Editing List of glues

{{Short description|none}}
There are many adhesive substances that are considered or commonly referred to as ''[[glue]]''. Historically, the term only referred to [[protein]] [[colloid]]s prepared from [[animal]] [[flesh]]. The meaning has been extended to refer to any [[fluid]] [[adhesive]].
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

==Plant- and animal-based adhesives==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" width="20" | Type
! scope="col" width="20" | Subtypes
! scope="col" width="50" | Source(s)
!Manufacture
! scope="col" width="250" | Chemistry
! scope="col" width="200" | Volatiles
! scope="col" align="center" width="100" | Safety
! scope="col" width="80" | Properties
!Shelf life
!Working time
!Setting
!Strength
!Solvents
! scope="col" width="30" | Uses
! scope="col" width="30" | Date
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!Roasted hydrocarbons
! align="center" |[[Tar]], [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]], and [[Bitumen|asphalt/ bitumen]]
| align="center" | Made from plants (especially wood) or fossil hydrocarbons
|natural or artificial [[destructive distillation]]
| Hydrocarbon goo of no specific chemical formula
| Emits [[Volatile organic compound]]s, especially when heated
| align="center" | health effects understudied (see [[Bitumen|Asphalt#Health and safety]])
| align="center" | dark, viscous, more flexible when heated
|Indefinite, may stiffen
|Indefinite
|Reversibly becomes more flexible and fluid when heated
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|water-repellant,
| align="center" | [[Sealant]], [[hafting]]
| align="center" | prehistoric
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! rowspan="3" | Mixed-protein glues<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bye |first1=Carolyn N. |chapter=Casein and Mixed Protein Adhesives |title=Handbook of Adhesives |date=1990 |pages=135–152 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-0671-9_7|isbn=978-1-4612-8019-4 }}</ref>
! align=center | [[Casein glue]]
| align=center | Milk, limestone and brine
|[[Milk curd]] is mixed with alkalis
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| align="center" | non-toxic (preservatives excepted)
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|Once wet, 6–7 hours.
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|~4 hours for softwood, 8 for hardwood; must be under pressure for >0.5-2 hrs
|tensile strength exceeds most woods, 2,200-3,00 pounds per square inch
|water-resistant, depending on alkalis used
| align="center" | [[Woodworking]], paper glue, fireproof laminates
|Medieval or earlier
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![[Soybean glue]]
|As for casein glue, but using soy protein
|[[Soy protein]] is mixed with alkalis
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![[Albumin]] glues (blood glues and egg albumin adhesive, EAA)
|blood ([[serum albumin]]) or [[egg]]s
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|prehistoric
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![[Gelatin|Gelatin glues]]
! align="center" | [[hide glue]], including [[rabbit-skin glue]];
bone glue, and fish glue including [[isinglass]]
| align="center" | Animal [[connective tissue]]
and bones
|hides are acid-treated, neutralized, and repeatedly soaked; the soaking-water is dried into chips
|hydrolyzed [[collagen]]
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|Until it cools
|[[Thermoplastic]]. Somewhat brittle when set
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|Water-soluble
| align="center" | Cabinetmaking, bookbinding, lutherie, [[glue-size]]
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![[Keratin glue]]s
!Hoof glue and [[horn glue]]
|[[Hoof|hooves]] of [[ungulate]]s, animal [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]]
|Hooves or horns are fragmented, boiled into goo, and acidified
|partially- [[Hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] [[keratin]]
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|Until it cools
|[[Thermoplastic]]. Hardens as it cools, but does not become brittle
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|Gluing and stiffening textiles, cabinetmaking, glass sealant
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![[Fibrin glue]]
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|human [[fibrinogen]] and human [[thrombin]]
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| when two parts are mixed, they form [[fibrin]]
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|10–60 seconds
|converts to [[fibrin]]
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|Medicine
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!Waxes
![[Beeswax]]
|made by insects
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![[Starch]] glues
![[potato starch]], [[rice glue]], [[wheatpaste]]
|starches (plant energy-storage chemicals)
|Starch may be purified before being mixed with water; leaving [[gluten]] in makes a more permanent bond
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![[Dextrin|Dextrin glues]]
![[British gum]], [[Coccoina]]
|usually derived from potato starch
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|mid-19th century
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![[Polysaccharide]] glues
![[mucilage]], [[agar]], [[algin]]
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!Tree gums/[[resin]]s
!Balsam (fir) resins, such as [[Canada balsam]], [[Dammar gum]], [[Gum arabic|Gum Arabic]] (also called acacia gum), [[Mastic (plant resin)|Mastic]]
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!Latex [[rubber cement]]
(cow gum)
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|[[latex]], a coagulating plant fluid, also made synthetically
|latex is dissolved in an organic solvent
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|organic solvent evaporates as it sets
|solvent may be hazardous; latex is an [[Latex allergy|allergen]]
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![[Methyl cellulose]]
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|[[cellulose]], a plant structural material, and methyl chloride
|heating cellulose with an alkali and reacting it with [[methyl chloride]]
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==[[Solvent]]-type glues==
{{main|Plastic welding#Solvent welding|l1=Solvent welding}}
Solvent adhesives temporarily dissolve the substance they are gluing, and bond by solvent-[[welding]] material together with the re-solidified material.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" width="20" | Type
! scope="col" width="20" | Subtypes
! scope="col" width="50" | Source(s)
!Manufacture
! scope="col" width="250" | Chemistry
! scope="col" width="200" | Volatiles
! scope="col" align="center" width="100" | Safety
! scope="col" width="80" | Properties
!Shelf life
!Working time
!Setting
!Strength
!Solvents
! scope="col" width="30" | Uses
! scope="col" width="30" | Date
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Ketone]]s
![[Acetone]]
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|dissolves [[ABS plastic]]
|it is volatile
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![[Butanone|Polystyrene cement/Butanone/methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)]]
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|dissolves polystyrene
|it is volatile
|Vapour is heavier-than-air and explosive. Toxic, neuropsychological effects. Rapidly absorbed through undamaged skin and lungs. Produces [[Ground-level ozone#Health effects|toxic ozone]].<ref name="medrev">{{cite journal |author=Simon B.N. Thompson |date=Winter 2010 |title=Implications for cognitive rehabilitation and brain injury from exposure to Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK): a review |url=http://www.jofcr.com/jcrarchives/vol28/v28i4thompson.pdf |journal=Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation |volume=28(Winter) |pages=4–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121103345/http://www.jofcr.com/jcrarchives/vol28/v28i4thompson.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-21}}</ref>
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![[Dichloromethane]]
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|Dissolves:

* [[Polycarbonate]]

* [[Polymethylmethacrylate]] (PMMA), commonly called "acrylic glass" among [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)#Names|other brand names]]
|it is volatile, boiling at 39.6°C (103.3°F; 312.8[[Kelvin|K]])
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|Will also glue acrylic to wood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tensol 70 Glue {{!}} EVO-STIK Two Part Adhesive {{!}} Silmid |url=https://www.silmid.com/adhesives/acrylic-adhesives/tensol-70-part-a-b-500cc-kit/ |website=www.silmid.com}}</ref> Clear, waterproof, exterior grades exist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemical Bonding {{!}} Perspex Fabrication {{!}} UV & Solvent bonding, Tensol 70 |url=https://www.ipfl.co.uk/chemical-bonding/ |website=IPFL}}</ref>
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|24 hours to set fully.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gluing Acrylic {{!}} Acrylic |url=https://www.ultimatehandyman.co.uk/how-to/acrylic/gluing-acrylic |website=www.ultimatehandyman.co.uk |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
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==Synthetic glues==

===Synthetic [[monomer]] glues===
[[Image:Super glue.jpg|thumb|A tube of Super Glue cyanoacrylate]]

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" width="20" | Type
! scope="col" width="20" | Subtypes
! scope="col" width="50" | Source(s)
!Manufacture
! scope="col" width="250" | Chemistry
! scope="col" width="200" | Volatiles
! scope="col" align="center" width="100" | Safety
! scope="col" width="80" | Properties
!Shelf life
!Working time
!Setting
!Strength
!Solvents
! scope="col" width="30" | Uses
! scope="col" width="30" | Date
|-
![[Acrylonitrile]]
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|synthetic [[monomer]]
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![[Cyanoacrylate]] ("Superglue", "Krazy Glue")
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|synthetic [[monomer]]
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![[Methyl acrylate]] ("acrylic")
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|synthetic [[monomer]]
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===Synthetic [[polymer]] glues===

====Thermoplastic polymers====
{{main|thermoplastic polymer|Hot-melt adhesive}}
Thermoplastic glues including hot-melt adhesives cure reversibly as they cool, like the gelatin and keratin glues listed above. They frequently don't emit volatiles unless overheated.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" width="20" | Type
! scope="col" width="20" | Subtypes
! scope="col" width="50" | Source(s)
!Manufacture
! scope="col" width="250" | Chemistry
! scope="col" width="200" | Volatiles
! scope="col" align="center" width="100" | Safety
! scope="col" width="80" | Properties
!Shelf life
!Setting
!Strength
!Solvents
! scope="col" width="30" | Uses
! scope="col" width="30" | Date
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! [[Ethylene-vinyl acetate]]
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|synthetic
|[[polyethylene]] mixed with about 11% [[vinyl acetate]]
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![[Polyolefins]]
!(polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.)
|synthetic
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|[[thermosetting]]
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! [[Polyamide]]s
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|synthetic
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! [[Polyester]]s
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|synthetic
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! [[Polyurethane]]s
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|synthetic
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! [[Polycaprolactone]]
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|synthetic
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|biodegradable
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|very low melting temperature, {{cvt|40|-|60|C|F}} and heat conductivity means it can be moulded by hand. Can be used to mould itself.
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* Styrene acrylic copolymer – e.g. "No More Nails"

====Thermosetting polymers====
{{main|thermosetting polymer}}
Thermosetting glues or thermosets cure irreversibly by polymerization. The polymerization can be triggered by heat or other radiation, or high pressure or a [[catalyst]]/hardener may be added.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" width="20" | Type
! scope="col" width="20" | Subtypes
! scope="col" width="50" | Source(s)
!Manufacture
! scope="col" width="250" | Chemistry
! scope="col" width="200" | Volatiles
! scope="col" align="center" width="100" | Safety
! scope="col" width="80" | Properties
!Shelf life
!Working time
!Setting
!Strength
!Solvents
! scope="col" width="30" | Uses
! scope="col" width="30" | Date
|-
! [[Phenol formaldehyde resin]]s (PF), also called phenolic resins
! [[Resorcinol glue]], [[Para tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin]]
|synthetic
|[[resorcinol]] or similar is mixed with [[phenol]] to make a resin; cured by adding [[formaldehyde]]
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|offgasses phenol and formeldehyde
|phenol and formeldehyde are toxic, PTBPF causes contact allergies
|Temperature-, UV-, and microbe-resistant. No gap-filling; joint must fit tightly. Brown in colour, sands off.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Boat |first=Classic |date=2011-03-11 |title=Adhesives for Wooden Boats: Structural Glues |url=https://www.classicboat.co.uk/practical-advice/adhesives-for-wooden-boats-structural-glues/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Classic Boat Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
|A few years, unmixed.
|Temperature-dependent. Will not cure at temperatures below {{convert|10|C|F}}.<ref name=":0" />
|Needs to be clamped
|Structural
|Water-soluble until set, waterproof after.<ref name=":0" />
|laminating plywood, especially for exterior use; woodworking
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![[Urea-formaldehyde]] glue
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|synthetic
|[[urea]] and [[formaldehyde]]
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|offgasses urea and formeldehyde
|formeldehyde is toxic, urea is an irritant
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|[[thermosetting]]
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![[Polysulfide]]s
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|synthetic
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|Will melt acrylic, polycarbonate, ABS and PVC plastic. Can be used to glue nylon, epoxy, and polyoxymethylene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Caulking & Adhesives |url=https://www.westmarine.com/marine-caulking-adhesives/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=West Marine |language=en-US}}</ref>
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* [[Epoxy]] resins
** [[Epoxy putty]]
* Polyvinyls
** [[Polyvinyl acetate]] (PVA) Includes white glue (e.g. [[Elmer's Glue]]) and yellow [[Wood glue|carpenter's glue]] (Aliphatic resin) (Brands include Titebond and Lepage)
** [[Polyvinyl alcohol]]
** [[Polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC)
** Polyvinyl chloride emulsion (PVCE) – a water-miscible emulsion that polymerizes as it cures
** [[Polyvinylpyrrolidone]] (component of [[glue stick]]s)
* [[Silicone resin]]s
* [[Silyl modified polymers]]

==By use==
* [[Postage stamp gum]] may be a mixture of assorted starch and resin adhesives
* [[Library paste]] is usually starch-based <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art & Architecture Thesaurus Full Record Display (Getty Research) |url=https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=library+paste&logic=AND&note=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300014830 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.getty.edu}}</ref>
* [[Meat glue]] is a variety of culinary binding agents

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Adhesives| ]]

[[es:Pegamento]]
[[nl:Lijst van lijmsoorten]]
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