Editing List of surgical procedures

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[[File:Pompeii - Casa di Sirico - Aeneas and Iapyx - MAN.jpg|thumb|[[Iapyx]] removing an arrowhead from the thigh of [[Aeneas]] using a forcepts (Virgil ''Aeneid'' XII.383-440) Roman fresco from the Casa di Sirico in Pompeii. National Archaeological Museum, Naples]]
Many [[Surgery|surgical procedure]] names can be broken into parts to indicate the meaning. For example, in [[gastrectomy]], "ectomy" is a [[suffix (linguistics)|suffix]] meaning the removal of a part of the body. "Gastro-" means [[stomach]]. Thus, ''gastrectomy'' refers to the surgical removal of the stomach (or sections thereof).  "Otomy" means cutting into a part of the body;  a ''gastrotonomy'' would be cutting into, but not necessarily removing, the stomach. In addition, "pharyngo" means pharynx, "laryngo" means larynx, "esophag" means esophagus. Thus, "pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy" refers to the surgical removal of the three.

The field of minimally invasive surgery has spawned another set of words, such as ''arthroscopic'' or ''laparoscopic'' surgery.  These take the same form as above;  an arthroscope is a device which allows the inside of the joint to be seen.

==List of common surgery terms==

===Prefixes===
* ''mono-'' : one, from the [[Greek language|Greek]] μόνος, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|monos}}'', "only, single"
* ''angio-'' : related to a blood vessel, from the Greek αγγήϊον ''{{lang|grc-Latn|angḗïon}}'', "vessel", "container", "pot"
* ''arthr-'' : related to a joint, from the Greek άρθρον, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|árthron}}'', "joint"
* ''bi-'' : two, from the [[Latin]] prefix *''bi'', meaning "two".
* ''colono-'' : related to large intestine [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], from the latin ''{{lang|la|cōlon}}'', "clause [of a poem]", itself from the Greek κωλον, ''cōlon'', "clause, member, part"
* ''colpo-'' : related to the [[vagina]], from the [[Ancient Greek]] κόλπος, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|cólpos}}'', meaning "hollow space", but also a synonym for "womb"
* ''cysto-'' : related to the [[bladder]], from the Greek κύστις, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|cústis}}'', "bladder, pouch" 
* ''encephal-'' : related to the [[brain]], from the Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|εγκέφαλος}}, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|enchéphalos}}'' itself from εν, ''en'', "in", and {{lang|grc|κεφαλή}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|kephalḗ}}, meaning 'head'. 
* ''gastr-'' : related to [[stomach]], from the Greek γαστήρ, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|gastḗr}}'', "stomach"
* ''hepat-'' : related to the [[liver]], from the latin ''{{lang|la|hēpatītis}}'', from the latin ''{{lang|la|hēpar}}'', Greek loanword, originally ηπαρ, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|hēpar}}'', meaning "liver"
* ''hyster-'' : related to the [[uterus]], from Neo-Latin ''hysteria'', itself ultimately from the Greek ύστέρα, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|hústéra}}'', meaning "womb, uterus"
* ''lamino-'' : related to the [[Lamina of the vertebral arch|lamina]] (posterior aspect of vertebra)
* ''lapar-'' : related to the [[abdominal]] cavity
** Etymology actually refers to soft, fleshy part of abdominal wall. The term ''celio-'' is generally considered more accurate and more commonly used in America.{{citation needed|reason=Doesn't seem incorrect, I'd just like to be sure and others likely would too.|date=June 2020}}
* ''lobo-'' : related to a lobe (of the [[brain]] or [[lungs]]), from the latin ''{{lang|la|lobo}}'', ablative declension of ''{{lang|la|lobus}}'', itself from the Greek λοβός, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|lobós}}'', "lobe", "pea-pod"
* ''mammo-'' and ''masto-'': related to the [[breasts]], from the latin ''mammas'', "breast", and Greek μάσταζ ''mástaz'', "chewer"
* ''myo-'' : related to [[muscle]] tissue, from the Greek μυς, ''mús'', from μύσκυλος ''{{lang|grc-Latn|múskulos}}'', "little mouse", so called because the Greeks believed that muscles looked like little mice.
* ''nephro-'' : related to the [[kidney]] from the Greek νεφρόν, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|nephrón}}'', accusative declension of νεφρός, ''kidney''
* ''oophor-'' : related to the [[ovary]], from ωοφόρος, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|oophóros}}'', meaning "egg-bearing"
* ''orchid-'' : related to the [[testicles]], from the latin ''{{lang|la|orchis}}'', itself from the Greek όρχις, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|órchis}}'', meaning "testicle" or sometimes "orchid" so called because the Greeks believed [[orchid]] roots looked like testicles.
* ''rhino-'' : related to the [[nose]], from the Greek ρινός ''{{lang|grc-Latn|rinós}}'', genitive declension of ρίς ''{{lang|grc-Latn|rís}}'', "nose"
* ''thoraco-'' : related to the [[chest]]
* ''vas-'' : related to a duct, usually the [[vas deferens]], from the latin ''{{lang|la|vas}}'', meaning "vessel", or "vein"

===Suffixes===
* ''-centesis'' : surgical puncture
* ''-tripsy'' : crushing or breaking up
* ''-desis'' : fusion of two parts into one, stabilization
* ''-ectomy'' : surgical removal ''(see [[List of -ectomies]])''. The term 'resection' is also used, especially when referring to a [[tumor]].
* ''-opsy'' : looking at
* ''-oscopy'' : viewing of, normally with a scope
* ''-ostomy'' or ''-stomy'' : surgically creating a hole (a new "mouth" or "[[Stoma (medicine)|stoma]]", from the Greek στόμα (''stóma''), meaning "body", see [[List of -ostomies]])
* ''-otomy'' or ''-tomy'' : surgical incision ''(see [[List of -otomies]])''
* ''-pexy'' : to fix or secure
* ''-plasty'' : to modify or reshape (sometimes entails replacement with a prosthesis), from the Ancient Greek πλάστος, ''plástos'', meaning "molded".
* ''-rrhaphy'' : to strengthen, usually with [[surgical suture|suture]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Plasty
! Ectomy
! Stomy
! Otomy
! Other
|- style="background:LemonChiffon;"
| '''[[Central nervous system]]'''
|
| [[Decompressive craniectomy]]{{·}} [[Hemispherectomy]]{{·}} [[Anterior temporal lobectomy]]{{·}} [[Hypophysectomy]]{{·}} [[Amygdalohippocampectomy]]
| [[Ventriculostomy]]
| [[Craniotomy]]{{·}} [[Pallidotomy]]{{·}} [[Thalamotomy]]{{·}} [[Lobotomy]]{{·}} [[Bilateral cingulotomy]]{{·}} [[Cordotomy]]{{·}} [[Rhizotomy]]
| [[Neurosurgery]]{{·}} [[Psychosurgery]]{{·}} [[Brain biopsy]]
|- style="background:LemonChiffon;"
| '''[[Peripheral nervous system]]'''
|
| [[Ganglionectomy]]{{·}} [[Sympathectomy]]/[[Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy]]{{·}} [[Neurectomy]]
|
| [[Axotomy]]{{·}} [[Vagotomy]]
| [[Nerve biopsy]]
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| [[Endocrine system|'''Endocrine''']]
|
| [[Hypophysectomy]]{{·}} [[Thyroidectomy]]{{·}} [[Parathyroidectomy]]{{·}} [[Adrenalectomy]]{{·}} [[Pinealectomy]]
|
|
|
|- style="background:LemonChiffon;"
| [[Human eye|Eye]]
| [[Punctoplasty]]{{·}} [[Trabeculoplasty]]
| [[Photorefractive keratectomy]]{{·}} [[Trabeculectomy]]{{·}} [[Iridectomy]]{{·}} [[Vitrectomy]]
| [[Dacryocystorhinostomy]]
| [[Radial keratotomy]] {{·}} Mini Asymmetric Radial Keratotomy (M.A.R.K.)
| [[Corneal transplantation]]
|- style="background:LemonChiffon;"
| [[Ears]]
| [[Otoplasty]]
| [[Stapedectomy]]{{·}} [[Mastoidectomy]]{{·}} [[Auriculectomy]]
|
| [[Myringotomy]]
|
|- style="background:MistyRose;"
| [[Respiratory system|Respiratory]]
| [[Rhinoplasty]]{{·}} [[Septoplasty]]
| [[Rhinectomy]]{{·}} [[Laryngectomy]]{{·}} [[Pneumonectomy]]
| [[Tracheostomy]]
| [[Sinusotomy]]{{·}} [[Pneumotomy]]{{·}} [[Cricothyroidotomy]]{{·}} [[Cricothyrotomy]]{{·}} [[Bronchotomy]]{{·}} [[Thoracotomy]]{{·}} [[Thyrotomy]]{{·}} [[Tracheotomy]]{{·}} [[lateral rhinotomy]]
| [[Pleurodesis]]{{·}} [[Lung transplantation]]
|- style="background:MistyRose;"
| [[Cardiovascular]]
| [[Angioplasty]]{{·}} [[Valvuloplasty]]
| [[Pericardiectomy]]{{·}} [[Endarterectomy]]
|
| [[Cardiotomy]]{{·}} [[Pericardiotomy]]
| [[Heart transplantation]]
|- style="background:LightGreen;"
| [[Lymphatic system|Lymphatic]]
|
| [[Tonsillectomy]]{{·}} [[Adenoidectomy]]{{·}} [[Thymectomy]]{{·}} [[Splenectomy]]{{·}} [[Lymphadenectomy]]
|
|
| [[Thymus transplantation]]{{·}} [[Spleen transplantation]]{{·}} [[Splenopexy]]{{·}} [[Lymph node biopsy]]
|- style="background:#fd6;"
| [[Gastrointestinal|GI]]/[[Human mouth|mouth]]
| [[Uvulopalatoplasty]]{{·}} [[Palatoplasty]]
| [[Gingivectomy]]{{·}} [[Glossectomy]]{{·}} [[Esophagectomy]]{{·}} [[Gastrectomy]]{{·}} [[Appendectomy]] {{·}} [[Proctocolectomy]]{{·}} [[Colectomy]]{{·}} [[Hepatectomy]]{{·}} [[Cholecystectomy]]{{·}} [[Pancreatectomy]]/[[Pancreaticoduodenectomy]]
| [[Gastrostomy]] ([[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]]){{·}} [[Gastroduodenostomy]]{{·}} [[Gastroenterostomy]]{{·}} [[Ileostomy]]{{·}} [[Jejunostomy]]{{·}} [[Colostomy]]{{·}} [[Cholecystostomy]]{{·}} [[Hepatoportoenterostomy]]{{·}} [[Sigmoidostomy]]
| [[Uvulotomy]]{{·}} [[Myotomy]] ([[Heller myotomy]]{{·}} [[Pyloromyotomy]]){{·}} [[Anal sphincterotomy]]{{·}} [[Lateral internal sphincterotomy]]
| [[Vertical banded gastroplasty]]{{·}} [[Gastropexy]]{{·}} [[Colon resection]]{{·}} [[Nissen fundoplication]]{{·}} [[Hernia repair]]{{·}} [[Omentopexy]]{{·}} [[Liver biopsy]]
|- style="background:#BBEEBB;"
| [[Urinary system|Urinary]]
| [[Urethroplasty]]{{·}} [[Pyeloplasty]]
| [[Nephrectomy]]{{·}} [[Cystectomy]]
| [[Nephrostomy]]{{·}} [[Ureterostomy]]{{·}} [[Cystostomy]] ([[Suprapubic cystostomy]]){{·}} [[Urostomy]]
| [[Nephrotomy]]
| [[Nephropexy]]{{·}} [[Urethropexy]]{{·}} [[Lithotripsy]]{{·}} [[Kidney transplantation]]{{·}} [[Renal biopsy]]
|- style="background:#BBEEBB;"
| [[Male reproductive system|Male reproductive]]
| [[Phalloplasty]]{{·}} [[Scrotoplasty]]
| [[Vasectomy]]{{·}} [[Penectomy]]{{·}} [[Orchidectomy]]{{·}} [[Prostatectomy]]{{·}}[[Circumcision|Posthectomy]]{{·}} [[Gonadectomy]]
| [[Vasovasostomy]] {{·}} [[Vasoepididymostomy]]
| [[Meatotomy]]
| [[Circumcision]]{{·}} [[Foreskin restoration]]{{·}} [[Orchiopexy]]{{·}} [[Prostate biopsy]]
|- style="background:#BBEEBB;"
| [[Female reproductive system|Female reproductive]]
| [[Vaginoplasty]]{{·}} [[Vulvoplasty]]{{·}}[[Clitoroplasty]]{{·}} [[Labiaplasty]]{{·}} [[Tuboplasty]]{{·}}[[Fimbrioplasty]]
| [[Trachelectomy|Cervicectomy]]{{·}} [[Clitoridectomy]]{{·}} [[Oophorectomy]]{{·}} [[Salpingoophorectomy]]{{·}} [[Salpingectomy]]{{·}} [[Hysterectomy]]{{·}}   [[Vaginectomy]]{{·}} [[Vestibulectomy]]{{·}} [[Vulvectomy]]
| [[tuboplasty|Salpingostomy]]
| [[Amniotomy]]{{·}} [[Clitoridotomy]]{{·}} [[Hysterotomy]]{{·}} [[Hymenotomy]]{{·}} [[Episiotomy]]{{·}} [[Symphysiotomy]]
| [[Tubal ligation]]{{·}} [[Tubal reversal]]{{·}} [[Colporrhaphy]]{{·}} [[Cesarean section]]{{·}} [[Hymenorrhaphy]]{{·}} [[Endometrial biopsy]]
|- style="background:WhiteSmoke;"
| [[Bone]],<br />[[cartilage]],<br />and [[joint]]
|
bone: [[Acromioplasty]]{{·}} [[Khyphoplasty]]{{·}} [[Mentoplasty]]{{·}} [[Acromioplasty]]

joint: [[Arthroplasty]]{{·}} [[Rotationplasty]]
|
bone: [[Ostectomy]] ([[Arytenoidectomy]]{{·}}[[Femoral head ostectomy]]{{·}} [[Vertebrectomy]]{{·}} [[Coccygectomy]]{{·}} [[Astragalectomy]]){{·}}[[Corpectomy]]{{·}} [[Facetectomy]]{{·}} [[Laminectomy]] ([[Hemilaminectomy]])

joint: [[Synovectomy]]{{·}} [[Discectomy]]
|
| bone: [[Osteotomy]]

joint: [[Arthrotomy]]{{·}} [[Laminotomy]]{{·}} [[Foraminotomy]]
|
bone: [[Epiphysiodesis]]

joint: [[Arthrodesis]]{{·}} [[Arthroscopy]]{{·}} [[Tommy John surgery|Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction]]
|- style="background:Linen;"
| [[Muscle]] or<br />[[soft tissue]]
|
| [[Bursectomy]]{{·}} ''amputation'' ([[Hemicorporectomy]], [[Hemipelvectomy]])
|
| [[Myotomy]]{{·}} [[Tenotomy]]{{·}} [[Fasciotomy]]
| [[Muscle biopsy]]{{·}} [[Amputation]]{{·}} [[Tendon transfer]]
|- style="background:Linen;"
| [[Breast]]
| [[Mammoplasty]]
| [[Lumpectomy]]{{·}} [[Mastectomy]]
|
|
| [[Breast implant]]{{·}} [[Mastopexy]]{{·}} [[Breast reconstruction]]{{·}} [[Breast reduction plasty]]
|- style="background:Linen;"
| [[Human skin|Skin]]
| [[V-plasty]]{{·}} [[VY-plasty]]{{·}} [[W-plasty]]{{·}} [[Z-plasty]]
|
|
| [[Escharotomy]]
| [[Skin biopsy]]
|-
| Other/ungrouped
| [[Abdominoplasty]]{{·}} [[Hernioplasty]]{{·}} [[Frenuloplasty]]{{·}} [[Z-plasty]]
| [[Diverticulectomy]]{{·}} [[Frenectomy]]{{·}} [[Hemorrhoidectomy]]{{·}} [[Mastoidectomy]]{{·}} [[Thrombectomy]]{{·}} [[Embolectomy]]{{·}} [[Ganglionectomy]]{{·}} [[Lobectomy]]{{·}} [[Myomectomy]]{{·}} [[Panniculectomy]]
| [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]]
| [[Fistulotomy]]{{·}} [[Laparotomy]]{{·}} [[Myringotomy]]{{·}} [[Sphincterotomy]]{{·}} [[Commissurotomy]]
| [[Abdominal surgery]]{{·}} [[Inguinal hernia surgery]]{{·}} [[Biopsy]]{{·}} [[Broström procedure|Brostrom procedure]]{{·}} [[Cauterization]]{{·}} [[Medical grafting|Grafting]]{{·}} [[Hypnosurgery]]{{·}} [[Laparoscopy]]{{·}} [[NOTES]]{{·}} [[Nuss procedure]]{{·}} [[Radiosurgery]]{{·}}
|}

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Cardiac surgery]]
* [[Drain (surgery)|Surgical drain]]
* [[Endoscopy]]
* [[Fluorescence image-guided surgery]]
* [[Hypnosurgery]]
* [[Jet ventilation]]
* [[List of -ectomies]]
* [[List of -otomies]]
* [[List of -ostomies]]
* [[:Category:Surgical procedures and techniques]]

{{colend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mmcts.org Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery]

[[Category:Surgical procedures and techniques]]