Editing Livor mortis

{{short description|Second stage of death}}
[[File:Пятна трупные.jpg|thumb|Livor mortis in a [[dead body]]]]
[[File:Postmortem interval changes (stages of death).png|thumb|500px|Timeline of postmortem changes, including livor mortis.]]
{{Signs of death}}
[[File:Hofmann Lehrbuch suicide hanging.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a body after suicide hanging. Livor mortis is fixed in the legs and distal upper extremities because these were the dependent parts.]]
'''Livor mortis''' ({{etymology|la|līvor|bluish color, bruise||mortis|of death}}), '''postmortem lividity''' ({{etymology|la|post mortem|after death||lividitas|black and blueness}}), '''hypostasis''' ({{etymology|el|''ὑπό'' (hypo)|under, beneath||''στάσις'' (stasis)|a standing}})<ref>{{cite news|title=Hypostasis|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hypostasis|work=The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hypo-|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hypo-|work=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> or '''suggillation''', is the second [[stage of death]] and one of the [[signs of death]]. It is a settling of the [[blood]] in the lower, or dependent, portion of the body postmortem, causing a purplish red discoloration of the skin. When the heart stops functioning and is no longer agitating the blood, heavy red blood cells sink through the [[blood plasma|serum]] by action of gravity. The blood travels faster in warmer conditions and slower in colder conditions.

Livor mortis starts within 20–30 minutes, but is usually not observable by the [[human eye]] until two hours after death. The size of the patches increases in the next three to six hours. Fixation will begin to occur during this timeframe, causing the patches to be unaltered due to movement. Maximum lividity will occur between eight and twelve hours after [[death]]. Areas of blood pooling in contact with the ground will blanch, or remain white.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Michael A. |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4551346/mod_resource/content/2/cap%209.pdf |title=Postmortem Changes in Soft Tissues |last2=Worrell |first2=Michael B. |last3=Pless |first3=John E. |publisher=CRC Press LLC |year=1997}}</ref>  The blood pools into the [[interstitial fluid|interstitial tissues]] of the body. The intensity of the color depends upon the amount of reduced [[Hemoglobin|haemoglobin]] in the blood. The discoloration does not occur in the areas of the body that are in contact with the ground or another object, in which [[capillary|capillaries]] are compressed.<ref name=ManualOfFO>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQVCCwAAQBAJ&q=pallor%2520mortis%2520dark%2520skin&pg=PA45|title=Manual of Forensic Odontology, Fifth Edition|last1=Senn|first1=David R.|last2=Weems|first2=Richard A.|date=2013-01-22|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1439851340|language=en}}</ref>

==Applicability==
[[Coroner]]s can use the presence or absence of livor mortis as a means of determining an approximate time of death. It can also be used by [[forensic science|forensic]] investigators to determine whether or not a body has been moved. For instance, if the body is found lying [[prone position|prone]], but the pooling is present on the deceased's back, investigators can conclude that the body was originally positioned [[supine position|supine]].<ref name=ManualOfFO/> The colour of the pooling can help in determining cause of death. Carbon monoxide poisoning causes a red colouration.<ref name=":0" />

Among coroners and other investigators, such as [[Detective|homicide and forensic detectives]], livor mortis is not considered an exact way to measure time of death, but rather as a method of [[Approximation|approximating]] it. Livor mortis, along with [[algor mortis]], [[rigor mortis]], and practices such as [[forensic entomology]] are frequently combined by investigators to more accurately pinpoint the estimated time of death.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyG3802xSdwC|title=Forensic Pathology, Second Edition|last1=DiMaio|first1=Dominick|last2=DiMaio|first2=Vincent J. M.|date=2001-06-28|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781420042412|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Calixto Machado, "Brain death: a reappraisal", Springer, 2007, {{ISBN|0-387-38975-X}}, p.&nbsp;74
* Robert G. Mayer, "Embalming: history, theory, and practice", McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005, {{ISBN|0-07-143950-1}}, pp.&nbsp;106–109
*Anthony J. Bertino "Forensic Science: Fundamentals and Investigations" South-Western Cengage Learning, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-538-44586-3}}

{{Death}}

[[Category:Signs of death]]
[[Category:Latin medical words and phrases]]
[[Category:Blood]]
[[Category:Forensic pathology]]