Editing List of time periods

{{Short description|None}}
{{Further|List of archaeological periods}}
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The categorization of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called [[periodization]].<ref name="Rabinowtz">Adam Rabinowitz. And king ''[https://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/7/rabinowitz/ It’s about time: historical periodization and Linked Ancient World Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095901/https://www.academia.edu/6647852/Temporal_Divides_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Major_Schemes_of_Periodization_in_Indian_History|date=April 25, 2022}}''. Study of the Ancient universe Papers, 2014.</ref> This is a list of such '''named time periods''' as defined in various fields of study.

These can be divided broadly into prehistorical periods and historical periods
(when written records began to be kept). 

In [[archaeology]] and [[anthropology]], [[prehistory]] is subdivided into the [[three-age system]], this list includes the use of the three-age system as well as a number of various designation used in reference to sub-ages within the traditional three.

The dates for each age can vary by region. On the [[geologic time scale]], the [[Holocene]] epoch starts at the end of the [[last glacial period|last glacial period of the current ice age]] (c. 10,000 BC) and continues to the present. The beginning of the Mesolithic is usually considered to correspond to the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch.

==Prehistoric periods==
===Era===
* '''[[Precambrian]]'''
** [[Hadean]] (or hadaeozoic)
** [[Archean]] (or archaeozoic)
*** [[Eoarchean]]
*** [[Paleoarchean]]
*** [[Mesoarchean]]
*** [[Neoarchean]]
** [[Proterozoic]]
*** [[Paleoproterozoic]]
**** [[Siderian]] 
**** [[Rhyacian]]
**** [[Orosirian]]
**** [[Statherian]]
*** [[Mesoproterozoic]]
**** [[Calymmian]]
**** [[Ectasian]]
**** [[Stenian]]
*** [[Neoproterozoic]]
**** [[Tonian]]
**** [[Cryogenian]]
**** [[Ediacarian]]
* '''[[Phanerozoic]]'''
** [[Paleozoic]]
*** [[Cambrian]]
**** [[Cambrian Explosion]]
*** [[Ordovician]]
*** [[Silurian]]
*** [[Devonian]]
*** [[Carboniferous]]
*** [[Permian]]
** [[Mesozoic]]
*** [[Triassic]]
*** [[Jurassic]]
*** [[Cretaceous]]
** [[Cenozoic]]
*** [[Paleogene]]
**** [[Paleocene]]
***** [[Danian]]
***** [[Selandian]]
***** [[Thanetian]]
**** [[Eocene]]
**** [[Oligocene]]
*** [[Neogene]]
**** [[Miocene]]
***** [[Aquitanian_(stage)|Aquitanian]]
***** [[Burdigalian]]
***** [[Langhian]]
***** [[Serravallian]]
***** [[Tortonian]]
***** [[Messinian]]
**** [[Pliocene]]
***** [[Zanclean]]
***** [[Piacenzian]]
*** [[Quaternary]]
**** [[Pleistocene]]
***** [[Gelasian]]
***** [[Calabrian_(stage)|Calabrian]]
***** [[Chibanian]]
***** [[Late Pleistocene]]
**** [[Holocene]] 
***** [[Greenlandian]]
***** [[Northgrippian]]
***** [[Meghalayan]]
**** [[Anthropocene]] (rejected proposal)

==General periods==
{{Further|Human history}}
* [[Geologic time scale|'''Geologic Time''']] – Period prior to humans. 4.6 billion to 3 million years ago. (See "prehistoric periods" for more detail into this.)
* '''Primatomorphid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Primatomorpha]]''
* '''Simian Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Simiiformes]]''
* '''Hominoid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Hominoidea]]''
* '''Hominid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Hominidae]]''
**Distant signs of Human-like apes
* '''Homininaeid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Homininae]]''
* '''Homininid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Hominini]]''
* '''[[Prehistory]]''' – Period between the appearance of ''[[Homo]]'' ("humans"; [[Oldowan|first stone tools]] <abbr>c.</abbr> three million years ago) and the invention of writing systems (for the [[Ancient Near East]]: <abbr>c.</abbr> five thousand years ago).
** [[Paleolithic]] – the earliest period of the Stone Age 
*** [[Lower Paleolithic]] – time of [[archaic human]] species, predates ''[[Homo sapiens]]''
*** [[Middle Paleolithic]] – coexistence of archaic and [[anatomically modern human]] species
*** [[Upper Paleolithic]] – [[Early human migrations|worldwide expansion]] of anatomically modern humans, the disappearance of archaic humans by extinction or [[Archaic human admixture with modern humans|admixture]] with modern humans; earliest [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic|evidence for pictorial art]].
** [[Mesolithic]] ([[Epipaleolithic]]) – a period in the development of human technology between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods.
** [[Neolithic]] – a period of primitive [[technological]] and [[social]] development, beginning about 10,200 BC in parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world.
** [[Chalcolithic]] (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age") – still largely Neolithic in character, when early [[copper]] [[metallurgy]] appeared alongside the use of stone tools.
** [[Bronze Age]] – not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.
** [[Iron Age]] – not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age.
* '''[[Ancient history]]''' – Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of [[recorded history]] is roughly five thousand years, beginning with the earliest linguistic records in the third millennium BC in [[Sumer|Mesopotamia]] and [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Egypt]].
**'''[[Classical antiquity]]''' – Broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome]], collectively known as the [[Greco-Roman world]]. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
* '''[[Post-classical history]]''' – Period of time that immediately followed ancient history. Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years AD 200–600 and AD 1200–1500. The major classical civilizations that the era follows are [[Han dynasty|Han China]] (ending in 220), the [[Western Roman Empire]] (in 476), the [[Gupta Empire]] (in the 550s), and the [[Sasanian Empire]] (in 651). 
** '''[[Middle Ages]]''' – Lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and is variously demarcated by historians as ending with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, or the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, merging into the [[Renaissance]] and the [[Age of Discovery]].
*** [[Early Middle Ages]]
*** [[High Middle Ages]]
*** [[Late Middle Ages]]
* '''[[Modern history]]''' – After the post-classical era
**'''[[Early modern period]]''' – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the [[Late Middle Ages]] (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, in forms such as the [[Italian Renaissance]] in the West, the [[Ming dynasty]] in the East, and the rise of the [[Aztecs]] in the New World. The period ends with the beginning of the [[Age of Revolutions]].
** '''[[Contemporary history]]''' – History within living memory. It shifts forward with the generations, and today is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time.

==Forms of modernity==
* [[Homo|Hominids archaeologically and anatomically similar or identical to modern humans]] (HAASMHs)
* [[Anatomically modern humans]] (AMHs)
* [[Postmodernism|Technologically modern humans]] (TMHs)

==Technological periods==
* '''[[Prehistory]]'''
** '''[[Paleolithic]]''' ([[Lower Paleolithic|Lower]], [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle]], [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper]])
** '''[[Mesolithic]]''' ([[Epipaleolithic]])
** '''[[Neolithic]]'''
** '''[[Chalcolithic]]''' (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age")
* '''[[Ancient history]]''' (The Bronze and Iron Ages are not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.)
** '''[[Bronze Age]]'''
** '''[[Iron Age]]'''
* '''[[Late Middle Ages]]'''
** '''[[Renaissance]]'''
* '''[[Early modern period|Early modern history]]'''
* '''[[Modern history]]'''
** '''[[Industrial Age]]''' (1760–1970)
** '''[[Machine Age]]''' (1880–1945)
*** [[Age of Oil]] (1901–present)
*** [[Jet Age]] (1940s)
** '''[[Nuclear Age]]''' (a.k.a. '''Atomic Era''') (1945/1950–present)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38381878|title=Big digs: The year 2016 in archaeology|last=Iles|first=Dr Louise|date=2016-12-30|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=2017-01-03|language=en-GB|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117041806/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38381878|url-status=live}}</ref>
** '''[[Space Age]]''' (1957–present)
** '''[[Information Age]]''' (1970–present)
*** [[Internet Age]] (1990–present)
*** [[Intelligence Age]] (2024-present)<ref>{{Essay|last=Altman|first=Sam|date=September 2024|title=The Intelligence Age|url=https://ia.samaltman.com/}}</ref>

== African periods ==
{{Further|History of Africa}}

=== Egyptian periods ===
{{Further|History of Egypt}}

'''[[Prehistoric Egypt]]''' (pre-3150 BC)

'''Dynastic Period'''
* [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic Period]] or Archaic Period (two dynasties) (3150 BC – 2686 BC)
* [[Old Kingdom]] (four dynasties) (2686 BC – 2181 BC)
* [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt|First Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (2181 BC – 2055 BC)
* [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (2055 BC – 1650 BC)
* [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (1650 BC – 1550 BC)
* [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (1550 BC – 1069 BC)
* [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period]] (five dynasties) (1069 BC – 664 BC)
'''Antiquity'''
* [[Late Period of ancient Egypt|Late Period of Ancient Egypt]] (six dynasties: of these six, two were Persian dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (664 BC – c. 332 BC)
* [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Argead and Ptolemaic dynasties]] (332 BC – 30 BC)
* [[Egypt (Roman province)|Aegyptus]] (fifteen Roman dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (30 BC – 641 AD)
** [[Sasanian Egypt]] (one dynasty) (619–629)
* [[Coptic period]] (300 AD – 900 AD)
'''Islamic Egypt'''
* Egypt under four foreign Arabic dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt.
** [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun Egypt]] (641–661)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Egypt]]	(661–750)
** [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Egypt]]	(750–868 and 905–935)
'''Medieval Egypt'''
* [[Tulunids|Tulunid dynasty]]	(868–905)
* [[Ikhshidids|Ikhshidid dynasty]] (935–969)
* [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Dynasty]] (969–1171)
* [[Ayyubid Dynasty]] (1171–1250)
* [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasties]] (1250–1517)
** [[Bahri dynasty]] (1250–1382)
** [[Burji dynasty]] (1382–1517)
'''Modern Egypt'''
* [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Egypt]] (Turk dynasty that ruled from a capital distant from Egypt) (1517–1867)
* [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Muhammad Ali dynasty]] (1805–1953)
** [[Khedivate of Egypt]] (1867–1914)
** [[Sultanate of Egypt]] (1914–1922)
'''Contemporary Egypt'''
* [[Kingdom of Egypt]]	(1922–1953)
* [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Republican Egypt]] (1953–present)

=== Libyan periods ===
'''Prehistoric Libya'''
* Prehistoric Libya (pre-600 BC)
'''Early Libya'''
* Carthaginian Libya (600 BC – 200 BC)
* Roman Libya (200 BC – 487 AD)
* Vandal Libya (487 AD – ≈600 AD)
* Islamic Libya (≈600 – ≈1200)
* Ottoman Libya (≈1600 – ≈1900)
'''Modern Libya'''
* Colonial Libya (≈1900 – ≈1950)
* Libya as an independent country
** Early Independent Era
** [[Libyan Arab Republic]] (September 1969–1977)
** [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
** Contemporary Libya (2011–present)

==American (continent) periods==
{{Further|History of the Americas}}
'''Pre-Columbian America'''
* [[Mesoamerican chronology|Classic and Postclassic eras]], Central America (200–1519)
* [[Cultural periods of Peru|Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, Late Intermediate, Late Horizon]] ([[Peru]], 200–1534)
** [[Huari culture|Huari]], [[Chimú]], [[Chincha Culture|Chincha]], [[Chanka people]], [[Tiwanaku]], [[Inca]]
'''Colonial America'''
* [[Baroque]] ([[New World]], 1600–1750)
* [[Spanish Empire|Spanish hegemony]] (Americas, 1492–1832)

=== Mexican periods ===
'''Ancient and Pre-Columbian Mexico'''
* [[Olmecs]] (1500  BC- 400 BC)
* [[Maya civilization|Mayans]] (3000 BC – 600 AD)
* [[Teotihuacan]] (1 AD - 500 AD)
* [[Toltec|Toltecs]] (800 AD - 1000 AD)
* [[Aztec Empire|Aztecs]] (1000 AD – 1512 AD)
'''Colonial Mexico'''
* [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish Conquest of Mexico]] (1519 – 1521)
*[[New Spain]] (1535 - 1821)
'''Independence Era'''

* [[Mexican War of Independence]] (1810 - 1821)
* [[First Mexican Empire]] (1821 -1823)
* [[First Mexican Republic]] (1824 - 1835)
* [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] (1835 - 1846)

'''Liberal Mexico'''

* [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico]] (1846 - 1863)
* [[Second Mexican Empire|Second French Mexican Empire]] (1864 - 1867)
* [[Restored Republic (Mexico)|Restored Republic]] (1867 - 1876)
* [[Porfiriato]] (1876 - 1911)

'''Modern Mexico'''

* [[Mexican Revolution|Revolutionary Mexico]] (1910 - 1917)
* [[Maximato]] (1928 - 1934)
* [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI One-Party State]] (1934 - 2000)
* Contemporary Mexico (2000 - Present)

=== United States historical periods ===
{{Further|History of the United States}}

'''Pre-Colonial era'''
* [[Lithic stage]]
* [[Archaic stage]]
* [[Formative stage]]
* [[Classic stage]]
* [[Post-Classic stage]]

'''[[Thirteen Colonies|Thirteen British Colonies]] (1607–1775)'''

'''[[United Colonies]] (1775-1781)'''
* [[American Revolutionary War]]

'''[[Confederation period]] (1781-1789)'''

'''[[First Party System]] (1789–1824)'''
* [[Federalist Era]] (1789–1800)
* [[Jeffersonian democracy]] (1790s–1820s)
* [[Era of Good Feelings]] (1817–1825)

'''[[Second Party System]] (1824–1856)'''
* [[Jacksonian democracy]] (1825–1854)
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)

'''[[Third Party System]] (1856–1896)'''
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)
* [[Reconstruction era]] (1865–1877) (Some of this time period is known as the "[[Old West]]".)
* [[Gilded Age]] (1877–1896)

'''[[Fourth Party System]] (1896–1932)'''
* [[Progressive Era]] (1896–1917)
* [[United States in World War I]] (1917–1918)
* [[Roaring Twenties]] (1920–1929)

'''[[Fifth Party System]] (1932–1980)'''
* [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] (1929–1939)
* [[United States home front during World War II]] (1942–1945)
* [[History of the United States (1945–1964)|Post-World War II]] (1945–1964)
* [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] (1954–1968)
* [[United States in the Vietnam War]] (1955–1973)

'''[[Sixth Party System]] (1980–present)'''
* [[Reagan Era]] (1980–1991)
* [[History of the United States (1991–2008)|Post-Cold War period]] (1991–2008)
* [[History of the United States (2008–present)|Contemporary United States]] (2008-present)

== Asian periods ==
{{Further|History of Asia}}

=== Chinese periods ===
{{Further|History of China}}
'''Bronze Age China'''

'''Archaic China'''
* [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BC)
* [[Zhou dynasty]] (1046–256 BC)
** [[Western Zhou]] (1046–771 BC)
** [[Eastern Zhou]] (771–256 BC)
*** [[Spring and Autumn period]] (771–476 BC)
*** [[Warring States period]] (476–221 BC)
* [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC)
'''Antiquity'''
* [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – 220 AD)
** [[Western Han]] (206 BC – 2 AD)
** [[Xin dynasty]] (9–23 AD)
** [[Eastern Han]] (25–220 AD)
* [[Six Dynasties]] (220–580)
** [[Three Kingdoms]] (220–265)
** [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]]
** [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] (420–580)
'''Medieval China'''
* [[Sui dynasty]] (580–618)
* [[Tang dynasty]] (623–907)
* [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] (907–960)
* [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279)
** [[Song dynasty#Northern Song, 960–1127|Northern Song]] (960–1127), [[Liao dynasty]] (907–1115)
** [[Western Xia]] dynasty (1038–1227)
** [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song]] (1127–1279), [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]
'''Mongol China'''
* [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368)
'''Late Dynastic Period'''
* [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644)
* [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1911)
'''Modern China'''
* [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (1912–1949)
** [[Xinhai Revolution]] (1911–1912)
** [[Warlord Era]] (1918–1927)
'''Contemporary China'''
* [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–1936/1946–1950)
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945)
'''Post-Contemporary China'''{{clarify|date=June 2023}}
* [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[Taiwan]] (1949–present)

=== Indian periods ===
{{Further|History of India|History of South Asia}}

[[File:Timeline of Indian history.jpg|600px|Timeline of Indian history.]]

* '''[[South Asian Stone Age]]'''
** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Pre-Harappan]]
*** [[Mehrgarh]]
* '''[[Bronze Age India]]''' (3340 BC – 1350 BC)
** [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Early Harappan]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Early Mature Harappan]]
*** [[Mature Harappan]]
*** [[Late Harappan]]
**** [[Punjab Phase]]
**** [[Jhukar Phase]]
**** [[Rangpur Phase]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Final Harappan]]
* '''[[Iron Age in India]]''' (1350 BC – 200 BC) 
** ''[[Vedic period]]'' (1350 BC – 500 BC): [[Mahajanapadas]] 
** ''[[Magadha period]]'' (c.500 BC – c.750 AD): [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]], [[Mauryan empire|Mauryans]], [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]] 
* '''[[Classical India]]''' (200 BC – 500 AD)
** ''[[Sangam period]]'' (300 BC – 600 AD): [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyans]]
** ''[[Golden Age of India|Golden period]]'': [[Kushan empire|Kushans]] (50 AD – 220 AD), [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] (230 BC – 220 AD), [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] (320 AD – 535 AD) and [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakatakas]] (300AD – 650 AD)
* '''[[Medieval India|Medieval Age in India]]''' (500–1526)
** ''[[Tripartite struggle|Tripartite period]]'' (c.750 – c.900): [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjaras]]
** ''[[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim period]]'' (712–1857): [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]], [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat sultanates]]
** [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646), [[Gajapati Empire]] (1434–1541) and [[kingdom of Mewar]] (1325–1448)
* '''Modern Age in India''' (1526 – present)
** [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1857)
** [[Maratha Empire]] (1674–1818)
** ''[[Colonial India|Colonial period]]'': [[British Raj]] (1858 – 1947)
** [[History of the Republic of India|Independence]] (1947 – present)

=== Iranian periods ===
{{Further|History of Iran}}
'''[[Prehistory of Iran|Prehistoric Iran]]'''

'''Ancient age''':
*[[Medes]] (1000 -550 BC)
* [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 –330 BC)
* [[Wars of Alexander the Great|Greek occupation of Persia]] (330 –312 BC):
* [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 – 63 BC)
* [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BC – 224 AD)
* [[Sassanid Empire]] (224 – 651 AD)

'''Medieval age''':
* [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Persia under Caliphates]] (651 – 820 AD)
* [[Iranian Intermezzo]] (c.820 – 1037): [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]] (821 to 873), [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]] (861 to 1003), [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]] (819 to 999) and [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] (934 to 1062)
* [[Seljuk Empire]] (1037–1194)
* [[Khwarazmian Empire]] (1194–1219)
* [[Mongol invasion of Persia|Mongol occupation of Persia]] (1219 –1256)
* [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1335)
* Disintegration of the Ilkhanate (1335–1370): [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirids]], [[Chobanids]], [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarids]], [[Injuids]], [[Sarbadars]], and [[Kart dynasty|Kartids]]
* [[Timurid Empire]] (1370–1507) and [[Aq Qoyunlu]] (1378–1501)

'''Modern age''':
* [[Safavid Iran]] (1501–1736)
* [[Afsharid Iran]] (1736 –c.1750)
* [[Zand dynasty|Zand Iran]] (1750–1794)
* [[Qajar Iran]] (1794–1925)
* [[Pahlavi Iran]] (1925–1979)
* [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] (1979–present)

=== Japanese periods ===
{{Further|History of Japan}}

'''Archaic Japan'''
* [[Jōmon period]] (10,501 BC – 400 BC)
* [[Yayoi period]] (450 BC – 250 AD)
* [[Kofun period]] (250–600)
'''Feudal Japan'''
* [[Asuka period]] (643–710)
* [[Nara period]] (743–794)
* [[Heian period]] (795–1185)
* [[Kamakura period]] (1185–1333)
'''Samurai Japan'''
* [[Muromachi period]] (1333–1573){{sfn|Bowman|2000|pages=118–161}}
* [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]] (1573–1603)
'''Modern Japan'''
* [[Edo period]] (1603–1868)
* [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912)
* [[Taishō period]] (1912–1926)
'''Contemporary Japan'''
* [[Shōwa period]] (1926–1989)
** [[Post-occupation Japan|Post-occupation era]] (1952 – present)
* [[Heisei period]] (1989–2019)
* [[Reiwa period]] (2019–present)

=== Mesopotamian periods ===
{{Further|History of the Middle East|History of Mesopotamia}}
'''Archaic Period'''
* [[Mesopotamia]]
** [[Samarra culture]]
** [[Hassuna culture]]
** [[Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period]]
** [[Ubaid period]]
** [[Uruk period]]
** [[Jemdet Nasr period]] (3100 BC – 2900 BC)
** [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]] (2900 BC – 2270 BC)
** [[Akkadian Empire]] (2270 BC – 2083 BC)
** [[Gutian dynasty of Sumer|Gutian dynasty]] (2083 BC – 2050 BC)
** [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III period]] (2050 BC – 1940 BC)
** [[First Babylonian dynasty]] (1830 BC – 1531 BC), [[Hittites]] (1800 BC – 1178 BC)
** [[Kassites]] (1531 BC – 1135 BC), [[Mitanni]] (1500 BC – 1300 BC)
** [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (934 BC – 609 BC)
** [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] (626 BC – 539 BC), [[Medes]] (678 BC – 549 BC)
'''Imperial Period'''
* [[Persian Empire]]s (550 BC – 651 AD)
** [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 BC – 330 BC)
** Conquered by [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]] (330 BC – 312 BC)
** [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 BC – 63 BC)
** [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BC – 224 AD)
** [[Sasanian Empire]] (224 AD – 651 AD)
'''Islamic Period'''
* [[Islamicate]] periods<ref name="Hodgson">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LKO5GRC8j1MC&pg=PA3 The Venture of Islam, Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods]'' (1974), p. 3.</ref> (7th – 21st centuries{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}})
** ''High Caliphate'' (685–945)<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 A Concise History of the Middle East]'' (2015), p. 53.</ref>
** ''Earlier Middle Period'' (945–1250)<ref name="Hodgson" />
** ''Later Middle Period'' (1250–1500)<ref name="Hodgson" />
** [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–661)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750)
** [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (750–1258), [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (909–1171)
*** [[Buyid dynasty]] (934–1055)
*** [[Seljuq dynasty]] (1055–1171)
*** [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1341)
** [[Ottoman Empire]] (1300–1923)
*** [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Empire]] (1501–1736)
** [[Mandatory Iraq|Kingdom of Iraq under British mandate]] (1921-1932)
** [[Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq]] (1932-1958)
*** [[Hashemite Arab Federation]] (1958)
** [[First Iraqi Republic|Qasimist Republic of Iraq]] (1958-68)
** [[Ba'athist Iraq]] (1968-2003)
** [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] (2003-04)
** [[Republic of Iraq]] (2004-present)

=== Mongolian periods ===
{{Further|History of Mongolia}}

'''Antiquity'''
* [[Xiongnu]] ([[Mongolia]], 220 BC – AD 200)
'''Medieval Mongolia'''
* [[Rouran Khaganate]] (Mongolia, [[Manchuria]], [[Xianbei]], AD 330 – 555)
** [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] (Xianbei, [[Turkic peoples]], 304–439)
* [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (Mongolia, Manchuria, [[Tibet]], 744–848)
* [[Liao dynasty]] ([[Khitan people]], 907–1125)
'''Imperial Mongolia'''
* [[Mongol Empire]] (Mongolia, 1206–1380)
** [[Yuan Dynasty]] of [[China]] (≈1250 – ≈1350)
** [[Golden Horde]] (≈1250 – 1380)
'''Modern Mongolia'''
* [[Qing dynasty]] (Manchu China, 1692–1911)

=== Southeast Asian periods ===
{{Further|History of Southeast Asia}}
'''Maritime Southeast Asia'''
* [[Srivijaya]] ([[Indonesia]], 3rd – 14th centuries), [[Tarumanagara]] (358–723), [[Sailendra]] (8th and 9th centuries), [[Sunda Kingdom|Kingdom of Sunda]] (669–1579), [[Mataram Kingdom|Kingdom of Mataram]] (752–1045), [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] (1045–1221), [[Singhasari]] (1222–1292), [[Majapahit]] (1293–1500)
'''Peninsular Southeast Asia'''
* [[Chenla]] ([[Cambodia]], 630 – 802) and [[Khmer Empire]] ([[Cambodia]], 802–1432)
* [[Lý Nam Đế|Anterior Lý dynasty]] and [[Triệu Việt Vương]], [[Third Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Third Chinese domination]], [[Khúc Family]], [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], [[Kiều Công Tiễn]], [[Ngô dynasty]], [[The 12 Lords Rebellion]], [[Đinh dynasty]], [[Anterior Lê dynasty|Prior Lê dynasty]], [[Lý dynasty]], [[Trần dynasty]], [[Hồ dynasty]], [[Fourth Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Fourth Chinese domination]] ([[Vietnam]], 544–1427)

==European periods==
{{Further|History of Europe|Art of Europe}}

* '''[[Bronze Age Europe]]''' (c. 3000 BC – c. 1050 BC)
** [[Aegean Civilization]] ([[Crete]], [[Greece]] and [[Near East]]; c. 3000 BC – c. 1050 BC)<ref>The area had settlements as far back as 9000 BC; see [[Timeline of ancient Greece]]</ref>
* '''[[Iron Age Europe]]''' (c. 1050 BC – c. 500 AD)
** Early Iron Age (c. 1050 BC – 776 BC) – part of the [[Greek Dark Ages]]
** '''[[Classical antiquity]]''' (776 BC – 476 AD)
*** [[Archaic Greece]] (776 BC – 480 BC) – begins with the First Olympiad, traditionally dated 776 BC
*** [[Classical Greece]] (480 BC – 338 BC)
*** [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian era]] (338 BC – 323 BC)
*** [[Hellenistic Greece]] (323 BC – 146 BC)
*** [[Roman Republic#Late Republic|Late Roman Republic]] (147 BC – 27 BC)
*** [[Principate|Principate of the Roman Empire]] (27 BC – 284 AD)
*** [[Late Antiquity]] (284 AD – 500 AD)
** '''[[Migration Period]]''' (Europe, 300 AD – 700 AD)
* '''[[Middle Ages]]''' (Europe, 476–1453)
** [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine era]] (330–1453)
** [[Early Middle Ages]] (Europe, 476–1066)
*** [[Viking Age]] ([[Scandinavia]], Europe, 793–1066)
** [[High Middle Ages]] (Europe, 1066 – c. 1300)
** [[Late Middle Ages]] (Europe, c. 1300 – 1453)
** [[The Renaissance]] (Europe, c. 1300 – c. 1601)
* '''[[Early modern Europe|Early modern period]]''' (Europe, 1453–1789)
** [[Age of Discovery]] (or Exploration) (Europe, c. 1400 – 1770)
** [[Polish Golden Age]] (Poland, 1507–1572)
** [[Golden Age of Piracy]] (1650–1730)
** [[Tudor period]] (England, 1485–1603)
*** [[Elizabethan era]] (England, 1558–1603)
** [[Stuart period]] (British Isles, 1603–1714)
*** [[Jacobean era]] (British Isles, 1603–1625) 
*** [[Caroline era]] (British Isles, 1625–1649)
*** [[British Interregnum]] (British Isles, 1649–1660)
*** [[Stuart Restoration]] (British Isles, 1660–1714)
**** [[Carolean era]] (British Isles, 1660–1685)
** [[Protestant Reformation]] (Europe, 16th century)
** [[Classicism]] (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Industrious Revolution]], (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Peter the Great|Petrine Era]] (Russia, 1689–1725)
** [[Age of Enlightenment]] (or Reason) (Europe, 18th century)
** [[Scientific Revolution]] (Europe, 18th century)
* '''[[Long nineteenth century]]''' (1789–1914)
** [[Georgian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1714–1830)
** [[Industrial Revolution]] (Europe, United States, and elsewhere 18th and 19th centuries, though with its beginnings in Britain)
** Age of European [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]
** [[Romanticism|Romantic era]] (1770–1850)
** [[Napoleonic era]] (1799–1815)
** [[Victorian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1837–1901); [[British Empire|British hegemony]] (1815–1914) much of world, around the same time period.
** [[Belle Époque]] (Europe, primarily France, 1871–1914)
** [[Edwardian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1901–1914)
* [[World War I|First]], [[interwar period]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]] (1914–1945)
** [[Interwar Britain]] (United Kingdom, 1918–1939)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Post–Cold War era|Post-Cold War]] (1991–present)

== Oceanian periods ==
{{Further information|History of Oceania}}

=== Australian periods ===
{{Further|History of Australia}}

* [[Prehistory of Australia|Ancient Australia]], [[History of Indigenous Australians]] (between 65,000 and 50,000 BC – 1788 AD)
* [[Age of Discovery]], [[European maritime exploration of Australia]] (1606–1802)
* [[Convicts in Australia|Convict era]] (1788–1868)
* [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901)
* [[Federation of Australia|Federation era]] (1890–1918)
* [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Second Elizabethan era]] (1952–2022){{CN|date=July 2024}}

==See also==
{{Portal|History}}
* [[Geologic time scale]]
* [[List of fossil sites]] with link directory.
* [[List of timelines]] around the world.
* [[Orders of magnitude (time)]]
* [[Periodization]] for a discussion of the tendency to try to fit history into non-overlapping periods.
* [[Time]]
** [[Planck Time]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources cited===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowman |first=John S. |title = Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |year=2000 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York City |isbn = 0231500041 |url = https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |url-access=registration }}
{{refend}}

{{Western world}}
{{World history|state=expanded}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Time periods, List of}}
[[Category:Wikipedia timelines]]
[[Category:History-related lists]]