Editing Lizard Island

{{Use Australian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type                   = protected
| name                   = Lizard Island National Park
| state                  = qld
| iucn_category          = II
| image                  = Lizard-Island-Australia-2018-Luka-Peternel.jpg
| caption                = 
| image_alt              = 
| coordinates            = {{coord|14|40|08|S|145|27|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| relief                 = yes
| map_alt                = 
| nearest_town_or_city   = [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]]
| area                   = 9.9
| area_footnotes         = 
| established            = 1939
| established_footnotes  = 
| visitation_num         = 
| visitation_year        = 
| visitation_footnotes   = 
| managing_authorities   = Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
| url                    = www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/index.html
}}
'''Lizard Island''', also known as '''Jiigurru''' or '''Dyiigurra''', is an island on the [[Great Barrier Reef]] in [[Queensland]], Australia, {{Convert|1624|km|mi|adj=on}} northwest of [[Brisbane]]. It is part of the Lizard Island Group that also includes [[Palfrey Island, Queensland|Palfrey Island]], and also part of the '''Lizard Island National Park'''.<ref>{{Cite QPN|51275|Lizard Island National Parl|national park in Shire of Cook|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> Lizard Island is within the [[Suburbs and localities (Australia)|locality]] of [[Lizard, Queensland|Lizard]] in the [[Cook Shire]].<ref>{{Cite QPN|19800|Lizard Island|island in the Shire of Cook|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> The [[traditional owners]] of the Lizard Island group are the [[Aboriginal Australian]] clan known as the [[Dingaal]] (or Dingiil) people.

==History==
Archaeological excavations and studies have shown that human occupation of the island dates to 6510–5790 [[cal BP]], which shows that Jiigurru was the earliest offshore island occupied on the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef.<ref name=ulm2024/>

Lizard Island was known as Dyiigurra to the [[Dingaal]] people, an Aboriginal [[clan]] who have occupied the island for thousands of years. Today this is usually rendered Jiigurru, and the local people are sometimes referred to as Dingiil.<ref>{{cite web | title=History | website=Dingaals Lizard Island | url=https://dingaalslizardisland.com/history | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> [[David Horton (writer)|David Horton]]'s 1996 representation of [[Norman Tindale]]'s map shows the lands of the [[Guugu Yimithirr people]] extending from south of [[Hope Vale, Queensland|Hope Vale]] to an area which covers Lizard Island.<ref name=aiatsismap>{{cite web | title=Map of Indigenous Australia | website=[[AIATSIS]]|first= David R.|last= Horton|date=1996 |author-link= David Horton (writer)| url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]] states on their website that the traditional lands of the "Guugu Yimidhirr Warra Nation" extend from Lizard Island to the Hope Vale region.<ref>{{cite web | website=[[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]] | title=Reef Traditional Owners | url=https://www2.gbrmpa.gov.au/learn/traditional-owners/reef-traditional-owners | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> The website "Dingaals Lizard Island" states that the island has been in the custodianship of the Dingaal people for thousands of years.<ref name=dingaalshome>{{cite web | title=Home | website=Dingaals Lizard Island | url=https://dingaalslizardisland.com/ | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> According to the Cairns Institute<ref>{{cite web | title=An Update on the Lizard Island Archaeological Project: Investigating Dingaal Seascapes on the Great Barrier Reef, Far North Queensland | website= The Cairns Institute | date=1 September 2017 | url=https://www.cairnsinstitute.jcu.edu.au/lizard-island/ | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> and [[Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service]], the Dingaal people are the traditional owners of the Lizard Island group.<ref name=parksculture>{{cite web | title=Lizard Island: Nature, culture and history | website=Parks and forests | date=22 January 2024 | url=https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/about/culture | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>  {{as of|April 2024}} the senior [[Aboriginal Australian elder|elder]] of the Dingaals is Gordon Charlie.<ref name=dingaalshome/> The Dingaal believed that the Lizard group of islands had been created in the [[Dreamtime]]. They saw it as a [[stingray]], with Lizard Island being the body and the other islands in the group forming the tail.<ref>{{cite web | title=Information Paper: An Experimental Ecosystem Account for the Great Barrier Reef Region, 2015 | publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | date=16 April 2015 | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.Nsf/39433889d406eeb9ca2570610019e9a5/507a22121076b488ca257e28001741f8!OpenDocument | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> The island has along been regarded as a sacred place, used for [[Aboriginal Australian ceremony|ceremonies]] and trading.<ref name=hinchcliffe2024/>

Pottery found on the island has been dated at more than 1,800 years old,<ref name=ulmconv/> showing that pots were most likely made by Aboriginal people using locally-sourced materials.<ref name=hinchcliffe2024>{{cite web | last=Hinchliffe | first=Joe | title=Great Barrier Reef discovery overturns belief Aboriginal Australians did not make pottery, archaeologists say | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=10 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/apr/10/great-barrier-reef-discovery-overturns-belief-aboriginal-australians-did-not-make-pottery | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> The 2024 study showed  that the people who lived there were involved in the ancient maritime networks in the vicinity, including the possession of sophisticated skills in building ocean-going vessels as well as navigation.<ref name=ulm2024/> (See [[#Archaeology|below]]).

The name Lizard Island was given to it by [[James Cook|Captain Cook]] when he passed it on 12 August 1770. He commented, "The only land animals we saw here were lizards, and these seem'd to be pretty plenty, which occasioned my naming the Island Lizard Island."<ref>{{gutenberg|no=8106|name=Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World}}</ref> Cook climbed the peak on Lizard Island to chart a course out to sea through the maze of reefs which confronted him and the island's summit has since been called 'Cook's Look'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature, culture and history {{!}} Lizard Island National Park |url=https://parks.desi.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/about/culture |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Parks and forests |publisher=Queensland Government}}</ref>

By the 1840s,<ref name=":1"/> the island was being used by [[sea cucumber (food)|sea cucumber]] (trepang, or ''bêche-de-mer'') fishermen who found that the waters contained substantial quantities of the creature which was a popular delicacy in Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Waterson |first1=Paddy |last2=Waghorn |first2=Anita |last3=Swartz |first3=Julie |last4=Brown |first4=Ross |date=2013-09-01 |title=What's in a Name? Beyond The Mary Watson Stories to a Historical Archaeology of Lizard Island |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-013-0235-0 |journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=590–612 |doi=10.1007/s10761-013-0235-0 |issn=1573-7748|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Scottish naturalist [[John MacGillivray|John McGillivray]] visited the island in the ''Julia Percy'' in 1861, and wrote that there had been ''bêche-de-mer''  vessels operating there from [[Sydney]], Singapore, and Hong Kong for 15  years prior.<ref name=":1"/>
[[File:Portrait of Mary Beatrice Watson.tif|thumb|Portrait of Mary Beatrice Watson]]
In 1879, Captain Robert Watson with his wife [[Mary Watson (pioneer)|Mary Watson]], two servants and baby son, modified an abandoned cottage left on the island by the crew of the ''Julia Percy''. The ruins are still visible. Captain Watson was a sea cucumber fisherman, and his Mary Watson was only 21 when she arrived at Lizard Island.<ref name=diaries/> During one of the captain's absences in September 1880, Mary, her son Ferrier, and two Chinese servants, Ah Sam and Ah Leung, were left on the island. A group of [[Guugu Yimithirr people|Guugu Yimmidir]]<ref name=liz/> or Dingaal<ref name=parksculture/> people travelled on a regular seasonal trip by canoe,<ref name=liz/> or went to investigate smoke at a sacred site on the island<ref name=parksculture/> The Watsons' home was close to the only source of fresh water, and Mary may have unknowingly  trespassed on a ceremonial ground reserved for adult men. The visiting men attacked, killing Ah Leung and wounding Ah Sam.<ref name=liz/> After the attack, accompanied by her child and Ah Sam, Mary attempted to flee to the mainland in an iron boiling tank used for boiling sea cucumber, a large rectangular tub. The vessel floated away from the coast and all three died of thirst nine days later on the waterless No 5 [[Howick Island]]. Their bodies were found three months later along with Mary Watson's diary.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} The boiling tank can be seen in the [[Queensland Museum]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article234267724 |title=MARY WATSON |newspaper=[[Smith's Weekly]] |volume=II |issue=36 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=29 October 1921 |access-date=13 April 2024 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and the [[State Library of Queensland]] holds two diaries by Mrs Watson.<ref name=diaries>{{Citation|title=Mary Watson Diaries, 1 Jan 1881 – 10 Oct 1881|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/203843082|publication-date=1881|author1=Watson, Mary Beatrice|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827051521/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/203843082?q&versionId=223807406|url-status=dead}}</ref> One is about her last nine months on Lizard Island, and the other comprises notes documenting her last days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-24 |title=Mary Watson Diaries, January - October 1881: treasure collection of the John Oxley Library |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/mary-watson-diaries-january-october-1881-treasure-collection-john-oxley-library |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=State Library of Queensland |language=en}}</ref>

In retaliation to the attack, a [[punitive expedition]] was mounted against Aboriginal peoples,<ref>Robertson, Jillian. (1981) ''Lizard Island: A Reconstruction of the Life of Mrs Watson''. Hutchinson of Australia, Richmond, Victoria. {{ISBN|0-09-137140-6}}</ref> and many innocent Aboriginal people were massacred in retribution,<ref name=":1"/> a part which has often been left out of the story.<ref name=parksculture/> This devastated Aboriginal communities and their traditional economies in the region, which had already been affected by expanding agriculture and the discovery of gold, leading to the establishment of Cooktown in 1873. In 1886 the first Aboriginal mission was established at [[Elim Aboriginal Mission]] by [[German Lutherans]]. The mission, along with [[Cape Bedford Mission]], was the foundation of the present [[Aboriginal Shire of Hope Vale|Hope Vale]] settlement, where many Dingaal people continue to reside.<ref name=":1"/>

In 1939, all of the islands in the group were declared a [[national park]].<ref name=":1"/><ref name=parks/>

The Lizard  Island  Research   Station was established by the [[Australian Museum]] in 1973,<ref name=":1"/> the waters surrounding the island were declared a [[marine park]] in 1974,<ref name=liz/> and Lizard Island Resort opened in 1975.<ref name=":1"/>

In 2014, the resort was damaged by [[Cyclone Ita]], and had to close for repairs.<ref name=liz/>

==Geology and geography==
[[File:Lizard island beach.JPG|thumb|Lizard Island beach]]
Lizard Island is located in the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, {{cvt|27|km}} directly off the mainland, north of [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]] and [[Cape Flattery (Queensland)|Cape Flattery]].<ref name=":1" /> It is a [[granite]] island about {{cvt|10|km2}} in size, with three smaller islands nearby (Palfrey, South and Bird). Together these islands form the Lizard Island Group, and their well-developed [[fringing reef]] encircles the {{Convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} deep Blue Lagoon.<ref name=liz>{{cite web | title=Welcome to Lizard Island | website=Lizard Island  | url=https://lizardislandinfo.com/ | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=parks>{{cite web | title=Lizard Island National Park | website=Parks and forests | date=19 January 2024 | url=https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/things-to-do | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> The highest point is Cook's Look, {{cvt|370|m}} above sea level.<ref name=":1" />

It is a [[continental island]], once around {{cvt|20|km}} inland and separated after the post-[[Pleistocene]] flooding, around 7000 years ago. It was created mostly by an [[Orogeny|orogenic]] [[pluton]] of [[porphyritic]] [[biotite]] and [[muscovite]], formed during the [[Permian age]]<ref name=":1" /> around 300 million years ago.<ref name=liz/>

There are many beaches on the island, including Mangrove Beach, Freshwater Beach (also known as One Tree Coconut Beach), Watson's Beach, and Casuarina Beach.<ref name=":1"/>

== Archaeology ==
The oldest [[occupation layer]]s on the island date to 6510–5790 [[cal BP]], which shows that Jiigurru was the earliest offshore island occupied on the northern part of the [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name=ulm2024/> There are numerous [[shell midden]]s, stone arrangements, and art sites on the island, showing signs of occupation of the island for thousands of years. In the 1990s, two [[Aboriginal rock art]] sites were observed in [[Rock shelter|rockshelters]] formed by large granite boulders, in which [[red ochre]] was used.<ref name=":1"/>

===Site 17===
Site 17 is an archaeological site located on a hill above Freshwater Beach (also known as One Tree Coconut Beach)<ref>{{cite web | title=Figure 4. View to the west over Mangrove Bay and Freshwater Beach,... | website=[[ResearchGate]] | url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/View-to-the-west-over-Mangrove-Bay-and-Freshwater-Beach-Lizard-Island-The-location-of_fig4_318986456 | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web  | title=species: Derris trifoliata in Lizard Island Field Guide (Lizard Island Field Guide) | website=Field guide (Lizard Island Field Guide)|publisher= [[Australian Museum]] | url=https://lifg.australian.museum/Group.html?hierarchyId=PVWrQCLG&groupId=DpIi3ojC | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> of Lizard Island, which was found to contain granite-derived, [[quartz sand]] temper. The midden is quite large, covering a total area of {{cvt|7000|m2}}. Site 17 was first observed by Jim Specht in 1978-9, then excavated by Robynne Mills in 1992. The site was further excavated by a team including Specht in 2009, who created a {{cvt|100|cm}} X {{cvt|50|cm}} x {{cvt|150|cm}} trench, and identified six [[Stratigraphic section|stratigraphic layers]]. It was observed through [[radiocarbon dating]] that the [[basal layer]] (6) produced a range of 3358-2929 cal BP on charcoal found at the {{cvt|120–130|cm}} depth. In October 2009 Lentfer, Specht, and a representative of the Dingaal people, Johnathan Charlie, began excavating a new trench {{cvt|2|m}} east of Mills trench. This new trench was {{cvt|60|cm}} x {{cvt|40|cm}} x {{cvt|140|cm}}, and showed six layers of stratigraphy similar to Mills trench. There were recovered pieces of quartz, granite, and [[pumice]] discovered from the basal levels of layer number 6, which using radiocarbon dating were dated to be from 3815-3571 cal BP to 3206-2959 cal BP.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Lentfer |first1=Carol J. |last2=Felgate |first2=Matthew W. |last3=Mills |first3=Robynne A. |last4=Specht |first4=Jim |date=2013-02-12 |title=Human history and palaeoenvironmental change at Site 17, Freshwater Beach, Lizard Island, northeast Queensland, Australia |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/31950/1/lentfer_etal_2013_qar.pdf |journal=Queensland Archaeological Research |language=en |volume=16 |pages=141–164 |doi=10.25120/qar.16.2013.227 |issn=1839-339X|doi-access=free }} [https://journals.jcu.edu.au/qar/article/view/227/222 pdf]}</ref>

===Mangrove Beach===
In 2006, New Zealand archaeologist Matthew Felgate found pottery in an [[intertidal zone]] by chance when he was on holiday on the island,<ref name=bowler2024>{{cite web | last=Bowler | first=Jacinta | title=Oldest Aboriginal pottery discovered in Far North Queensland, say researchers | website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] | date=11 April 2024 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2024-04-10/aboriginal-pottery-jiigurru-lizard-island/103681662 | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> on Mangrove Beach. This was the first pottery found, and was reported in a 2010 study by Felgate; however, it could not be reliably dated at that time.<ref name=":1" /> Later, Sean Ulm, [[distinguished professor]] at [[James Cook University]], and Ian J. McNiven, professor at [[Monash University]], both of whom were operating under the auspices of the [[Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage]] (CABAH), co-led a team<ref name=ansto2024>{{cite web | title=Discovery of Australia's oldest pottery rewrites understanding of Aboriginal marine history | website=[[ANSTO]] | date=11 April 2024 | url=https://www.ansto.gov.au/news/discovery-of-australias-oldest-pottery-rewrites-understanding-of-aboriginal-marine-history | access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> including Kenneth McLean, chair of Walmbaar Aboriginal Corporation, and other members of the Dingaal and Ngurrumungu communities,<ref name=hinchcliffe2024/> that excavated several more pieces of pottery from the site in 2009, 2010, and 2012. Initial analysis showed local materials were used in the manufacture. However, the age of the pottery could not be established.<ref name=ulmconv/>

The Ulm team revisited Jiigurru and excavated a [[shell midden]] not far from the pottery site, discovering that the site had been settled at least 4,000 years previously, but no pottery was found. The same team started working with the Indigenous owners and excavated a different midden and found a lot of pottery. Digging deeper, cultural material was found nearly {{cvt|2|m}} metres below ground level, which was radiocarbon-dated to around 6,500 years ago; the earliest evidence of use of an island on the northern Great Barrier Reef.<ref name=ulmconv/> The resulting study, published in April 2024 and involving many scientists, working with traditional owners, determined that sherds found on the island were the oldest securely dated [[ceramic]]s found in Australia. The data showed that local raw materials were used and that the pottery was made on the island, which showed  that the people who lived there were involved in the ancient maritime networks in the vicinity, including the possession of sophisticated [[canoe]] travel technology and skills in navigating on the ocean, which enabled them to connect with other peoples across the [[Coral Sea]]. The dating showed that it was created between 2950–2545 cal BP and 1970–1815 cal BP, which overlaps with the late [[Lapita culture|Lapita]] and post-Lapita traditions of southern [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name=ulm2024>{{cite journal | last1=Ulm | first1=Sean | last2=McNiven | first2=Ian J. | last3=Summerhayes | first3=Glenn R. | last4=Wu | first4=Pei-hua | last5=Bunbury | first5=Magdalena M.E. | last6=Petchey | first6=Fiona | last7=Hua | first7=Quan | last8=Skelly | first8=Robert | last9=Lambrides | first9=Ariana B.J. | last10=Rowe | first10=Cassandra | last11=Lowe | first11=Kelsey M. | last12=Reepmeyer | first12=Christian H. | last13=Maclaurin | first13=Cailey | last14=Woo | first14=Katherine G.P. | last15=Harris | first15=Matthew | last16=Morgan | first16=Sarah B. | last17=Turner-Kose | first17=Kayla L. | last18=Slater | first18=Sarah A. | last19=Connelly | first19=Joshua D. | last20=Kneppers | first20=Michael C. | last21=Szabó | first21=Katherine | last22=Fairbairn | first22=Andrew | last23=Haberle | first23=Simon G. | last24=Hopf | first24=Felicitas | last25=Bultitude | first25=Robert | last26=Ash | first26=Jeremy | last27=Lewis | first27=Stephen E. | last28=Beaman | first28=Robin J. | last29=Leon | first29=Javier Xavier | last30=McDowell | first30=Matthew C. | last31=Potter | first31=Martin | last32=Connelly | first32=Benjamin | last33=Little | first33=Chris | last34=Jackson | first34=Scott | last35=McCarthy | first35=John | last36=Nothdurft | first36=Luke D. | last37=Zhao | first37=Jian-xin | last38=Bird | first38=Michael I. | last39=Felgate | first39=Matthew W. | last40=Cobus | first40=Brian    |display-authors=2 | title=Early Aboriginal pottery production and offshore island occupation on Jiigurru (Lizard Island group), Great Barrier Reef, Australia | journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] | publisher=[[Elsevier BV]] | date=9 April 2024 | issn=0277-3791 | doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108624 | page=108624|others=Authors of the study include Matthew Felgate.| volume=333 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2024QSRv..33308624U | url=https://research.monash.edu/files/597943717/590743015_oa.pdf }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International  (CC BY 4.0)] licence.</ref> Co-author Quan Hua of [[Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation|ANSTO]] is an expert in radiocarbon dating.<ref name=ansto2024/> The significance of the study lies in the fact that it is the first pottery in Australia to have been found and reliably dated, and that it shows that the people of Australia were not geographically isolated, but involved with other seafaring peoples.<ref name=ulmconv>{{cite web | last1=Ulm | first1=Sean | last2=McNiven | first2=Ian J. | last3=McLean | first3=Kenneth | title=Aboriginal people made pottery and sailed to distant offshore islands thousands of years before Europeans arrived  | date=10 April 2024 | url=https://theconversation.com/aboriginal-people-made-pottery-and-sailed-to-distant-offshore-islands-thousands-of-years-before-europeans-arrived-226391 | access-date=12 April 2024|website = [[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> There is conclusive evidence that the pottery is not of Lapita origin, and it is also proof of continuous seasonal occupation of the island by Aboriginal people. It is not known by newer sherds were not found on that site, and further research is necessary.<ref name=hinchcliffe2024/> There has been a paucity of research done on the eastern side of Cape York Peninsula.<ref name=ulmconv/>

==Governance==
Lizard Island is within the [[Suburbs and localities (Australia)|locality]] of [[Lizard, Queensland|Lizard]] in the [[Cook Shire]].<ref name=qpn>{{cite QPN|19800|Lizard Island|island in the Shire of Cook|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>

Lizard Island National Park is administered by the [[Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service]] (Parks and Forests).<ref name=parks/>

The island is also part of the [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park]], administered jointly by the [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]] and the [[Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)|Queensland Environmental Protection Agency]]. Permits are required for all manipulative research in the Lizard Island Group and the waters surrounding it.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==Heritage listings==
Lizard Island has a number of [[heritage-listed]] sites, including [[Mrs Watson's Cottage]].<ref>{{cite QHR|15205|Stone ruin at Lizard Island|600430|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna==
===Plant species===
As the sea level rose in the early [[Holocene]], resulting in the isolation of Lizard Island, [[mangrove forest]] gradually became established in place of the near-coastal palms and grasses. There are a number of distinct plant communities, mainly ''[[Themeda australis]]''  and ''[[Arundinella|Arundinella nepalensis]]'' (a low grass), and some small patches of [[rainforest]] and [[semi-deciduous]] [[notophyll]] (dry rainforest). There is some woodland consisting of mainly ''[[Acacia crassicarpa]]'' and some ''[[Eucalyptus tessellaris]]'', along with shrubs such as ''[[Thryptomene oligandra]]'' and swamplands of [[pandanus]]. Along the [[coastal dune]] there is strand vegetation.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=liz/>

===Animals===
The waters around the island contain a number of coral reefs. [[Climate change in Australia|Climate change]] is causing the reefs to suffer [[coral bleaching]], in the summer of early 2024 over 97% of some reefs around the island died.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/jun/26/most-of-it-was-dead-scientists-discovers-one-of-great-barrier-reefs-worst-coral-bleaching-events |title='Most of it was dead': scientists discover one of Great Barrier Reef's worst coral bleaching events |author=Graham Readfearn |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

==== Reptiles ====
{{as of|2009}} there were 11 species of lizards on the island.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-10-19 |title=Nature, culture and history {{!}} Lizard Island National Park |url=https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/about/culture |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Parks and forests {{!}} Department of Environment and Science, Queensland |language=en-AU}}</ref> The most commonly found lizard is the yellow-spotted monitor (''[[Varanus panoptes]]).''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Lizard Island |url=https://www.npsr.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/about.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910235511/https://www.npsr.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/about.html |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=11 September 2017 |website=Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref> [[Skink]]s and [[gecko]]s are among some of the other reptiles roaming Lizard Island. The lowlands bar-lipped skink (''[[Eremiascincus pardalis]]'') and the sandy rainbow-skink (''[[Carlia dogare]]'') are endemic species of Queensland found on this island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife of Lizard Island National Park |url=https://wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au/wetlands/facts-maps/wildlife/?AreaID=national-park-lizard-island |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> The Chevert gecko ([[Nactus cheverti]]) is the only gecko on the island that's only endemic to Queensland. Pythons and tree snakes are common while the most dangerous snake on the island, the brown-headed snake (''[[Furina tristis]]''), is rarely seen.<ref name=":0" /> Green marine turtles (''[[Chelonia Mydas|Chelonia mydas]]'') and loggerhead marine turtles (''[[Caretta caretta]]'') can be seen nesting on the island in the summer and are often spotted in the shallow water.

==== Birds ====
There are over 40 species of birds that reside on or visit Lizard Island.<ref name=":0" /> Only about 20 species nest on the island, including [[tern]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The island is home to many land and sea birds including the bar-shouldered dove (''[[Geopelia humeralis]])'', pheasant coucal (''[[Centropus phasianinus]]),'' yellow-bellied sunbird (''[[Nectarinia jugularis]]),'' white-bellied sea-eagle (''[[Haliaeetus leucogaster]]''), and osprey (''[[Pandion cristatus]]''). Seasonal birds such as white-tailed tropicbird (''[[Phaethon lepturus]])'' and dollarbird ''([[Eurystomus orientalis]])'' also appear on the island.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==== Mammals ====
Lizard Island is home to a few [[bat]] species, but the most common is the Black flying-foxes (''[[Pteropus alecto]]'').<ref name=":0" /> They typically roam around the island and congregate in the mangroves. Black flying-foxes will fly to the mainland when flowering is poor. Eastern Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (''[[Hipposideros ater]]'') have also been spotted on the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bats and Rats |website =Lizard Island Field Guide  |url=http://lifg.australianmuseum.net.au/Group.html?hierarchyId=PVWrQCLG&groupId=QVIHln6c |access-date=2023-04-20 |publisher= [[Australian Museum]]}}</ref>

Until 2009, Lizard Island had no native [[rodent]]s recorded. In October 2009, water rats (''[[Hydromys chrysogaster]]'') were spotted on the island and steadily increased in population until 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water rat (species: Hydromys chrysogaster) in Lizard Island Field Guide (Lizard Island Field Guide) |url=http://lifg.australianmuseum.net.au/Group.html?hierarchyId=PVWrQCLG&groupId=PNmPc23a |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=lifg.australianmuseum.net.au}}</ref> In 2010, Cape York mosaic-tailed rat  (''[[Melomys capensis]])'' were spotted in South Island, marked as the first native rodent to the island chain.

==Current settlement and use==
Aside from the national park, Lizard Island also contains a number of other facilities:

===Lizard Island Research Station===
[[File:Spawning Pocillopora meandrina - pone.0050847.s002.ogv|thumb|Research performed at Lizard Island Research Station includes investigations into the reproduction of the cauliflower coral, ''[[Pocillopora meandrina]]''.]]
Situated on Lizard Island's most westerly point,<ref name=about/> the Lizard Island Research Station (LIRS) was established in 1973 by [[ichthyologist]] and marine biologist [[Frank Talbot]], then director of the [[Australian Museum]]. It continues to be operated by the museum, providing research and education facilities for those interested in studying coral reefs.<ref name=am2024/> LIRS is part of the [[Australian Museum Research Institute]] (AMRI), headed by Kris Helgen.<ref name=am2024>{{cite web |title=Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station |website=The Australian Museum |date=18 October 2024 |url=https://australian.museum/get-involved/amri/lirs/ |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>

{{as of|November 2024}}, Anne Hoggett and Lyle Vail are co-directors of LIRS.<ref name=am2024/>

As a result of research conducted at the station, about 1,000 scientific publications had been produced by Australian and international researchers {{as of|lc=yes|2008}}.<ref name=about>{{cite web |url=http://www.lizardisland.net.au/about/profile.htm#overview |title=Lizard Island Research Station Profile |access-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719011900/http://www.lizardisland.net.au/ABOUT/profile.htm#overview |archive-date=19 July 2008 }}</ref>

===Lizard Island Resort===
On the island's north western side is an ultra [[luxury resort]] owned by Hong Kong listed property company [[Sea Holdings]] and operated by [[Voyages Hotels & Resorts]] until November 2009, later operated by [[Delaware North Companies|Delaware North]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawarenorth.com.au|title=Food, Venue & Hotel Management Company - Delaware North|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830062445/http://delawarenorth.com.au/|archive-date=30 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland}}
* [[Lizard Island Airport]]
* [[Protected areas of Queensland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/memories-and-mutton-birds-women-great-barrier-reef |last=Foxwell-Norton |first=Kerrie |title=Memories and Mutton Birds Women of the Great Barrier Reef |date=4 November 2022 |publisher=[[State Library of Queensland]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/mary-watson-diaries-january-october-1881-treasure-collection-john-oxley-library|title=Mary Watson Diaries, January - October 1881: treasure collection of the John Oxley Library|date=24 February 2021 |publisher=[[State Library of Queensland]]}}
* {{Citation |author1=Watson |first=Mary |title=Mary Watson Diaries, 1 Jan 1881 - 10 Oct 1881 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/235421562 |publication-date=1881}}

==External links==
*{{youtube|LxC9FfdswhI| Lizard Island Research Station - 50th Anniversary}}, Australian Museum, 2 June 2023.

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{{Far North Queensland}}
{{National Parks of Queensland}}
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[[Category:National parks of Far North Queensland]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1939]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Lizard Island (Queensland)]]
[[Category:Islands of Far North Queensland]]