Editing Lomé

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Togo}}
{{redirect|Lome}}
{{original research|date=October 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage. -->
<!-- Basic info -->| name               = Lomé
| native_name        = <!-- Lome de le. -->
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]]
<!-- Images and maps -->| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 280
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/2/2
| image1                   = Palais de Lomé - elewacja południowa.jpg
| image2                   = Siège de la Banque Ouest Africaine de Développement (BOAD, Lomé - Togo.jpg
| image3                   = Being in lome (14506184770).jpg
| image4                   = Lomé3.jpg
| image5                   = Lomé Grand Marché with the Cathédrale du Sacré Coeur (33592985581).jpg}}
| imagesize          = 250px
| image_caption      = From top to bottom, left to right: [[Palace of the Governors, Togo|Palace of the Governors]], headquarters of the [[West African Development Bank]], Monument Colombe de la Paix, Lomé Beach, and the Grande Marché in front of the [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lomé|Sacred Heart Cathedral]].
| image_flag         = 
| image_shield       = Emblem of Lome, Togo.png
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Togo#Africa
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Lomé in [[Togo]]
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| image_map          = {{Infobox mapframe
  | id    = Q3792
  | zoom  = 10
  | shape-fill-opacity=0.4
  | marker = city
  }}
| coordinates        = 
{{coord|06|07|51|N|01|12|55|E|region:TG|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Togo}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Togo|Region]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Prefectures of Togo|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Maritime Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Golfe]]
| established_title  = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date   = 
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = <!-- Politics -->
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Aouissi Lodé]]
<!-- Area -->| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 99.14
| area_land_km2      = <!-- See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion. -->
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_metro_km2     = 280
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| elevation_footnotes = <!-- For references: use<ref> </ref>  tags. -->
| elevation_m        = 10
<!-- Population -->| population_total   = 1500000
| population_as_of   = 2022 census
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = 15000
| population_metro   = 2,200,000
| population_density_metro_km2 = 7150
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_note    = <!-- General information -->
| postal_code_type   = <!-- Enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post      code, 
DapaongPostal code... -->
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.610<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#fc0|medium}} · [[List of Togolese regions by Human Development Index|1st]]
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
| timezone           = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset         = +00:00
}}

'''Lomé''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|l|oʊ|m|eɪ}} {{respell|LOH|may}}, {{IPAc-en|US|l|oʊ|ˈ|m|eɪ}} {{respell|loh|MAY}}) is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] and largest city of [[Togo]]. It has an urban population of 837,437<ref name="Census">[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=14&&Itemid=56 Résultats définitifs du RGPH4 au Togo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421104046/http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=14&&Itemid=56 |date=21 April 2012 }}</ref> while there were 2,188,376 permanent residents in its [[metropolitan area]] as of the 2022 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Togo: Regions, Cities, Urban Localities & Agglomeration - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/togo/cities/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Located on the [[Gulf of Guinea]] at the southwest corner of the country, with its entire western border along the easternmost edge of [[Ghana]]'s [[Volta Region]], Lomé is the country's administrative and industrial center, which includes an oil refinery. It is also the country's chief port, from where it exports [[coffee]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[copra]], and [[Elaeis guineensis|oil palm]] kernels.

Its city limits extends to the border with Ghana, located a few hundred meters west of the city center, to the Ghanaian city of [[Aflao]] and the South Ketu district where the city is situated, had 160,756 inhabitants in 2010. The cross-border agglomeration of which Lomé is the centre has about 2 million inhabitants as of 2020.

==Etymology==
The name 'Lomé' comes from ''Alo(ti)mé'' or (shorter) ''Alomé'', which in the [[Ewe language]], literally, means "in the alo trees", or "within the alo trees", to designate simply the forest of alo.

==History==
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Lome 1903 (Togo).jpg|thumb|300px|Lomé in 1903.]]
The city was founded by the [[Ewe people|Ewes]] and expanded in the 19th century by [[German colonial empire|German]], British and African traders,<ref>* {{citation|title=Lomé|url=http://www.codesria.org/spip.php?article1603|year=2011|ref={{harvid|Gervais-Lambony|2011}}|author=Philippe Gervais-Lambony|work=Capital Cities in Africa: Power and Powerlessness|location=Dakar|publisher=[[Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]]|editor=Simon Bekker and Goran Therborn|isbn=978-2-8697-8495-6|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304172501/http://codesria.org/spip.php?article1603|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> becoming the capital of [[Togoland]] in 1897.<ref>Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Lome Lomé], britannica.com, USA, accessed on 30 June 2019</ref> At the end of the 19th century, British [[Customs|customs duties]] on imported products (especially on alcohol and tobacco) weighed very heavily. The traders, mainly maritime Ewe or [[Anlo]] from the area between [[Aflao]] and [[Keta]] in the east of the British colony of [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]], then looking for an alternative place to unload goods while being out of reach of British customs officers, naturally targeted the coastal site of Lomé, nearby. This commercial dynamic of customs circumvention and tax evasion then favored the expansion of Lomé around 1880. The calm and sparsely inhabited Loméen coastline began to be populated rapidly. The Ewes were soon joined by European, British and especially German companies, as well as itinerant merchants from the interior, such as the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] caravans from the cola roads. Many people were attracted by the new economic hub that Lomé represented. The rapid growth of the city was reinforced, and Lomé quickly earned a reputation as a place where good business was done.

===Colonial period===
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-003033, Togo, Lomé, Verladen von Baumwollballen.jpg|thumb|Loading of [[cotton]] bales (1885)]]

It was the threats of the British present in the neighboring Gold Coast (now [[Ghana]]) that put an end to the competition that Lomé provoked for their colony, which then provoked a call for the protection of [[Germany]]. Togoland was thus created as an entity of international law within the German colonial empire on 5 July 1884, by the [[Treaty of Togoville]], signed by [[Gustav Nachtigal]] and King {{ill|Mlapa III|fr}}.

Lomé continued to prosper freely as a centre of import, thus becoming the main gateway to the North, whose major axis of penetration was then the Volta Valley; it was to access it that the construction of the first real road in the country, [[Kpalimé|Lomé-Kpalimé]], was undertaken from 1892. It was this major economic role that led the German administration to transfer the capital of the territory to a city that already had more than 2,000 inhabitants.<ref>Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Lome Lomé], britannica.com, USA, accessed 28 July 2019</ref>
[[File:1902 Togo Lomé 10pfg.jpg|thumb|left|Stamp of the German colony Togogebiet cancelled in Lomé in 1902.]]
[[File:Lomé Togo Weg nach dem Gouverneurspalast 1904.png|thumb|Alley leading to [[Palace of the Governors, Togo|the Governor's Palace]] (1904).]]

Lomé benefited from 1904 from a port that made it the only maritime contact point of Togo, ruining its rival, [[Aného]], until then much more important. From this development, a network of railways could be deployed: to Aného in 1905, to Kpalimé in 1907 and to [[Atakpamé]] in 1909. All the "useful Togo" was now organized in a funnel around Lomé, whose preponderance on the Togolese urban network was definitively established and growth assured. The city reached a population of 8,000 in 1914. But, if the infrastructure set up by the Germans - which consisted of a post office in 1890, the [[telephone]] in 1894, the cathedral in 1904, a bank in 1906 and the intercontinental telegraph in 1913 - could benefit everyone, a system of discriminatory patents and licenses gradually ousted African traders from the most lucrative activities, that is the trade or import-export business.

Apart from the rich [[Octaviano Olympio]], with his large Cocoterais, the first in the city, his herds, his [[brickyard]] and his construction company, most [[Togolese]] merchants had to put themselves at the service of foreign firms as managers of their agencies in other cities, or enjoying more autonomy as buyers of agricultural export products in the interior. The smallest had been hired in large numbers as clerks in the main factories (headquarters of the offices of a trading company abroad). Firms in other African territories looked with envy at Togo, which had an abundant skilled workforce, while elsewhere, it was necessary to entrust all positions to expatriates, much more expensive for the employer.

The [[World War I|First World War]] completely spared the city. However, in 1916, it led to the eviction of German companies, gradually replaced by British and French firms. Many Togolese traders returned to Lomé. Their flourishing businesses, their vast coconut groves, and their large land holdings made them a bourgeoisie with which the new French colonial authorities had to reckon, prompting the creation of the council of notables in 1922 (elective from 1925), which gave Lomé a remarkably early political life in French-speaking Africa. It is also quite exceptional that an African capital has been so marked by its indigenous [[bourgeoisie]], both in the production practices of urban space, so original in Lomé, and in the singularities of its popular architecture.

The French renewed the infrastructure left by the Germans, repairing railways, building more roads, constructing a new quay, etc. They added electrification in 1926 and drinking water supply in 1940. However, they took years to fill the void left in the schools by the [[Society of the Divine Word|German verbist missionaries]] when they left. The level of students enrolled in 1945, at the death of {{ill|Jean-Marie Cassou|fr}}, reached that of 1914.

In the 1920s, a policy of systematic low taxation ushered in a long period of prosperity. In January 1923, a {{ill|Révolte des femmes de Lomé|women's revolt||fr}} took place against the arrest of two Duawo leaders and forced their release.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Messan Adimado |last=Aduayon |title=Un prélude au nationalisme togolais : la révolte de Lomé, 24-25 janvier 1933 |journal=Cahiers d'Études africaines |volume=24 |number=93 |date=1984|doi=10.3406/cea.1984.2226 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1984_num_24_93_2226 |access-date=2019-12-31 |pages=39–50 }}.</ref>

<gallery caption="Map of the city of Lomé in 1931" mode="packed" heights="200px"> 
File:Ville de Lomé 1931 partie gauche.jpg |Left part
File:Ville de Lomé 1931 partie droite.jpg |Right part
</gallery>

Lomé reached 15,000 inhabitants around 1930. But the [[Great Depression|global economic crisis of the early 1930s]] led to a brutal recession. Many businesses closed or had to consolidate. Investments stopped, like the Northern Railway, definitively stopped in [[Blitta]] in 1934. A plan for a sharp tax increase, while the people's resources were falling, provoked the riots of January 1933, which were undoubtedly a major political break in the history of Togo. It was only after [[World War II]], following a decade of postwar stagnation, that boom times resumed in Lomé.

===Independence===
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Lomé-Monument de l'Indépendance.jpg|thumb|Independence Monument]]
The population of the city increased rapidly in the second half of the 20th century. It had only a population of 30,000 in 1950, which increased to 80,000 in 1960, the year when Togo became independent. A decade later, it stood at 200,000 people, in 1970. Within two decades, the population of Lomé increased by seven-fold. The city, as throughout the country, the very high prices of export products operate the markets, the significant investments of the colonial administration (the "FIDES" plan created a large number of roads, bridges, schools, hospitals) ensured full employment. The constructions were rapidly expanding at the expense of the old coconut groves, the hope animated each of an imminent take-off.

From the mid-1970s, investments became more and more gigantic, but not always in well-targeted areas, Togo, a small open country and hub of trade between its powerful neighbors, did not have the protected market that would have been needed for the large industries that were built for it, nor the stable tourism potential for the luxurious hotels that were  coming up.<ref name="Roman Adrian Cybriwsky 2013, p. 162">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 162</ref> At the same time, the railways were allowed to deteriorate, even though they had an important role, especially for serving the outlying districts of the city.

But, the economic activity of an African city is not just an accumulation of large companies, banks and factories. There is also the very vast field of the popular economy, these innumerable activities of production, exchange, service, repair, which are in fact the livelihood of the majority of the population, and the only way for it to access services commensurate with its modest resources. Difficult to grasp in the statistical tools of economists, the [[Informal economy|informal sector]] is  increasingly affecting the real economic life of African city dwellers. In addition, the development of market gardening around the city, stimulated by growing unemployment, arose rural exodus and demand for vegetables. Market gardening, first extended to the north, is mainly on the beach (as the sand is too less salty), planting protective hedges. The various studies of the city's land market indicate that the neighborhoods are relatively heterogeneous, mixing opulent villas and modest housing, without social and spatial division of the city. This is explained by the fact that Lomeans are very attached to their plot of land and what they call their "home" (their home). This, therefore, led to a land freeze. However, if the city is not a socially divided city, the fact remains that Lomé is experiencing more and more problems related to the collection of household waste, the fight against urban insalubrity has become one of the priorities of the city and its inhabitants.

==Climate==
Owing to its location in the [[Dahomey Gap]], Lomé has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''/''As'') despite its latitude close to the equator. The capital of Togo is relatively dry with an annual average rainfall of {{convert|800|to|900|mm|in|0}} and on average 59 rainy days per year. Despite this, the city experiences heavy fog most of the year from the northern extension of the [[Benguela Current]] and receives a total of 2,330 bright sunshine hours annually. Comparably dry inland West African cities like [[Bamako]] or [[Kano (city)|Kano]] expect between 2,900 and 3,000 hours of sunshine annually.

The annual mean temperature is about {{convert|26.9|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} but heat is constant as monthly mean temperatures range from {{convert|24.9|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} in July, the least hot month of the year to {{convert|29.6|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} in February and in April, the hottest months of the year.

{{Weather box|width = auto
|location = Lomé ([[Lomé Airport]]) 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1892-present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 35.7
|Feb record high C = 36.4
|Mar record high C = 36.3
|Apr record high C = 35.0
|May record high C = 34.8
|Jun record high C = 36.4
|Jul record high C = 32.8
|Aug record high C = 36.5
|Sep record high C = 35.5
|Oct record high C = 33.8
|Nov record high C = 38.1
|Dec record high C = 36.7
|year record high C = 38.1
 | Jan high C = 32.8
 | Feb high C = 33.5
 | Mar high C = 33.4
 | Apr high C = 33.1
 | May high C = 32.4
 | Jun high C = 30.6
 | Jul high C = 29.3
 | Aug high C = 28.9
 | Sep high C = 29.9
 | Oct high C = 31.4
 | Nov high C = 32.9
 | Dec high C = 33.2
 | year high C = 31.8

 | Jan mean C = 28.4
 | Feb mean C = 29.4
 | Mar mean C = 29.6
 | Apr mean C = 29.3
 | May mean C = 28.6
 | Jun mean C = 27.3
 | Jul mean C = 26.5
 | Aug mean C = 26.2
 | Sep mean C = 26.9
 | Oct mean C = 27.7
 | Nov mean C = 28.8
 | Dec mean C = 28.8
 | year mean C = 28.1

 | Jan low C = 24.0
 | Feb low C = 25.5
 | Mar low C = 25.9
 | Apr low C = 25.6
 | May low C = 24.9
 | Jun low C = 24.1
 | Jul low C = 23.8
 | Aug low C = 23.4
 | Sep low C = 23.8
 | Oct low C = 24.0
 | Nov low C = 24.8
 | Dec low C = 24.4
 | year low C = 24.5

|Jan record low C = 15.2
|Feb record low C = 16.7
|Mar record low C = 19.9
|Apr record low C = 20.0
|May record low C = 19.2
|Jun record low C = 18.0
|Jul record low C = 16.7
|Aug record low C = 17.1
|Sep record low C = 18.0
|Oct record low C = 16.4
|Nov record low C = 18.6
|Dec record low C = 15.6
|year record low C = 15.2
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 13.3
 | Feb precipitation mm = 16.4
 | Mar precipitation mm = 67.3
 | Apr precipitation mm = 97.3
 | May precipitation mm = 148.8
 | Jun precipitation mm = 180.5
 | Jul precipitation mm = 74.4
 | Aug precipitation mm = 30.1
 | Sep precipitation mm = 72.3
 | Oct precipitation mm = 101.9
 | Nov precipitation mm = 20.4
 | Dec precipitation mm = 7.6
 | year precipitation mm = 830.3

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 1.2
 | Feb precipitation days = 1.9
 | Mar precipitation days = 4.5
 | Apr precipitation days = 7.5
 | May precipitation days = 11.9
 | Jun precipitation days = 14.4
 | Jul precipitation days = 8.4
 | Aug precipitation days = 7.0
 | Sep precipitation days = 10.0
 | Oct precipitation days = 9.4
 | Nov precipitation days = 3.2
 | Dec precipitation days = 0.7
 | year precipitation days = 80.1
|Jan humidity = 79
|Feb humidity = 81
|Mar humidity = 82
|Apr humidity = 82
|May humidity = 84
|Jun humidity = 86
|Jul humidity = 87
|Aug humidity = 86
|Sep humidity = 86
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 84
|Dec humidity = 82
|year humidity = 84
|Jan sun = 222.4
|Feb sun = 214.8
|Mar sun = 228.0
|Apr sun = 218.0
|May sun = 217.8
|Jun sun = 141.3
|Jul sun = 135.4
|Aug sun = 147.5
|Sep sun = 168.4
|Oct sun = 218.0
|Nov sun = 240.6
|Dec sun = 227.2
|year sun = 2379.4
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (humidity and sunshine 1961–1990)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Togo/CSV/LOME_65387.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Lome
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 10, 2024}}</ref><ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/TG/65387.TXT
| title = Lomé Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 18 December 2018}}</ref> 
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web 
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-811-Lome.php
| title = Station Lome
| publisher = Météo Climat 
| language = fr 
| access-date = 18 December 2018}}</ref>
}}

=== Climate change ===
A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Lomé in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Managua]] in [[Nicaragua]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|1|C-change|F-change}}, the temperature of the warmest month by {{convert|1.6|C-change|F-change}}, and of the coldest month by {{convert|2.1|C-change|F-change}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

Moreover, according to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Lomé is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], [[Algiers]], [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Durban]], [[Lagos]], Lomé, [[Luanda]] and [[Maputo]]) which would be the most severely affected by the future [[sea level rise]]. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of USD 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and USD 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]] at high levels of warming would involve up to 137.5 billion USD in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to USD 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, USD 206 billion for RCP8.5 and USD 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|+Lomé mean sea temperature
|-
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
|{{convert|28|°C}}
|{{convert|28|°C}}
|{{convert|29|°C}}
|{{convert|29|°C}}
|{{convert|29|°C}}
|{{convert|28|°C}}
|{{convert|26|°C}}
|{{convert|25|°C}}
|{{convert|25|°C}}
|{{convert|27|°C}}
|{{convert|28|°C}}
|{{convert|28|°C}}
|}

==Geography==
At its creation, the commune of Lomé was wedged between the [[lagoon]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the south, the village of Bè to the east and the border of [[Aflao]] to the west.

Today, it has experienced a vertiginous extension, and is bounded by the Togolese Insurance Group (GTA) to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the south, the oil refinery to the east, and the [[Togo-Ghana border]] to the west. The agglomeration spreads over an area of 333 sq.km. including 30 sq.km. in the lagoon area.

The services of the municipality of Lomé go far beyond the limits of the gulf and the municipality to the north and east of the city.

'''Distance between Lomé and the rest of the country's cities'''

Lomé/[[Tsévié]] : 35&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Aného]] : 45&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Tabligbo]] : 90&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Notsé]] : 100&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Kpalimé]] : 121&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Atakpamé]] : 167&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Blitta]] : 273&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Sokodé]] : 355&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Bafilo]] : 404&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Bassar]] : 412&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Kara, Togo|Kara]] : 428&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Kandé]] 503&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Mango]] : 592&nbsp;km

Lomé/[[Dapaong]] : 662&nbsp;km

==Districts and cities of Lomé==
The city of Lomé is subdivided into 5 arrondissements grouping 69 administrative districts  {{ill|Catégorie:Quartier de Lomé|fr}}:

'''1st arrondissement:''' To the south along the ocean, it is the historic city, which is surrounded by the circular boulevard (Boulevard du 13 juillet) and includes the 11 districts of:<br />Abobokomé, Adawlato, Adoboukomé, Agbadahonou, Aguia Komé, Béniglato, Fréau Jardin, Kokétimé, Quartier Administratif, Sanguéra and Wétrivi Kondji.

'''2nd arrondissement:''' From the north to northeast and bordering the maritime region, it includes the 18 districts of:<br />
Adakpamé, Akodesséwa-Kponou, Akodesséwa-Kpota, Anfamé, Atiégou, Avénou (Batome), Bè-Kpota, Hédzranawoé, Kagnikopé, Kélégougan, Lomé 2, N'tifafakomé, Résidence du Bénin, Saint-Joseph, Tokoin-N'kafu (Noukafou), Tokoin-Aéroport, Tokoin-Forever, Tokoin-Tamé and Tokoin-Wuiti.

'''3rd arrondissement:''' To the east, along the sea, it includes the 17 districts of:<br />
[[Ablogamé]], Akodésséwa (and the fetish market), Amoutivé, Anthonio Nétimé, Bassadji, Bè, Bè-Ahligo, Bè-Apéhémé, Bè-Hédjé, Doulassamé, Gbényédi, Kotokou Kondji, Kpéhénou, Lom Nava, Souza Nétimé, Wété and Port Area.

'''4th arrondissement:''' In the southwest, along the sea and bordering [[Ghana]], it includes the 4 districts of:<br />
Hanukope, Kodjoviakopé, Nyékonakpoé and Octaviano Nétimé.

'''5th arrondissement:''' To the northwest and bordering Ghana to the east and the maritime region to the north, it includes the 19 districts of:<br />
Abové, Aflao Gakli, Agbalépédogan, Akossombo, Bè-Klikamé, Cassablanca, Dogbéavou, Doumasséssé, Gbonvié, Soviépé, Tokoin-Elavagnon, Tokoin-Gbadago, Tokoin-Hopital, Tokoin-Lycée, Tokoin-Ouest, Tokoin-Solidarité and Totsi (includes Totsigan and Totsivi).

The former districts (now subdivided) are Dékon, Tokoin, Xédranawoe, Adjangbakomé and Adidogomé. The other cities composing the agglomeration of Lomé are Adewi, Agbalépédogan, Agoè, Attikoumè, Avédji, Baguida, Djidjolé, Kélékougan and Kpogan.

==International agreements==

===Lomé Convention===

The [[Lomé Convention]] is a trade and aid agreement between the [[European Union]] (EU) and 71 [[African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States|African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries]]. It was first signed on 28 February 1975, in Lomé.<ref name="Roman Adrian Cybriwsky 2013, p. 162"/>

===Lomé Peace Accord===

The [[Lomé Peace Accord]] between the warring parties in the civil war in [[Sierra Leone]] was signed in Lomé. With the assistance of the international community, Sierra Leone President [[Ahmad Tejan Kabbah]] and [[Revolutionary United Front]] leader [[Foday Sankoh]] signed the Peace Accord on 7 July 1999. However, the agreement did not last and the [[Sierra Leone Civil War|war]] continued for two more years.

==Economy==
[[File:Lomé Grand Marché with the Cathédrale du Sacré Coeur (33592985581).jpg|thumb|Grand Market of Lomé]]
Located 200&nbsp;km from [[Accra]] and 150&nbsp;km from [[Cotonou]], Lomé has an important port, including a free zone opened in 1968. Phosphates, coffee, cocoa, cotton and palm oil are exported and much of the transit is on behalf of [[Ghana]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]] and [[Burkina Faso]]. The port is also home to an oil refinery and, since 1989, a shipyard.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=26 December 2016|author1=Edmond D'Almeida|date=25 December 2016|title=Reportage : le Chantier naval de Lomé contre vents et marées|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/379478/economie/reportage-chantier-naval-de-lome-contre-vents-marees/|website=[[Jeune Afrique]]}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref> The concession of two container terminals to the Bolloré group gave rise to police custody<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2018-04-29|title=Concessions portuaires à Lomé et Conakry : Bolloré en garde à vue|url=http://www.lemarin.fr/secteurs-activites/shipping/31271-concessions-portuaires-lome-et-conakry-bollore-en-garde-vue|website=www.lemarin.fr|date=24 April 2018 }}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref> and indictment of Vincent Bolloré in France in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=|title=Vincent Bolloré mis en examen pour "corruption" dans l'affaire des ports africains|periodical=La Tribune|date=24 April 2018|issn=|url=https://www.latribune.fr/economie/france/vincent-bollore-mis-en-examen-pour-corruption-dans-l-affaire-des-ports-africains-776747.html|access-date=2018-04-29|pages=}}.</ref>

The city produces building materials, including cement from the German group, [[HeidelbergCement]].

However, the political instability that began in the 1990s and continues today has severely affected the country's tourism sector. In 2003, the country received 57,539 visitors, an increase of 1 per cent over 2002. 22% of tourists came from [[France]], 10% from Burkina Faso and 9% from Benin.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
| percentages = pagr
| cols = 2
| align = none
| 1892| 1,500 
| 1896| 2,000 
| 1900| 3,000 
| 1904| 4,000 
| 1907| 6,000 
| 1911| 8,000 
| 1930| 15,000 
| 1938| 18,000 
| 1950| 33,000 
| 1955| 43,000 
| 1960| 85,000 
| 1970| 186,000 
| 1981| 375,499 
| 1990| 450,000 
| 1997| 573,000 
| 2010| 837,437 
}}

== Culture ==
The [[Togo National Museum]] is in the Palais de Congrès. The museum contains collections such as jewellery, [[musical instrument]]s, [[doll]]s, [[pottery]], weapons and many other materials showing arts and traditions.

==Architecture==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
The city center dates from the early twentieth century. There are some remains of colonial architecture, such as the [[Palace of the Governors, Togo|Palace of the Governors]] or the [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lomé|Sacred Heart Cathedral]], in German neo-Gothic style.

There are also many modern buildings such as the headquarters of the [[Central Bank of West African States]] (BCEAO), the [[West African Development Bank]] (BOAD), the Togolese Bank for Trade and Industry (BTCI), the Economic Community of West African States (ECoWAS) or hotel buildings such as the Hotel de la Paix, the Mercure Sarakawa Hotel, the Palm Beach Hotel or the famous [[Hotel du 2 Février]], a modernist building mixing concrete and glass panels, culminating at 102 meters with 36 floors, and is the tallest building in Togo.

Not far away is the [[Grand Market (Togo)|Grand Market]], with a three-storey hall. There are red peppers, limes, dried fish, combs, travel bags, traditional medicinal remedies. On the first floor is the kingdom of the famous "[[Nana Benz]]", sellers of multiple loincloths made locally, in [[Europe]] or [[India]]. To the west of the city is a residential area which, facing the sea, unfolds long arteries, punctuated by official buildings such as the [[Palace of Justice (Togo)|Palace of Justice]] and various embassies and consulates.

Further north, next to the Independence Monument, is the headquarters of the [[Rally of the Togolese People]] (RPT) and an important convention center.

More eccentric, compared to the center of the city, we find in {{ill|Akodesséwa|fr}}, a much more specialized market than the large market and for good reason, it is the [[Akodessawa Fetish Market|fetish market]]. Fetishes, gongons, gray-gray are found here. The port of Lomé serves most of the landlocked countries of the Sahel, especially since the political problems experienced by [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and which deprives [[Abidjan]] of an economic outlet for countries such as [[Mali]] or [[Burkina Faso]]. Lomé is therefore taking advantage of the difficult political situation in Côte d'Ivoire.
<gallery>
Building in Lomé (30668258326).jpg|Former building of the [[Ministry of Justice (Togo)|Ministry of Justice]]
Buildings in Lomé (6717151255).jpg|Palais des Congrès
Peace dove (3330451514).jpg|Square of the Dove of Peace
Hotel 2 Fevrier.jpg|Hotel du 2 Février
</gallery>

== Places of worship ==   
Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples : [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lomé]] ([[Catholic Church]]), [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Togo]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Togo Baptist Convention]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Living Faith Church Worldwide]], [[Redeemed Christian Church of God]], [[Assemblies of God]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘'Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2875-2877</ref> There are also [[Islam|Muslim]] mosques.
<gallery mode="">
File: Cathedral Lome ext.jpg |[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lomé]] ([[Catholic Church]])
File: Église Baptiste le Sauveur de Lomé.jpg| The Savior Baptist Church in Lomé ([[Togo Baptist Convention]])
</gallery>

==Education==
[[File:University of Lomé entrance - Mapillary (vZJS7Fs0LkiVS7sHBlVdtg).jpg|thumb|300px|Entrance of [[University of Lomé]]]]
The [[University of Lomé]] (previously called University of Benin), located in Lomé Tokoin, was founded in 1970.

Schools located in the city include [[American International School of Lomé]], [[British School of Lomé, Togo|British School of Lomé]], [[Ecole Internationale Arc-en-Ciel]] and [[Lycée Français de Lomé]].

==Transport==
===Road===
For urban transport, there are a few taxis; however, [[motorcycle taxis]] ([[zémidjans]]) are more commonly used.

===Rail===
The city, which had no rail service since 1997, has seen since 2014, the return of trains, with a new station: those of Blueline Togo, constructed by the French international firm, Bolloré.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=26 December 2016|date=26 April 2014|title=Vincent Bolloré : 'L'aventure commence maintenant'|url=http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Economie/Vincent-Bollore-L-aventure-commence-maintenant|website=www.republicoftogo.com}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The inaugural train on 26 April 2014 ran on the short distance Lomé to [[Cacavéli]].<ref>{{YouTube|3Po_whTZdiM|Lancement du train Blueline Togo, reportage d'un journal télévisé local}}.</ref> The under-construction of the Lomé-Cotonou link, as part of a rail loop project from Lomé, Cotonou, [[Niamey]], [[Ouagadougou]] and to [[Abidjan]], is expected to be completed by 2024.<ref>[http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/01/28/la-bataille-du-rail-africain_1429505 La bataille du rail africain]</ref>

===Air===
The city is served by [[Lomé-Tokoin International Airport]], located {{cvt|5|km}} northeast from the city centre. [[ASKY Airlines]], a subsidiary of [[Ethiopian Airlines]], and itself, operates at the airport.

===Water===
The city has the Port of Lomé, which is the only commercial port of Togo that carries out trade and export-import activities in the country. It also has a cruise terminal where passengers are also served.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Lométaxis.jpg|Taxis
File:Déplacement de containers au port.jpg|Port of Lomé
File:Aéroport International GNASSINGBE EYADEMA.jpg|[[Lomé–Tokoin International Airport]]
</gallery>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Togo|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Togo}}
Lomé is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Duisburg]], Germany (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften|url=https://www.duisburg.de/rathaus/rathausundpolitik/intbeziehungen/staedtepartnerschaften.php|website=duisburg.de|publisher=Duisburg|language=de|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shenzhen]], China (1997)<ref>{{cite web |title=Lome|url=http://www.sz.gov.cn/en_szgov/govt/cities/sister/content/post_1320140.html|website=sz.gov.cn|publisher=Shenzhen|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1966)<ref>{{cite web |title=International Sister Cities|url=https://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=81569D74DD82C7DB|website=tcc.gov.tw|publisher=Taipei City Council|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Emmanuel Adebayor]], retired footballer for [[Togo national football team|Togo]].
*[[Kangni Alem]], writer
*[[Gnimdéwa Atakpama]], journalist and writer
*[[Yaovi Aziabou]], Togolese professional footballer
*[[Nicole Coste]], Air France flight attendant, mother of [[Alexandre Coste]] (the son of [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco]])
*[[Patricia Dagban-Zonvidé]] (born 1960 in Lomé), Togolese politician
*[[Christiane Akoua Ekué]], writer
*[[Sika Foyer]], visual artist 
*[[Emmanuel Kavi]], artist
*[[Senam Langueh]], Togolese former international footballer
*[[King Mensah]], popular Afropop musician
*[[Amadou Morou]], Togolese-Polish footballer
*[[Davide-Christelle Sanvee]], Swiss performance artist of Togolese origin
*[[Marie Madoé Sivomey]], first female mayor in Togo, served as mayor of Lomé from 1967 to 1974

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Lomé#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Lomé}}

==External links==
* [http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/document88.html The Olympio family]
* [http://togowoezon.vima.co.za Togo Woezon Tourism]
{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Lomé}}
{{Prefectures of Togo}}
{{List of African capitals}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lome}}
[[Category:Lomé| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana–Togo border crossings]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Populated places in Maritime Region, Togo]]
[[Category:Port cities in Africa]]
[[Category:18th-century establishments in Africa]]