Editing List of kings of the Picts

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{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

[[File:Áed mac Cináeda (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 26r).jpg|thumb|Text reading ''Rex Pictorum'' in MS Rawlinson B 489 ([[Annals of Ulster]])]]

The '''list of kings of the [[Picts]]''' is based on the [[Pictish Chronicle]] king lists. These are late documents and do not record the dates when the kings reigned. The various surviving lists disagree in places as to the names of kings, and the lengths of their reigns. A large portion of the lists, not reproduced here, belongs with the [[Scottish mythology|Caledonian]] or [[Irish mythology]]. The latter parts of the lists can largely be reconciled with other sources.

== Pictish kings ==
Pictish kings ruled in northern and eastern [[Scotland]]. In 843 tradition records the replacement of the Pictish kingdom by the [[Kingdom of Alba]], although the [[Irish annals]] continue to use ''Picts'' and ''Fortriu'' for half a century after 843. The king lists are thought to have been compiled in the early 8th century, probably by 724, placing them in the reigns of the sons of [[Der-Ilei]], [[Bridei IV of the Picts|Bridei]] and [[Nechtan IV of the Picts|Nechtan]].<ref>Woolf, "Pictish matriliny reconsidered", p. 153.</ref>

Irish annals (the [[Annals of Ulster]], [[Annals of Innisfallen]]) refer to some kings as ''king of [[Fortriu]]'' or ''king of [[Alba]]''. The kings listed are thought to represent overkings of the Picts, at least from the time of [[Bridei I of the Picts|Bridei son of Maelchon]] onwards. In addition to these overkings, many less powerful subject kings existed, of whom only a very few are known from the historical record.

Mythical kings of the Picts are listed in the ''[[Lebor Bretnach]]'''s account of the origins of the [[Cruithne (people)|Cruithne]]. The list begins with Cruithne son of Cing, who is reported to be "father of the Picts". The account of the ''Pictish Chronicle'' then splits into four lists of names:
* The first is a list of the sons of Cruithne;
* The second is a list of early kings with no distinguishing information other than dates;
* The third is another list of early kings with neither stories nor dates, all of whom have two names that begin with "Brude". It is possible that "Brude" is an ancient title for "king" from another source, which was misinterpreted as a name by the compiler (cf. Skene p.cv);
* The fourth is a list of later kings. The first of these to be attested in an independent source is [[Galam Cennalath]].

The dates given here are drawn from early sources unless specifically noted otherwise. The relationships between kings are less than certain and rely on modern readings of the sources.

== Names ==
Orthography is problematic. Cinioch, Ciniod and Cináed all represent ancestors of the modern Anglicised name Kenneth. Pictish "uu", sometimes printed as "w", corresponds with Gaelic "f", so that Uuredach is the Gaelic Feredach and Uurguist the Gaelic Fergus, or perhaps Forgus. As the [[Dupplin Cross]] inscription shows, the idea that Irish sources [[Gaelicisation|Gaelicised]] Pictish names may not be entirely accurate.

== Kings of the Picts ==
Colouring indicates groups of kings presumed to be related.

=== Early kings ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!width="10%"|Reign
!width="10%"|Ruler
!width="20%"|Other names<ref>Other names are only given where they differ significantly. See also [[#Names|Names]] above</ref>
!width="20%"|Family
!width="35%"|Remarks
|-
|311–341
| '''[[Vipoig]]'''
|
|
|Reigned 30 years
|-
| 341–345
| '''[[Canutulachama]]'''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Salway|first1=Peter|title=Kings of Pictland (Caledonia)|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/GaelsPictland.htm|website=2014|publisher=The History Files|access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref>
|
|
|Reigned 4 years
|-
| 345–347
| '''[[Uradech]]'''
|
|
|Reigned 2 years
|-
| 347–387
| '''[[Gartnait II Duberr of the Picts|Gartnait II]]'''
|
|
|Reigned 40 years
|-
| 387–412
| '''[[Talorc mac Achiuir]]'''
|
|
|Reigned 25 years
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 412–452
| '''[[Drest I]]'''
| Drest son of Erp
|
| First king of the Pictish Chronicle lists whose reign includes a [[Chronological synchronism|synchronism]] (the coming of [[Saint Patrick]] to [[Ireland]]; "ruled a hundred years and fought a hundred battles"
|-
| 452–456
| '''[[Talorc I]]'''
| Talorc son of Aniel
|
| An entry in the king lists; reigned 2 or 4 years
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 456–480
| '''[[Nechtan Morbet|Nechtan I]]'''
| Nechtan son of Uuirp (or Erip), Nechtan the Great, Nechtan Celcamoth
| Possibly a brother of Drest son of Erp
| The foundation of the monastery at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]] is fathered on this king, almost certainly spuriously. A similar name ''nehhtton(s)'' was found on the [[Lunnasting stone]]; one interpretator of which suggested it containing the phrase "the vassal of Nehtonn"
|-
| 480–510
| '''[[Drest Gurthinmoch|Drest II]]'''
| Drest Gurthinmoch (or Gocinecht)
|
| An entry in the king lists; reigned 30 years
|-
| 510–522
| '''[[Galan Erilich|Galan]]'''
| Galan Erilich or Galany
|
| rowspan="2" | An entry in the king lists
|-
| 522–530
| '''[[Drest III]]'''
| Drest son of Uudrost (or Hudrossig)
|
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 522–531
| '''[[Drest IV]]'''
| Drest son of Girom (or Gurum)
|
| rowspan="3" | An entry in the king lists
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 531–537
| '''[[Gartnait I]]'''
| Garthnac son of Girom, Ganat son of Gigurum
|
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 537–538
| '''[[Cailtram]]'''
| Cailtram son of Girom, Kelturan son of Gigurum
| Brother of the preceding Gartnait
|-
| 538–549
| '''[[Talorc II]]'''
| Talorc son of Murtolic, Tolorg son of Mordeleg
|
| rowspan="2" | An entry in the king lists
|-
| 549–550
| '''[[Drest V]]'''
| Drest son of Manath, Drest son of Munait
|
|}

=== Early historical kings ===
The first king who appears in multiple early sources is Bridei son of Maelchon, and kings from the later 6th century onwards may be considered historical as their deaths are generally reported in Irish sources.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="10%"|Reign
!width="10%"|Ruler
!width="20%"|Other names
!width="20%"|Family
!width="35%"|Remarks
|-
| 550–555
| '''[[Galam Cennalath|Galam]]'''
| Galam Cennalath
|
| The death of "Cennalaph, king of the Picts" is recorded, may have ruled jointly with Bridei son of Maelchon
|-
| 554–584
| '''[[Bridei I]]'''
| Bridei son of Maelchon<br />Brude son of Melcho
|
| His death and other activities are recorded, he is named in [[Adomnán of Iona|Adomnán]]'s ''Life of Saint [[Columba]]''; the first Pictish king to be more than a name in a list
|-
| 584–595
| '''[[Gartnait II]]'''
| Gartnait son of Domelch,<ref>Bannerman, pp. 92&ndash;94, identifies this Gartnait with Gartnait son of [[Áedán mac Gabráin]], founder of the "genus Gartnait" of [[Skye]].</ref> Gernard son of Dompneth
|
|
|- 
| 595–616
| '''[[Nechtan nepos Uerb|Nechtan II]]'''
| Nechtan grandson of Uerb<ref>Woolf, "Pictish matriliny reconsidered, pp. 160&ndash;161, suggests has been suggested that "grandson of Uerb" should be read son of Uerb. Alternatively, it has been suggested that Uerb may represent a legendary apical ancestor such as the Fer map Con in the ancestry of [[Run of Alt Clut|Run map Artgal]] in the [[Harleian genealogies]]. The sons of Uuid are presumed to be related.</ref><br />Nechtan son of Cano<ref>For the identification as a son of Cano, grandson of [[Áedán mac Gabráin]], see Bannerman, pp. 92&ndash;93.</ref>
| 
| His reign is placed in the time of [[Pope Boniface IV]]
|-
| 616–631
| '''[[Cinioch]]'''
| Cinioch son of Lutrin<br />Kinet son of Luthren
|
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 631–635
| '''[[Gartnait III]]'''
| Gartnait son of Uuid<ref>Another list names Nechtan son of Fochle.</ref>
| rowspan="3" | son of [[Gwid son of Peithan]]?
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 635–641
| '''[[Bridei II]]'''
| Bridei son of Uuid or son of Fochle
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 641–653
| '''[[Talorc III]]'''
| Talorc son of Uuid or son of Foth
|
|-
| 653–657
| '''[[Talorgan I]]'''
| Talorgan son of Eanfrith
| son of [[Eanfrith of Bernicia]]
|
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 657–663
| '''[[Gartnait IV]]'''
| rowspan="2" | Gartnait son of Donnel or son of Dúngal
|
|
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 663–672
| '''[[Drest VI]]'''
|
|
|}

=== Later historical kings ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="10%"|Reign
!width="10%"|Ruler
!width="20%"|Other names
!width="20%"|Family
!width="35%"|Remarks
|- 
| 672–693
| '''[[Bridei III]]'''
| Bridei son of Bili
| Son of [[Beli I of Alt Clut]] son of [[Nechtan II of the Picts|Nechtan II]]
| At war with the Scots in 683. Defeated [[Ecgfrith of Northumbria]] at the [[Battle of Dun Nechtain]] in 685.
|-
| 693–697
| '''[[Taran mac Ainftech|Taran]]'''
| Taran son of Ainftech
| Possibly a maternal half-brother of Bridei and Nechtan mac Der-Ilei
|
|- bgcolor="#DDEEAA"
| 697–706
| '''[[Bridei IV]]'''
| Bridei son of Der-Ilei
| Brother of Nechtan, [[Cenél Comgaill]]
| Son of Der-Ilei, a Pictish princess, and [[Dargart mac Finnguine]], a member of the [[Cenél Comgaill]] of Dál Riata; listed as a guarantor of the [[Cáin Adomnáin]]
|- bgcolor="#DDEEAA"
| 706–724
| '''[[Nechtan mac Der-Ilei|Nechtan III]]'''
| Nechtan son of Der-Ilei
| Brother of Bridei, [[Cenél Comgaill]]
| Adopted the Roman dating of [[Easter]] {{circa|712}}, a noted founder of churches and monasteries
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| 724–726
| '''[[Drest VII]]'''
| Drust
| Perhaps son of a half-brother of Nechtan and Bridei. Possibly of [[Cenél nGabráin]] of Atholl ['New Ireland'] (T.O. Clancy, 2004)
| Succeeded Nechtan, imprisoned him in 726, may have been deposed that year by Alpín
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| 726–728
| '''[[Alpín I of the Picts|Alpín I]]'''
| Alpin mac Echach
| Possibly of [[Cenél nGabráin]] (M.O. Anderson, 1973)
| Probably a co-ruler with Drest. Also King of Dal Riata, AT726.4 "Dungal was removed from rule, and Drust of the rule of the Picts removed, and Elphin reigns for them."
|- bgcolor="#DDEEAA"
| 728–729
| '''[[Nechtan mac Der-Ilei|Nechtan III]]'''<br />restored
| Nechtan son of Der-Ilei, second reign
| [[Cenél Comgaill]]
| It has been suggests that Óengus defeated the enemy of Nechtan in 729, and Nechtan continued to rule until 732.
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 729–761
| '''[[Óengus I]]'''
| [[Óengus I|Onuist son of Vurguist]]
| Claimed as a kinsman by the [[Eóganachta]]
|
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 736–750<ref name="Cambriae (747-786)" />
| '''[[Talorgan II]]'''
| Talorcan son of Fergus, Talargan,<ref name="Cambriae (747-786)" /> Talrgan<ref name="Cambriae (747-786)" />
| Brother of Óengus
| Killed in battle against the Britons of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Altclut]]<ref name="Cambriae (747-786)" />
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 761–763
| '''[[Bridei V]]'''
| Bridei son of Fergus
| Brother of Onuist
| King of [[Fortriu]]
|-
| 763–775
| '''[[Ciniod I]]'''
| Ciniod son of Uuredach, Cinadhon, Cinioyd<ref name="Cambriae (747-786)">{{cite book |last1=Dumville |first1=David |title=Annales Cambriae, AD 682-954, Texts A-C in Parallel |publisher=Department of Anglo-Saxon Norse and Celic, University of Cambridge |pages=6–7 |url=https://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/publications/Basic%20Texts%20Brittonic/BT%20Brittonic%20Vol%201%202002%20Dumville%20Annales%20Cambriae.pdf |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> Chemoith,<ref name="Cambriae (747-786)" /> Cenioid<ref name="Cambriae (747-786)" />
| Sometimes thought to be a grandson of [[Selbach mac Ferchair]] and hence of [[Cenél Loairn]]
| Granted asylum to the deposed King [[Alhred of Northumbria]]
|-
| 775–778
| '''[[Alpín II of the Picts|Alpín II]]'''
| Alpin son of Uuroid
| 
| Death reported as Eilpín, king of the Saxons but this is taken to be an error
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 778–782
| '''Talorc II'''
| Talorc son of Drest
|
| Death reported in the Ulster Annals
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 782–783
| '''[[Drest VIII]]'''
| Drest son of Talorgan
| Son of the preceding Talorgan or of Talorgan, brother of Óengus
|
|-
| 783–785
| '''Talorc III'''
| Talorgan son of Onuist, also Dub Tholarg
| Son of Óengus
|
|-
| 785–789
| '''[[Conall mac Taidg|Conall]]'''
| Conall son of Tarla (or of Tadg)
|
| Perhaps rather a king in Dál Riata
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 789–820
| '''[[Caustantín mac Fergusa|Caustantín]]'''
| Caustantín son of Fergus<ref>Previously thought to have been an Irish gaelicisation, now known to be an authentic form of his name found on the [[Dupplin Cross]].</ref>
| A grandson or grandnephew of Onuist or perhaps a son of [[Fergus mac Echdach]]<ref>Grandson or grandnephew of Onuist per Broun, "Pictish kings", son of Fergus mac Echdach in older works.</ref>
| His son [[Domnall mac Caustantín|Domnall]] may have been king of Dál Riata
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 820–834
| '''[[Óengus II]]'''
| Óengus son of Fergus
| Brother of Caustantín
|
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 834–837
| '''[[Drest IX]]'''
| Drest son of Caustantín
| Son of Caustantín
|
|-
| 834–837
| '''Talorc IV'''
| Talorcan son of Wthoil
| 
|
|- bgcolor="#FFE8E8"
| 837–839
| '''[[Uen of the Picts|Eógan]]'''
| Eógan son of Óengus
| Son of Óengus, his brothers were Nechtan and Finguine.
| Killed in 839 with his brother Bran in battle against the Vikings; this led to a decade of conflict
|}

=== Kings of the Picts 839–848 (not successively) ===
The deaths of Eógan and Bran appear to have led to a large number of competitors for the throne of Pictland.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|Reign
!|Ruler
!|Other names
!|Family
!|Remarks
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
| 839–842
| '''[[Uurad]]'''
| Uurad son of Bargoit
| Unknown
| Said to have reigned for three years, probably named on the [[Drosten Stone]]
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
| 842–843
| '''[[Bridei VI]]'''
| Bridei son of Uurad
| Possibly the son of the previous king
| Said to have reigned one year
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
| 843
| '''[[Ciniod II]]'''
| {{nowrap|Kenneth son of Ferath}}
| Possibly the brother of the previous king
| Said to have reigned one year in some lists
|-
| 843–845
| '''[[Bridei VII]]'''
| Brudei son of Uuthoi
| Unknown
| Said to have reigned two years in some lists
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
| 845–848
| '''[[Drest X]]'''
| Drest son of Uurad
| As previous sons of Uurad
| Said to have reigned three years in some lists; the myth of [[MacAlpin's treason]] calls the Pictish king Drest
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"

| 848–<br/>13 February 858
| '''[[Kenneth MacAlpin]]'''
| {{nowrap|Ciniod son of Elphin,}}<br />{{nowrap|Cináed mac Ailpín,}}<br />{{nowrap|Coinneach mac Ailpein}}
| Unknown, but his descendants made him a member of the [[Cenél nGabráin]] of [[Dál Riata]]
| Conquered Pictland in the year 843 AD and was crowned at Scone, the First King of Scots
|}

=== Kings of the Picts traditionally counted as King of Scots ===
[[Kenneth I of Scotland|Cináed mac Ailpín]] (Kenneth MacAlpin in English) defeated the rival kings, winning out by around 845–848. He is traditionally considered the first "King of Scots", or of "Picts and Scots", allegedly having conquered the Picts as a Gael, which is turning history back to front. As most modern scholars point out, he was actually "King of Picts", and the terms "King of Alba" and the even later "King of Scots" were not used until several generations after him.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="10%"|Reign
!width="10%"|Ruler
!width="20%"|Other names
!width="20%"|Family
!width="35%"|Remarks
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"

| Died 13 February 858
| '''[[Kenneth MacAlpin]]'''
| Ciniod son of Elphin<br />Cináed mac Ailpín<br />Coinneach mac Ailpein<br /> Cenioyth<ref name="Cambriae (843-889)">{{cite book |last1=Dumville |first1=David |title=Annales Cambriae, AD 682-954, Texts A-C in Parallel |publisher=Department of Anglo-Saxon Norse and Celic, University of Cambridge |pages=12–13 |url=https://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/publications/Basic%20Texts%20Brittonic/BT%20Brittonic%20Vol%201%202002%20Dumville%20Annales%20Cambriae.pdf |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> <br /> Ceniod<ref name="Cambriae (843-889)" /> <br /> 
| Unknown, but his descendants made him a member of the [[Cenél nGabráin]] of [[Dál Riata]]
|
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| Died 862
| '''[[Donald I of Scotland|Domnall]]'''
| Domnall mac Ailpín<br />Dòmhnall mac Ailpein<br />Donald MacAlpin<br />Donald I
| Brother of Cináed
|
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| Died 877
| '''[[Causantín mac Cináeda|Causantín]]'''
| Causantín mac Cináeda<br />Còiseam mac Choinnich<br />Constantín mac Cináeda<br />Constantine I
| rowspan="2" | Son of Cináed
|
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| Died 878
| '''[[Áed of Scotland|Áed]]'''
| Áed mac Cináeda<br />Aodh mac Choinnich<br />Aedth<br />Edus
|
|-
| Deposed 889?
| '''[[Eochaid, son of Rhun|Eochaid]]'''
| 
| Son of [[Rhun ap Arthgal]], and maternal grandson of Cináed
| Associated with Giric. Could have shared kingship with Giric, either as an equal partner or adversary. Could have also reigned as [[King of Strathclyde]]
|- 
| Deposed 889?
| '''[[Giric]]'''
| Giric mac Dúngail<br />Griogair mac Dhunghail<br />"Mac Rath" ("Son of Fortune")
| Cináed's daughter's son?
| Associated with Eochaid
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| Died 900
| '''[[Donald II of Scotland|Domnall]]'''
| Domnall mac Causantín<br />Dòmhnall mac Chòiseim<br />Donald II<br />"Dásachtach" ("The Madman") 
| Son of Causantín mac Cináeda
| Last to be called "king of the Picts"
|}

=== King of Alba ===
{{main|List of Scottish monarchs}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="10%"|Reign
!width="10%"|Ruler
!width="20%"|Other names
!width="20%"|Family
!width="35%"|Remarks
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| Abdicated 943, died 952
| '''[[Constantine II of Scotland|Causantín]]'''
| Causantín mac Áeda<br />Còiseam mac Aoidh<br />Constantine II
| Son of Áed mac Cináeda
| [[List of Scottish monarchs|First king of Alba]], the kingdom that later became known as "Scotland".
|}

== See also ==
* [[Siol Alpin]]
* [[Origins of the Kingdom of Alba]]
* [[List of Kings of Dál Riata]]
* [[List of Kings of Strathclyde]]

== Further reading ==
* [[James E. Fraser (historian)|James E. Fraser]], ''The New Edinburgh History of Scotland Vol. 1'', ''From Caledonia to Pictland'', Edinburgh University Press (2009) {{ISBN|978-0-7486-1232-1}}
* [[Alex Woolf]], ''The New Edinburgh History of Scotland Vol. 2'', ''From Pictland to Alba'', Edinburgh University Press, (2007) {{ISBN|978-0-7486-1234-5}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
''For primary sources, see'' External links ''below''
{{refbegin}}
* Adomnán, ''Life of St Columba'', tr. & ed. Richard Sharpe. Penguin, London, 1995. {{ISBN|0-14-044462-9}}
* [[Alan Orr Anderson|Anderson, Alan Orr]], ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', vol. 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}}
* [[John Bannerman (historian)|Bannerman, John]], ''Studies in the History of Dalriada.'' Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1974. {{ISBN|0-7011-2040-1}}
* Bannerman, John. "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba" in Dauvit Broun and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) ''Spes Scotorum: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland.'' Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1999. {{ISBN|0-567-08682-8}}
* [[Dauvit Broun|Broun, Dauvit]], "Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish identity" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
* Broun, Dauvit, "Pictish Kings 761&ndash;839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development" in Sally M. Foster (ed.), ''The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections.'' Four Courts, Dublin, 1998. {{ISBN|1-85182-414-6}}
* [[Thomas Owen Clancy|Clancy, Thomas Owen]], "Caustantín son of Fergus (Uurgust)" in M. Lynch (ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History.'' Oxford & New York: Oxford UP, 2002. {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}
* Herbert, Máire, "''Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban'': kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" in Simon Taylor (ed.), ''Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500&ndash;1297.'' Four Courts, Dublin, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85182-516-9}}
* Skene, William F. ''Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and other Early Memorials of Scottish History''. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House, 1867.
* Smyth, Alfred P. ''Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000.'' Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7486-0100-7}}
* [[Alex Woolf|Woolf, Alex]], "Pictish matriliny reconsidered" in ''The Innes Review'', Volume XLIV, Number 2 (Autumn 1998). ISSN 0020-157X
* Woolf, Alex, "Ungus (Onuist), son of Uurgust" in M. Lynch (2002).
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* Norway book: "Jomsvikingslaget i oppklarende lys", informs the Pictish kings escaped to the coast of Norway, instead of being murdered at Scone.
* [http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts] at [http://www.ucc.ie/ University College Cork].
** The '''Corpus of Electronic Texts''' includes the ''Annals of Ulster'', ''Tigernach'', ''the Four Masters'' and ''Innisfallen'', the ''Chronicon Scotorum'', the ''Lebor Bretnach'' (which includes the ''Duan Albanach''), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.
* [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 ''Annals of Clonmacnoise''] at [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cdl/index.html Cornell].
* [http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/pictnames/pict2.html Linguistic analysis of legendary kings].

{{Pictish and Scottish Monarchs}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kings Of The Picts}}

[[Category:Lists of British monarchs|Picts, Kings of]]
[[Category:Pictish monarchs]]
[[Category:Medieval documents of Scotland]]
[[Category:Medieval Scottish literature]]
[[Category:Lists of office-holders in Scotland]]