Editing List of prominent operas

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

Since the [[origins of opera]] in late 16th century Italy, a central [[repertoire]] has developed, shepherded by [[List of major opera composers|major opera composers]]. The earliest major opera composer is generally considered to be [[Claudio Monteverdi]],{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=18}} who wrote the first prominent opera, ''[[L'Orfeo]]'', followed by two others. Throughout the later 17th century, his successor [[Francesco Cavalli]] and the Englishman [[Henry Purcell]] wrote numerous prominent operas. The early 18th century was dominated by the operas of [[George Frideric Handel]], while other important works include Pepusch's ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'', Pergolesi's' ''[[La serva padrona]]'', and various works by [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]].

This list provides a guide to the most prominent operas, as determined by their presence on a majority of [[#Lists consulted|selected compiled lists]], which date from between 1984 and 2000. The operas included cover all important genres, and include all operas regularly performed today, from seventeenth-century works to late twentieth-century operas. The brief accompanying notes offer an explanation as to why each opera has been considered important. The organisation of the list is by year of first performance, or, if this was long after the [[composer]]'s death, approximate date of composition.

==1600–1699==
[[File:Bernardo Strozzi - Claudio Monteverdi (c.1630).jpg|thumb|[[Claudio Monteverdi]] by [[Bernardo Strozzi]], 1640]]
* 1607 ''[[L'Orfeo]]'' ([[Claudio Monteverdi]]). Widely regarded as the first operatic masterwork.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=John Whenham |author=John Whenham |title=Orfeo (i) |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O005849 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1640 ''[[Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria]]'' (Monteverdi). Monteverdi's first opera for Venice, based on Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', displays the composer's mastery of portrayal of genuine individuals as opposed to stereotypes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Ellen Rosand |author=Ellen Rosand|title=Ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, Il |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004922 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1642 ''[[L'incoronazione di Poppea]]'' (Monteverdi). Monteverdi's last opera, composed for a Venetian audience, is often performed today. Its Venetian context helps to explain the complete absence of the moralizing tone often associated with opera of this time.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Ellen Rosand|title=Incoronazione di Poppea, L' |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O902316 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1644 ''[[Ormindo]]'' ([[Francesco Cavalli]]). One of the first of Cavalli's operas to be revived in the 20th century, ''Ormindo'' is considered one of his more attractive works.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Ellen Rosand|title=Ormindo |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004544 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1649 ''[[Giasone]]'' (Cavalli). In ''Giasone'' Cavalli, for the first time, separated [[aria]] and [[recitative]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Ellen Rosand|title=Giasone |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O003539 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref> ''Giasone'' was the most popular opera of the 17th century.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=191}}
* 1651 ''[[La Calisto]]'' (Cavalli). Ninth of the eleven operas that Cavalli wrote with Faustini is noted for its satire of the deities of classical mythology.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Martha Novak Clinkscale|title=Calisto |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004390 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1683 ''[[Dido and Aeneas]]'' ([[Henry Purcell]]). Often considered to be the first genuine English-language operatic masterwork. Not first performed in 1689 at a girls' school, as is commonly believed, but at Charles II's court in 1683.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Curtis Price |author=Curtis Price|title=Dido and Aeneas|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006883 |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1692 ''[[The Fairy-Queen]]'' (Purcell). A [[semi-opera]] rather than a genuine opera, this is often thought to be Purcell's finest dramatic work.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Curtis Price|title=Fairy-Queen, The |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009948 |date=2002 |isbn=9781561592630 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==1700–1749==
[[File:Haendel.jpg|thumb|[[George Frideric Handel]] by Balthasar Denner, 1733]]
* 1710 ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' (Handel). Handel's last opera that he composed in Italy was a great success,{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=418}} and established his reputation as a composer of Italian opera.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Anthony Hicks |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Agrippina |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O900058 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1711 ''[[Rinaldo (opera)|Rinaldo]]'' (Handel). Handel's first opera for the London stage was also the first all-Italian opera performed on the London stage.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Rinaldo |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004199 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1724 ''[[Giulio Cesare]]'' (Handel). Noted for the richness of its orchestration.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Giulio Cesare in Egitto (ii) |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004424 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1724 ''[[Tamerlano]]'' (Handel).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Tamerlano (opera by Handel) |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O007352 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref> Described by [[Anthony Hicks]], writing in ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', as possessing a "taut dramatic power".<ref name="Hicks-Handel">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Handel [Händel, Hendel], George Frideric |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40060 |date=2001 |orig-year=2001}}</ref>
* 1725 ''[[Rodelinda (opera)|Rodelinda]]'' (Handel). ''Rodelinda'' is often praised{{by whom|date=April 2022}} for the fullness of the melodic writing among Handel's output.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Rodelinda |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004237 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1728 ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'' ([[Johann Christoph Pepusch]]). A satire of Italian ''[[opera seria]]'' based on a play by [[John Gay]], the ballad opera format of ''The Beggar's Opera'' has proved popular even up to the current time.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Robert D. Hume |title=Beggar's Opera, The |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O002751 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1731 ''[[Acis and Galatea (Handel)|Acis and Galatea]]'' (Handel). Handel's only work for the theatre that is set to an English libretto.<ref name="Orrey">{{harvnb|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=64}}</ref>
* 1733 ''[[Orlando (opera)|Orlando]]'' (Handel).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Orlando (ii)|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O903662 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref> An opera that is described by [[Anthony Hicks]] as "remarkable"<ref name="Hicks-Handel" /> and by Orrey as one of Handel's "best works".<ref name="Orrey" />
* 1733 ''[[La serva padrona]]'' ([[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi]]). Became a model for many of the ''[[opera buffa]]s'' that followed it, including those of Mozart.{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|pp=90–91}}
* 1733 ''[[Hippolyte et Aricie]]'' ([[Jean-Philippe Rameau]]). Rameau's first opera caused great controversy at its premiere.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Graham Sadler |title=Hippolyte et Aricie |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009340 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1735 ''[[Ariodante]]'' (Handel). Both this opera and ''Alcina'' enjoy high critical reputations today.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Ariodante|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O900182 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1735 ''[[Alcina]]'' (Handel). Both this work and ''Ariodante'' were part of Handel's first opera season at [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Alcina |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O900075 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1735 ''[[Les Indes galantes]]'' (Rameau). In this work Rameau added emotional depth and power to the traditionally lighter form of ''[[opéra-ballet]]''.<ref name="Graham Sadler 2002">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Graham Sadler |title=Platée |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O903916 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1737 ''[[Castor et Pollux]]'' (Rameau). Initially only a moderate success, when it was revived in 1754 ''Castor et Pollux'' was regarded as Rameau's finest achievement.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Graham Sadler |title=Indes galantes, Les  |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O005181 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1738 ''[[Serse]]'' (Handel). Deviation from the usual model of ''opera seria'', ''Serse'' contains many comic elements rare in Handel's other works.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Hicks |title=Serse |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O904536 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1740 ''[[Alfred (Arne opera)|Alfred]]'' ([[Thomas Arne]]). An English opera of all times, famous for the patriotic song "Rule Britannia". 
* 1744 ''[[Semele (Handel)|Semele]]'' (Handel). Originally performed as an [[oratorio]], Semele's dramatic qualities have often led to the work being performed on the opera stage in modern times.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Stanley Sadie |author=Stanley Sadie |title=Semele (ii)|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O904697 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1745 ''[[Platée]]'' (Rameau). Rameau's most famous comic opera. Originally a court entertainment, a 1754 revival proved extremely popular with French audiences.<ref name="Graham Sadler 2002"/>

==1750–1799==
[[File:Martini bologna mozart 1777.jpg|thumb|[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] aged 21 in 1777]]
* 1760 ''[[La buona figliuola]]'' ([[Niccolò Piccinni]]). Piccinni's work was initially immensely popular throughout Europe. By 1790 over 70 productions of the opera had been produced and it had been performed in all the major European cities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Mary Hunter |title=Buona figliuola, La |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009956 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1762 ''[[Orfeo ed Euridice]]'' ([[Christoph Willibald Gluck]]). Gluck's most popular opera. The first work in which the composer tried to reform the excesses of Italian ''[[opera seria]]''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=375–376}}
* 1762 ''[[Artaxerxes (opera)|Artaxerxes]]''  ([[Thomas Arne]]). The first ''[[opera seria]]'' in English. After Metastasio's 1729 libretto ''[[Artaserse]]''. 
* 1767 ''[[Alceste (Gluck)|Alceste]]'' (Gluck). Gluck's second "reform" opera, nowadays usually given in its French revision of 1776.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=378–379}}
* 1768 ''[[Bastien und Bastienne]]'' ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]). Mozart's one-act ''[[Singspiel]]'' was set to a parody of Rousseau's ''[[Le devin du village]]''.<ref name="Rushton">[[Julian Rushton]], writing in ''Grove''{{Full citation needed|date=November 2018}}<!--title of article, id "Grove" (i.e., Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed.? Grove Dictionary of Opera? New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians?--></ref>
* 1770 ''[[Mitridate, re di Ponto]]'' (Mozart). Composed when Mozart was 14, ''Mitridate'' was written for a demanding cast of star singers.<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1772 ''[[Lucio Silla]]'' (Mozart). from Mozart's teenage years, was not revived until 1929 after its initial run of 25 performances.<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1774 ''[[Iphigénie en Aulide]]'' (Gluck). Gluck's first opera for Paris.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=381}}
* 1775 ''[[La finta giardiniera]]'' (Mozart). Generally recognised as Mozart's first ''opera buffa'' of significance.<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1775 ''[[Il re pastore]]'' (Mozart). Mozart's last opera of his adolescence was set to a libretto by [[Metastasio]].<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1777 ''[[Il mondo della luna]]'' ([[Joseph Haydn]]). Last of three that Haydn set to libretti by [[Carlo Goldoni]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Caryl Clark |title=Mondo della luna, Il (ii) |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009280|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1777 ''[[Armide (Gluck)|Armide]]'' (Gluck). Gluck used a libretto originally set by Lully for this French work, his favourite among his own operas.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=393}}
* 1779 ''[[Iphigénie en Tauride]]'' (Gluck). Gluck's "last and perhaps greatest masterpiece".{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=370}}
* 1781 ''[[Idomeneo]]'' (Mozart). Usually thought of as Mozart's first mature opera, ''Idomeneo'' was composed after a lengthy break from the stage.{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=110}}
* 1782 ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' (Mozart). Often thought of as the first of Mozart's comic masterpieces, this work is frequently performed today.<ref name="Orrey p. 113">{{harvnb|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=113}}</ref>
* 1782 ''[[Il barbiere di Siviglia (Paisiello)|Il barbiere di Siviglia]]'' ([[Giovanni Paisiello]]). Paisiello's most famous comic opera, later eclipsed by Rossini's work of the same name.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=752}}
* 1786 ''[[Der Schauspieldirektor]]'' (Mozart). Another ''Singspiel'' with much spoken dialogue taken from plays of that time, the plot of ''Der Schauspieldirektor'' features two sopranos vying to become ''prima donna'' in a newly assembled company. Premiered together with [[Antonio Salieri]]'s ''[[Prima la musica e poi le parole]]''<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1786 ''[[The Marriage of Figaro|Le nozze di Figaro]]'' (Mozart). The first of the famous series of Mozart operas set to libretti by [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]] is now Mozart's most popular opera.<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1787 ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' (Mozart). Second of the operas that Mozart set to Da Ponte's libretti, Don Giovanni has provided a puzzle for writers and philosophers ever since its composition.<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1790 ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (Mozart). Third and last of the operas that Mozart set to libretti by Da Ponte, ''Così fan tutte'' was scarcely performed throughout the 19th century, as the plot was considered to be immoral.{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=107}}
* 1791 ''[[La clemenza di Tito]]'' (Mozart). Mozart's last opera before his early death was extremely popular until 1830, after which the work's popularity and critical reputation began to decline; they did not return to their former levels until after the Second World War.<ref name="Rushton" />
* 1791 ''[[The Magic Flute|Die Zauberflöte]]'' (Mozart). Has been described as "the apotheosis of the ''Singspiel''", ''Die Zauberflöte'' was denigrated during the 19th century as confused and lacking in definition.<ref name="Orrey p. 113"/>
* 1792 ''[[Il matrimonio segreto]]'' ([[Domenico Cimarosa]]). Usually regarded as Cimarosa's best opera,{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=114}} [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Leopold II]] enjoyed the three-hour-long premiere so much that, after dinner, he compelled the singers to repeat the opera later during that same day.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Gordana Lazarevich |author=Gordana Lazarevich |title=Matrimonio segreto, Il |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O008882 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1797 ''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Médée]]'' ([[Luigi Cherubini]]). Only French opera of the [[French Revolution|Revolutionary]] period to be regularly performed today. A famous showcase for [[soprano]]s such as [[Maria Callas]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=210–211}}

==1800–1832==
[[File:Rossini-portrait-0.jpg|thumb|[[Gioachino Rossini]]]]
* 1805 ''[[Fidelio]]'' ([[Ludwig van Beethoven]]). Beethoven's only opera was inspired by the composer's passion for political liberty.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=59}}
* 1807 ''[[La vestale (Spontini)|La vestale]]'' ([[Gaspare Spontini]]). Spontini's opera about a [[vestal virgin]] in love was a great influence on [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] and a forerunner of French [[grand opera]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=1002–1004}}
* 1812 ''[[La scala di seta]]'' ([[Gioachino Rossini]]). An early Rossini work, this opera is outright ''[[farsa]] comica''.<ref name="Osborne">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Richard Osborne|title=Scala di seta, La ('The Silken Ladder')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009899|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1813 ''[[L'italiana in Algeri]]'' (Rossini). This opera is described by Richard Osborne, writing in [[Grove Music Online]], as "Rossini's first ''buffo'' masterpiece in the fully fledged two-act form".<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1813 ''[[Tancredi]]'' (Rossini). This ''melodramma eroico'' was described by poet [[Giuseppe Carpani]] thus: "It is [[wikt:cantilena|cantilena]] and always cantilena: beautiful cantilena, new cantilena, magic cantilena, rare cantilena".<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1814 ''[[Il turco in Italia]]'' (Rossini). This opera stands out among Rossini's output for its frequent ensembles and absence of aria.<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1816 ''[[The Barber of Seville|Il barbiere di Siviglia]]'' (Rossini). This work has become Rossini's most popular ''opera buffa''.<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1816 ''[[Otello (Rossini)|Otello]]'' (Rossini). The composer [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]] described the third act of ''Otello'' thus: "The third act of Otello established its reputation so firmly that a thousand errors could not shake it".<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1817 ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' (Rossini). Rossini's comedy was composed in just over three weeks.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
  | last1 =Osborne
  | first1 =Richard
  | encyclopedia = [[Grove Music Online]]
  | title = Cenerentola, La [La Cenerentola, ossia La bontà in trionfo ('Cinderella, or Goodness Triumphant')]
  | year =2002
  | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| doi =10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O008249
 }}</ref>
* 1817 ''[[La gazza ladra]]'' (Rossini). In this opera Rossini drew upon [[French opera|French]] [[rescue opera]].<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1818 ''[[Mosè in Egitto]]'' (Rossini). This work was originally conceived of as a sacred drama suitable for performance during [[Lent]].<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1819 ''[[La donna del lago]]'' (Rossini). Another Romantic-era opera inspired by the works of [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]].<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1821 ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' ([[Carl Maria von Weber]]). Weber's masterpiece was the first great German Romantic opera.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1212–1214}}
* 1823 ''[[Euryanthe]]'' (von Weber). Despite its weak libretto, ''Euryanthe'' had a great influence on later German operas, including Wagner's ''Lohengrin''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=1214–1215}}
* 1823 ''[[Semiramide]]'' (Rossini). This is the last opera that Rossini composed in Italy.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
  | last1 =Osborne
  | first1 =Richard
  | encyclopedia = [[Grove Music Online]]
  | title = Semiramide ('Semiramis')
  | year =2002
  | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
 | doi =10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O904698
 }}</ref>
* 1825 ''[[La dame blanche]]'' ([[François-Adrien Boieldieu]]). Boieldieu's most successful ''[[opéra comique]]'' was one of many 19th century works inspired by the novels of [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]].{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=136}}
* 1826 ''[[Le siège de Corinthe]]'' (Rossini). For this work Rossini heavily revised his earlier ''Maometto II'', placing the action in a different setting.<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1826 ''[[Oberon (Weber)|Oberon, or The Elf-King's Oath]]'' (von Weber). Weber's last opera before his early death.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Clive Brown|title=Weber, Carl Maria (Friedrich Ernst) von|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004022|date=2002 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1827 ''[[Il pirata]]'' ([[Vincenzo Bellini]]). Bellini's second professional production established his international reputation.<ref name="Simon Maguire, writing in Grove">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Clive Maguire|author2=Elizabeth Forbes|title=Pirata, Il ('The Pirate')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O003633|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1828 ''[[Der Vampyr]]'' ([[Heinrich Marschner]]). Marschner was a key link between Weber and Wagner, as this Gothic opera shows.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/194143336|title=HEINRICH MARSCHNER AND HIS OPERA "DER VAMPYR".|last=Palmer|first=Allen Dean|year=1975|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|type=Master's thesis|access-date=27 August 2022|id={{ProQuest|194143336}} }}</ref>
* 1828 ''[[Le comte Ory]]'' (Rossini). Rossini's opera has enjoyed a high critical reputation throughout the years: 19th-century critic Henry Chorley said that "there is not a bad melody, there is not an ugly bar in ''Le comte Ory''", and Richard Osborne, writing in [[Grove Music Online]], calls details that the work is one of the "wittiest, most stylish and most urbane of all comic operas".<ref name="Osborne" />
* 1829 ''[[La straniera]]'' (Bellini). ''La straniera'' is rare among ''bel canto'' operas in that it offers remarkably few opportunities for vocal ostentation.<ref name="Simon Maguire, writing in Grove"/>
* 1829 ''[[William Tell (opera)|Guillaume Tell]]'' (Rossini). Rossini's last opera before his retirement is a tale of liberty set in the [[Swiss Alps]]. It helped to establish the genre of French [[Grand Opera]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=884, 917–918}}
* 1830 ''[[Anna Bolena]]'' ([[Gaetano Donizetti]]). This was Donizetti's first success on the international scene and helped greatly to establish his reputation.<ref name="Ashbrook">{{Cite journal|title=Anna Bolena|last=Ashbrook|first=William|year=1965|journal=The Musical Times|volume=106|number=1468|pages=432–436|doi=10.2307/951045|jstor=951045 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/951045}}</ref>
* 1830 ''[[Fra Diavolo (opera)|Fra Diavolo]]'' ([[Daniel Auber]]). One of the most popular ''[[opéra comique]]s'' of the 19th century, Auber's tale loosely based on an important Neapolitan rebel leader even inspired a film by [[Laurel and Hardy]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=38}}
* 1830 ''[[I Capuleti e i Montecchi]]'' (Bellini). Bellini's version of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=66}}
* 1831 ''[[La sonnambula]]'' (Bellini). The concertato "D'un pensiero e d'un accento" from the finale of Act 1 of this work was later parodied by [[Arthur Sullivan]] in ''[[Trial by Jury]]''.<ref name="Budden">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The New Grove Dictionary of Opera|volume=4|title=La sonnambula|last1=Budden|first1=Julian|last2=Forbes|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Maguire|first3=Simon|year=1998|editor-last=Sadie|editor-first=Stanley}}</ref>
* 1831 ''[[Norma (opera)|Norma]]'' (Bellini). Bellini's best-known opera, paradigm of Romantic operas. The final act of this work is often noted for the originality of its orchestration.{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=132}}
* 1831 ''[[Robert le diable]]'' ([[Giacomo Meyerbeer]]). Meyerbeer's first [[Grand Opera]] for Paris caused a sensation with its ballet of dead nuns.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=659–660}}
* 1832 ''[[L'elisir d'amore]]'' (Donizetti). This work was the most often performed opera in Italy between 1838 and 1848.<ref name="Ashbrook" />

==1833–1849==
[[File:Gaetano Donizetti 1.jpg|thumb|[[Gaetano Donizetti]]]]
* 1833 ''[[Beatrice di Tenda]]'' ([[Vincenzo Bellini]]). Bellini's tragedy is notable for its extensive use of the chorus.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=70}}
* 1833 ''[[Hans Heiling]]'' ([[Heinrich Marschner]]). Another important Gothic horror opera from Marschner.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=609}}
* 1833 ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)|Lucrezia Borgia]]'' ([[Gaetano Donizetti]]). One of Donizetti's most popular scores.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=277}}
* 1834 ''[[Maria Stuarda]]'' (Donizetti). This work was dismissed as a failure in the 19th century, but since its revival in 1958 it has made frequent appearances on stage.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=278}}
* 1835 ''[[Das Liebesverbot]]'' ([[Richard Wagner]]). An early work by Wagner loosely based on Shakespeare's ''[[Measure for Measure]]''. The composer later disowned it.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1176}}
* 1835 ''[[I puritani]]'' (Bellini). Bellini's drama, set during the [[English Civil War]], is one of his finest achievements.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=71}}
* 1835 ''[[La Juive]]'' ([[Fromental Halévy]]). This grand opera rivalled the works of Meyerbeer in popularity. The tenor aria "Rachel quand du seigneur" is particularly famous.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=412}}
* 1835 ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]'' (Donizetti). Donizetti's most famous tragic opera, notable for Lucia's mad scene.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=280}}
* 1836 ''[[A Life for the Tsar]]'' ([[Mikhail Glinka]]). Glinka established the tradition of Russian opera with this historical work and the later ''Ruslan and Lyudmila''.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=246 ff}}
* 1836 ''[[Les Huguenots]]'' ([[Giacomo Meyerbeer]]). Perhaps the most famous of all French grand operas, widely regarded as Meyerbeer's masterpiece.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=660}}
* 1837 ''[[Roberto Devereux]]'' (Donizetti). Donizetti wrote this work as a distraction from the grief he felt at the death of his wife.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=282}}
* 1838 ''[[Benvenuto Cellini (opera)|Benvenuto Cellini]]'' ([[Hector Berlioz]]). Berlioz's first opera is a virtuoso score which is still highly difficult to perform.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=92}}
* 1839 ''[[Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio]]'' ([[Giuseppe Verdi]]). Verdi's first opera is a sensational melodrama.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1125}}
* 1840 ''[[La favorite]]'' (Donizetti). A grand opera in the French tradition.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=285}}
* 1840 ''[[La fille du régiment]]'' (Donizetti). Donizetti's venture into French ''opéra comique''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=285}}
* 1840 ''[[Bátori Mária]] ''(Erkel). Erkel's first opera was also the first true opera written in Hungarian and is based on the story of Ines de Castro in ''[[Camões]]''' ''[[Os Lusiadas]]'', the Portuguese national epic.<ref name=Penguin265>''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', p. 265</ref>
* 1840 ''[[Un giorno di regno]]'' (Verdi). Verdi's only comedy apart from his last opera, ''Falstaff''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1125}}
* 1842 ''[[Der Wildschütz]]'' ([[Albert Lortzing]]). Lortzing's "comic masterpiece", intended to show a German work could rival Italian ''opera buffa'' and French ''opéra comique''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=584}}
* 1842 ''[[Nabucco]]'' (Verdi). Verdi described this opera as the genuine beginning of his artistic career.<ref name="Parker">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Roger Parker|title=Nabucco [Nabucodonosor]|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O008126|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1842 ''[[Rienzi|Rienzi, der letzte der Tribunen]]'' (Wagner). Wagner's contribution to the [[Grand Opera]] tradition.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1177}}
* 1842 ''[[Ruslan and Lyudmila (opera)|Ruslan and Lyudmila]]'' (Glinka). This episodic version of a [[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]] fairy tale was a major influence on later Russian composers.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=368}}
* 1843 ''[[Der fliegende Holländer]]'' (Wagner). Wagner regarded this German Romantic opera as the true beginning of his career.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1179}}
* 1843 ''[[Don Pasquale]]'' (Donizetti). Donizetti's "comic masterpiece" is one of the last great ''opera buffas''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=288}}
* 1843 ''[[I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]'' (Verdi). Verdi's follow-up to ''Nabucco'' was the first of his operas to be performed in America.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1127}}
* 1843 ''[[The Bohemian Girl]]'' ([[Michael William Balfe|Michael Balfe]]). One of the few notable 19th-century English-language operas apart from the works of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=48}}
* 1844 ''[[Hunyadi László (opera)|Hunyadi László]]'' (Erkel). Erkel's second opera is generally considered his best, but is second in popularity to his later opera ''[[Bánk Bán]]'' which is considered the Hungarian "National Opera".<ref name=Penguin265 />
* 1844 ''[[Ernani]]'' (Verdi). One of the most dramatically effective of Verdi's early works.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1128}}
* 1845 ''[[Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf Wartburg]]'' (Wagner). Wagner's "most medieval work" depicts the conflict between pagan love and Christian virtue.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1181}}
* 1846 ''[[Attila (opera)|Attila]]'' (Verdi). Verdi was troubled by ill health during the writing of this piece, which was only a moderate success at the premiere.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1132}}
* 1846 ''[[La damnation de Faust]]'' (Berlioz). Frustrated at his lack of opera commissions, Berlioz composed this "dramatic legend" for concert performance. In recent years, it has been successfully staged as an opera, though the critic [[David Cairns (writer)|David Cairns]] describes it as "cinematic".{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=94}}
* 1847 ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]'' (Verdi). Verdi's first venture into Shakespeare.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1132}}
* 1847 ''[[Martha (opera)|Martha]]'' ([[Friedrich von Flotow]]). Flotow unashamedly aimed at satisfying popular taste in this comic and sentimental work set in the England of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=328}}
* 1849 ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]'' ([[Otto Nicolai]]). Nicolai's only German opera has been his most lasting success.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=726}}
* 1849 ''[[Le prophète]]'' (Meyerbeer). A grand opera about the life of the religious fanatic, [[John of Leiden]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=661}}
* 1849 ''[[Luisa Miller]]'' (Verdi). Fans of Verdi think that this setting of [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]]'s "bourgeois tragedy" has been underrated.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1138}}

==1850–1875==
[[File:RichardWagner.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Wagner]]]]
* 1850 ''[[Genoveva]]'' ([[Robert Schumann]]). Schumann's only excursion into opera was a relative failure, though the work has had its admirers from [[Franz Liszt]] to [[Nikolaus Harnoncourt]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=968}}
* 1850 ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' ([[Richard Wagner]]). The last of Wagner's "middle period" works.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|pp=1184–86}}
* 1850 ''[[Stiffelio]]'' ([[Giuseppe Verdi]]). Verdi's tale of adultery among members of a German Protestant sect fell foul of the censors.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1139}}
* 1851 ''[[Rigoletto]]'' (Verdi). The first – and most innovative – of three middle period Verdi operas which have become staples of the repertoire.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=192}}
* 1853 ''[[Il trovatore]]'' (Verdi). This Romantic melodrama is one of Verdi's most tuneful scores.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=193}}
* 1853 ''[[La traviata]]'' (Verdi). The role of Violetta, the "fallen woman" of the title, is one of the most famous vehicles for the soprano voice.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1143}}
* 1855 ''[[Les vêpres siciliennes]]'' (Verdi). Verdi's opera displays the strong influence of Meyerbeer.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1144}}
* 1858 ''[[Der Barbier von Bagdad]]'' ([[Peter Cornelius]]). An oriental comedy drawing on the tradition of German Romantic opera.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=228}}
* 1858 ''[[Orphée aux Enfers]]'' ([[Jacques Offenbach]]). Offenbach's first full-length [[operetta]], this cynical and satirical piece is still immensely popular today.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=735}}
* 1858 ''[[Les Troyens]]'' ([[Hector Berlioz]]). Berlioz's greatest opera and the culmination of the French Classical tradition.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=94}}
* 1859 ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' ([[Charles Gounod]]). Of all the musical settings of the [[Faust]] legend, Gounod's has been the most popular with audiences, especially in the Victorian era.<ref>''Penguin Guide to Opera on CD'', p. 114</ref>
* 1859 ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'' (Verdi). This opera ran into trouble with the censors because it originally dealt with the assassination of a monarch.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1147}}
* 1861 ''[[Bánk bán]]'' (Erkel). Erkel's third opera is considered the Hungarian "National opera".<ref>''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', p. 266</ref>
* 1862 ''[[Béatrice et Bénédict]]'' (Berlioz). The last opera Berlioz wrote is the final fruit of his lifelong admiration for Shakespeare.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=97}}
* 1862 ''[[La forza del destino]]'' (Verdi). This tragedy was commissioned by the Imperial Theatre, Saint Petersburg, and Verdi may have been influenced by the Russian tradition in the writing of his work.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1149}}
* 1863 ''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]'' ([[Georges Bizet]]). Though a relative failure at its premiere, this is Bizet's second most performed opera today and is particularly famous for its tenor/baritone duet.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=115}}
* 1864 ''[[La belle Hélène]]'' (Offenbach). Another operetta by Offenbach which pokes fun at Greek mythology.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=736}}
* 1864 ''[[Mireille (opera)|Mireille]]'' (Gounod). Gounod's work is based on the epic poem by [[Frédéric Mistral]] and makes use of Provençal folk tunes.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=397}}
* 1865 ''[[L'Africaine]]'' ([[Giacomo Meyerbeer]]). Meyerbeer's last [[Grand Opera]] received a posthumous premiere.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=664}}
* 1865 ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]'' (Wagner). This romantic tragedy is Wagner's most radical work and one of the most revolutionary pieces in music history. The "[[Tristan chord]]" began the breakdown of traditional [[tonality]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1196}}
* 1866 ''[[Mignon]]'' ([[Ambroise Thomas]]). A lyrical work inspired by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s novel ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]'', this was Thomas's most successful opera along with ''Hamlet''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1098}}
* 1866 ''[[The Bartered Bride]]'' ([[Bedřich Smetana]]). Smetana's folk comedy is the most widely performed of all his operas.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=988}}
* 1867 ''[[Don Carlos]]'' (Verdi). Verdi's French grand opera, after Schiller, is now one of his most highly regarded works.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1152}}
* 1867 ''[[La jolie fille de Perth]]'' (Bizet). Bizet turned to a novel by Sir Walter Scott for this ''opéra comique''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=116}}
* 1867 ''[[Roméo et Juliette]]'' (Gounod). Gounod's version of Shakespeare's tragedy is his second most famous work.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=398}}
* 1868 ''[[Dalibor (opera)|Dalibor]]'' (Smetana). One of the most successful of Smetana's operas exploring themes from Czech history.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=990}}
* 1868 ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]'' (Wagner). Wagner's only comedy among his mature operas concerns the clash between artistic tradition and innovation.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1198}}
* 1868 ''[[Hamlet (Thomas)|Hamlet]]'' (Thomas). Thomas's opera takes many liberties with its Shakespearean source.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1099}}
* 1868 ''[[La Périchole]]'' (Offenbach). Set in Peru, this operetta mixes comedy and sentimentality.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=738}}
* 1868 ''[[Mefistofele]]'' ([[Arrigo Boito]]). Though most famous as a librettist for Verdi, Boito was also a composer and he spent many years working on this musical version of the Faust myth.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=131}}
* 1869 ''[[Das Rheingold]]'' (Wagner). The "preliminary evening" to Wagner's epic ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen|Ring]]'' cycle tells how the ring was forged and the curse laid upon it.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1188}}
* 1870 ''[[Die Walküre]]'' (Wagner). The second part of the ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen|Ring]]'' tells the story of the mortals Siegmund and Sieglinde and of how the [[valkyrie]] Brünnhilde disobeys her father Wotan, king of the gods.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1190}}
* 1871 ''[[Aida]]'' (Verdi). Features one of the greatest tenor arias of all time, ''Celeste Aida''.
* 1874 ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' ([[Modest Mussorgsky]]). Mussorgsky's great historical drama shows Russia's descent into anarchy in the early 17th century.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=718}}
* 1874 ''[[Die Fledermaus]]'' ([[Johann Strauss II]]). Probably the most popular of all operettas.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1020}}
* 1874 ''[[The Two Widows]]'' (Smetana). Another comedy by Smetana, the only one of his operas with a non-Czech subject.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=992}}
* 1875 ''[[Carmen]]'' (Bizet). Probably the most famous of all French operas. Critics at the premiere were shocked by Bizet's blend of romanticism and realism.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=118}}

==1876–1899==
[[File:Giuseppe Verdi by Giovanni Boldini.jpg|thumb|[[Giuseppe Verdi]] by [[Giovanni Boldini]], 1886]]
* 1876 ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]'' ([[Richard Wagner]]). The third part of the ''[[Ring of the Nibelung|Ring]]'' sees the hero Siegfried slay the dragon Fafner, win the ring and free Brunhilde from her enchantment.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1191}}
* 1876 ''[[Götterdämmerung]]'' (Wagner). In the final part of the ''Ring'', the curse takes effect leading to the deaths of Siegfried and Brünnhilde and the destruction of the gods themselves.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1192}}
* 1876 ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'' ([[Amilcare Ponchielli]]). Apart from Verdi's ''Aida'', this is the only Italian grand opera to have stayed in international repertory.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1877 ''[[L'étoile (opera)|L'étoile]]'' ([[Emmanuel Chabrier]]). This comic piece has been described as "a cross between ''Carmen'' and Gilbert and Sullivan, with plenty of Offenbach thrown in".<ref>''Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Discs'', p. 53</ref>
* 1877 ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson et Dalila]]'' ([[Camille Saint-Saëns]]). An opera with that was heavily influenced by those of Wagner.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Hugh Macdonald|title=Samson et Dalila ('Samson and Delilah')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O904621|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1879 ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]). Tchaikovsky's most popular opera, based on the verse novel by [[Alexander Pushkin]]. The composer strongly identified with the heroine Tatyana.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1087}}
* 1881 ''[[Hérodiade]]'' ([[Jules Massenet]]). An opera telling the Biblical story of [[Salome]], Massenet's work was eclipsed by Richard Strauss's treatment of the same subject.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=624}}
* 1881 ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann|Les contes d'Hoffmann]]'' ([[Jacques Offenbach]]). Offenbach's attempt at writing a more serious work remained unfinished at his death. Nevertheless, this is his most widely performed opera today.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=738}}
* 1881 ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'' ([[Giuseppe Verdi]]). Verdi heavily revised this opera over twenty years after it was first performed.<ref name="Parker" />
* 1882 ''[[Parsifal]]'' (Wagner). Wagner's last opera is a "festival play" about the legend of the [[Holy Grail]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1201}}
* 1882 ''[[The Snow Maiden|The Snow Maiden: A Spring Fairy Tale]]'' ([[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]). One of Rimsky-Korsakov's most lyrical works.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=866}}
* 1883 ''[[Lakmé]]'' ([[Léo Delibes]]). This ''opéra comique'' set in the [[British Raj]] in India is famous for its "Flower Duet" and "Bell Song".{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=252}}
* 1884 ''[[Le Villi]]'' (Puccini). An early operatic work by Puccini with plenty of opportunity for dance.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=807}}
* 1884 ''[[Manon]]'' (Massenet). Massenet's most enduringly popular work along with ''Werther''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=625}}
* 1885 ''[[Der Zigeunerbaron]]'' ([[Johann Strauss II]]). Strauss's operetta was intended to soothe tensions between Austrians and Hungarians in the Habsburg empire.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1022}}
* 1886 ''[[Khovanshchina]]'' ([[Modest Mussorgsky]]). Mussorgsky's second great epic of Russian history was left unfinished at his death.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=720}}
* 1887 ''[[Le roi malgré lui]]'' (Chabrier). Ravel claimed he would rather have written this comic opera than Wagner's ''Ring'' cycle, though the plot is notoriously confused.<ref>''Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Discs'', p. 54</ref>
* 1887 ''[[Otello]]'' (Verdi). The first of Verdi's late-period masterpieces was set to a libretto by [[Arrigo Boito]].<ref name="Parker" />
* 1888 ''[[Le roi d'Ys]]'' ([[Édouard Lalo]]). A [[Brittany|Breton]] folk tale with music heavily influenced by Wagner.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|pp=164–165}}
* 1890 ''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]'' ([[Pietro Mascagni]]). A perennial favourite with audiences around the world, this one-acter is usually performed alongside Leoncavallo's ''Pagliacci''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=618}}
* 1890 ''[[Prince Igor]]'' ([[Alexander Borodin]]). Borodin spent 17 years working on this opera off and on, yet never managed to finish it. Most famous for its "Polovtsian dances".{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=134}}
* 1890 ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]'' (Tchaikovsky). In a letter to his brother and librettist the composer said that "the opera is a masterpiece".<ref name="Taruskin">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The New Grove Dictionary of Opera|volume=4|page=669|title=Tchaikovsky|last=Taruskin|first=Richard}}</ref>
* 1891 ''[[L'amico Fritz]]'' (Mascagni). This work has been thought of as a late example of ''opera semiseria''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Peter Ross|title=Amico Fritz, L' ('Friend Fritz')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O007230|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1892 ''[[Iolanta]]'' (Tchaikovsky). Tchaikovsky's last lyrical opera set to a libretto by his brother Modest.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1094}}
* 1892 ''[[La Wally]]'' ([[Alfredo Catalani]]). Usually considered Catalani's masterpiece.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The New Grov Dictionary of Opera|year=1998|volume=4|pages=1096–1097|editor-last=Sadie|editor-first=Stanley|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|title=Wally, La}}</ref>
* 1892 ''[[Pagliacci]]'' ([[Ruggero Leoncavallo]]). One of the most famous [[verismo]] operas, usually paired with Mascagni's ''Cavalleria rusticana''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=564}}
* 1892 ''[[Werther]]'' (Massenet). Along with ''Manon'', this is Massenet's most popular opera.<ref name="Milnes">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Rodney Milnes|title=Werther|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O005411|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1893 ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'' (Verdi). Verdi's final opera was set to another of Boito's libretti.<ref name="Parker" />
* 1893 ''[[Hansel and Gretel (opera)|Hänsel und Gretel]]'' ([[Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]]). The well-known fairy tale received a full Wagnerian operatic adaptation at Humperdinck's hands.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Ian Denley|title=Humperdinck, Engelbert|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13550|date=2001}}</ref>
* 1893 ''[[Manon Lescaut (Puccini)|Manon Lescaut]]'' ([[Giacomo Puccini]]). The success of this work established Puccini's reputation as a composer of contemporary music of the first rank.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1894 ''[[Thaïs (opera)|Thaïs]]'' (Massenet). The opera that contains the famous ''Méditation'' interlude.<ref name="Milnes" />
* 1896 ''[[Andrea Chénier]]'' ([[Umberto Giordano]]). Set to a libretto by [[Luigi Illica]], this ''verismo'' drama is Giordano's most popular opera.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1896 ''[[La bohème]]'' (Puccini). Debussy is alleged to have said that no one had detailed Paris at that time better than had Puccini in ''La Boheme''.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1897 ''[[Königskinder]]'' (Humperdinck). Originally a melodrama that blended song and spoken dialogue, the composer adapted the work into an opera proper in 1907.
* 1898 ''[[Fedora (opera)|Fedora]]'' (Giordano). Giordano's second most popular opera.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1898 ''[[Sadko (opera)|Sadko]]'' (Rimsky-Korsakov). The Viking Trader's song from this opera has become extremely popular in Russia.<ref name="Taruskin"/>
* 1899 ''[[Cendrillon (Massenet)|Cendrillon]]'' (Massenet). An immediate success at the time of the premiere, the opera enjoyed 50 performances in 1899 alone.<ref name="Milnes" />
* 1899 ''[[The Devil and Kate]]'' ([[Antonín Dvořák]]). The lack of a love interest makes the plot of this work almost unique among Czech comic operas.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Jan Smaczny |title=Devil and Kate, The |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009137 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>

==1900–1920==
[[File:Richard Strauss (b).jpg|thumb|[[Richard Strauss]]]]
* 1900 ''[[Louise (opera)|Louise]]'' ([[Gustave Charpentier]]). An attempt to provide a French equivalent for Italian [[verismo]], ''Louise'' is set in a working-class district of Paris.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=203}}
* 1900 ''[[Tosca]]'' ([[Giacomo Puccini]]). ''Tosca'' is the most Wagnerian of Puccini's operas, with its frequent use of ''leitmotif''.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1901 ''[[Rusalka (opera)|Rusalka]]'' ([[Antonín Dvořák]]). Dvořák's most successful opera with international audiences, based on a folk tale about a water sprite.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=269}}
* 1902 ''[[Adriana Lecouvreur]]'' ([[Francesco Cilea]]). Unique among Cilea's operas in that it has remained in the international repertory up to the present time.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1902 ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'' ([[Claude Debussy]]). Debussy's elusive [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] drama is one of the most significant operas of the 20th century.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|pp=281–287}}
* 1902 ''[[Saul og David]]'' ([[Carl Nielsen]]). This Biblical tragedy was the first of Nielsen's two operas.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=728}}
* 1904 ''[[Jenůfa]]'' ([[Leoš Janáček]]). Janáček's first great success, a naturalistic depiction of Czech peasant life.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=304}}
* 1904 ''[[Madama Butterfly]]'' (Puccini). The first performance of Puccini's now-popular opera was a disaster involving accusations of plagiarism.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1905 ''[[Die lustige Witwe]]'' ([[Franz Lehár]]). One of the most famous Viennese operettas.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=559}}
* 1905 ''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]'' ([[Richard Strauss]]). A scandalous success at its premiere, Strauss's "decadent" opera set to [[Oscar Wilde]]'s play is still immensely popular with today's audiences.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1026}}
* 1906 ''[[Maskarade]]'' (Nielsen). Nielsen's high-spirited comedy looks back to the world of ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' and has become a classic in the composer's native Denmark.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=729}}
* 1907 ''[[A Village Romeo and Juliet]]'' ([[Frederick Delius]]). A tragedy of unhappy love set in Switzerland; the most famous music is the interlude "The Walk to the Paradise Garden".{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=256}}
* 1907 ''[[Ariane et Barbe-bleue]]'' ([[Paul Dukas]]). Dukas's only surviving opera, based like Debussy's ''Pelléas'', on a [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] drama by [[Maurice Maeterlinck|Maeterlinck]].{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=285}}
* 1907 ''[[The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya]]'' ([[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]). A mystical retelling of an old national legend. Sometimes called the Russian ''[[Parsifal]]''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=871}}
* 1907 ''[[Destiny (Janáček)|Destiny]]'' (Janáček). An important transitional work in Janáček's career as the composer began to look beyond the traditional themes of Czech opera.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=502}}
* 1909 ''[[Elektra (opera)|Elektra]]'' (Strauss). This dark tragedy took Strauss's music to the borders of [[atonality]]. It was the composer's first setting of a libretto by his long-term collaborator [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1028}}
* 1909 ''[[Il segreto di Susanna]]'' ([[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari]]). A comic intermezzo. Susanna's secret is that she smokes.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1241}}
* 1909 ''[[The Golden Cockerel]]'' (Rimsky-Korsakov). Often considered Rimsky's greatest work, this satire on military incompetence got the composer into trouble with the censors after Russia's defeat in the [[Russo-Japanese War]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=872}}
* 1910 ''[[Don Quichotte]]'' ([[Jules Massenet]]). Massenet's last great success is a gentle comedy inspired by Cervantes's ''[[Don Quixote]]''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=635}}
* 1910 ''[[La fanciulla del West]]'' (Puccini). Described by Puccini as his best work.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1911 ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' (Strauss). Strauss and Hofmannsthal's most popular work, this comedy is set in 18th century Vienna.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1029}}
* 1911 ''[[L'heure espagnole]]'' ([[Maurice Ravel]]). Ravel's first opera is a bedroom farce set in Spain.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=849}}
* 1912 ''[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]'' (Strauss). A mixture of comedy and tragedy with an opera within an opera.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1031}}
* 1912 ''[[Der ferne Klang]]'' ([[Franz Schreker]]). The success of this work established Schreker's reputation as an opera composer.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Peter Franklin|title=Ferne Klang, Der ('The Distant Sound')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O008719|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1913 ''[[La vida breve (opera)|La vida breve]]'' ([[Manuel de Falla]]). A passionate Spanish drama influenced by [[verismo]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=314}}
* 1914 ''[[The Immortal Hour]]'' ([[Rutland Boughton]]). Boughton's Celtic fairy tale opera enjoyed great popularity in Britain between the world wars.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=137}}
* 1914 ''[[The Nightingale (opera)|The Nightingale]]'' ([[Igor Stravinsky]]). Stravinsky's style changed radically during the composition of this short opera, moving away from the influence of his teacher Rimsky-Korsakov towards the spiky modernism of the ''[[The Rite of Spring|Rite of Spring]]''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1045}}
* 1916 ''[[Sāvitri (opera)|Sāvitri]]'' ([[Gustav Holst]]). Holst's interest in [[Hinduism]] led him to set this episode from the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=485}}
* 1917 ''[[Arlecchino (opera)|Arlecchino]]'' ([[Ferruccio Busoni]]). Busoni drew on the tradition of Italian ''[[commedia dell'arte]]'' for this one-act piece.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=168}}
* 1917 ''[[Eine florentinische Tragödie]]'' ([[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]). Zemlinsky's "decadent" one-acter is based on a short play by [[Oscar Wilde]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1251}}
* 1917 ''[[La rondine]]'' (Puccini). Not an initial success, Puccini heavily revised the opera twice.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1917 ''[[Palestrina (opera)|Palestrina]]'' ([[Hans Pfitzner]]). A Wagnerian drama exploring the clash between innovation and tradition in music.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=773}}
* 1918 ''[[Bluebeard's Castle]]'' ([[Béla Bartók]]). Bartók's only opera, this intense psychological drama is one of his most important works.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|pp=286–287}}
* 1918 ''[[Gianni Schicchi]]'' (Puccini). One act in structure, Puccini's work is based on an extract from Dante's ''Inferno''.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1918 ''[[Il tabarro]]'' (Puccini). The first of the operas that make up ''Il trittico'' – along with ''Gianni Schicchi'' and ''Suor Angelica''
* 1918 ''[[Suor Angelica]]'' (Puccini). Described by the composer as his favourite among the three operas that comprise ''Il trittico''.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1919 ''[[Die Frau ohne Schatten]]'' (Strauss). The third full collaboration between Strauss and the librettist Hofmannsthal gestated for six years before completion, and another two years passed before the first performance.<ref name="Murray">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=David Murray|title=Frau ohne Schatten, Die ('The Woman Without a Shadow')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009306|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1920 ''[[Die tote Stadt]]'' ([[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]]). Korngold's best known work for the stage.<ref>[[Christopher Palmer]], writing in ''Grove''</ref>
* 1920 ''[[The Excursions of Mr. Brouček to the Moon and to the 15th Century]]'' (Janáček). A comic fantasy set on the moon and in 15th century [[Bohemia]].{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=269}}

==1921–1944==
[[File:Puccini2.jpg|thumb|[[Giacomo Puccini]]]]
* 1921 ''[[Káťa Kabanová]]'' ([[Leoš Janáček]]). The first of the great operas of Janáček's late maturity, based on an [[Alexander Ostrovsky|Ostrovsky]] play about religious fanaticism and forbidden love in provincial Russia.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=505}}
* 1921 ''[[The Love for Three Oranges]]'' ([[Sergei Prokofiev]]). A comic opera based on a fairy tale by [[Carlo Gozzi]].{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=306}}
* 1922 ''[[Der Zwerg]]'' ([[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]). Another short Zemlinsky opera inspired by a work by [[Oscar Wilde]]. The composer personally identified with the dwarf of the title.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1252}}
* 1924 ''[[Erwartung]]'' ([[Arnold Schoenberg]]). An intense [[atonalism|atonal]] monodrama.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=953}}
* 1924 ''[[Hugh the Drover]]'' ([[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]). A [[ballad opera]], much of which is based on [[folksong]]s.<ref name="Kennedy">[[Michael Kennedy (music critic)|Michael Kennedy]], writing in ''Grove''</ref>
* 1924 ''[[Intermezzo (opera)|Intermezzo]]'' ([[Richard Strauss]]). A light operetta-style work based on an incident from the composer's own marriage.<ref name="Murray" />
* 1924 ''[[The Cunning Little Vixen]]'' (Janáček). One of the composer's most popular works, the story is based on a cartoon strip about animals in the Czech countryside.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=506}}
* 1925 ''[[Doktor Faust]]'' ([[Ferruccio Busoni]]). Busoni intended this opera to be the climax of his career, but it was left unfinished at his death.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=297}}
* 1925 ''[[L'enfant et les sortilèges]]'' ([[Maurice Ravel]]). Conceived as an opera-ballet, "birds, beasts, insects, even inanimate objects, teach humanity to the child".<ref>Harman A & Mellers W. ''Man and His Music: The Story of Musical Experience in the West.'' Barrie and Rockliff, London, 1962, p. 950.</ref>
* 1925 ''[[Wozzeck]]'' ([[Alban Berg]]). One of the key operas of the 20th century. Based on a strikingly unheroic plot, Berg's work blends [[atonal]] techniques with more traditional ones.{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=218}}
* 1926 ''[[Cardillac]]'' ([[Paul Hindemith]]). An opera in Hindemith's neo-classical style about a psychopathic jeweller.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=477}}
* 1926 ''[[Háry János]]'' ([[Zoltán Kodály]]). Kodálys ''singspiel'' incorporated many Hungarian folksongs and dances.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Tibor Tallián |title=Háry János |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O005826 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1926 ''[[King Roger]]'' ([[Karol Szymanowski]]). One of the most important Polish operas, this piece is full of Oriental harmonies.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1076}}
* 1926 ''[[The Makropulos Affair (opera)|The Makropulos Affair]]'' (Janáček). The first performance of ''The Makropulos Affair'' was the last that Janáček survived to see among his operas.<ref name="John Tyrrell, writing in Grove">[[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]], writing in ''Grove''{{Full citation needed|date=November 2018}}<!--title of article, id "Grove" (i.e., Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed.? Grove Dictionary of Opera? New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians?--></ref>
* 1926 ''[[Turandot]]'' ([[Giacomo Puccini]]). Puccini's last opera was left unfinished at his death.<ref name="Budden" />
* 1927 ''[[Oedipus rex (opera)|Oedipus Rex]]'' ([[Igor Stravinsky]]). Set to a Latin libretto by [[Jean Cocteau]], this highly stylised piece fuses opera and [[oratorio]].{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|pp=310–311}}
* 1927 ''[[Jonny spielt auf]]'' ([[Ernst Krenek]]). A "jazz opera" which enjoyed tremendous success in its day.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=542}}
* 1928 ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'' ([[Kurt Weill]]). A modern adaptation of Gay and Pepusch's ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]''.<ref name="Hinton">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Stephen Hinton|title=Dreigroschenoper, Die ('The Threepenny Opera')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006155|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1929 ''[[The Nose (opera)|The Nose]]'' ([[Dmitri Shostakovich]]). [[Nikolai Gogol|Gogol]]'s strange short story provided the plot for this grotesque satire.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=980}}
* 1930 ''[[Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny]]'' (Weill). The composition of this opera was problematic, due to tension between the composer and his librettist, Bertolt Brecht.<ref name="Hinton" />
* 1930 ''[[From the House of the Dead]]'' (Janáček). Janáček's last opera inspired by [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoevsky]]'s account of life in a Russian prison camp.<ref name="John Tyrrell, writing in Grove"/>
* 1932 ''[[Moses und Aron]]'' (Schoenberg). Left unfinished at his death, Schoenberg's opera frequently employs [[serialism|serialist]] techniques.{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=220}}
* 1933 ''[[Arabella]]'' (Strauss). This opera was the last that Strauss set to a libretto by [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]].<ref name="Murray"/>
* 1934 ''[[Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)|Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk]]'' (Shostakovich). An attack on the music and subject matter of the opera in the Soviet Union's government journal ''[[Pravda]]'' meant that this work was Shostakovich's last opera.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Laurel Fay |title=Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O002507 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1935 ''[[Ero s onoga svijeta]] (usually translated as Ero the Joker)'' by [[Jakov Gotovac]]. Although he composed many operas, none of the others achieved the enormous success of Ero, in Croatia and abroad. This comic opera based on a Croatian folk tale and brilliant libretto written by [[Milan Begović]] was praised by many, among whom [[Richard Strauss]] and [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]]. Inspired by the folklore of [[Dalmatian hinterland]], to the point where the boundary between the folklore and "classical music" ceases to exist, it is considered to be the best and most performed Croatian opera of all time.
* 1935 ''[[Die schweigsame Frau]]'' (Strauss). A comic opera based on a play by [[Ben Jonson]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1039}}
* 1935 ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' ([[George Gershwin]]). Initially a financial failure, a 1941 production that replaced the work's recitatives with spoken dialogue was a success.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Richard Crawford |title=Porgy and Bess |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O004106 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1937 ''[[Lulu (opera)|Lulu]]'' (Berg). Berg's second opera was unfinished at his death, but a completion by [[Friedrich Cerha]] was successfully performed in 1979.{{sfn|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=219}}
* 1937 ''[[Riders to the Sea (opera)|Riders to the Sea]]'' (Vaughan Williams). Often rated as Vaughan Williams's finest opera, this short, fatalistic tragedy is set on the Aran Isles in the west of Ireland.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1120}}
* 1938 ''[[Daphne (opera)|Daphne]]'' (Strauss). A mythological opera with lyrical, pastoral music.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1041}}
* 1938 ''[[Julietta]]'' ([[Bohuslav Martinů]]). This dreamlike work set in a town where people have lost their memory is "Martinu's operatic masterpiece".{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=613}}
* 1938 ''[[Mathis der Maler (opera)|Mathis der Maler]]'' (Hindemith). Hindemith's most highly regarded opera is a parable about an artist surviving in a time of crisis, reflecting the composer's own experience under the Nazis.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=480}}
* 1941 ''[[Paul Bunyan (operetta)|Paul Bunyan]]'' ([[Benjamin Britten]]). Britten's first venture into opera was a light piece about an American folk hero with a libretto by [[W. H. Auden]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=143}}
* 1942 ''[[Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio]]'' (Strauss). Strauss's final opera is a conversation piece about the genre itself.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=316}}
* 1943 ''[[Der Kaiser von Atlantis]]'' ([[Viktor Ullmann]]). Written in the Nazi concentration camp [[Theresienstadt concentration camp|Theresienstadt]] and not performed until 1975. The composer and his librettist were murdered in [[Auschwitz concentration camp]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1115}}

==1945–1964==
[[File:Benjamin Britten, London Records 1968 publicity photo for Wikipedia (restored).jpg|thumb|[[Benjamin Britten]]]]
* 1945 ''[[Peter Grimes]]'' ([[Benjamin Britten]]). A landmark in the history of British opera, this work marked Britten's arrival on the international music scene.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=144}}
* 1945 ''[[War and Peace (opera)|War and Peace]]'' ([[Sergei Prokofiev]]). Prokofiev returned to the tradition of Russian historical opera for this epic work based on [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s novel.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=803}}
* 1946 ''[[Betrothal in a Monastery]]'' (Prokofiev). A romantic comedy with music drawing on the ''[[opera buffa]]'' style of [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=802}}
* 1946 ''[[The Medium]]'' ([[Gian Carlo Menotti]]). Considered by many to be Menotti's finest work.<ref name="Archibald">Bruce Archibald, writing in ''Grove''</ref>
* 1946 ''[[The Rape of Lucretia]]'' (Britten). Britten's first [[chamber opera]].<ref name="Whittal">Arnold Whittal, writing in ''Grove''</ref>
* 1947 ''[[Albert Herring]]'' (Britten). Britten's comic opera is heavily based upon use of the ensemble.<ref name="Whittal" />
* 1947 ''[[Dantons Tod]]'' ([[Gottfried von Einem]]). Einem's opera is a compressed setting of [[Georg Büchner]]'s play about the "Reign of Terror" during the [[French Revolution]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=307}}
* 1947 ''[[Les mamelles de Tirésias]]'' ([[Francis Poulenc]]). Poulenc's first opera is a short [[Surrealism|surrealist]] comedy based on the play by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=793}}
* 1947 ''[[The Telephone, or L'Amour à trois]]'' (Menotti). An ''opera buffa'' just 22 minutes in length.<ref name="Archibald" />
* 1949 ''[[Il prigioniero]]'' ([[Luigi Dallapiccola]]). Much of the music for this opera is based on three [[Twelve-tone technique|12-note]] [[tone row]]s, which represent the themes of prayer, hope and freedom that dominate the opera.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Anthony Sellors |title=Prigioniero, Il |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O903754 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1950 ''[[The Consul]]'' (Menotti). This opera contains some of Menotti's most dissonant music.<ref name="Archibald" />
* 1951 ''[[Amahl and the Night Visitors]]'' (Menotti). This Christmas story was the first opera specifically written for television.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=649}}
* 1951 ''[[Billy Budd (opera)|Billy Budd]]'' (Britten). The plot for Britten's large-scale opera was based on a story by [[Herman Melville]].<ref name="Whittal" />
* 1951 ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress (opera)|The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' ([[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]). Set to his own libretto, Vaughan Williams's work was inspired by [[John Bunyan]]'s famous allegory of the same name.<ref name="Kennedy" />
* 1951 ''[[The Rake's Progress]]'' ([[Igor Stravinsky]]). Stravinsky's most important operatic work looks back to Mozart musically and has a [[libretto]] by [[W. H. Auden]] inspired by the engravings of [[William Hogarth]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1050}}
* 1952 ''[[Boulevard Solitude]]'' ([[Hans Werner Henze]]). Henze's first full-length opera is an updating of the story of ''[[Manon Lescaut]]'', also the source for important operas by Massenet and Puccini.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=462}}
* 1953 ''[[Gloriana]]'' (Britten). Composed for the coronation of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], this opera looks back to the relationship between her namesake [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] and the [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=152}}
* 1954 ''[[The Fiery Angel (opera)|The Fiery Angel]]'' (Prokofiev). Prokofiev never saw what is often regarded as his most ''avant-garde'' composition performed on the operatic stage.<ref name="Taruskin"/>
* 1954 ''[[The Turn of the Screw (opera)|The Turn of the Screw]]'' (Britten). A chamber opera based on the ghost story by [[Henry James]]. It is remarkable for its tightly laid out key scheme and active orchestral role.<ref name="Whittal" />
* 1954 ''[[Troilus and Cressida (opera)|Troilus and Cressida]]'' ([[William Walton]]). Walton's opera about the [[Trojan War]] was initially a failure.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1208}}
* 1955 ''[[The Midsummer Marriage]]'' ([[Michael Tippett]]). Tippett's first full-scale opera was set to his own libretto.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Geraint Lewis|title=Midsummer Marriage, The|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009926|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1956 ''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]]'' ([[Leonard Bernstein]]). Operetta, based on Voltaire. The soprano aria "Glitter and Be Gay" is a parody of Romantic-era jewel songs.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Jon Alan Conrad |title=Candide |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O900983 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1957 ''[[Dialogues des Carmélites]]'' (Poulenc). Poulenc's major opera is set in a convent during the [[French Revolution]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=794}}
* 1958 ''[[Vanessa (opera)|Vanessa]]'' ([[Samuel Barber]]). ''Vanessa'' won its composer a [[Pulitzer Prize]] in 1958.<ref name="Heyman">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Barbara B. Heyman|title=Vanessa|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O905419|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1959 ''[[La voix humaine]]'' (Poulenc). A short opera with a single character: a despairing woman on the telephone to her lover.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=795}}
* 1960 ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (Britten). Set to a libretto adapted from the Shakespeare play by himself and his partner [[Peter Pears]], Britten's work is rare in operatic history in that it features a [[countertenor]] in the male lead role.<ref name="Whittal" />
* 1961 ''[[Elegy for Young Lovers]]'' (Henze). Henze asked his librettists, [[W. H. Auden]] and [[Chester Kallman]], for a scenario that would inspire him to compose "tender, beautiful noises".<ref name="Clements">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Andrew Clements|title=Elegy for Young Lovers|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O901437|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1962 ''[[King Priam]]'' (Tippett). Tippett's second opera, set to another of his own "recondite" libretti,<ref name="Orrey2">{{harvnb|Orrey|Milnes|1987|p=234}}</ref> was inspired by Homer's ''Iliad''.<ref name="Lewis" />
* 1964 ''[[Curlew River]]'' (Britten). A modern liturgical "church opera" intended for performance in an ecclesiastical setting.<ref name="Whittal" />

==1965–1999==
[[File:Harrison Birtwistle (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Harrison Birtwistle]]]]
* 1965 ''[[Der junge Lord]]'' (Henze). The last composition produced during Henze's dwelling in Italy is considered to be the most Italianate of his dramatic works.<ref name="Clements"/>
* 1965 ''[[Die Soldaten]]'' ([[Bernd Alois Zimmermann]]). The first version of the opera was rejected by Cologne Opera as impossible for them to stage: Zimmermann was required to reduce the orchestral forces required and to cut some of the technical demands previously required.<ref name=Clements />
* 1966 ''[[Antony and Cleopatra (1966 opera)|Antony and Cleopatra]]'' (Barber). The first version of the opera was set to a libretto consisting entirely of the words of Shakespeare and deemed a failure.<ref name="Heyman" /> Later it was revised by [[Gian Carlo Menotti]] and became a success.
* 1966 ''[[The Bassarids]]'' (Henze). Henze's opera is set to a libretto by Auden and Kallman, who required that the composer listen to ''[[Götterdämmerung]]'' before starting to compose the music.<ref name=Clements />
* 1967 ''[[The Bear (opera)|The Bear]]'' (Walton). The libretto for Walton's extravaganza was based on Chekov.<ref name=Clements />
* 1968 ''[[Punch and Judy (opera)|Punch and Judy]]'' ([[Harrison Birtwistle]]). Birtwistle's first opera was commissioned by the [[English Opera Group]].<ref name=Clements />
* 1968 ''[[The Prodigal Son (Britten)|The Prodigal Son]]'' (Britten). The third of Britten's parables for church performance.<ref name="Thomas">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Arnold Whittall|title=Prodigal Son, The|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O008108|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1969 ''[[The Devils of Loudun (opera)|The Devils of Loudun]]'' ([[Krzysztof Penderecki]]). Penderecki's first opera is also his most popular.<ref name="Thomas" />
* 1970 ''[[The Knot Garden]]'' (Tippett). Tippett created his own modern scenario for the libretto of this work, his third opera.<ref name="Lewis" />
* 1971 ''[[Owen Wingrave]]'' (Britten). Britten's anti-war opera was written especially for [[BBC]] television.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=159}}
* 1972 ''[[Taverner (opera)|Taverner]]'' ([[Peter Maxwell Davies]]). Davies was one of the most significant figures to emerge in British music the 1960s. This opera is based on a legend about the 16th-century composer [[John Taverner]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=243}}
* 1973 ''[[Death in Venice (opera)|Death in Venice]]'' (Britten). Britten's last opera was first performed three years before his death.<ref name="Orrey2" />
* 1976 ''[[Einstein on the Beach]]'' ([[Philip Glass]]). Philip Glass' first opera conceived together with director Robert Wilson introduced minimalist composition and avantgarde performance to the world of opera and remains one of the best known operas of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-11-18/philip-glass-einstein-on-the-beach-opera|title=Philip Glass and 'Einstein on the Beach': How one opera changed everything|last=Swed|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Swed|date=2020-11-18|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref>
* 1978 ''[[Le Grand Macabre]]'' ([[György Ligeti]]). First performed at Stockholm in 1978, Ligeti heavily revised the opera in 1996.<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Paul Griffiths|title=Grand Macabre, Le ('The Grand Macabre')|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O002356|date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1978 ''[[Lear (opera)|Lear]]'' ([[Aribert Reimann]]). An [[Expressionism|Expressionist]] opera based on Shakespeare's tragedy. The title role was specifically written for the famous [[baritone]] [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=854}}
* 1980 ''[[The Lighthouse (opera)|The Lighthouse]]'' (Davies). Davies's second chamber opera was set to his own libretto.<ref name=Clements />
* 1983 ''[[Saint François d'Assise]]'' ([[Olivier Messiaen]]). 120 orchestral players are required for this opera, as well as a sizable chorus.<ref name="Griffiths" />
* 1984 ''[[Un re in ascolto]]'' ([[Luciano Berio]]). This opera was set to a libretto assembled by the composer from three different texts by three different authors: Friedrich Einsiedel, [[W. H. Auden]] and [[Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=David Osmond-Smith |title=Re in ascolto, Un |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O904301 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1984 ''[[Akhnaten (opera)|Akhnaten]]'' ([[Philip Glass]]). Unlike his first opera ''[[Einstein on the Beach]]'', the writing and style are more conventional and lyrical and much of the music of ''Akhnaten'' is some of the most dissonant that Glass has composed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Tim Page|title=Akhnaten|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O009554 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1986 ''[[The Mask of Orpheus]]'' (Birtwistle). Birtwistle's most ambitious opera examines the myth of [[Orpheus]] from several different angles.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=108}}
* 1987 ''[[A Night at the Chinese Opera]]'' ([[Judith Weir]]). This piece is based on a Chinese play of the [[Yuan dynasty]], ''[[The Orphan of Zhao]]''.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=1232}}
* 1987 ''[[Nixon in China]]'' ([[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]]). Musically [[Minimalism|minimalist]] in style, this opera recounts [[Richard Nixon]]'s 1972 meeting with [[Mao Zedong]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=18}}
* 1991 ''[[Gawain (opera)|Gawain]]'' (Birtwistle). Birtwistle's opera is based on the medieval English poem ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''.<ref name=Clements />
* 1995 ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (opera)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'' ([[André Previn]]). The opera is based on the play by [[Tennessee Williams]].

==Significant firsts in opera history==
Operas not included in the above list, but which were important milestones in operatic history.
* 1598 ''[[Dafne]]'' ([[Jacopo Peri]]). The first opera, performed in Florence (music now lost).{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=8}}
* 1600 ''[[Euridice (Peri)|Euridice]]'' (Peri). The earliest opera whose music survives.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=8}}
* 1625 ''[[La liberazione di Ruggiero]]'' ([[Francesca Caccini]]). First opera by a woman.{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=174}}
* 1627 ''[[Dafne (Opitz-Schütz)|Dafne]]'' ([[Heinrich Schütz]]). First [[Opera in German|German opera]]. Music now lost.{{sfn|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994|p=31}}
* 1660 ''[[La púrpura de la rosa]]'' ([[Juan Hidalgo de Polanco|Juan Hidalgo]]). First [[Spanish opera]]. Music now lost.
* 1671 ''[[Pomone (opera)|Pomone]]'' ([[Robert Cambert]]). Often regarded as the first [[French opera]].{{sfn|''Viking''|1993|p=180}}
* 1683 ''[[Venus and Adonis (opera)|Venus and Adonis]]'' ([[John Blow]]). Often considered the first [[opera in English]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Curtis Price|title=Venus and Adonis (i)|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O905445 |date=2002 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>
* 1701 ''[[La púrpura de la rosa]]'' ([[Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco]], born in Spain 1644). Earliest known opera composed in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mundoclasico.com/articulos/verarticulo.aspx?id=0015763|title=La púrpura de la rosa|last=Stein|first=Louise K.|date=13 May 2004|publisher=Mundo Clasico|access-date=27 August 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904224247/http://www.mundoclasico.com/ed/documentos/doc-ver.aspx?id=0015763|archive-date=4 September 2012}}<!--paragraph six--></ref>
* 1711 ''[[Partenope (Zumaya)|Partenope]]'' ([[Manuel de Zumaya]]). The first opera written by an [[Americas|American]]-born [[composer]] and the earliest known full opera produced in North America.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Craig H. Russell |title=Zumaya [Sumaya], Manuel de |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.31064 |date=2001 |orig-year=2001}}</ref>
* 1755 ''[[Tsefal i Prokris]]'' ([[Francesco Araja]]). First [[Russian opera]].{{sfn|Frolova-Walker|2001|loc=§1 "988–1730"}}

==Lists consulted==
This list was compiled by consulting nine lists of great operas, created by recognized authorities in the field of opera, and selecting all of the operas which appeared on at least five of these (i.e. all operas on a majority of the lists). The lists used were:
# {{cite web|url=http://www.naxos.com/education/opera_composer.asp?char=A|title=''A–Z of Opera'' by Keith Anderson, Naxos, 2000}}
# "The Standard Repertoire of Grand Opera 1607–1969", a list included in [[Norman Davies]]'s ''Europe: a History'' (Oxford University Press, 1996; paperback edition Pimlico, 1997). {{ISBN|0-7126-6633-8}}.
# Operas appearing in the chronology by [[Mary Ann Smart]] in ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera'' (Oxford University Press, 1994). {{ISBN|0-19-816282-0}}.
# Operas with entries in ''[[The New Kobbé's Opera Book]]'', ed. [[George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood|Lord Harewood]] (Putnam, 9th ed., 1997). {{ISBN|0-370-10020-4}}
# {{cite book |title=Table of Contents of ''The Rough Guide to Opera''}} by Matthew Boyden. (2002 edition). {{ISBN|1-85828-749-9}}.
# Operas with entries in ''The Metropolitan Opera Guide to Recorded Opera'' ed. Paul Gruber (Thames and Hudson, 1993). {{ISBN|0-393-03444-5}} and/or ''Metropolitan Opera Stories of the Great Operas'' ed. John W Freeman (Norton, 1984). {{ISBN|0-393-01888-1}}
# List of operas and their composers in ''Who's Who in British Opera'' ed. Nicky Adam (Scolar Press, 1993). {{ISBN|0-85967-894-6}}
# Entries for individual operas in {{cite book|last1=Warrack|first1=John|author-link1=John Warrack|first2=Ewan|last2=West|year=1992|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Opera|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-869164-8|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00warr|ref=none}}
# Entries for individual operas in ''Who's Who in Opera: a guide to opera characters'' by Joyce Bourne (Oxford University Press, 1998). {{ISBN|0-19-210023-8}}

===Operas included in all nine lists===
The 93 operas included in all nine lists cited are: 
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Adriana Lecouvreur]]''
*''[[Aida]]''
*''[[Arabella]]''
*''[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]''
*''[[Un ballo in maschera]]''
*''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' (Rossini)
*''[[The Bartered Bride]]''
*''[[Billy Budd (opera)|Billy Budd]]''
*''[[Bluebeard's Castle]]''
*''[[La bohème]]''
*''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]''
*''[[Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio]]''
*''[[Carmen]]''
*''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]''
*''[[La Cenerentola]]''
*''[[La clemenza di Tito]]''
*''[[The Tales of Hoffmann|Les contes d'Hoffmann]]''
*''[[Così fan tutte]]''
*''[[The Cunning Little Vixen]]''
*''[[Dido and Æneas]]''
*''[[Don Carlos]]''
*''[[Don Giovanni]]''
*''[[Don Pasquale]]''
*''[[Elektra (opera)|Elektra]]''
*''[[L'elisir d'amore]]''
*''[[L'enfant et les sortilèges]]''
*''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]''
*''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]''
*''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]''
*''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]''
*''[[Fidelio]]''
*''[[Der fliegende Holländer]]''
*''[[La forza del destino]]''
*''[[Der Freischütz]]''
*''[[Giulio Cesare]]''
*''[[The Golden Cockerel]]''
*''[[Götterdämmerung]]''
*''[[L'heure espagnole]]''
*''[[Les Huguenots]]''
*''[[Idomeneo]]''
*''[[L'incoronazione di Poppea]]''
*''[[L'italiana in Algeri]]''
*''[[Jenůfa]]''
*''[[Káťa Kabanová]]''
*''[[Lakmé]]''
*''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]''
*''[[Louise (opera)|Louise]]''
*''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]''
*''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]''
*''[[Madama Butterfly]]''
*''[[The Magic Flute]]''
*''[[Manon]]''
*''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]''
*''[[Il matrimonio segreto]]''
*''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Médée]]''
*''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]''
*''[[Mignon]]''
*''[[Moses und Aron]]''
*''[[Nabucco]]''
*''[[Norma (opera)|Norma]]''
*''[[L'Orfeo]]''
*''[[Orfeo ed Euridice]]''
*''[[Otello]]''
*''[[Pagliacci]]''
*''[[Parsifal]]''
*''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]''
*''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]''
*''[[Peter Grimes]]''
*''[[Prince Igor]]''
*''[[I puritani]]''
*''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]''
*''[[The Rake's Progress]]''
*''[[Das Rheingold]]''
*''[[Rigoletto]]''
*''[[Roméo et Juliette]]''
*''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]''
*''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]''
*''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]]''
*''[[Semiramide]]''
*''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]''
*''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''
*''[[La sonnambula]]''
*''[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]''
*''[[Tosca]]''
*''[[La traviata]]''
*''[[Tristan und Isolde]]''
*''[[Il trovatore]]''
*''[[Les Troyens]]''
*''[[Turandot]]''
*''[[The Turn of the Screw (opera)|The Turn of the Screw]]''
*''[[Die Walküre]]''
*''[[Werther]]''
*''[[Wozzeck]]''
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of major opera composers]]
* [[List of operas by composer]]
* [[List of operas by title]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* ''[[Grove Music Online]]'' ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 January 2007), subscription access. (Various entries on operas, composers and genres)
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Frolova-Walker |first=Marina |author-link=Marina Frolova-Walker |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Russian Federation: I. Art music |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40456 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040456 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}
* {{cite book|last1=Orrey|first1=Leslie|last2=Milnes|first2=Rodney|author-link2=Rodney Milnes|title=Opera: A Concise History|year=1987|url=https://archive.org/details/operaconcisehist00orre|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=9780500202173}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Parker|editor-first=Roger|editor-link=Roger Parker|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera|year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-19-816282-7|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00park |ref={{sfnRef|''Oxford Illustrated''|1994}} }}
* Stein, Louise K. (1999), [https://web.archive.org/web/20060524052034/http://www.mundoclasico.com/articulos/verarticulo.aspx?id=0015763 ''La púrpura de la Rosa''] (Introduction to the critical edition of the score and libretto), Ediciones Iberautor Promociones culturales S.R.L. / Instituto Complutense de Ciencias Musicales, 1999, {{ISBN|84-8048-292-3}} (reprinted with permission of the publisher on Mundoclasico.com). Accessed 5 September 2008.
* {{cite book |year=1993 |title=The Viking Opera Guide |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-670-81292-7 |ref={{sfnRef|''Viking''|1993}} }} Contributions are by noted specialists in their fields

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Boyden |first=Matthew |title=Opera, the Rough Guide|editor=Jonathan Buckley|year=1997 |publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=978-1-85828-138-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/operaroughguide00boyd |display-authors=etal|ref=none}}

{{Opera topics}}
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