|10.7%
|21,321
|11.3%|| 20,879 || 10.3% || 19,168 || 7.8%
|17,903
|6.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Black or Black British: [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|Other Black]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|6,140
|
|7,696
| || 4,840 || 2.4% || 9,714 || 3.9%
|7,264
|2.8%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total  
!–
!–
!–
!–
!11,411
!6.3%
!16,550
!8.8%!! 19,791 !! 9.8% !! 25,867 !! 10.5%
!26,885
!10.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Indians|Indian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|5,405
|
|6,629
| || 7,624 || 3.8% || 7,599 || 3.1%
|8,832
|3.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,489
|
|1,845
| || 2,165 || 1.1% || 1,905 || 0.8%
|2,461
|0.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,824
|
|3,446
| || 5,970 || 2.9% || 6,180 || 2.5%
|6,554
|2.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,308
|
|2,016
| || 2,377 || 1.2% || 3,436 || 1.4%
|3,459
|1.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,385
|
|2,614
| || 1,655 || 0.8% || 6,747 || 2.7%
|5,579
|2.2%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed or British Mixed]]: Total 
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–
!–!! 8,501 !! 4.2% !! 15,869 !! 6.4%
!17,487
!6.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: White and Black Caribbean 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 3,075 || 1.5% || 4,989 || 2.0%
|4,749
|1.8%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: White and Black African 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 1,599 || 0.8% || 2,866 || 1.2%
|2,735
|1.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: White and Asian 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 1,576 || 0.8% || 3,020 || 1.2%
|3,691
|1.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Mixed: Other Mixed 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 2,251 || 1.1% || 4,994 || 2.0%
|6,312
|2.4%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Other: Total 
!–
!–
!–
!–
!3,764
!
!5,357
! !! 4,055 !! 2.0% !! 13,059 !! 5.3%
!22,421
!8.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Other: Arab
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–||  –||  –|| 1,721 || 0.7%
|2,342
|0.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Other: Any other ethnic group 
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–|| 4,055 || 2.0% || 11,338 || 4.6%
|20,079
|7.7%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Ethnic minority: Total 
!–
!7.1%
!–
!14.9%
!48,348
!26.8%
!63,810
!33%!! 82,356 !! 40.7% !! 111,653 !! 45.3%
!121,438
!46.9%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Total 
!–
!100%
!–
!100%
!180,145
!100%
!187,900
!100%!! 202,824 !! 100% !! 246,270 !! 100%
!259,147
!100%
|}

===Religion===

The following shows the religious identity of residents residing in Hackney according to the census results.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |1971 estimates<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ginsberg |first=Yona |date=1985 |title=Fear of Crime among Elderly Jews in Boston and London |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2190/L3TA-NP58-5VCH-PL7T |journal=The International Journal of Aging and Human Development |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=257–268 |doi=10.2190/L3TA-NP58-5VCH-PL7T |pmid=6536637 |issn=0091-4150}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1995 estimates<ref>{{Cite web |title=A PROFILE OF BRITISH JEWRY - 1995 |url=https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/a_pr/A%20PROFILE%20OF%20BRITISH%20JEWRY.pdf |page=12}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2021 census<ref>{{cite web |date=29 Nov 2022 |title=Religion - 2021 census |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129115419/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 |archive-date=29 Nov 2022 |access-date=16 Dec 2022 |website=Office of National Statistics}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Holds religious beliefs
!–
!–
!–
!–
!139,902
!69.0
!153,170
!62.2
!142,592
!55.0
|-
|[[Christians|Christian]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |94,431
| align="right" |46.6
| align="right" |95,131
| align="right" |38.6
| align="right" |79,499
| align="right" |30.7
|-
|[[Muslim]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |27,908
| align="right" |13.8
| align="right" |34,727
| align="right" |14.1
| align="right" |34,578
| align="right" |13.3
|-
|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |1,725
| align="right" |0.9
| align="right" |1,872
| align="right" |0.8
| align="right" |1,867
| align="right" |0.7
|-
|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |1,637
| align="right" |0.8
| align="right" |1,577
| align="right" |0.6
| align="right" |1,998
| align="right" |0.8
|-
|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |2,321
| align="right" |1.1
| align="right" |3,075
| align="right" |1.2
| align="right" |2,343
| align="right" |0.9
|-
|[[Jews|Jewish]]
|30,000
|14%
|17,900
|9.9%
| align="right" |10,732
| align="right" |5.3
| align="right" |15,477
| align="right" |6.3
| align="right" |17,426
| align="right" |6.7
|-
|Other religion
|–
|–
|–
|–
| align="right" |1,148
| align="right" |0.6
| align="right" |1,311
| align="right" |0.5
| align="right" |4,879
| align="right" |1.9
|-
!No religion
!–
!–
!–
!–
! align="right" |38,607
! align="right" |19.0
! align="right" |69,454
! align="right" |28.2
! align="right" |94,113
! align="right" |36.3
|-
!Religion not stated
!–
!–
!–
!–
! align="right" |24,315
! align="right" |12.0
! align="right" |23,646
! align="right" |9.6
! align="right" |22,442
! align="right" |8.7
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total population
!–
!100%
!–
!100%
! align="right" |202,824
! align="right" |100%
! align="right" |246,270
! align="right" |100%
! align="right" |259,147
! align="right" |100%
|}

===Other statistics===
In a 2007 report, every ward of Hackney was among the 10% most deprived in the country, with 47% of children living in low-income households.<ref name=audit>[http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/Products/CPA-CORP-ASSESS-REPORT/4EDFC845-9AD0-49BE-9840-E8033258CC58/HackneyCAREP.pdf ''Corporate Assessment Report: London Borough of Hackney''], The Audit Commission, August 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2007.</ref>

Hackney had a reputation as one of the most crime-ridden London boroughs, and some of its streets have even been referred to as "Murder Mile",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/apr/22/tonythompson.theobserver1|title=Two more die on 'murder mile'|first=Tony |last=Thompson|date=21 April 2001|newspaper=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> but cooperation between local police and council has resulted in the borough experiencing a bigger drop in crime than in any other London borough in the four-year period up to 2007 (28% reduction).<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/hackney-today-157-part1.pdf ''Hackney Today'' '''157''' 23 April 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630142858/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/hackney-today-157-part1.pdf |date=30 June 2007 }}. Retrieved 6 June 2007.</ref>{{Obsolete source|reason=|date=May 2022}}

In the 2011 census, Hackney had the highest rate of commuters travelling by bicycle in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/ward-profiles-and-atlas|title=Ward Profiles and Atlas – London Datastore}}</ref>

==Education==<!-- This section is linked from [[Finsbury Park]] -->
{{Further|List of schools in Hackney}}

In 2002, the borough entered into a 10-year contract with the Learning Trust, an independent collaborative body that organises education for Hackney's 27,000 pupils in over 70 schools, nurseries and play centres. The trust was set up in response to an [[OFSTED]] report that identified failings in the then existing system.<ref>[http://www.learningtrust.co.uk/about_us/history.aspx Learning Trust history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230215/http://www.learningtrust.co.uk/about_us/history.aspx |date=27 September 2007 |access-date= 5 May 2007}}</ref> Two of London's most successful [[Academy (English school)|City Academies]] are in Hackney with another two in development and plans to rebuild or renovate every other Hackney school by 2016.
LBH regained responsibility for education in 2012, absorbing the Learning Trust under the new name "Hackney Learning Trust".

=== Public libraries ===
The London Borough of Hackney has eight public libraries:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hackney.gov.uk/libraries|title=Libraries {{!}} Hackney Council|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

* Clapton Library
* Dalston CLR James Library
* Hackney Central Library
* Homerton Library
* Shoreditch Library
* Stamford Hill Library
* Stoke Newington Library
* Woodberry Down Library

==Transport==
Three [[London Overground]] lines serve Hackney: the [[North London Line]] crosses from west to east while the [[East London Line]] runs from Highbury & Islington and passes through [[Dalston Junction railway station|Dalston Junction]] and on south through Haggerston, Hoxton, Shoreditch towards destinations south of the River Thames, including Clapham Junction, Crystal Palace, Croydon, and New Cross. Local services on the [[Lea Valley Lines]] passed into [[London Overground]] on 31 May 2015. Trains originate at [[London Liverpool Street railway station|London Liverpool Street]] and head towards either [[Enfield Town railway station|Enfield Town]] (via [[Bush Hill Park railway station|Bush Hill Park]]), [[Cheshunt railway station|Cheshunt]] (via [[Turkey Street railway station|Turkey Street]]) or [[Chingford railway station|Chingford]] (via [[Clapton railway station|Clapton]]).

It is proposed that [[Crossrail 2]] will provide Hackney a new station at Dalston with the potential of the future 'eastern branch' with stops at Hackney Central and Hackney Wick.

===London Overground===
[[North London Line]] Travelling west to east&nbsp;—  ''[[Dalston Kingsland railway station|Dalston Kingsland]]'', ''[[Hackney Central railway station|Hackney Central]]'', ''[[Homerton railway station|Homerton]]'' and ''[[Hackney Wick railway station|Hackney Wick]]''

[[East London Line]] Travelling north to south&nbsp;— ''[[Dalston Junction railway station|Dalston Junction]]'', ''[[Haggerston railway station|Haggerston]]'', ''[[Hoxton railway station|Hoxton]]'' and ''[[Shoreditch High Street railway station|Shoreditch High Street]]''

[[Lea Valley Lines]] Travelling south to north – ''[[London Fields railway station|London Fields]], [[Hackney Downs railway station|Hackney Downs]], [[Rectory Road railway station|Rectory Road]], [[Stoke Newington railway station|Stoke Newington]] and [[Stamford Hill railway station|Stamford Hill]]''.

===Travel to work===
In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: bus, minibus or coach, 16.9% of all residents aged 16–74; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 9.2%; bicycle, 9.2%; on foot, 7.5%; driving a car or van, 7.1%; train, 4.6%; work mainly at or from home, 3.5%.<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census: QS701EW Method of travel to work, local authorities in England and Wales|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/rft-qs701ew.xls|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=23 November 2013}} Percentages are of all residents aged 16–74 including those not in employment. Respondents could pick one mode, specified as the journey's longest part by distance.</ref>

65% of households in Hackney are [[Car-free movement|car free]].<ref>[http://www.hackney-cyclists.org.uk/updates13.htm#2013-02-01_census Hackney Cyclists]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910171930/http://www.hackney-cyclists.org.uk/updates13.htm#2013-02-01_census |date=10 September 2015 }}.</ref>

==Media==
The ''[[Hackney Gazette]]'' and ''[[Hackney Citizen]]'' provide local news.

==Notable people==
{{Further|List of people from Hackney}}

==Attractions and institutions==
[[File:Hackney One Carnival - Ridley road - 2016-09-11.jpg|thumb|right|Hackney One Carnival on Ridley road (2016)]]
[[File:Gainsborough Studios site.jpg|thumb|right|Flats built in the site of [[Gainsborough Studios]] in Hoxton]]
* [[Abney Park Cemetery]] – overgrown Victorian cemetery and Nature Reserve
* [[Arcola Theatre]] – studio theatre
*[[Broadway Market, London|Broadway Market]] – popular outdoor market
*[[Cafe Oto]] – new music club and daytime café
*[[The Dolphin, Hackney|The Dolphin]] - Grade II [[Listed building|listed]] public house and venue
* [[Geffrye Museum]] – decorative arts museum
* [[Happy Man Tree]] - England's [[Tree of the Year (United Kingdom)|Tree of the Year]] 2020
* [[Hackney Empire]] – theatre
*[[Hackney City Farm]]
* [https://hackney.gov.uk/carnival Hackney Carnival] – carnival street parade
* [[Hackney Wick Stadium]] (closed 1997)
* [[Hoxton Hall]] – community centre and performance space
*[[National Centre for Circus Arts|National Centre of Circus Arts]] – circus school
* [[Newington Green Unitarian Church]] – London's oldest nonconformist place of worship
*[[Rio Cinema, Dalston|Rio Cinema]] – A Grade II [[Listed building|listed]] independent [[Art Deco]] cinema 
* [[St John the Baptist, Hoxton|St John's Hoxton]] – [[Anglican]] church (where "[[Amazing Grace]]" was written)
* [[Shoreditch Town Hall]]
* [[Sutton House, London|Sutton House]] – Heritage house and museum
* [[The Towers of Hackney]]
* [[Victoria Miro Gallery]] – contemporary art gallery
* [[Vortex Jazz Club]] – live jazz venue
* [[Woodberry Wetlands]] – Nature Reserve
*[[St Leonard's Hospital, Hackney|St Leonard's Hospital]], Hackney - Local Hospital

==Coat of arms==
[[File:LB Hackney Coat of Arms.svg|thumb|alt=1969 Coat of Arms of the London Borough of Hackney|Coat of Arms of the London Borough of Hackney]]
{{main|Coat of arms of the London Borough of Hackney}}
The borough's [[coat of arms]] includes elements representing its three predecessor boroughs:
* The shield is surmounted by a representation of Hackney's [[St Augustine's Tower Hackney|St. Augustine's Tower]].
* An eight-pointed [[Maltese Cross]], for [[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], which derives from the symbols of the Orders of the [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of St. John]], both of whom held the Manor of Hackney.
* Bells representing [[Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch|Shoreditch]], these are the bells in the nursery rhyme [[Oranges and Lemons]].
* Oaks for [[Metropolitan Borough of Stoke Newington|Stoke Newington]], representing its origins in the [[Forest of Middlesex]].

==Twin towns – sister cities==
Hackney is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twin>{{cite web |title=Twinning|url=https://hackney.gov.uk/twinning|website=hackney.gov.uk|publisher=Hackney Borough Council|access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>
* [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Austin's Sister City in the United Kingdom|url=https://www.austinsistercities.com/hackney-uk|website=austinsistercities.com|publisher=Austin Sister Cities|access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>
* [[Haifa]], Israel
* [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada
* [[Suresnes]], France

Hackney was formerly also twinned with [[Göttingen]] in Germany, [[Presnensky District]] in Russia, and [[Alexandra, South Africa|Alexandra]] in South Africa, but these links are not active anymore.<ref name=twin/>

==Freedom of the Borough==
The following people, military units, and organisations and groups have received the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Borough]] of Hackney.

{{Incomplete list|date=August 2021}}

===Individuals===
* John Hillman: 1928
* Theodore Chapman: 1931
* Henry Charles Rawll 1931
* Sir William Ray Knight: 1931
* Captain Sir Oscar Warburg: 1931
* Walter Ernest Loweth: 1934
* Henry Edwin Goodrich: 1941
* Giles Charles Burton: 1947
* [[Herbert Butler (politician)|Herbert William Butler]]: 1947
*  Florence Helena Du Vergier: 1947
* Walter Thomas Wayman: 1947
* Albert Cullington: 1955
* The Honourable Arthur George Child-Villiers: 1955
* Monsieur Marcel Legras, Mayor of [[Suresnes|Suresnes Seine]]: 1958
* William Nichols: 1960
* Clarissa Gooch: 1960
* Mary Omerod: 1964
* Charles Richard Halerow: 1964
* George Ernest Silver: 1964
* George Leonard Alfred Downing: 1965
* Ernest Henderson: 1965
* Sir Louis Sherman: 1978
* Lady Sherman: 1978
* Gladys M. Shanagher: 1978
* Lilian Karpin: 1978
* Arthur Super: 1978
* Alfred Alexander: 1978
* Max Marcus Feldman: 1986
* John Kotz: 1986
* Robert William Masters: 1986
* Edward George Henry Millen: 1986
* Martin Ottolangui: 1986
* Robert Edward Owen: 1986
* Matilda Anne Owen: 1990
* Dr. Alexander Englehardt: 1995
* Joe Lobenstein: 1997
* Gerry Ross: 1997
* Gordon Bell: 19 April 2001
* Saleem Siddiqui: 30 October 2013
* Lt Col Roderick Morriss: 25 February 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=The life and times of Lt Col Morriss, newly-appointed freeman of the borough  |url=https://news.hackney.gov.uk/the-life-and-times-of-lt-col-morriss-newly-appointed-freeman-of-the-borough/ |website =Hackney Borough Council |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom of the borough  |url=https://hackney.gov.uk/freedom-of-the-borough |website =Hackney Borough Council |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

===Military units===
* 3 Military Intelligence Battalion ([[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Volunteers]]) [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]]: 2008

===Organisations and groups===
* Volunteer Centre Hackney: 21 July 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Freedom of the borough {{!}} Hackney Council|url=https://hackney.gov.uk/freedom-of-the-borough/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=hackney.gov.uk}}</ref>
*Medics at the [[Homerton University Hospital]]: 28 July 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackneycitizen.co.uk/2021/07/28/homerton-medics-freedom-borough-pandemic/ |title=Homerton medics awarded Freedom of the Borough for going 'above and beyond' during pandemic   |last=Gregory |first=Julia |date=28 July 2021 |website=Hackney Citizen |publisher= |access-date=1 August 2021 |quote=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{LB Hackney}}
{{London}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|51|33|00|N|0|03|30|W|region:GB_type:adm3rd|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:London Borough Of Hackney}}
[[Category:London Borough of Hackney| ]]
[[Category:London boroughs|Hackney]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in the United Kingdom]]