Editing List of Indian massacres in North America

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{{redirect|List of Indian massacres|massacres in India|List of massacres in India|other uses|Indian massacre (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
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| caption = Mass grave of Lakota dead — after the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre.
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An '''Indian massacre''' is any incident in which a significant number of [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], as a group, killed or were killed  outside the confines of [[mutual combat]] in [[war]].

== Overview ==
"Indian massacre" is a phrase whose use and definition has evolved and expanded over time.  European colonists initially used the phrase to describe attacks by indigenous Americans which resulted in mass colonial casualties.  While similar attacks by colonists on Indian villages were called "raids" or "battles", successful Indian attacks on white settlements or military posts were routinely termed "massacres".  Knowing very little about the native inhabitants of the American frontier, the colonists were deeply fearful, and often, European Americans who had rarely – or never – seen a Native American read Indian atrocity stories in popular literature and newspapers. Emphasis was placed on the depredations of "murderous savages" in their information about Indians, and as the migrants headed further west, they frequently feared the Indians they would encounter.<ref name="Knight">''Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia''; Peter Knight; ABC-CLIO, 2003; Pg. 523</ref><ref name="Stannard">''American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World''; David E. Stannard; Oxford University Press, 1993; Pg. 130</ref>

The phrase eventually became commonly used to also describe mass killings of American Indians.  Killings described as "massacres" often had an element of indiscriminate targeting, barbarism, or [[genocidal intent]].<ref name="Frey">''Genocide and International Justice''; Rebecca Joyce Frey; InfoBase Publishing, 2009; Pgs. 7–12, 31–54</ref>

According to historian Jeffrey Ostler, "Any discussion of genocide must, of course, eventually consider the so-called Indian Wars, the term commonly used for U.S. Army campaigns to subjugate Indian nations of the American West beginning in the 1860s. In an older historiography, key events in this history were narrated as battles. It is now more common for scholars to refer to these events as massacres. This is especially so of a Colorado territorial militia's slaughter of Cheyennes at [[Sand Creek massacre|Sand Creek]] (1864) and the army's slaughter of Shoshones at [[Bear River massacre|Bear River]] (1863), Blackfeet on the [[Marias Massacre|Marias River]] (1870), and Lakotas at [[Wounded Knee Massacre|Wounded Knee]] (1890). Some scholars have begun referring to these events as “genocidal massacres,” defined as the annihilation of a portion of a larger group, sometimes to provide a lesson to the larger group."<ref name="Ostler">''Genocide and American Indian History''; Jeffrey Ostler; University of Oregon, 2015</ref>

It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of "Indian massacres". In ''The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee'', lawyer William M. Osborn compiled a list of alleged and actual atrocities in what would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact in 1511 until 1890. His parameters for inclusion included the intentional and indiscriminate [[murder]], [[torture]], or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. His list included 7,193 people who died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people who died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.<ref>Osborn, William M. (2001). ''The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee''. Garden City, NY: Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-375-50374-0}}.</ref>

In ''An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873'', historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873. He found evidence that during this period, at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians. Most of these killings occurred in what he said were more than 370 massacres (defined by him as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise").<ref>[[#refMadley2016|Madley 2016]], p.11, p.351</ref>

== List of massacres ==
{{Dynamic list}}
This is a listing of some of the events reported then or referred to now as "Indian massacre".

=== Pre-Columbian era ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!  style="text-align:left; width:40px;"| Year !! width=80| Date !! width=160| Name !! | Current location !! class="unsortable" style="width:420px;"| Description
!Reported native casualties!! class="unsortable" |
|-
|1325 || ||[[Crow Creek massacre]] || South Dakota ||486 known dead were discovered at an archaeological site near [[Chamberlain, South Dakota]]. The victims and perpetrators were both unknown groups of Native Americans.
|486||<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a|dateform=mdy}}</ref>
|}

=== 1500–1830 ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!  style="text-align:left; width:40px;"| Year !! width=80| Date !! width=160| Name !! | Current location !! class="unsortable" style="width:420px;"| Description
!Reported casualties!! class="unsortable" | Claimants
|-
| 1518–19? || || Annihilation of the Otomi of Tecoac|| Tecoac, modern day [[Mexico]] || The entire [[Otomi]] population of Tecoac was reportedly killed during [[Hernán Cortés]]'s first expedition into [[Mexico]] || All [[Otomis]] in Tecoac allegedly
||<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NO5wsTGExYcC&pg=PA1963 |title=Genocide |page=1963 |publisher=RW Press|isbn=9781909284272 }}</ref><ref name=toofor>{{cite book |last1=Singer |first1=Gabrielle |title=A Purple Bull |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3gDX2DIT2wC&pg=PA68|isbn=9780533148356 |date=November 30, 2004 |publisher=Vantage Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Genocide: A World History |first1=Norman M. |last1=Naimark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ro1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |page=41|isbn=9780199765263 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>León Portilla,: Cap. V</ref>
|-
| 1519 || || [[Cholula Massacre]] || [[Cholula (Mesoamerican site)|Cholula]], modern day [[Mexico]] || Cempoalans reported that fortifications were being constructed around the city and the Tlaxcalans were warning the Spaniards. Cortés ordered a pre-emptive strike, urged by the Tlaxcalans, the enemies of the Cholulans. Cortés confronted the city leaders in the main temple alleging that they were planning to attack his men. They admitted that they had been ordered to resist by Moctezuma, but they claimed they had not followed his orders. Regardless, on command, the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans seized and killed many of the local nobles to serve as a lesson. || 3,000 to over 30,000 ||<ref>{{cite book |first=Bernal |last=Díaz del Castillo |translator-first=J.M. |translator-last=Cohen |editor-first=Betty |editor-last=Radice |date=1963 |title=The Conquest of New Spain |location=London |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0140441239 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/conquestofnewspa00diaz/page/200 200–201] |url=https://archive.org/details/conquestofnewspa00diaz/page/200 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Empires Past: Aztecs: Conquest". Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/16325/y-conq.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202061155/http://library.thinkquest.org/16325/y-conq.html|archive-date=February 2, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 1520 || || [[Massacre in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan|Alvarado Massacre]] || [[Tenochtitlan]], modern day [[Mexico]] || The Massacre in the Great Temple, also called the Alvarado Massacre, was an event on May 22, 1520, in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan during the Spanish conquest of Mexico, in which the celebration of the Feast of Toxcatl ended in a massacre of Aztec elites. || || <ref>El Calendario Mexica y la Cronografía. Rafael Tena 2008 INAH-CONACULTA p 48 108</ref><ref>Revista de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM Volume 49, Issues 522–527 p 40</ref>
|-
| 1521 || || [[Fall of Tenochtitlan#Casualties and atrocities|Massacre after the fall of Tenochtitlan]] || [[Tenochtitlan]], modern day [[Mexico]] ||
After the [[Fall of Tenochtitlan]] the remaining Aztec warriors and civilians fled the city as the Spanish allies, primarily the Tlaxcalans, continued to attack even after the surrender, slaughtering thousands of the remaining civilians and looting the city. The Tlaxcalans did not spare women or children: they entered houses, stealing all precious things they found, raping and then killing women, stabbing children. The survivors marched out of the city for the next three days. One source claims 6,000 were massacred in the town of Ixtapalapa alone.
|| At least 40,000 civilians killed or enslaved, 100,000 to 240,000 warriors and civilians killed in the siege overall || <ref>{{cite book |last1=Naimak |first1=Norman M. |title=Genocide: A World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ro1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |pages=42–43|isbn=9780199765263 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref name="Paulkovich">{{cite book
| title = No Meek Messiah
| edition = 1st
| last = Paulkovich
| first = Michael
| year = 2012
| publisher = Spillix Publishing
| isbn = 978-0988216112
| pages = 117}}</ref><ref name=grosshumanrights>{{cite book |last1=Karin Solveig Björnson |first1=Kurt Jonassohn |title=Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective |pages=202 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA202|isbn=9781412824453 }}</ref><ref name=twofor>{{cite web |language=es |url=http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario9.htm |title=Victimario Histórico Militar: Capítulo IX|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701062501/http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario9.htm |archive-date=July 1, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=toofor/>
|-
| 1539 || || Napituca Massacre || Florida || After defeating resisting [[Timucuan]] warriors, [[Hernando de Soto]] had 200 executed, in the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what later became U.S. soil.
|200||<ref name = "Duncan">{{cite book| first=David Ewing|last= Duncan|title=Hernando de Soto: A Savage Quest in the Americas|publisher= University of Oklahoma Press| year = 1997| pages=286–291, 376–384}}</ref>
|-
| 1540 || October 18 || [[Mabila]] Massacre || Alabama || The [[Choctaw]] retaliated against [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]]'s expedition,<ref>Clayton, Lawrence A., [http://1st-history-of-the.us/larrys.html "Hernando de Soto: A Brief"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210090243/http://1st-history-of-the.us/larrys.html |date=February 10, 2008 }}.</ref> killing 200 soldiers, as well as many of their horses and pigs, for their having burned down [[Mabila]] compound and killed c. 2,500 warriors and the [[paramount chief]] [[Tuskaloosa]], who had hidden in houses of a fake village.
|2,500||<ref name = "Duncan" /><ref>Wilford, John Noble, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFDF1F31F93AA25756C0A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3 "De Soto's Trail: Courage and Cruelty Come Alive"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 19, 1987</ref><ref name="Steele">Steele, Ian Kenneth, ''Warpaths: Invasions of North America'', Oxford University Press, 1994. pp. 15, 47, 116.</ref>
|-
|1540–42
|
|[[Mixtón War]]
|Zacatecas, Mexico
|The [[Caxcan]] Indigenous people of  [[Mexico]] resist encroachment by the Spanish colonists.
|4,500
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Mexico - Indigenous Jalisco |url=http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/jalisco_indig.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=www.houstonculture.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=http://archive.org/details/warfarearmedconf0000clod |title=Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007 |date=2008 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-3319-3 |pages=34}}</ref>
|-
| 1541–42 || || [[Tiguex War|Tiguex]] Massacres || New Mexico || After the invading Spaniards seized the houses, food and clothing of the Tiguex and raped their women, the Tiguex resisted.  The Spanish attacked them, burning at the stake 50 people who had surrendered.  [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]]'s men laid siege to the Moho Pueblo, and after a months-long siege, they killed 200 fleeing warriors.
|250||<ref>Sauer, C., ''Sixteenth Century North America; the land and the people as seen by the Europeans'', University of California Press, 1971, p. 141.</ref><ref>Flint, R., ''No settlement, no conquest : a history of the Coronado Entrada'', University of New Mexico Press, 2008, pp. 144–153.</ref>
|-
| 1599 || January 22–24 || [[Acoma Massacre]] || New Mexico || [[Juan de Oñate]] led a [[punitive expedition]] against the natives in a three-day battle at the [[Acoma Pueblo]], killing approximately 500 warriors and 300 civilians. [[King of Spain|King]] [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] later punished Oñate for his excesses.
|300||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/09/us/conquistador-statue-stirs-hispanic-pride-and-indian-rage.html|title=Conquistador Statue Stirs Hispanic Pride and Indian Rage|first=James|last=Brooke|date=February 9, 1998|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>Weber, David J., ''The Spanish Frontier in North America'', Yale University Press, New Haven, 1992, pp. 85–86.</ref>
|-
| 1601 ||  || Sandia Mountains || New Mexico || Founder of the colony of New Mexico, [[Juan de Oñate]], retaliated for the killing of two Spaniards by sending Spanish troops to destroy 3 Indian villages in the [[Sandia Mountains]], [[New Mexico]]. According to one Spanish account, 900 [[Tompiro Indians]] were killed.
|900||<ref>Riley, Carroll, L., ''Rio del Norte: People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt'', University of Utah Press, 2007, p. 252, {{ISBN|978-0-87480-496-6}}</ref>
|-
| 1609 || || Orpax Massacre || Jamestown, Virginia || During [[The Starving Time]] at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in the [[Colony of Virginia]], [[John Ratcliffe (governor)|John Ratcliffe]], president of the colony, and around 50 colonists went to meet with a group of [[Powhatan]] Indians to bargain for food. However they were ambushed and only 16 survived. Ratcliffe was captured and later tortured to death.
|33 (colonists)||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rethinking Jamestown 
|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/rethinking-jamestown-105757282/|date=2005-01-01|access-date=2022-04-10|newspaper=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>Wolfe, Brendan. [https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/first-anglo-powhatan-war-1609-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609–1614)]. (2021, February 17). In Encyclopedia Virginia.</ref> 
|-
|| 1610 || August 9 || [[Paspahegh| Paspahegh Massacre]] || Virginia || [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr|Lord De la Warr]] sent 70 men to attack the [[Paspahegh]] Indians. They destroyed their main village near [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], killing between 16 and 65 people. The wife and children of the village chief were captured and shortly afterwards put to death.
|16–65|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richmond.com/news/article_df44b344-0ea2-5ff6-9f93-d8f4f5f146cf.html|title=Highway marker dedicated for Paspahegh tribe|first=Times-Dispatch|last=Staff|date=August 12, 2007 }}</ref><ref>Schlotterbeck, J., ''Daily Life in the Colonial South'',  Greenwood, 2013, p. 333, {{ISBN|978-0313340697}}</ref>
|-
|1616-1620
|
|[[Tepehuán Revolt|Tepehuan revolt]]
|Durango, Mexico
|In Durango, the Tepehuan revolted against Spanish rule.
|400 Spaniards and 1000 Indians died.
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=http://archive.org/details/warfarearmedconf0000clod |title=Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland |others=Internet Archive |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7864-3319-3 |pages=65}}</ref>
|-
| 1622 || March 22 || [[Indian massacre of 1622|Jamestown Massacre]] || Virginia || [[Powhatan]] (Pamunkey) killed 347 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the English population of the [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] colony, in an effort to push the English out of Virginia. They then destroyed crops and livestock causing 500 more people to die of starvation, reducing the settler population to 180.
|847 (English) (500 died from starvation)||<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/jamestown-legacy-of-the-massacre-of-aaw-01/|title=Research Jamestown: Legacy of the Massacre of 1622 – Americans at War|via=www.bookrags.com}}</ref><ref name="Spencer C. Tucker 2011 p. 332">Spencer C. Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (30 September 2011). ''The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History''. ABC-CLIO. p. 332. {{ISBN|978-1-851096-97-8}}.</ref>
|-
| 1622 ||  || Massacre of Matape || Sonora, Mexico || The Aibinos (Opatas) in 1622 stirred up opposition to the missionaries who were working on the middle Yaqui River among the Lower Pimas. The trouble was serious enough to cause Captain Hurdaide to send an expedition of two thousand soldiers to the vicinity of Matape, where they defeated the Indians in a bloody battle. This was followed by the entrance of two Jesuits who baptized some four hundred children at Matape and Tepupa.
|An unknown number of Opatas (which left 400 children orphans)||<ref>{{cite book|url=https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/projects/cycles-of-conquest|title="Cycles of Conquest" on University of Arizona Press }}</ref><ref name="Spicer Edward H. 1962 p. 93">Spicer, Edward H., Cycles of Conquest. The impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 [1962], University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989, p. 93. {{ISBN|978-0-8165-4128-7}}.</ref>
|-
| 1623 ||  || [[Wessagusset|Wessagusset affair]] || Massachusetts || Several [[Massachusett]] chiefs were lured to [[Wessagusset Colony|Wessagusset]] under peaceful pretenses and put to death. Other Indians present in the village were also killed.
|4 (Native leaders) + unknown number of other Native Americans|| <ref>Miller, D.W. ''The Forced Removal of American Indians from the Northeast: A History of Territorial Cessions and Relocations, 1620–1854'', McFarland, 2011, p. 14., {{ISBN|978-0-786464-96-8}}</ref><ref>Adams, D. Jr., Charles F., ''Wessagusset and Weymouth'', Nabu Press, pp. 24–26, {{ISBN|978-1-248636-92-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1623 || May 12 || [[Pamunkey]] Peace Talks || Virginia || In revenge for the Indian massacre of 1622, English colonists served poisoned wine at a "peace conference" with [[Powhatan]] leaders, killing about 200; they physically attacked and killed another 50.
|250||<ref name="Steele"/>
|-
| 1626 || || [[Kalinago Genocide of 1626]] || [[Bloody Point]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] || 2,000–4,000 Caribs were forced into the area of Bloody Point and Bloody River, where over 2,000 were massacred, though 100 settlers were also killed. One Frenchman went mad after being struck by a manchineel-poisoned arrow. The remaining Caribs fled, but by 1640, those not already enslaved, were removed to Dominica. || 2,000 || <ref>[[Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre]], ''Histoire Generale des Antilles...'', 2 vols. Paris: Jolly, 1667, I:5–6</ref><ref name=Hubbard>{{cite book|last1=Hubbard|first1=Vincent|title=A History of St. Kitts|date=2002|publisher=Macmillan Caribbean|isbn=9780333747605|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/17 17–18]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/17}}</ref>
|-
| 1637 || April 23 || Wethersfield Attack || Connecticut || During the [[Pequot War]], Wongunk chief Sequin attacked the Puritan town [[Wethersfield, Connecticut]] with [[Pequot]] help. Six men and 3 women were killed and 2 girls kidnapped.
|9 (settlers)||<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muehlbauer |first1=Matthew S. |last2=Ulbrich |first2=David J. |title=Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136756047 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7k43AgAAQBAJ&q=%22PEquot+war%22+wethersfield+killed+men+women&pg=PA29 |access-date=9 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lucas |first1=Beverly |title=Wethersfield |date=2008 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9780738563459 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCPzu3WyywC&q=%22PEquot+war%22+wethersfield+killed+men+women&pg=PA69 |access-date=9 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1637 || May 26 || [[Mystic Massacre]] || Connecticut || In response to the Wethersfield attack, 90 English colonists commanded by [[John Mason (c. 1600–1672)|John Mason]], with 70 [[Mohegan]] and 200 [[Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansett]] allies, launched a night attack on a large [[Pequot]] village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 400–700.
|400–700||<ref>Cave, Alfred A., ''The Pequot War'', University of Massachusetts Press, 1996, pp. 144–154.</ref>
|-
| 1637 || July || Execution of Pequot prisoners|| Connecticut ||Shortly after their capture, between 20 and 30 Pequot prisoners were taken offshore and deliberately drowned. Their families were subsequently sold into slavery.
|20–30 ||<ref>Hauptman, Laurence M., ''Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War'', Free Press, 1996, p. 147, {{ISBN|978-0-6848-2668-4}}</ref><ref>Drinnon, Richard ''Facing West, The Metaphysics of Indian-hating and Empire-building'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1997, p. 44, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-2928-0}}</ref>
|-
| 1640 || July || Staten Island || New York || 80 Dutch soldiers under [[Cornelis van Tienhoven]] attacked a village of [[Raritan tribe|Raritans]] on Staten Island over stolen pigs. Van Tienhoven intended only to demand payment, but his men wanted to massacre the Indians and he eventually consented.
||| <ref>Grumet, Robert S. ''First Manhattans: A History of the Indians of Greater New York'', University of Oklahoma Press, 2011, p33-34, {{ISBN|978-0-806141-63-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1643 || February 25  || [[Pavonia Massacre]] || New York || In 1643 the [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] attacked a band of [[Wappani|Wappinger]] and [[Tappan (Native Americans)|Tappan]], who fled to [[New Amsterdam]] seeking the protection of [[New Netherland]] governor, [[William Kieft]]. Kieft dispersed them to [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/K_Pages/Kieft_William.htm|title=William Keift|website=www.njcu.edu}}</ref> and [[Lower East Side#Historical boundaries|Corlears Hook]]. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of [[Kieft's War]], driven by mercenary [[Captain John Underhill|John Underhill]].
|129||<ref>{{cite book|author=Winkler, David F. |title= Revisiting the Attack on Pavonia|year= 1998|publisher=New Jersey Historical Society}}</ref><ref name=Beck>{{cite web|author=Beck, Sanderson |title= New Netherland and Stuyvesant 1642–64|year=2006| url=http://www.san.beck.org/11-5-Colonies1643-64.html#4}}</ref>
|-
| 1643 || August || [[Anne Hutchinson#Death|Hutchinson Massacre]] || New York || As part of [[Kieft's War]] in [[New Netherland]], near the [[Split Rock (Bronx, New York)|Split Rock]]  (now northeastern [[Bronx]] in [[New York City]]), local [[Lenape]] (or [[Siwanoy]]) killed settler Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants).  [[Susanna Cole|Susanna]], one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years.
|15 (settlers)|| <ref>{{cite book|last=LaPlante |first=Eve |title=American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans |year=2004 |publisher=Harper Collins |place=San Francisco |page=231 |isbn=0-06-056233-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTj1N-egHsMC&q=portsmouth+rhode+hutchinson&pg=PA209}}</ref>
|-
| 1644 ||  || Massapequa Massacre || New York || [[Captain John Underhill|John Underhill's]] men killed more than 100 Indians  near present-day [[Massapequa, New York|Massapequa]].
|100+||  <ref>Tucker, S.C. ''The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History'', ABC-Clio, p. 414, {{ISBN|978-1-851096-97-8}}</ref><ref>Major, D.C., Major, J.S. '' A Huguenot on the Hackensack: David Demarest and His Legacy'', Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2007, p. 55, {{ISBN|978-1-611473-68-1}}</ref>
|-
| 1644 || April 18 || [[Anglo-Powhatan Wars#Third Anglo-Powhatan War|Beginning of Third Anglo-Powhatan War]] || Virginia || [[Powhatan]] (Pamunkey) killed more than 400 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, about 4 percent of the English population of the [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] colony, in a second effort to push the English out of Virginia.
|400+ (English)|| <ref name="Spencer C. Tucker 2011 p. 332"/>
|-
| 1644 || March || [[Pound Ridge Massacre]] || New York || As part of [[Kieft's War]] in [[New Netherland]], at present day [[Pound Ridge]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Captain John Underhill|John Underhill]], hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians.
|500 ||  <ref name = "Steele" /><ref>Trelease, A., ''Indian Affairs in Colonial New York; The Seventeenth Century'', pp. 79–80.</ref>
|-
| 1655 || September 11–15 || [[Peach War]] || New York || In response to [[Director-General of New Netherland]] [[Peter Stuyvesant]]'s attacks to their trading partners and allies at [[New Sweden]], united bands of natives attacked [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] and [[Staten Island]].
|40||<ref name="Trelease">{{cite book |last1=Trelease |first1=Allan W. |title=Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century |date=1960 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |url=https://archive.org/details/indianaffairsinc0000alle |url-access=registration}}</ref>
|-
| 1675 || July || Susquehannock Massacre || Virginia ||After a raid by [[Doeg tribe|Doeg]] Indians on a plantation in [[Virginia]], which killed 2 settlers, a party of militiamen crossed the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] into [[Maryland]] and killed 14 members of the friendly [[Susquehannock]] tribe they found sleeping in their cabins.
|14|| <ref>Murrin, John M., ''Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People'', p85, Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc, 2010, p. 85, {{ISBN|978-0495904991}}</ref>
|-
|1675 || July || Swansea Massacre || Massachusetts || [[Wampanoag]] warriors attack the town of [[Swansea, Massachusetts]], killing 7 settlers. This attack marked the beginning of King Philip's War.
|7 (settlers)||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=184|title=King Philip's War Breaks Out|website=www.massmoments.org|date=June 25, 2006 }}</ref>
|-
|1675 || August || [[Lancaster raid#Attack on Lancaster, 1675|Lancaster Raid (1675)]]|| Massachusetts || [[Nimpuc|Nipmuc]] warriors attacked the town of [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]], killing 7 inhabitants during King Philip's War.
|7 (settlers)||<ref name=Mandell>{{cite book |last= Mandell|first= D|date= 2010|title= King Philip's War: Colonial expansion, native resistance, and the end of Indian sovereignty|location= Baltimore, MD|publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref>
|-
| 1675 || September ||Susquehannock chiefs massacre || Maryland || Following the massacre of 14 Susquehannock in July, five [[Susquehannock]] chiefs were executed after being invited to a parley by Maryland militia commander [[Thomas Truman]].|| 5  ||<ref name=cave/>
|-
| 1675 || December 15 || [[Jireh Bull Blockhouse]] massacre || [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]] || During King Philip's War, four days before the [[Great Swamp Fight]], Jireh Bull Block House was burned by [[Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansett]] warriors, and fifteen of its inhabitants were killed.|| 15 (settlers)  ||<ref>{{cite book |last1=Delucia |first1=Christine M. |title=Memory lands: King Philip's War and the place of violence in the northeast |title-link=Memory Lands |date=2018 |location=New Haven |isbn=9780300201178 |chapter=Habitations by Narragansett Bay Coastal Homelands, Encounters with Roger Williams, and Routes to Great Swamp}}</ref>
|-
|1675 || December 19 || [[Great Swamp Fight|Great Swamp Massacre]] || Rhode Island ||Colonial militia and Indian allies attacked a [[Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansett]] fort near [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]]. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 to 1,000 women, children and elder men burnt in the village.
|300–1,000||<ref>Ellis, George W., Morris, John E., ''King Philip's War'', Grafton Historical Series, The Grafton Press, 1906, pp. 152–155</ref><ref>Rajtar, Steve, ''Indian War Sites: A Guidebook to Battlefields, Monuments, and Memorials'', McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina,  1999</ref>
|-
| 1676 || January || January 1676 Susquehannock raids || Virginia & Maryland || In a prelude to [[Bacon's Rebellion]], [[Susquehannock]] warriors attacked plantations in retaliation for earlier attacks by colonists. They killed 60 settlers in Maryland and 36 in Virginia. Other tribes joined in, killing more settlers.|| 96+ (settlers) ||<ref name=cave>Alfred A. Cave, ''Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2011) p. 148–161</ref>
|-
|1676 || February 10 || [[Lancaster raid#Lancaster Raid occurs|Lancaster raid (1676)]]|| Massachusetts || Four hundred Narragansett, Nipmuc, and Wampanoag warriors attacked the town of Lancaster, Massachusetts, killing 14 inhabitants and capturing 23 during King Philip's War.
|14 (settlers)||
<ref name=Mandell/>
|-
| 1676 || March 26 || [[Nine Men's Misery]] || Rhode Island ||During [[King Philip's War]], warriors subjected nine captive soldiers with ritual torture and death.
|9 (settlers)||<ref>[http://www.bucklinsociety.net/nine_men_misery.htm Nine Men's Misery Marker], Joseph Bucklin Society, accessdate February 17, 2013</ref><ref>Franko, Victor, [http://www.bucklinsociety.net/pdf/NINEMENresearch.pdf Nine Men's Misery Part 2 Historical Research], 2003, Joseph Bucklin Society, accessdate February 17, 2013</ref>
|-
| 1676 || May || Massacre at Occoneechee Island || Virginia || [[Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia colonist and rebel)|Nathaniel Bacon]] turned on his [[Occaneechi]] allies and his men destroyed three forts within their village on Occoneechee Island, on the [[Roanoke River]] near present-day [[Clarksville, Virginia]]. Bacon's troops killed one hundred men as well as many women and children.
|100–400||<ref>Demallie, Raymond J. ''Tutelo and Neighboring Groups.'' Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004, {{ISBN|0-16-072300-0}}</ref>
|-
| 1676 || May 10 || [[Battle of Turner's Falls|Turner Falls Massacre]] || Massachusetts || Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day [[Turners Falls, Massachusetts]]. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack.
|100||<ref>Mandell, Daniel R., ''King Philip's War: the conflict over New England'', Chelsea House Publishers, 2007, p. 100, {{ISBN|978-0-7910-9346-7}}</ref>
|-
| 1676 || July 2 || Rhode Island || Rhode Island || Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on [[Rhode Island]], killing 34 men and 92 women and children.
|126||<ref name="Kiernan1">[[#refKiernan2007|Kiernan 2007]], p. 239</ref>
|-
| 1676 || July 3 || Warwick Neck Massacre || Rhode Island || Disregarding the promise of safety made to Narragansett sachem Potuck, Major Talcott's troops attacked 80 of his followers who had given themselves up, killing 18 and wounding or capturing 49. Although Potuck had been granted safe conduct to go to [[Newport, Rhode Island]] to negotiate terms, he was arrested and subsequently executed.
|18 ||<ref>D'Amato, Donald A., ''Warwick, a City at the Crossroads'', Arcadia, 2001, p. 33, {{ISBN|978-0-7385-2369-9}}</ref><ref>Hammond, J., ''Volume 1 Family and Mormon Church Roots: Colonial Period to 1820'', Xlibris US, 2011, pp. 105-106. {{ISBN|978-1-4628-7365-4}}</ref><ref>Schultz, Eric B., Tougias, Michael J., ''King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict'', Countryman Press, 2000, p. 65, {{ISBN|978-1-5815-7701-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1676 || August || Dragon Swamp massacre || Virginia || During Bacon's Rebellion, Bacon's men, who were searching for Susquehannock, attacked friendly [[Pamunkey]]s in [[Dragon Swamp]], killing many and capturing 45 || Many killed + 45 captured ||<ref name=cave/>
|-
| 1676 || August 13 || Woolwich massacre || Maine || During King Philip's War, Wabanaki fighters attacked Richard Hammond's fortified trading post  in present-day [[Woolwich, Maine]], killing fourteen and capturing others. 
|14 (settlers)||<ref name=Mandell/>
|-
| 1680 || August 10 || [[Pueblo Revolt]] || New Mexico ||[[Puebloan peoples|Pueblo]] warriors killed 401 Spanish settlers, and 21 Franciscan priests, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico.
|422 (Spaniards)||<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/us/pueblo-revolt-native-american-protests.html Why New Mexico's 1680 Pueblo Revolt Is Echoing in 2020 Protests], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 27, 2020</ref><ref>[http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gl/mav1.htm Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907223022/http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gl/mav1.htm |date=September 7, 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| 1688 || December || Fort St. Louis massacre || [[Victoria County, Texas]] ||A [[French colonization of Texas|French settlement]], founded by explorer [[Robert Cavelier de La Salle]] on the [[Garcitas Creek]] in 1685, was attacked by [[Karankawa people|Karankawa]] Indians. Twenty settlers were killed and the five survivors were taken captive.
|20 (French)||<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Wolff |first=Thomas |date=1969 |title=The Karankawa Indians: Their Conflict with the White Man in Texas |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.2307/480941|jstor=480941 }}</ref>
|-
| 1688 || July 25 || [[Mototícachi massacre]] || [[Sonora]] || A Spanish force burns an [[O'odham]] village, kills all men of fighting age, and forcibly relocates the survivors
|42||<ref name="radonic">{{cite journal |last1=Radonic |first1=Lucero |title=The Mototícachi Massacre: Authorized Pimas and the Specter of the Insurrectionary Indian |journal=Journal of the Southwest |date=2014 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=253–267 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/145/article/553395/pdf |access-date=26 February 2025 |issn=2158-1371}}</ref>
|-
| 1689 || August 5 || [[Lachine massacre]] || Quebec ||1,500 [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] warriors attacked the small settlement of [[Lachine, Quebec|Lachine]], [[New France]] and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, in response to widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York.
|90 (French)||<ref name="george">{{cite book |last=George |first=Charles |author2=Douglas Roberts |title=A History of Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorycanada00robegoog |year=1897 |publisher=The Page Company |location=Boston |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorycanada00robegoog/page/n117 93]–94 }}</ref>
|-
| 1689 ||  || Zia Pueblo || New Mexico || Governor [[Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate|Jironza de Cruzate]] sacked and burned [[Zia Pueblo, New Mexico|Zia Pueblo]], New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors were enslaved.
|600||<ref>Preucel, Robert W., ''Archaeologies of the Pueblo revolt: identity, meaning, and renewal in the Pueblo world'', University of New Mexico Press, 2007, p. 56, {{ISBN|978-0-8263-2247-0}}</ref>
|-
| 1689 || June 27–28 || [[Raid on Dover|Cochecho Massacre]] || New Hampshire || Members of the newly formed [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] arrived at [[Dover, New Hampshire]] led by Chief [[Kancamagus]]. They killed 23 residents and captured 29 beginning [[King William's War]].
|23 (English)||<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/historynewhamps00belkgoog| title = Belknap. The History of New Hampshire. Vol. 1. 1792, p. 128| year = 1831| publisher = Dover [N.H.] S.C. Stevens and Ela & Wadleigh}}</ref>
|-
| 1690 || February 8 || [[Schenectady Massacre]] || New York ||As part of the [[Beaver Wars]], French and [[Algonquin people|Algonquins]] destroyed [[Schenectady]], [[Province of New York|New York]], killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.
|60 (Dutch and English)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 33</ref>
|-
| 1690 || March 27 || [[Raid on Salmon Falls]] || Maine || During King William's War, Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière, along with [[Norridgewock]] Abnaki chief Wahowa, led soldiers of [[Acadia]] and the Wabanaki Confederacy to destroy the settlement of Salmon Falls (present-day Berwick, Maine), killing 34 settlers and captured 54.
|34 (English)||<ref name="biographi">{{cite DCB |title=Hertel de Rouville, Jean-Baptiste |first=Raymond |last=Douville |volume=2 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hertel_de_rouville_jean_baptiste_2E.html}}</ref>
|-
| 1690 || May 16–20 || [[Battle of Falmouth (1690)|Raid on Falmouth]] || Maine || [[Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière]] and [[Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin|Baron de St Castin]] led soldiers of [[New France]] and the Wabanaki Confederacy to capture and destroy [[Fort Loyal]] and the English settlement on the Falmouth during King William's War, killing 200 settlers.
|200 (English)||<ref>Webster, John Clarence.  Acadia at the End of the Seventeenth Century.  Saint John, NB, The New Brunswick Museum, 1979</ref>
|-
| 1692 || January 24   || [[Candlemas Massacre]] || Maine ||During [[King William's War]], 200–300 Abenaki and Canadiens killed 75, took 100 prisoner and burned the encroaching town of [[York, Maine|York]], [[Maine district]] of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]]
|75 (non-Indians)||<ref>Banks, Charles Edward, [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001261797 History of York, Maine, successively known as Bristol (1632), Agamentious (1641), Gorgeana (1642), and York (1652). With contributions on topography and land titles by Angevine W. Gowen. Sketches by the author.] Baltimore, Regional Publishing Company, 1967 reprint of first edition: Charles E. Banks, Boston, 1931 Vol. 1</ref>
|-
| 1693 || December 30 || Santa Fe reconquest || New Mexico || [[Diego de Vargas]] leading about 800 people, including 100 soldiers, and returned to Santa Fe on December 16, 1693. They were opposed by 70 Pueblo warriors and 400 family members within the town. De Vargas and his forces recaptured the town. 70 Pueblo warriors were executed on December 30, and their families were sentenced to ten years' servitude.
|70||<ref name="Restored">Kessell, John L., Rick Hendricks, and Meredith D. Dodge (eds.), 1995. ''To the Royal Crown Restored  (The Journals of Don Diego De Vargas, New Mexico, 1692–94).'' University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.</ref>
|-
| 1694 || July 18 || [[Raid on Oyster River|Oyster River massacre]] || New Hampshire || During King William's War, [[Claude-Sébastien de Villieu]] led 250 members of the Wabanaki Confederacy to attack and destroy the settlement of Oyster River (present-day [[Durham, New Hampshire]]). They killed 104 English settlers and captured 27.  Much of the settlement was destroyed and pillaged. Crops were also destroyed and livestock killed, causing famine among the survivors.
|104 (English)||<ref>Webster, John Clarence. ''Acadia at the End of the Seventeenth Century''. Saint John, NB, The New Brunswick Museum, 1979. p. 65</ref>
|-
| 1695 || June 9 || La Matanza || Sonora, Mexico ||Spanish militia with Seri Indian auxiliaries killed 49 O'odham Indians (formerly known in the United States as Pima Indians) at peace conference at the El Tupo Cienega (also called San Miguel del Tupo)<ref name="roca">{{cite book |last1=Roca |first1=Paul M. |title=Paths of the Padres Through Sonora: An Illustrated History & Guide to Its Spanish Churches |date=1967 |publisher=Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4RaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> two months after the Tubutama Uprising. The meadow became known as La Matanza - Place of The Slaughter.||49||<ref>Spicer, Edward H, Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533–1960, University of Arizona Press, 1960, pp. 124-126, open access:https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/cycles-of-conquest-the-impact-of-spain-mexico-and-the-united-states-on-the-indians-of-the-southwest-1533-1960/section/90a529f7-759b-410f-8c6b-dc56fbb9e9ca</ref>
|-
| 1696 || || 1696 Pueblo revolt || New Mexico || In 1696, members of the fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the killing of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the natives over the years.
|39 (Spaniards)||<ref name="Restored"/>
|-
| 1697 || March 15 || [[Raid on Haverhill (1697)|Raid on Haverhill]] || Massachusetts || During King William's War, in a raid ordered by [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]], [[Governor General of New France]], Abenaki warriors led by Chief [[Nescambious]], attacked [[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], killing 27 settlers and taking 13 captives. One of those captives, [[Hannah Duston]], stated that the Abenaki killed her baby during the journey to an island in the [[Merrimack River]]. In April, Duston and two other captives killed and scalped ten of the Abenaki family holding them hostage.
|28 (English)||<ref>John Grenier. The First Way of War. University of Cambridge Press. 2005. pp. 40-41</ref>
|-
| 1703 || August || [[Northeast Coast campaign (1703)|Six Terrible Days]] || Maine || During [[Queen Anne's War]] , Alexandre Leneuf de La Vallière de Beaubassin led 500 members of the Wabanaki Confederacy and a small number of French soldiers. They attacked and destroyed English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between [[Wells, Maine|Wells]] and [[Casco Bay]], burning more than 15 leagues of New England country and killing or capturing many English settlers.
|150 to 300 killed or captured (English)||
<ref>Bruce Bourque. "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula, 1600-1759". ''Ethnohistory''. Vol. 36. No. 3. 1989. p. 270</ref><ref name=DCB_Beaubassin>{{cite DCB |first=J.-Roger |last=Comeau |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/leneuf_de_la_valliere_de_beaubassin_alexandre_2E.html |title=Leneuf de La Vallière de Beaubassin, Alexandre |volume=2 |accessdate=2022-01-13}}</ref>
|-
| 1704 || || [[Apalachee Massacre]] || Florida||50 English colonists and 1,000 [[Muscogee]] allies under former Carolina Governor [[James Moore Sr.|James Moore]] launched a series of brutal attacks on the [[Apalachee]] villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1,000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2,000 survivors.
|1,000||<ref>[[#refGallay2003|Gallay 2003]], pp. 147–148</ref>
|-
| 1704 || February 29 || [[Deerfield Massacre]] || Massachusetts ||During [[Queen Anne's War]], a force composed of [[Abenaki people|Abenaki]], [[Kanienkehaka]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]] and [[Pocumtuck]], accompanied by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia and led by [[Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville]], sacked the town of [[Deerfield, Massachusetts]], killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives.
|56 (non-Indians)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 48</ref>
|-
| 1711 || September 22 || Massacre at [[Bath, North Carolina|Bath]] || North Carolina ||The Southern [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]], Pamplico, Cothechneys, Cores, Mattamuskeets and Matchepungoes attacked settlers at several locations in and around the city of [[Bath, North Carolina]]. Hundreds of settlers were killed, and many more were driven off.
|Hundreds (settlers)||<ref name="uswars.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.uswars.net/tuscarora-war/|title=The Tuscarora War (1711–1715)}}</ref>
|-
| 1712 || || Massacre at Fort Narhantes || North Carolina ||The North Carolina militia and their Indian allies attacked the Southern [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] at Fort Narhantes on the banks of the Neuse River. More than 300 Tuscarora were killed, and one hundred were sold into slavery.
|300||<ref name="uswars.net"/>
|-
| 1712|| May || [[Fox Indian Massacre]] || Michigan ||During the [[Fox Wars|First Fox War]], French troops alongside their Indian allies killed around 1,000 [[Meskwaki|Fox]] Indians men, women and children in a five-day massacre near the head of the [[Detroit River]].
|1,000 (including warriors)||<ref>Ashlee, Laura R. ''Traveling Through Time: A Guide to Michigan's Historical Markers'', University of Michigan Press, 2005, p. 502, {{ISBN|978-0-47203-066-8}}</ref>
|-
|1712
|
|Tzeltal rebellion
|Chiapas, Mexico
|A number of [[Maya peoples|Maya]] communities in the [[Soconusco]] region of [[Chiapas]] rose in rebellion.
| +1000
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=http://archive.org/details/warfarearmedconf0000clod |title=Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007 |date=2008 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-3319-3 |pages=137}}</ref>
|-
| 1713 || March 20–23 || [[Fort Neoheroka]] || South Carolina ||Colonial Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel [[James Moore Sr.|James Moore]] attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora Indians]]. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 170 more were killed outside the fort while more than 400 were taken to South Carolina and sold into slavery. 900–1,000 were killed or captured in total.
|370||<ref name=nclibrary>{{cite web | url = http://www.nchistoricsites.org/bath/tuscarora.htm | title = The Tuscarora War, 1711-1715 | date = April 21, 2009 | work = North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources: Office of Archives & History | publisher = North Carolina Historic Sites | accessdate = August 2, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[[#refGallay2003|Gallay 2003]], p. 284</ref><ref>Read, Milton, ''The tar heel state: a history of North Carolina'', University of South Carolina Press, 2005, pp. 36–37, {{ISBN|978-1-57003-591-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1715 || April 15 || Pocotaligo Massacre|| South Carolina ||[[Yamassee]] Indians killed 4 British traders and representatives of Carolina at Pocotaligo, near present-day [[Yemassee, South Carolina|Yemassee]], [[South Carolina]]. 90 other traders were killed in the following weeks.
|94 (traders)||<ref>[[#refGallay2003|Gallay 2003]], p. 328</ref>
|-
| 1715 || April || Massacre at St Bartholemew's Parish || South Carolina ||At the onset of the [[Yamasee War]], Yamasee Indians attacked  St Bartholomew's Parish in South Carolina, killing over 100 settlers. Subsequent attacks around [[Charleston, SC|Charles Town]] killed many more, and in total, about 7% of the colony's white population perished in the conflict.
|100+ (settlers)||<ref name="Reynolds">Reynolds, William R. ''The Cherokee Struggle to Maintain Identity in the 17th and 18th Century'', McFarland and Company, Inc, 2015, pp. 34–35, {{ISBN|9780786473175}}</ref>
|-
| 1715 || May || Schenkingh Plantation || South Carolina ||A band of Catawba and Cherokee warriors attacked Benjamin Schenkingh's plantation where about 20 settlers had taken refuge. All were killed.
|20 (settlers)||<ref name="Reynolds"/>
|-
| 1724|| August 24 || [[Battle of Norridgewock|Norridgewock Massacre]]|| Maine ||Captains [[Jeremiah Moulton]] and Johnson Harmon led 200 rangers to the [[Abenaki people|Abenaki]] village of [[Norridgewock]], [[Maine]] to kill Father [[Sébastien Rale]] and destroy the Indian settlement. The rangers massacred 80 Abenakis including two dozen women and children and 26 warriors. The rangers suffered 3 dead.
|80 (26 warriors)|| <ref>Grenier, John ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760'', University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, p. 84, {{ISBN|978-0-80613-876-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1729|| November 29 || [[Natchez revolt|Natchez Revolt]] || Mississippi ||[[Natchez people|Natchez Indians]] attacked French settlements near present-day [[Natchez, Mississippi]], killing more than 200 French colonists.
|200 (French)||<ref>Barnett, James F., ''The Natchez Indians: a history to 1735'', University Press of Mississippi, 2007, p. 105, {{ISBN|978-1-57806-988-0}}</ref>
|-
| 1729 || December 4 ||Massacre of Chaouacha village|| Louisiana ||[[Étienne Perier (governor)|Governor Perier]] ordered 80 enslaved Blacks to attack the village of the [[Chaouacha]] Indians. At least 7 Indians were killed.
|7|| <ref name="Din1999">{{cite book|last=Din|first=Gilbert C.|title=Spaniards, Planters, and Slaves: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763-1803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Op0LNYcABwC&pg=PA16|year=1999|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, Texas|isbn=978-0-89096-904-5|pages=15–16}}</ref>
|-
| 1730|| September 9  || Massacre at Fox Fort || Illinois || A combined force 1,400 French soldiers and their Indian allies massacred around 500 Fox Indians (including 300 women and children) as they tried to flee their besieged camp.
|500 (including 200 warriors)|| <ref>Edmunds, R. Davids and Peyser, Joseph L. ''The Fox Wars: Mesquakie Challenge to New France'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1993, pp. 151–156, {{ISBN|978-0-80612-551-0}}</ref>
|-
| 1736|| June 6 || Lake of the Woods Massacre || Minnesota || Sioux warriors ambushed and killed  a group of 21 men, including [[Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye]] and [[Jean-Pierre Aulneau]], soon after they left [[Fort St. Charles]] on [[Lake of the Woods]]  to go to [[Fort Kaministiquia]] for provisions.
|21 (French)|| <ref>{{cite magazine |last=Winchell |first=N.H. |title=The Massacre of the Vérendrye Party at Lake of the Woods |magazine=The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q00_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA225 |volume=VI |date=October 1907 |publisher=W. Abbatt |pages=225–235 |issue=4}}</ref>
|-
| 1745 ||        || 1745 Massacre at Walden || New York ||Upon hearing of an impending French and Indian attack upon the Ulster county frontiers, British colonists massacred several peaceful [[Munsee]] families near [[Walden, New York]].
| Several families || <ref name=Maxson>Maxson, Thomas F.  ''Mount Nimham: The Ridge of Patriots'', Rangerville Press, 2010, p. 22, {{ISBN|978-0578025810}}</ref><ref name=Grumet>Grumet, Robert S. ''The Munsee Indians: A History'', University of Oklahoma Press, 2014, p. 263</ref>
|-
|1747 || October|| Chama River|| New Mexico ||Spanish troops ambushed a group of Utes on the [[Rio Chama (Rio Grande)|Chama River]], killing 111 Indians and taking 206 as captives.
|111||<ref>Blackhawk, Ned, ''Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West'', Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 50, {{ISBN|978-0-67402-290-4}}</ref>
|-
| 1751 || November || [[Pima Revolt]] || Arizona || During a revolt against Spanish rule by [[Pima people|Pima]] Indians, more than 100 Spanish settlers were killed. The uprising began on November 20 in [[Sáric]] with the massacre of 18 settlers who had been lured to the home of the rebellion's leader [[Luis Oacpicagigua]], who had previously served as a provincial "Indian governor" for the Spanish.
|100+ (Spanish)||<ref name="Salmón">{{cite journal|title=A Marginal Man: Luis of Saric and the Pima Revolt of 1751|author=Roberto Mario Salmón|journal=The Americas|volume=45|issue=1| pages=61–77|date=July 1988|doi=10.2307/1007327|publisher=The Americas, Vol. 45, No. 1|jstor=1007327|s2cid=147168058 }}</ref>
|-
|1752 || June 21|||[[Raid on Pickawillany]]|| [[Ohio]] ||14 [[Miami tribe|Miami]] killed, including their chief [[Memeskia]] who was then boiled and eaten. Three English traders were also killed.||17||<ref>{{cite web| url = https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/download/3353/3184| title = R. David Edmunds, "Pickawillany: French Military Power versus British Economics", ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'', vol. 58, April 1975, pp 169–184}}</ref>
|-
|1753 || February 21|||[[Attack at Mocodome]]|| [[Nova Scotia]] ||6 Mi'kmaq were killed||6||
|-
|1753 || April 21 |||[[Attack at Jeddore]]|| Nova Scotia ||A British delegation met Mi'kmaq chief [[Jean-Baptiste Cope]] at the mouth of a river at [[Jeddore, Nova Scotia]], during [[Father Le Loutre's War]]. The Mi'kmaq killed nine of the British delegates and spared the life of the French-speaking translator Anthony Casteel.
|9 (British)||<ref>Geoffrey Plank, "The Two Majors Cope: the boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia", Acadiensis, XXV, 2 (Spring 1996), pp.&nbsp;18–40.</ref>
|-
|1755 || July 30|||[[Draper's Meadow massacre]]|| Virginia ||1 soldier and 3 settlers killed, 2 wounded and 5 captured by [[Shawnee]] Indians at Draper's Meadow, [[Virginia]]
|4 ||<ref name=roanoke>{{cite news|url=http://www.roanoke.com/extra/wb/xp-22824|title=Drapers Meadow: Few traces remain of the site of a bloody 1755 Indian attack|access-date=November 14, 2007|newspaper=The Roanoke Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120930090914/http://www.roanoke.com/extra/wb/xp-22824|archive-date=September 30, 2012}}</ref>
|-
|1755|| October 16|||[[Penn's Creek massacre]]|| Pennsylvania ||[[Lenape]] Indians attacked a settlement on [[Penns Creek]]. It was the first of a series of raids on Pennsylvania settlements by Native American tribes allied with the French in the [[French and Indian War]].
|14 killed, 11 captured (German and Swiss settlers)||<ref>[[#refSipe1929|Sipe 1929]], pp. 204-209</ref>
|-
|1755
|Oct 31-Nov 2
|[[Great Cove massacre]]
|Pennsylvania
|100 Lenape and Shawnee Indians, led by the Lenape war captain [[Shingas]], attacked a series of settlements in Great Cove and Little Cove and along the Conolloway Creeks near the Maryland border. This was a continuation of the hostilities by Native American tribes allied with the French in the French and Indian War that had begun with the Penn's Creek massacre, above.
|47 either killed or captured (Scotch and Irish settlers) in the Great Cove settlement; at least 10 more in Little Cove and the Conolloway Creeks
|<ref>[[#refSipe1929|Sipe 1929]], pp. 217-229</ref>
|-
| 1755 || November 24 || [[Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania)]] || Pennsylvania || [[Lenape]] Indians (Munsee) attacked a Moravian missionary settlement (including Lenape and Mahican converts) in present-day [[Lehighton, Pennsylvania]]. It was a continuation of a series of raids on Pennsylvania settlements by Native American tribes allied with the French in the early stages of the [[French and Indian War]].
|11 killed, 1 captured and later died (German Moravian missionaries & families)||<ref>[[#refSipe1929|Sipe 1929]], pp. 241-243</ref>
|-
| 1756 || March 2 || 1756 Massacre at Walden || New York ||On March 2, 1756, white vigilantes murdered 9 friendly [[Munsee]] Indians at Walden.
|9|| <ref name=Maxson/><ref name=Grumet/>
|-
| 1756 || June 11 || [[Fort Bigham]] attack || Fort Bigham, Pennsylvania || During the French and Indian War, Lenape warriors, led by [[Tamaqua (Lenape chief)|Tamaqua]], attacked Fort Bigham, killing or capturing 23 English civilians.|| 23 (English) ||<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historyofthatpar01elli/page/748/mode/2up?q=Fort+Bigham Ellis, Franklin, and Hungerford, Austin, ''History Of That Part Of The Susquehanna And Juniata Valleys Embraced In The Counties of Mifflin, Juniata Perry, Union And Snyder In The Commonwealth Of Pennsylvania,'' Volume I. Philadelphia: Everts, Peck & Richards, 1886]</ref>
|-
| 1757 || August 9 || [[Massacre at Fort William Henry]] || New York || Following the fall of [[Fort William Henry]] during the French and Indian War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners.
|70–180 (British)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 224</ref>
|-
| 1757 || September 19 || [[Hochstetler massacre]] || Pennsylvania || Indians set fire to the Hochstetler homestead, killing 3 and capturing 3 others as they tried to escape.|| 3 (German) ||<ref>[https://www.jhfa.net/the-massacre Dan Hochstetler, "The Hochstetler Massacre," Descendants of Jacob Hochstetler website, 2024]</ref>
|-
| 1757 || October 1 || [[Bloody Springs massacre]] || Pennsylvania || Lenape warriors attacked two farmsteads, killing 6 members of the Spatz family.|| 6 (German) ||<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/reading-times-strausstown-is-known-for-t/1012428/ Robert B. Bamford, "Strausstown Is Known For The Fighters It Has Produced," ''Reading Times,'' Monday, 3 April 1939; p. 3]</ref>
|-
| 1758 || March 16 || San Saba Mission Massacre || Texas || A large party of Comanche, Tonkawa and Hasinai Indians attacked the [[Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá|mission of San Saba]], [[Texas]], killing 8 and burning down the mission.
|8 (missionaries) || <ref>[[#refHamalainen2008|Hamalainen 2008]], pp. 58–59</ref>
|-
| 1759 || October 4 || [[St. Francis Raid]] || Quebec || During the French and Indian War, in retaliation for a rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the [[Rogers' Rangers]], Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 Rangers, regular troops and British-allied [[Mahican]] into the village of [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|Odanak, Quebec]]. They killed up to 30 [[Abenaki people]], among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports.
|30||<ref>Bruchac, Marge, [http://www.vermontfolklifecenter.org/childrens-books/malians-song/additional_resources/rogers_raid_facts.pdf Reading Abenaki Traditions and European Records of Rogers' Raid] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913095146/http://www.vermontfolklifecenter.org/childrens-books/malians-song/additional_resources/rogers_raid_facts.pdf |date=September 13, 2008 }}, August 2006, pp. 3–4</ref>
|-
| 1763 || May || Capture of [[Fort Sandusky]] || Ohio || During [[Pontiac's War]], a group of [[Wyandots]] entered the British outpost Fort Sandusky under peaceful pretexts. The [[Wyandots]] then seized the fort and killed its 15-member garrison along with several British traders.
|15+ (British)||<ref>Nester, ''"Haughty Conquerors"'', 86, gives the number of traders killed at Sandusky as 12; Dixon, ''Never Come to Peace'', mentions "three or four", while Dowd, ''War under Heaven'', 125, says that it was "a great many".</ref>
|-
| 1763 || June 23 || [[Clendenin Massacre]] || West Virginia || Shawnee massacre of Clendenin adult males, captured women and children including John Ewing of Virginia.||||
|-
| 1763 || September 14 || [[Devil's Hole Massacre]] || New York || During the French and Indian War, [[Seneca nation|Seneca]] allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara.  They killed 21 out of 24 teamsters from the supply train.
|21 teamsters + 81 soldiers (British)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 260</ref>
|-
| 1763 || October 15 || First Wyoming (Mill Creek) Massacre || [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania]] ||A band of one hundred and thirty-five Native Americans killed about twenty settlers (of an estimated 100) from Connecticut, and burned their houses at Mill Creek.  It was likely perpetrated by Captain Bull and his warriors after the report that colonists had murdered on April 16, 1763, his father, [[Teedyuscung]], as well as the fact that the Wyoming lands (purportedly to be reserved for the Native Americans) were being possessed and settled by colonists.
|20 colonists from Connecticut||<ref>[[#refSipe1929|Sipe 1929]], pp. 459-462</ref>
|-
| 1763 || December || [[Paxton Boys|Killings by the Paxton Boys]] || [[Conestoga Town]]<br>& [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]],<br>Pennsylvania ||In response to [[Pontiac's Rebellion]], frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock.
|20||<ref>Taylor, Alan, ''American Colonies'', New York: Viking Press, 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.historycarper.com/resources/twobf3/massacre.htm "A Narrative of the Late Massacres..."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427070508/http://www.historycarper.com/resources/twobf3/massacre.htm |date=April 27, 2006 }}, Benjamin Franklin's account of the massacre and criticism of the Paxton Boys</ref><ref name="gco">[http://www.greencastlemuseum.org/Local_History/enoch.htm "A Disquisition Portraying the History Relative to the Enoch Brown Incident"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716220114/http://www.greencastlemuseum.org/Local_History/enoch.htm |date=July 16, 2012 }}, Greencastle Museum</ref>
|-
| 1764 || May 26 || [[Fort Cumberland (Maryland)|Fort Cumberland]] || Maryland || During Pontiac's War, 15 settlers working in a field near Fort Cumberland were killed by Native Americans.
|15 (settlers)||<ref name="nester">{{cite book |last= Nester|first= William R.|date= 2000|title= "Haughty Conquerors": Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763|page=194|location= Westport, Connecticut|publisher= Praeger|isbn= 0-275-96770-0}}</ref>
|-
| 1764 || June 14 || [[Fort Loudoun (Pennsylvania)|Fort Loudoun]] || Pennsylvania || During Pontiac's War, 13 settlers near Fort Loudoun were killed and their homes burned in an attack by Native Americans. 
|13 (settlers)||<ref name="nester"/>
|-
| 1764 || July 26 || [[Enoch Brown school massacre]] || [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Franklin County]]<br>Pennsylvania || During Pontiac's War, Four [[Lenape]] Indians killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived.
|12 (non-Indians)||<ref name="gco"/>
|-
| 1765 || May 4 || Anderson's barn massacre || [[Staunton, Virginia|Staunton]]<br>Virginia || Five Cherokee, allied with Col. [[Andrew Lewis (soldier)]], were treacherously killed by the "Augusta Boys", as a declared emulation of the 1763 [[Paxton Boys]] lynch squad. ||5||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://people.virginia.edu/~mgf2j/natives.html| title = University of Virginia online exhibit ''Birth of American Frontier Culture''}}</ref>
|-
| 1771 || July 17 || [[Bloody Falls massacre]] || [[Kugluktuk]], <br>Nunavut || The Bloody Falls massacre was an incident believed to have taken place during [[Samuel Hearne]]'s exploration of the Coppermine River for copper deposits. According to Hearne [[Chipewyan people|Chipewyan]] and [[Yellowknives|"Copper Indian"]]  [[Dene]] men led by Hearne's guide and companion [[Matonabbee]] attacked a group of [[Copper Inuit]], killing over 20 men, women and children.
||20+||<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hearne|first=Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4QO2T_w75oC&q=seventeenth&pg=PR4|title=A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne|date=2007|publisher=TouchWood Editions|isbn=978-1-894898-60-7|pages=109–114|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/inuityouthgrowth0000cond|url-access=registration|quote=Copper Inuit.|title=Inuit youth : growth and change in the Canadian Arctic|last=Condon, R.G.|author-link=Richard Guy Condon|year=1987|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=0-8135-1212-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inuityouthgrowth0000cond/page/25 25]}}</ref>
|-
| 1774 || September || Spanish Peaks || New Mexico || Spanish troops surprised a large fortified Comanche village near Spanish Peaks ([[Raton, New Mexico]]). They killed nearly 300 Indians (men, women and children) and took 100 captives.
|300||<ref>[[#refHamalainen2008|Hamalainen 2008]], p. 78</ref>
|-
| 1774 || April 30 || [[Yellow Creek Massacre]] || [[Hancock County, West Virginia|Hancock County]],<br>West Virginia ||[[Daniel Greathouse]] killed members of [[Chief Logan]]'s family.
|12||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 106</ref>
|-
| 1778 || July 3 || [[Battle of Wyoming]] || [[Wyoming Valley]],<br>Pennsylvania ||During the [[American Revolutionary War]], following a battle with rebel defenders of [[Forty Fort]], [[Iroquois]] allies of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time.
|340 (colonists)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 181</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=4279&&PageID=473344&level=4&css=L4&mode=2|title=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission – The Battle of Wyoming and Hartley's Expedition}}</ref><ref>[[Paul A. W. Wallace|Wallace, Paul A. W.]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ryqOZkO1LUC&pg=PA162 ''Indians in Pennsylvania''], Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, 2007, 200 pages, pp. 162–164, {{ISBN|978-0-89271-017-1}}</ref>
|-
| 1778 || August 31 || [[Stockbridge Massacre]] || Massachusetts || An ambush by the [[Queen's Rangers]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]] that left nearly 40 [[Stockbridge Militia]] dead.
|40||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 246</ref>
|-
| 1778 || November 11 || [[Cherry Valley Massacre]] || New York || British and [[Seneca nation|Seneca]] forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers.
|46 (settlers)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 321</ref>
|-
| 1780 || June 27 || [[Westervelt Massacre]] || Kentucky ||Seventeen Dutch settlers killed and two taken captive out of a caravan of 41.  The settler caravan was traveling between Low Dutch Station, Kentucky and Harrod's Town, Kentucky.  The victims were all scalped and sold to the British for a bounty.
|17 (Dutch)||<ref>Belcher, Ronald Clay, (2011) ''Westervelt Massacre in Kentucky in 1780''. Blue Grass Roots. Quarterly Journal of the Kentucky Genealogical Society. Frankfort, Kentucky. Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 30–37.</ref>
|-
| 1781 || September 1 || Dietz Massacre || New York ||During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz, [[Berne, New York]], killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl.
|8 (Dutch)||<ref>Priest, Josiah, [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17795032M/Stories_of_the_Revolution Stories of the Revolution with an account of the lost child of the Delaware], 1836, Hoffman and White  Albany, New York, accessdate February 17, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bernehistory.org/area_history/dietz_massacre.htm|title=Dietz Massacre|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215001948/http://www.bernehistory.org/area_history/dietz_massacre.htm|archive-date=February 15, 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 1781 || September 1 || [[Long Run Massacre]]|| [[Jefferson County, Kentucky|Jefferson County]],<br>Kentucky ||Thirty-two settlers killed  by 50 [[Miami people]] while trying to move to safety, additionally approximately 15 settlers and 17 soldiers were killed attempting to bury the initial victims.
|64 (settlers)||<ref>Wilcox, G.T., [http://www.kentuckianagenealogy.org/boards/messages/687/692.html  An account of the Long Run Massacre and Floyd's Defeat as told by G. T. Wilcox, Squire Boone's Grandson in a letter to Hon. Thos. W. Bullitt.] Kentucky Genealogy 28,  June 2000, accessdate December 28, 2012.</ref><ref>Akers, Vincent J. [http://www.paintedstonesettlers.org/html/detailed_history.html  History of Painted Stone Station.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405005823/http://paintedstonesettlers.org/html/detailed_history.html |date=April 5, 2013 }} Painted Stone Settlers Organization. 2012, accessdate December 28, 2012.</ref>
|-
| 1782 || March 8 || [[Gnadenhütten massacre]] || [[Gnadenhutten, Ohio|Gnadenhutten]],<br>Ohio ||During the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian [[Lenape]], mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys.
|100||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~henryhowesbook/tuscarawas.html|title=Tuscarawas County, Ohio|first=J. L.|last=Asche|website=freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com}}</ref><ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 57</ref>
|-
| 1784 || August 14 || [[Awa'uq Massacre]] || [[Sitkalidak Island]],<br>Alaska || 200 to 3000 [[Alutiiq people|Alutiiq (Sugpiaq) people]] were killed at Refuge Rock near [[Kodiak Island]] by [[Russian Empire|Russian]] [[Maritime Fur Trade|fur trader]] [[Grigory Shelekhov]] and 130 armed Russian men and [[cannoneer]]s of his [[Shelikhov-Golikov Company]].
||200–3,000||
<ref name="refJohnelder1992">John Enders (1992), [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19920816/1507631/archaeologist-may-have-found-site-of-alaska-massacre "Archaeologist May Have Found Site Of Alaska Massacre"], ''The Seattle Times'', Sunday, August 16, 1992</ref>
|-
| 1788 ||  || Kirk Family Massacre || Tennessee ||A party of Indians killed 11 members of the Kirk family (1 woman and 10 children) on Nine Mile Creek 12 miles south of present-day [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]].
|11 (settlers)||<ref>[[#refReynolds2015|Reynolds 2015]], p. 357</ref>
|-
| 1788 ||  || Massacre of the Old chiefs || Tennessee ||In retaliation to the Kirk Massacre, [[Old Tassel]] and 4 other chiefs of the [[Cherokee people|Cherokee]] peace faction were lured into a trap and axed under a flag of truce in [[Chilhowee (Cherokee town)|Chilhowee]].
|5||<ref>[[#refReynolds2015|Reynolds 2015]], p. 358</ref>
|-
| 1791|| January 2|| [[Big Bottom massacre]] || Ohio ||14 settlers were killed by an Indian war party in [[Stockport]], [[Morgan County, Ohio]].
|14 (settlers)||
|-
|1791|| November 4 ||[[St. Clair's Defeat#Battle|Fort Recovery Massacre]]|| Ohio ||At present day [[Fort Recovery|Fort Recovery, Ohio]], an army of 1,500 Americans led by [[Arthur St. Clair]], was ambushed by an army of [[Miami people|Miami Indians]] led by chief [[Little Turtle]]. 200 to 250 civilians were killed.
|200–250 (Americans)||<ref>Fairfax Downed, Indian Wars of the U.S. Army 1776–1865 (1963), pp. 54–59</ref>
|-
|1793|| September 25 ||Cavett's Station massacre||Tennessee|| During the [[Cherokee–American wars#Invasion of the Eastern Districts|Cherokee–American wars]], settlers at Cavett's Station were surrounded by Cherokee and Muscogee warriors. They agreed to surrender following negotiations with one of the leading warriors [[Bob Benge]], who promised no captives would be harmed, however a group led by [[Doublehead]] began killing the settlers. One of the Cherokee leaders, [[James Vann]] tried unsuccessfully to save two children. 
|13 (settlers)||<ref>Faulkner, Charles.  ''Massacre at Cavett's Station: Frontier Tennessee during the Cherokee Wars''. p. 63  (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013).</ref>
|-
|1794|| November 11 ||Sevier's Station massacre|| [[Clarksville, Tennessee]]|| During the Cherokee–American wars, [[Chickamauga Cherokee]] warriors attacked Sevier's Station and killed fourteen of the inhabitants. [[Valentine Sevier]] was one of the few survivors of the attack.
|14 (settlers)||<ref>Durham, Walter T. ''Before Tennessee: The Southwest Territory, 1790–1796 : A Narrative History of the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio''. p. 189 (Rocky Mount: Rocky Mount Historical Assn., 1990).</ref>
|-
|1803 || March  22 ||Yuquot massacre|| [[Yuquot]], British Columbia|| [[Nuu-chah-nulth]], led by chief [[Maquinna]], attacked and killed most of the crew of the American trading ship "Boston" .  They had boarded the ship under a pretense to trade. Only two of the crew survived, including [[John R. Jewitt]] who wrote a famous captivity narrative about his nearly 3 years in captivity.
|26 (sailors)
||<ref>{{cite book |last= Fisher |first=Robert |author2=Hugh Johnston |title= Captain James Cook and his Times |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year= 1979 |isbn= 978-0-7099-0050-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dhsOAAAAQAAJ |pages= 81–96}}</ref>
|-
|1805|| January|| Canyon del Muerto|| Arizona ||Spanish soldiers led by [[Antonio Narbona]] massacred 115 [[Navajo people|Navajo]] Indians (mostly women, children and old men) in Canyon del Muerto, northeastern [[Arizona]].
|115||<ref>Denetdale, Jennifer Nez, ''Reclaiming Diné History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita'', University of Arizona Press; 2007, p. 56. {{ISBN|978-0-81652-660-4}}.</ref>
|-
| 1811 || June  15 || [[Battle of Woody Point]] || [[Clayoquot Sound]], British Columbia|| Nuu-chah-nulth, led by chief [[Wickaninnish]], attacked and captured of the crew of the ''[[Tonquin (1807)|Tonquin]]'', an American [[merchant ship]] of the [[Pacific Fur Company|Astor Expedition]] which was there to trade for furs. They attacked because the ship's lieutenant had insulted the chief the day before. The one surviving sailor on the ship then destroyed the ship the day after the massacre by detonating the powder [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]], killing over 100 people plundering the ship. Four sailors who had escaped in a skiff during the initial attack were pushed ashore by a storm and captured and tortured to death in revenge for the explosion.
|29 (sailors)
||<ref>The Identity of the Tonquin's Interpreter, by Robert F. Jones. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 3, Aspects of Old Oregon (Fall, 1997), pp. 296-314</ref><ref>Astoria: John Jacob Astor and Thomas Jefferson's Lost Pacific Empire: A Story of Wealth, Ambition, and Survival (2014), by Peter Stark, published by Ecco Press</ref> 
|-
| 1812 || August 15 || Fort Dearborn Massacre<br />([[Battle of Fort Dearborn]]) || Illinois ||During the [[War of 1812]], Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating [[Fort Dearborn]] (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois).  In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed.
|54 (non-Indians)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 231</ref>
|-
| 1812|| September 3 || [[Pigeon Roost Massacre]]|| Indiana ||During the War of 1812, twenty four settlers, including fifteen children, were massacred by a war party of Native Americans (mostly Shawnee, but possibly including some Lenape and Potawatomis) in a surprise attack on a small village located in what is today Scott County, Indiana.
|24 (settlers)|| <ref>Allison, Harold (©1986, Harold Allison). The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians. Turner Publishing Company, Paducah.</ref>
|-
| 1813 || January 22 || [[River Raisin Massacre]] || Michigan ||During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender.
|30–60 (Americans)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 20</ref>
|-
| 1813|| August 30 || [[Fort Mims Massacre]] || Alabama ||After a Muscogee victory at the [[Battle of Burnt Corn]], a band of Muscogee [[Red Sticks]] attacked Fort Mims, in what today is [[Alabama]], killing 400–500 settlers, slaves, militiamen, and Muscogee loyalists and taking 250 [[Scalping|scalp]]s. This action brought the US into the internal [[Creek War]], at the same time as the War of 1812.
|400–500 (settlers)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 245</ref>
|-
| 1813|| September 1|| [[Fort Sinquefield|Kimbell-James Massacre]] || Mississippi ||Immediately after departing Fort Mims, [[Red Sticks]] warriors led by Josiah Francis (Prophet Francis) attacked the Kimbell and James families seeking refuge near Fort Sinquefield. At least 15 were killed, mostly women and children.
|15 (settlers)|| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarkemuseum.com/html/fort_sinquefield.html |title=Fort Sinquefield |access-date=November 27, 2008 |work=Clarke County Historical Museum }}</ref>
|-
| 1813|| November 3 || [[Battle of Tallushatchee]] || Tennessee ||900 Tennessee troops under General [[John Coffee]], and including [[Davy Crockett]], attacked an unsuspecting Creek town. About 186–200 Creek warriors were killed, and an unknown number of women and children were killed, some burned in their houses.
|180-300 (including warriors)||<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=1812: The War That Forged a Nation. page 149|last=Borneman|first=Walter R.|publisher=Harper|year=2004|isbn=9780060531126|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1812warthatforge0000born}}</ref><ref>Tom Kanon. 2014. Tennesseans at War, 1812–1815: Andrew Jackson, the Creek War, and the Battle of New Orleans. University of Alabama Press p. 75-76</ref><ref>Steve Rajtar. 1999 Indian War Sites: A Guidebook to Battlefields, Monuments, and Memorials, State by State with Canada and Mexico. McFarland.</ref>
|-
| 1813|| November 18 || [[Hillabee]] Massacre || Alabama ||Tennessee troops under [[James White (General)|General White]] launched a dawn attack on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted.
|65||<ref>Heidler D.S., Heidler J.T., ''Encyclopedia of the War of 1812'', Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 239, {{ISBN|978-0-87436-968-7}}</ref>
|-
| 1813|| November 29 ||Autossee Massacre <br />([[Battle of Autossee]])|| Alabama ||Georgia Militia [[John Floyd (Georgia politician)|General Floyd]] attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in [[Macon County, Alabama|Macon County]], [[Alabama]], killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire.
|200 (including warriors)||<ref>McKenney, T.L., ''Indian Tribes of America'', Applewood Books, 2010, p. 307, {{ISBN|978-1-4290-2265-1}}</ref>
|-
| 1814 ||  || [[San Nicolas Island|San Nicolas Island Massacre]] || San Nicolas Island,<br>California || A party of [[Aleut]] otter hunters working for the [[Russian-American Company]] (RAC) arrived on the island and massacred most of the [[Nicoleño]] islanders after accusing them of killing an Aleut hunter.
|| ||
<ref name="Morris2013">{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=S. L. |last2=Farris |first2=G. J. |last3=Schwartz |first3=S. J. |last4=Wender |first4=I. V. L. |last5=Dralyuk |first5=B. |year=2013 |title=Murder, massacre, and mayhem on the California Coast, 1814–1815: Newly translated Russian American Company documents reveal company concern over violent clashes |journal=Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology |volume=34 |issue=1 }}</ref>
|-
| 1817|| November 30 ||[[First Seminole War|Scott Massacre]] || Florida || In retaliation for the sacking of a Mikasuki village, [[Seminole people|Seminole]] Indians ambushed a US army boat under the command of Lt. Richard W. Scott on the [[Apalachicola River]]. There were ca. 50 people on the boat, including forty soldiers (of which twenty were sick), seven wives of soldiers and possibly four children. Most of the boat's passengers were killed. One woman was taken prisoner, and six survivors made it to Fort Scott.
|41–45 (settlers and soldiers)||<ref>{{cite book
 | last      = Missall
 | first     = John
 | title     = The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict
 | year  = 2004
 | publisher = University Press of Florida
 | location  = Florida
 | pages      = 36–37
}}</ref><ref>Knetsch, J., ''Florida's Seminole Wars: 1817–1858'', Arcadia Publishing, 2003, pp.26-27. {{ISBN|978-1-4396-1401-3}}</ref>  
|-
| 1822|| March || Jemez Pueblo Massacre|| New Mexico ||24 Navajo emissaries travelling to a peace conference in Santa Fe were murdered by Mexican soldiers in [[Jemez Pueblo|Jimez Pueblo, New Mexico]]. 
|24 ||<ref>Sides, Hampton ''Blood and Thunder'', Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, pp. 84-85 {{ISBN|978-1-4000-3110-8}}</ref>
|-
| 1823 || February || [[Skull Creek Massacre]] || Texas || After Coco Indians killed two colonists under unclear circumstances, the colonists got together twenty-five men and found a [[Karankawa people]] village on Skull Creek.  They killed at least nineteen inhabitants of the village before the rest could flee, then stole their possessions and burned their homes to the ground.
|19+||<ref>{{cite book|title= The conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821–1859 |last1= Himmel |first1= Kelly F. |year= 1999 |publisher= [[Texas A&M University Press]] |location= College Station |isbn= 978-0-89096-867-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AbaHlsz3VtkC }}</ref>
|-
| 1823 || June 2 || General Ashley's 1823 expedition massacre || South Dakota || [[Arikara]] warriors killed 12 trappers working for General [[William Henry Ashley]]'s [[Rocky Mountain Fur Company]] on the [[Missouri River]]. Many others were wounded, with the survivors, including [[Hugh Glass]], [[Jedediah Smith]], and [[Jim Bridger]] fleeing down river. The Arikara had recently traded with the trappers but were angry with them because weeks earlier they had rescued several Sioux who were being hunted by the Arikara. The attack led to the [[Arikara War]].
|12 (trappers)||<ref>Roger L. Nichols, ''The American Indian: Past and Present'', p. 143, University of Oklahoma Press, 2014 {{ISBN|0806186143}}.</ref><ref name="history.com">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161112033234/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ashleys-fur-trappers-attacked-by-indians "Ashley's fur trappers attacked by Indians"]}}, History.com, archived 12 November 2016.</ref>
|-
| 1824 || March 22 || [[Fall Creek Massacre]] || Indiana || Six settlers in [[Madison County, Indiana]] killed and robbed eight [[Seneca people|Seneca]]. One suspect escaped trial and two others was a witness at subsequent trial. The remaining four suspects were all convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging. One man was executed on January 12, 1825, and two others were hanged on June 2, 1825. The last defendant, a teenager, was pardoned moments before he could be hanged. The court had recommended a pardon for him due to his age and the influence of his codefendants, which included his father and uncle, whose executions he'd just witnessed.
|8||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.connerprairie.org/Learn-And-Do/Indiana-History/Original-Documents/Fall-Creek-Massacre.aspx |title=The Fall Creek Massacre |access-date=April 16, 2012 |publisher=[[Conner Prairie]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423010006/http://www.connerprairie.org/Learn-And-Do/Indiana-History/Original-Documents/Fall-Creek-Massacre.aspx |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 1824 || February 21 || Battle of Mission Santa Inés || [[Solvang, California]] || A [[Chumash revolt of 1824|revolt]] by [[Chumash people|Chumash Indians]] erupted, with the takeover and burning of [[Mission Santa Inés]]. Mexican reinforcements arrived the next day and forced the rebels out. 15 Chumash women and children were killed at the mission on the first day of the revolt.
|15||<ref name="Haas">{{cite book |last=Haas |first=Lisbeth |date=2013 |title=Saints and Citizens: Indigenous Histories of Colonial Missions and Mexican California |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520276468 |chapter=Chapter 4 }}</ref>
|-
| 1826 ||  || [[Dressing Point Massacre]] || Texas ||A posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of [[Karankawa people|Karankawa Indians]] near the mouth of the Colorado River in [[Matagorda County, Texas]]. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed.
|40–50||<ref>[[#refHimmel1999|Himmel 1999]], p. 50</ref>
|}

=== 1830–1915 ===

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!  style="text-align:left; width:40px;"| Year !! width=80| Date !! width=160| Name !! | Current location !! class="unsortable" style="width:420px;"| Description
!Reported casualties!! class="unsortable" | Claimants
|-
| 1830 || June || 1830 Prairie du Chien massacre || [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] || Dakotas ([[Santee Sioux]]) and [[Menominee]]s killed fifteen [[Meskwaki]]s attending a multi-tribal treaty conference, mediated by the American government, at Prairie du Chien.
|15||<ref name="Jung">Jung, Patrick J. ''The Black Hawk War of 1832''. p. 111, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. {{ISBN|0-8061-3811-4}}</ref>
|-
| 1831 || July || 1831 Prairie du Chien massacre || Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin ||In retaliation to the earlier 1830 massacre at Prairie du Chien, a party of Meskwakis and Sauks killed twenty-six Menominees, including women and children at Prairie du Chien in July 1831.
|26||<ref name="Jung"/>
|-
| 1832 ||May 20 || [[Indian Creek Massacre]] || Illinois ||A party of [[Potawatomi people|Potawatomi]], with a few [[Sauk people|Sauk]] allies, killed fifteen men, women and children and kidnapped two young women, who were later ransomed.
|15 (settlers)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 128</ref>
|-
| 1832 || August 1 || [[Battle of Bad Axe]] || Wisconsin ||Soldiers under [[Henry Atkinson (soldier)|General Henry Atkinson]], armed volunteers and Dakota Sioux killed around 150 [[Meskwaki|Fox]] and Sauk men, women and children near present-day [[Victory, Wisconsin|Victory]], [[Wisconsin]]. The US suffered 5 dead.
|150 (including warriors)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 213</ref>
|-
| 1833 || Exact date unknown || [[Cutthroat Gap Massacre]] || Oklahoma ||The Osage tribe attacked a Kiowa camp west of the [[Wichita Mountains]] in [[southwest Oklahoma]], killing 150 Kiowa Indians.
|150|| <ref>May, Jon D., [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CU012.html "Battle of Cutthroat Gap"] ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture'', retrieved May 24, 2012.</ref>
|-
| 1836 || May 19 || [[Fort Parker Massacre]] || Texas ||Comanche killed seven European Americans in [[Limestone County, Texas]].  The five captured included [[Cynthia Ann Parker]].
|7 (Europeans)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 127</ref>
|-
| 1837 ||    || Amador Massacre|| California ||Mexican colonists under [[Jose Maria Amador]] captured an entire  rancheria of friendly [[Miwok]] Indians in [[Northern California]] and killed their 200 prisoners in two mass executions.
|200 ||<ref>[[#refMadley2016|Madley 2016]], p.40</ref>
|-
| 1837 || April 22 || Johnson Massacre|| New Mexico ||At least 20 Apaches were killed near Santa Rita del Cobre, [[New Mexico]] while trading with a group of American settlers led by John Johnson. The Anglos blasted the Apaches with a cannon loaded with musket balls, nails and pieces of glass and finished off the wounded.
|20||<ref>Sweeney, Edwin R. ''Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1995, p. 33, {{ISBN|978-0806126067}}</ref>
|-
| 1837 ||  August 8 || [[Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)|Santa Fe massacre]] || [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]] || During the start of a popular revolt against New Mexico Governor [[Albino Pérez]], 22 government officials, including Perez and former Governor [[Santiago Abréu]] were captured and killed, some by mutilation, by [[Santo Domingo Pueblo]] who had joined the rebellion.
|22 (Mexicans)||<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=F. Brooks|title=Captives & Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands: Easyread Large Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsGs7b1c5lIC&pg=PA151|access-date=2012-07-16|date=2009-09-16|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4587-1889-1|page=151}}</ref>
|-
| 1838 || October 5 || [[Killough Massacre]] || Texas ||A party of [[Cherokee]] massacred eighteen members and relatives of the Killough family in Texas.
|18 (settlers)||<ref>Dean, Kenneth [http://www.tylerpaper.com/article/20100621/NEWS01/6210301 Remembering The Killough Massacre], June 21, 2010, East Texas News, Tyler Paper, accessed February 16, 2013.</ref>

|-
| 1838 || April || Ambush Park || Minnesota||A group of nine [[Ojibwe]] led by chief [[Hole in the Day]] were welcomed as guests into a camp of Dakota, who served them a meal. During the night the Ojibwe attacked the sleeping Dakota, killing seven, wounding two more, and taking a third captive.
|7 ||<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lovoll |first1=Odd |title=Norweigians on the Praire |date=2006 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |isbn=978-0873516037 |page=48 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHQScdNSWGoC&dq=april+1838+ambush+park+chippewa&pg=PA48 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>

|-
|1838 or 1839 || Exact date unknown || Webster Massacre || Texas ||The Comanche killed a party of settlers attempting to ford the Bushy Creek near present-day [[Leander, Texas]]. All of the Anglo men were killed and Mrs. Webster and her two children were captured.
|10 (settlers)
|<ref>Abbott, Peyton O., [https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/btw01 Webster massacre], Texas State Historical Association, Handbook of Texas Online, accessed February 16, 2013.</ref>
|-
| 1840 || March 19 || [[Council House Fight|Council House Massacre]] || Texas ||The 12 leaders of a Comanche delegation were shot in [[San Antonio, Texas]]  while trying to escape the local jail. 23 others including 5 women and children were killed in or around the city. 65 Comanche including 35 women and children were present. 7 Texas militia were also killed at the court house mostly from friendly fire. 13 captives were killed in retaliation by the Comanche.
|35 (Indians) + 13 (Whites)||<ref>[[#refAnderson2005|Anderson 2005]], pp. 182–183</ref>
|-
| 1840 || August 7 || [[Indian Key, Florida|Indian Key]] Massacre || Florida ||During the Seminole Wars, so called "Spanish Indians" attacked and destroyed the settlement on Indian Key, killing 13 inhabitants, including noted horticulturist Dr. [[Henry Perrine]].
|13 (settlers)||<ref>Knetsch, Joe., Florida's Seminole Wars 1817–1858, Arcadia Publishing (September 18, 2012), p. 128</ref>
|-
| 1840 || August 7 || Linnville Raid || Texas ||During the  [[Great Raid of 1840]], Comanche warriors attacked the settlements of Victoria and Linnville killing 14 Whites, 8 Blacks and 1 Mexican.
|23 (settlers)||<ref name="UTX HndBk">{{cite web|last=Roell|first=Craig|title=The Handbook of Texas Online|work=LINNVILLE RAID OF 1840|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/btl01 |date=2001-06-06|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>
|-
| 1840 || October 24 || Red Fork of the Colorado River || Texas ||Volunteer Rangers, consisting of 90 Texans and 17 Lipan Apaches, under Colonel [[John Henry Moore (Texas settler)|John Moore]], attacked a Comanche village on the Colorado, killing 140 men, women and children and capturing 35 others (mostly small children).
|140||<ref>[[#refAnderson2005|Anderson 2005]], pp.&nbsp;190–191</ref>
|-
|1840 || Exact date unknown || Clear Lake Massacre || California ||A posse led by Mexican Salvador Vallejo massacred 150 [[Pomo people|Pomo]] and [[Wappo]] Indians on [[Clear Lake (California)|Clear Lake]], [[California]].
|150||<ref>Perez, Vincent, ''Remembering the Hacienda: History and Memory in the Mexican American Southwest'', Texas A&M University Press, 2006, p. 85, {{ISBN|978-1-58544-511-0}}</ref>
|-
| 1844 || February 9 || Fort Mackenzie Massacre|| Montana ||White traders fired a small cannon on a group of unsuspecting Blackfeet approaching the gates of [[Fort Mackenzie]] for trade. They finished off the dying with daggers. Up to 30 Blackfeet were killed. 
|30 ||<ref>''Highlights of the Upper Missouri National Wild & Scenic River, Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail'', U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Lewistown District Office, p. 9.</ref>
|-
| 1846 || April 6|| [[Sacramento River massacre]] || California ||Captain [[John C. Frémont|Frémont's]] men attacked a band of Indians (probably [[Wintun]]) on the Sacramento River in [[California]], killing between 120 and 200 Indians.
|120–200|| <ref name=autogenerated3>[[#refKiernan2007|Kiernan 2007]], p. 352</ref>
|-
| 1846 || May 12|| [[Klamath Lake massacre]] || California ||Captain [[John C. Frémont|Frémont's]] men, led by [[Kit Carson]] attacked a village of [[Klamath people|Klamath]]s on the banks of Klamath Lake, killing at least 14 Klamath people.
|14+|| <ref name="Madley 2009">Madley, Benjamin ''An American Genocide: The United States and the California India Catastrophe, 1846–1873'', Yale University Press, 2016.</ref>
|-
| 1846 || June|| [[Sutter Buttes massacre]] || California ||Captain [[John C. Frémont|Frémont's]] men attacked a rancheria on the banks of the Sacramento River near Sutter Buttes, killing several Patwin people.
|14+|| <ref name="Madley 2009"/>
|-
| 1846 || July 6 || Kirker Massacre|| [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] || Irish-born American Scalp hunter [[James Kirker]] was hired by the Mexican government to kill or capture [[Apache Indians]]. Alongside local Mexican citizens, he lured a band of [[Chiricahua]] Apaches into [[Galeana, Chihuahua]] and got them drunk. After the "festivities", Kirker's men killed and scalped 130 men, women and children. 
|130 ||<ref>Sweeney, Edwin Russell ''Mangas Coloradas, chief of the Chiricahua Apaches'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1998, p. 135, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3063-7}}</ref>
|-
|1846 || December || [[Pauma massacre]] || California ||11 [[Californios|Californio]] were killed by [[Luiseño people|Luiseño]] Indians at [[Pauma Valley, California|Pauma Valley]] north of [[Escondido, California]].
|11 (settlers)||<ref name = "Parker" >Parker, Horace, [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/286593 The Historic Valley of Temecula. The Temecula Massacre] 24 pages, Paisano Press (1971),  286593</ref>
|-
|1846 || December || [[Temecula massacre]] || California ||A combined force of Californio militia and [[Cahuilla]] Indians killed 33 to 40 Luiseño Indians in [[Temecula, California]] in revenge for the Pauma Massacre.
|33–40||<ref name = "Parker" />
|-
| 1847 || February 3–4 || [[Siege of Pueblo de Taos|Storming of Pueblo de Taos]]|| New Mexico ||In response to a New Mexican-instigated uprising in Taos, American troops attacked the heavily fortified Pueblo of Taos with artillery, killing nearly 150 rebels, some being Indians. Between 25 and 30 prisoners were shot by firing squads.
|25–30|| <ref>Mcwilliams, Carey, ''North From Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States'', Praeger, 1990, p. 115, {{ISBN|978-0275932244}}</ref>
|-
| 1847 || March || [[Rancheria Tulea massacre]]|| California ||White slavers retaliate to a slave escape by massacring five Indians in Rancheria Tulea.
|5|| <ref name="Madley 2009"/>
|-
| 1847 || March 29 || [[Kern and Sutter massacres]]|| California ||In response to a plea from White settlers to put an end to raids, U.S. Army Captain Edward Kern and rancher John Sutter led 50 men in attacks on three Indian villages.
|20|| <ref name="Madley 2009"/>
|-
| 1847 || late June/early July || [[Konkow Maidu slaver massacre]]|| California || Slavers kill 12–20 Konkow Maidu Indians in the process of capturing 30 members of the tribe for the purpose of forced slavery.
|12–20|| <ref name="Madley 2009"/>
|-
| 1847 || November 29 || [[Whitman massacre]] || Washington ||[[Cayuse people|Cayuse]] and [[Umatilla (tribe)|Umatilla]] warriors killed the missionaries Dr. [[Marcus Whitman]], Mrs. Narcissa Whitman and 12 others at [[Walla Walla, Washington]], in retaliation for the belief that Whitmans were responsible for the deaths of 200 natives from measles, triggering the [[Cayuse War]]. Subsequently, the U.S hanged 5 Cayuse, including the Waiilatpu Leader Tiloukaikt.
|14 (missionaries)||<ref>[[#refKonstantin2002|Konstantin 2002]], p. 336</ref>
|-
| 1848 || April ||Brazos River || Texas ||A hunting party of 26 friendly [[Wichita people|Wichita]] and [[Caddo]] Indians was massacred by Texas Rangers under Captain Samuel Highsmithe, in a valley south of [[Brazos River]]. 25 men and boys were killed, and only one child managed to escape.
|26||<ref>[[#refAnderson2005|Anderson 2005]], pp. 226–227</ref>
|-
|1849 || March 5 || [[Battle Creek massacre]] || Utah ||In response to some cattle being stolen, Governor [[Brigham Young]] sent members of the [[Mormon militia]] to "put a final end to their depredations".  They were led to a band, where they attacked them, killing the men and taking the women and children as captives. || 4 (more by some accounts) || <ref>Diary of Oliver B. Huntington, Vol. 2 (BYU Special Collections)</ref>
|-
| 1850 || Feb 8 || [[Battle at Fort Utah]] || Utah ||Governor [[Brigham Young]] issued a partial extermination order of the [[Timpanogos]] who lived in [[Utah Valley]].  In the north, the Timpanogos were fortified.  However, in the south, the [[Mormon militia]] told them they were friendly before lining them up to execute them.  Dozens of women and children were enslaved and taken to [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], where many died. ||102 + "many" in captivity
|| <ref name=Farmer>{{cite book|last1=Farmer|first1=Jared|title=On Zion's Mount: Mormons, Indians, and the American Landscape|date=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674027671|page=76}}</ref>
|-
| 1850 || May 15 || [[Bloody Island Massacre]] || California ||[[Nathaniel Lyon]] and his U.S. Army detachment of cavalry killed 60–100 [[Pomo people]] on Bo-no-po-ti island near [[Upper Lake, California|Clear Lake]], (Lake Co., California); they believed the Pomo had killed two [[Clearlake, California|Clear Lake]] settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomo people. (The Island Pomo had no connections to the enslaved Pomo). This incident led to a general outbreak of settler attacks against and mass killing of native people all over Northern California. Site is California Registered Historical Landmark #427
|60–100||<ref>Letter, Brevet Capt. N. Lyon to Major E.R.S. Canby, May 22, 1850</ref><ref>[[#refHeizer1993|Heizer 1993]], pp. 244–246</ref><ref>Key, Karen. [http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=1190 Bloody Island (Bo-no-po-ti)] The Historical Marker Database. June 18, 2007, accessdate December 26, 2012</ref>
|-
|1851 || January 11 || [[Mariposa War]] || California || The gold rush increased pressure on the Native Americans of California, because miners forced Native Americans off their gold-rich lands. Many were pressed into service in the mines; others had their villages raided by the army and volunteer [[militia]]. Some Native American tribes fought back, beginning with the [[Ahwahnechee people|Ahwahneechees]] and the [[Yokuts|Chowchilla]] in the [[Sierra Nevada]] and [[San Joaquin Valley]] leading a raid on the [[Fresno River]] post of [[Jim Savage|James D. Savage]], in December 1850. In retaliation [[Mariposa County, California|Mariposa County]] Sheriff James Burney led local militia in an indecisive clash with the natives on January 11, 1851 on a mountainside near present-day [[Oakhurst, California]]. || 40+ ||
|-
| 1851 || March || Oatman Massacre || Arizona ||Royce Oatman's emigrant party of 7 was killed by [[Mohave people|Mohave]] or [[Yavapai]] Indians. The survivors, [[Olive Oatman|Olive]] and [[Mary Ann Oatman]] were enslaved. Olive escaped five years later and spoke extensively about the experience. ||7 (settlers)||<ref>The [[Tucson Citizen]], September 26, 1913</ref>
|-
| 1851 || ||Old Shasta Town|| California ||Miners killed 300 [[Wintu]] Indians near [[Shasta, California|Old Shasta]], California and burned down their tribal council meeting house.
|300||<ref>Heizer, Robert, ''Handbook of North American Indians: California, Volume 8'', William Sturtevant, General Editor, Smithsonian Institution, 1978, pp. 324–325</ref>
|-
| 1852 ||  || Hynes Bay Massacre|| Texas ||Texas militiamen attacked a village of 50 [[Karankawa people|Karankawas]], killing 45 of them.
|45||<ref>[[#refHimmel1999|Himmel 1999]], p. 101</ref>
|-
| 1852 || April 23 || [[Bridge Gulch Massacre]] || California ||70 American men led by [[Trinity County, California|Trinity County]] sheriff William H. Dixon killed more than 150 [[Wintu]] people in the Hayfork Valley of California, in retaliation for the killing of Col. John Anderson.
|150||<ref>[[#refNorton1979|Norton 1979]], pp. 51–54</ref>
|-
| 1852|| November || Wright Massacre || California ||White settlers led by a notorious Indian hunter named Ben Wright massacred 41 Modocs during a "peace parley".
|41|| <ref>Thrapp, Dan L, ''Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography, Volume 3: P–Z'', University of Nebraska Press, 1991, p. 1276, {{ISBN|978-0803294202}}</ref>
|-
| 1853|| || Howonquet Massacre || California ||Californian settlers attacked and burned the [[Tolowa]] village of Howonquet, massacring 70 people.
|70||<ref>Collins, James, ''Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses'', Routledge, 1997, p. 35, {{ISBN|978-0-41591-2082}}</ref>
|-
| 1853 ||  ||[[Yontoket Massacre]]|| California ||A posse of settlers attacked and burned a [[Tolowa]] rancheria at [[Yontocket, California]], killing 450 Tolowa during a prayer ceremony.
|450||<ref>[[#refThornton1990|Thornton 1990]], p. 206</ref><ref>[[#refNorton1979|Norton 1979]]</ref>
|-
| 1853 ||  || [[Achulet Massacre]]|| California ||White settlers launched an attack on a [[Tolowa]] village near Lake Earl in California, killing between 65 and 150 Indians at dawn.
|65–150||<ref>[[#refNorton1979|Norton 1979]], pp. 56–57</ref>
|-
| 1853 || Before December 31 || "Ox" incident || California ||U.S. forces attacked and killed an unreported number of Indians in the Four Creeks area (Tulare County, California) in what was referred to by officers as "our little difficulty" and "the chastisement they have received".
|||<ref>[[#refHeizer1993|Heizer 1993]], Letter, Bvt. 2nd Lieut. John Nugens to Lieut T. Wright, December 31, 1853, pp. 12–13,.</ref>
|-
|1854 ||January 28|| Nasomah Massacre || Oregon ||40 white settlers attacked the sleeping village of the Nasomah Indians at the mouth of the [[Coquille River (Oregon)|Coquille River]] in [[Oregon]], killing 15 men and 1 woman.
|16|| <ref>[[#refSchwartz1997|Schwartz 1997]], pp. 61–62</ref>
|-
|1854 ||February 15|| Chetco River Massacre|| Oregon ||Nine white settlers attacked a friendly Indian village on the [[Chetco River]] in [[Oregon]], massacring 26 men and a few women. Most of the Indians were shot while trying to escape. Two [[Chetco people|Chetco]] who tried to resist with bows and arrows were burned alive in their houses. Shortly before the attack, the Chetco  had been induced to give away their weapons as "friendly relations were firmly established".
|36+|| <ref>[[#refSchwartz1997|Schwartz 1997]], p. 63</ref>
|-
|1854 ||May 15|| [[Asbill Massacre]]|| California ||Six white settlers from Missouri attacked previously uncontacted Indians in the [[Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation|Round Valley]], massacring approximately 40 of them.
|40|| <ref>Madley, Benjamin ''California's Yuki Indians: Defining Genocide in Native American History'' in ''Western Historical Quarterly 39 (Autumn 2008): 303–332'', pp. 303–304</ref>
|-
| 1854 || August 20 || [[Ward Massacre]] || Idaho ||[[Shoshone]] killed 18 of the 20 members of the Alexander Ward party, attacking them on the [[Oregon Trail]] in western [[Idaho]]. This event led the U.S. eventually to abandon [[Fort Boise]] and [[Fort Hall]], in favor of the use of military escorts for emigrant wagon trains.
|18 (settlers)||<ref>[http://www.idahohistory.net/OTward.html Oregon Trail in Idaho—Ward Massacre Site] idahohistory.net</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonwars.net/Ward%20Massacre.htm Ward Massacre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622055105/http://www.washingtonwars.net/Ward%20Massacre.htm |date=June 22, 2006 }} washingtonwars.net</ref><ref>[[#refMichno2003|Michno 2003]], pp. 28–29</ref>
|-
| 1854 || Dec 25|| [[Fort Pueblo Massacre]] || Colorado ||16 settlers were killed by Utah & Apache
|16 (settlers)||
|-
| 1855 || January 22 || [[Klamath and Salmon River War|Klamath River massacres]] || California ||In retaliation for the murder of six settlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war of extermination against the Indians" in [[Humboldt County, California]].
|||<ref>[[#refHeizer1993|Heizer 1993]], Crescent City ''Herald'', quoted in Sacramento newspaper.,  pp. 35–36</ref>
|-
| 1855 || September 2 || [[Battle of Ash Hollow|Harney Massacre]]|| Nebraska ||US troops under Brigadier General [[William S. Harney]] killed 86 [[Sioux]], men, women and children at Blue Water Creek, in present-day  Nebraska. 27 US soldiers also died in the skirmish. About 70 women and children were taken prisoner. Women and children accounted for about half of the Sioux deaths.
|86 (including warriors)|| <ref>Sprague, Donovin A. ''Rosebud Sioux (Images of America: South Dakota)'', Arcadia Publishing, 2005, p. 21. 978-0738534473</ref>
|-
| 1855 || October 8 || Lupton Massacre|| Oregon ||During the [[Rogue River Wars]], a group of settlers and miners launched a night attack on an Indian village near Upper Table Rock, [[Oregon]], killing  23 Indians (mostly elderly men, women and children).
|23||<ref>[[#refSchwartz1997|Schwartz 1997]], pp. 86–88</ref>
|-
| 1855 || October || Gold Beach Massacre|| Oregon || During the Rogue River Wars, in response to the Lupton massacre, Indians killed 27 settlers in what later became [[Gold Beach]].
|27 (settlers)||<ref>Rose M. Smith and Barrett Codieck [http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv85849 "Guide to the Cayuse, Yakima, and Rogue River Wars Papers, 1847–1858"], Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, 2010.</ref>
|-
| 1855 || December 23 || Little Butte Creek || Oregon ||Oregon volunteers launched a dawn attack on a [[Tututni people|Tututni]] and  [[Takelma people|Takelma]] camp on the Rogue River. Between 19 and 26 Indians were killed.
|19–26||<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#refMadley2012|Madley 2012]], p. 121</ref>
|-
| 1856|| June  ||Grande Ronde River Valley Massacre || Oregon ||Washington Territorial Volunteers under Colonel Benjamin Shaw attacked a peaceful [[Cayuse people|Cayuse]] and [[Walla Walla people|Walla Walla]] Indians on the [[Grande Ronde River]] in [[Oregon]]. 60 Indians, mostly women, old men and children were killed.
|60||<ref>[http://www.sos.wa.gov/history/timeline/detail.aspx?id=23 Massacre on the Grande Ronde River in Oregon], sos.wa.gov</ref>
|-
| 1856 || March || Shingletown || California ||In reprisal for Indian stock theft, white settlers massacred at least 20 [[Yana people|Yana]] men, women and children near [[Shingletown, California]].
|20||<ref>[[#refMadley2012b|Madley 2012b]], pp. 21–22</ref>
|-
| 1856 || March 26 || [[Cascades Massacre]] || Oregon/Washington ||[[Yakama]], [[Klickitat people|Klickitat]] and Cascades warriors attacked white soldiers and settlers at the [[Cascades Rapids|Cascades]] of the [[Columbia River]] for controlling portage of the river and denying them their source of nutrition.  Nine Cascades Indians who surrendered without a fight, including Chenoweth, Chief of the Hood River Band, were improperly charged and executed.
|17 (settlers)
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/5190|title=Native Americans attack Americans at the Cascades of the Columbia on March 26, 1856. – HistoryLink.org|website=www.historylink.org}}</ref>
|-
| 1857 || Mar 8–12 ||[[Spirit Lake Massacre]] || Iowa ||Thirty-five to 40 settlers were killed and 4 taken captive by [[Santee Sioux]] in the last Indian attack on settlers in [[Iowa]].
|35–40 (settlers)
||<ref>Gardner-Sharp, Abbie [https://archive.org/details/historyofspiritl01gard History of the Spirit Lake Massacre and Captivity of Miss Abbie Gardner], Des Moines: Iowa Printing, 1885 (reprinted 1892, 1910), accessdate December 28, 2012</ref>
|-
| 1857 || Sep 7-11 || [[Mountain Meadows Massacre]] || Utah ||Between 14 and 200 Paiutes (perhaps reluctantly) participated in an attack staged by the Mormon Militia against the Baker-Fancher wagon train from Arkansas.  The Mormons of the area erroneously feared that the settlers were part of a plot by the US Army to invade Utah.  The settlers surrender after a few days but are subsequently massacred by members of the Militia who suspected that the settlers had recognized that some of the attackers were non-Indians in disguise. ||120 to 140 settlers killed.  17 younger children were passed out to local families, later repatriated to their families back in Arkansas.
|-
| 1856–1859|| || [[Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856 - 1859|Round Valley Settler Massacres]] || California ||White settlers killed over a thousand Yuki Indians in Round Valley over the course of three years in an uncountable number of separate massacres.
|1000+||<ref name="Madley 2008">Madley, Benjamin ''California's Yuki Indians: Defining Genocide in Native American History'' in ''Western Historical Quarterly 39 (Autumn 2008): 303–332'', pp. 317–318</ref><ref>Lindsay, Brendan C., ''Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846–1873'', University of Nebraska Press, 2012, p.192–193, {{ISBN|978-0803224803}}</ref>
|-
|1858
|Aug 9–17
|[[Fraser Canyon War]]
|British Columbia
|Settlers killed dozens of [[Nlaka'pamux|Nlaka’pamux]] non-combatants and burned five villages.
|36+
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fraser Canyon War {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fraser-canyon-war|access-date=2020-06-22|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>
|-
| July 1859 to January 1860|| || [[Mendocino War|Jarboe's War]] || California ||White settlers calling themselves the "Eel River Rangers", led by Walter Jarboe, kill at least 283 Indian men and countless women and children in 23 engagements over the course of six months. They are reimbursed by the U.S. government for their campaign.
|283+||<ref name="Madley 2008"/>
|-
|1859-1860
|
|[[Mendocino War]]
|California
|Settler intrusion and slave raids on native lands and subsequent native retaliation resulted in the deaths of hundreds of [[Yuki people|Yuki]].
|400+
|<ref>Baumgardner, Frank H. III (2006). Killing for Land in Early California: Indian blood at Round Valley: Founding the Nome Cult Indian Farm. New York: Algora Pub. ISBN 9780875863641. pp. 179 [[iarchive:killingforlandin0000baum|archive.org]]

"When all the depositions were taken, the facts therein were compelling. Many Indians had been killed in cold blood. Even if one adds up all of the Native Americans reported killed in each of the thirty-four depositions now extant, it is still not possible to assess from them for certain how many Native Americans were killed by Captain Jarboe’s company. The total was certainly well over four hundred. By Jarboe’s own account the number was over three hundred killed."</ref>
|-
|1859
|
|[[Spring Valley Massacre]]
|Nevada
|In late summer or early autumn of 1859, a US Army company led by General [[Albert Sidney Johnston]] tracked down and attacked an encampment of the [[Western Shoshone]] north of the [[Bahsahwahbee]] area. US army interpreter and guide [[Elijah Nicholas Wilson]] estimated that 350 men were killed, as well as many women and children.
|350 men<br />175–350 women and children
|<ref name="nrhpdoc">{{cite web |author= |date=June 30, 2016 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Bahsahwahbee |url=http://water.nv.gov/hearings/past/Spring%20-%20Cave%20-%20Dry%20Lake%20and%20Delamar%20Valleys%202017/Exhibits/CTGR/CTGR_EXH_021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142414/http://water.nv.gov/hearings/past/Spring%20-%20Cave%20-%20Dry%20Lake%20and%20Delamar%20Valleys%202017/Exhibits/CTGR/CTGR_EXH_021.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2017 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1859 || September || Pit River || California || White settlers massacred 70 [[Achomawi]] Indians (10 men and 60 women and children) in their village on [[Pit River]] in [[California]].
|70
||<ref>[[#refMadley2012|Madley 2012]], pp. 118–119</ref>
|-
| 1859 ||  || Chico Creek || California ||White settlers attacked a [[Maidu]] camp near Chico Creek in [[California]], killing indiscriminately 40 Indians.
|40||<ref>[[#refMadley2012|Madley 2012]], p.&nbsp;117</ref>
|-
| 1860|| Exact date unknown || Massacre at Bloody Rock || California ||A group of 65 Yuki Indians were surrounded and massacred by white settlers at Bloody Rock, in [[Mendocino County, California]].
|65|| 
|-
| 1860 || February 26 || [[1860 Wiyot Massacre|Indian Island Massacre]]|| California ||In three nearly simultaneous assaults on the Wiyot, at [[Indian Island (Humboldt Bay)|Indian Island]], [[Eureka, California|Eureka]], [[Rio Dell, California|Rio Dell]], and near [[Hydesville, California]] white settlers killed between 80 and 250 [[Wiyot]] in [[Humboldt County, California]]. Victims were mostly women, children and elders, as reported by [[Bret Harte]] at [[Arcata, California|Arcata]] newspaper. Other villages massacred within two days.  The main site is National Register of Historic Places in the United States #66000208.
|80–250||<ref>[[#refHeizer1993|Heizer 1993]]</ref><ref>{{cite web
  | last =Rohde  | first =Jerry   | title =Genocide and Extortion: 150 years later, the hidden motive behind the Indian Island Massacre  | publisher =North Coast Journal  | date = February 25, 2010  | url =http://www.northcoastjournal.com/news/2010/02/25/genocide-and-extortion-indian-island/  | access-date =  December 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/02/28/DDG5Q59D8J1.DTL "In 1860 six murderers nearly wiped out the Wiyot Indian tribe—in 2004 its members have found ways to heal"], SFGate.com</ref><ref>[[#refMichno2003|Michno 2003]], pp. 72–73</ref>
|-
| 1860 || December 18 || [[Battle of Pease River]]|| Texas ||Texas Rangers under Captain [[Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross|Sul Ross]] attacked a Comanche village in [[Foard County, Texas]], killing at least 14 unarmed people.
|14||<ref>[[#refAnderson2005|Anderson 2005]], pp. 331–332</ref>
|-
| 1860 || September 8 || [[Otter Massacre]] || Idaho ||Near Sinker Creek Idaho, 11 persons of the last wagon train of the year were killed by Indians and several others were subsequently killed. Some that escaped the initial massacre starved to death.
|11+ (settlers)||<ref>Owyhee County Cattlemen, pages 172–180</ref>
|-
| 1861 ||  ||Horse Canyon Massacre|| California ||White settlers and Indian allies attacked a [[Eel River Athapaskans|Wailaki]] village in Horse Canyon ([[Round Valley, California]]), killing up to 240 Wailakis.
|240||<ref>[[#refBaumgardner2006|Baumgardner 2006]], pp. 204–206</ref>
|-
| 1861 || February || [[Bascom affair]] || Arizona ||Lt. [[George Nicholas Bascom]] incorrectly believed Chiricahua Apache had kidnapped a twelve-year-old boy. Boscom tried to imprison their leader [[Cochise]] during a meeting. Cochise escaped, however others were captured. Two days later, Cochise captured and killed nine Mexicans. Three Americans who were also captured as hostages for negotiations, but they were killed after negotiations failed. Six of the captive Apache were later hung, including Cochise's brother and nephews.
|12 (Mexicans/Americans) + 6 (Apache)||<ref>Mort, ''The Wrath of Cochise: The Bascom Affair and the Origins of the Apache Wars''</ref>
|-
| 1861-1863 || || [[Battle of Cookes Canyon|Cookes Canyon Massacres]] || New Mexico ||Apaches massacred as many as 100 Americans and Mexicans in Cooke's Canyon, New Mexico between 1861 and 1863.
|100 (Americans and Mexicans)||<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sweeney |first=Edwin R. |title=Mangas Coloradas, Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches |year=1998 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |page=413 |isbn=978-0-8061-3063-7}}</ref>
|-
| 1861 || September  21 || Fort Fauntleroy Massacre || New Mexico ||Soldiers massacred between 12 and 20 [[Navajo people|Navajos]] at Fort Fauntleroy, following a dispute over a horse race.
|12–20
||<ref>Sonneborn, L. ''Chronology of American Indian History'', Facts on File, p. 164, {{ISBN|978-0-816067701}}</ref>
|-
| 1862 ||  ||Upper Station Massacre ||California ||California settlers killed at least 20 Wailakis in [[Round Valley, California]].
|20
||<ref>[[#refBaumgardner2006|Baumgardner 2006]], p. 243</ref>
|-
|1862|| || Big Antelope Creek Massacre|| California ||[[California]] settlers led by notorious Indian hunter Hi Good launched a dawn attack on a [[Yana people|Yana]] village, massacring about 25 Indians.
|25
||<ref>[[#refMadley2012b|Madley 2012b]], p. 34</ref>
|-
| 1862 ||  August ||Kowonk Massacre || California ||A posse of 25 California settlers killed 45 Konkow Indians on their reservation in [[Round Valley, California]].
|45
||<ref>Heizer, Robert, ''Handbook of North American Indians: California, Volume 8'', William Sturtevant, General Editor, Smithsonian Institution, 1978, p. 111</ref>
|-
| 1862 || August–September ||[[Dakota War of 1862]]|| Minnesota || As part of the [[Dakota War of 1862|U.S.-Dakota War]], the [[Sioux]] killed as many as 800 white settlers and soldiers throughout [[Minnesota]].  Some 40,000 white settlers fled their homes on the frontier.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kunnen-Jones |first=Marianne |title=Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising |publisher=University of Cincinnati |date=August 21, 2002 |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |access-date=June 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2008 }}</ref>
|450–800 (settlers)
38 Sioux executed after the war<ref>{{cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal D. |title=The Dakota War: The United States Army Versus the Sioux, 1862–1865 |publisher=McFarland Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7864-2726-0 |page=67}}</ref>
||<ref>[http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm University of Cincinnati News: Tolzmann Edits Pioneer Accounts of Sioux<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |date=June 19, 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| 1862 ||  October || Massacre at Gallinas Springs || New Mexico ||Soldiers under Capt. James Graydon's shot an aged Mescalero leader who was approaching with his hand up as a sign of peace. 11 other Mescaleros were also killed, including a woman.
|12
|| <ref>Sonnichsen, C. L. ''The Mescalero Apaches (The Civilization of the American Indian Series)'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1979, pp. 111–112, {{ISBN|978-0806116150}}</ref>
|-
| 1862 || October 24 || [[Tonkawa Massacre]] || Oklahoma ||During the U.S. Civil War, a detachment of [[Guerrilla warfare#Guerrillas in the American Civil War|irregular]] [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] Indians, mainly [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]], [[Lenape]] and [[Shawnee]], accompanied by [[Caddo]] allies, attempted to destroy the [[Tonkawa]] tribe in [[Indian Territory]]. They killed 240 of 390 Tonkawa, leaving only 150 survivors.
|240
||<ref>[[#refMichno2003|Michno 2003]], pp. 105–106</ref>
|-
| 1863 || January 29 || [[Bear River Massacre]] || Idaho ||[[Patrick Edward Connor|Col. Patrick Connor]] led a [[United States Army]] regiment killing up to 280  [[Shoshone]] men, women and children near [[Preston, Idaho]]. 21 US soldiers were also killed in the fight.
|246–280 (including warriors)
||<ref>[[#refKiernan2007|Kiernan 2007]], p. 356</ref><ref>Hart, Newell, The Bear River Massacre. Cache Valley Newsletter Publishing Company, Preston, Idaho. 1982. {{ISBN|0-941462-01-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1863 || April 19 || [[Keyesville Massacre]] || California ||American militia and members of the California cavalry, under the command of Captain [[Moses A. McLaughlin]], killed 35 [[Tübatulabal people|Tübatulabal]] men in [[Kern County, California]].
|35
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vredenburgh.org/tehachapi/data/mclaughlin.htm|title=Keyesville Indian Massacre of April 19, 1863|first=Larry|last=Vredenburgh|website=vredenburgh.org}}</ref>
|-
|1863
|May 3
|[[Swamp Cedars Massacre]]
|Nevada
|Cavalry company led by Captain S. P. Smith, under orders of Colonel [[Patrick Edward Connor|Patrick Connor]] of [[Fort Ruby]], massacred 24 [[Goshute]] in their sleep on May 3 and 5 more the next day, followed by a massacre of 23 Indians in the Swamp Cedars of Spring Valley.
|52
|<ref name="nrhpdoc" />
|-
| 1863–1865 ||  || [[Mowry Massacres|Mowry massacres]] || Arizona ||16 settlers were killed in a series of Indian raids at [[Sylvester Mowry|Mowry]], [[Arizona Territory]]
|16 (settlers)
||<ref>Browne, R. John, Adventures in the Apache County: a tour through Arizona and Sonora with notes on the silver regions of Nevada. 1869. New York: Harpers & Brothers Publishers.</ref>
|-
|1864|| || Cottonwood || California ||20 [[Yana people|Yanas]] of both sexes were killed by white settlers in the town of [[Cottonwood, California]].
|20
||<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#refMadley2012b|Madley 2012b]], p. 40</ref>
|-
| 1864 ||  || Massacre at Bloody Tanks || Arizona ||A group of white settlers led by [[King Woolsey|King S. Woolsey]] killed 19 Apaches at a "peace parley".
|19
||<ref>McGinnis, Ralph and Smith, Calvin, ''Abraham Lincoln and the western territories'', Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1994, p. 90, {{ISBN|978-0-8304-1247-1}}</ref><ref>[[#refThrapp1975|Thrapp 1975]], pp. 29–31</ref>
|-
|1864|| || Oak Run Massacre|| California ||[[California]] settlers massacred 300 [[Yana people|Yana]] Indians who had gathered near the head of [[Oak Run, California]] for a spiritual ceremony.
|300
|| <ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| 1864 || || Skull Valley Massacre || Arizona ||A group of [[Yavapai people|Yavapai]] families was lured into a trap and massacred by soldiers under Lt. Monteith in a valley west of [[Prescott, Arizona]] ([[Arizona]]). The place was named Skull Valley after the heads of the dead Indians left unburied.
|||<ref>[[#refBraatz2003|Braatz 2003]], pp. 89–90, p. 105</ref><ref>Newton C.H., ''The reasons why place names in Arizona are so named'', Tecolote Press, 1978, p. 40, {{ISBN|978-0-915030-25-5}}</ref>
|-
| 1864 || November 29 || [[Sand Creek Massacre]] || Colorado ||Members of the [[Colorado Territory|Colorado]] [[Militia (United States)|Militia]], in retaliation for theft and violence by Cheyenne Indians against settlers, attacked a village of [[Cheyenne]], killing up to 600 men, women and children at Sand Creek in [[Kiowa County, Colorado|Kiowa County]].
|70–600
||<ref>[[#refMichno2003|Michno 2003]], pp. 157–159</ref><ref>Smiley, Brenda [http://www.archaeology.org/9911/newsbriefs/sand.html "Sand Creek Massacre"], Archeology magazine. Archaeological Institute of America, accessdate December 26, 2012.</ref>
|-
| 1865 || January 14 || [[American Ranch Massacre]] || Colorado ||During the [[Colorado War]], Cheyenne and Sioux warriors attacked a ranch near present-day [[Sterling, Colorado]] where they killed all of the male settlers and took three captives, one of whom was later killed.
|8 (settlers)
||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forttours.com/pages/americanranch.asp|title=American Ranch|date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1865 || March 14|| [[Battle of Mud Lake|Mud Lake Massacre]]|| Nevada ||US troops under Captain Wells attacked a [[Northern Paiute|Paiute]] camp near [[Winnemucca Lake]], killing 32 Indians. One soldier was slightly wounded during the attack.
|32 (including warriors)||<ref>Egan, Ferol ''Sand in a whirlwind, 30th Anniversary Edition: The Paiute Indian War of 1860'', University of Nevada Press, 1985, p. 226. {{ISBN|978-0-87417-097-9}}</ref>
|-
| 1865 || July 18 || [[Black Hawk War (1865–72)#The Squaw Fight|The Squaw Fight/The Grass Valley Massacre]] || Utah ||While searching for [[Antonga Black Hawk]], the [[Mormon militia]] came upon a band of [[Ute people|Ute]] Indians.  Thinking they were part of Black Hawk's band, they attacked them.  They killed 10 men and took the women and children captive.  After the women and children tried to escape, the militia shot them too. || 10 men + unknown women and children || <ref>{{cite book|title=History of Indian depredations in Utah|author=Peter Gottfredson|isbn= 978-1587361272 |publisher=Fenestra Books|year=2002}}</ref>
|-
| 1865 ||  || [[Owens Valley Indian War#Haiwai Meadows Outbreak|Owens Lake Massacre]] || California || Following the murder of Mrs. McGuire and her son at [[Haiwee, California|Haiwai Meadows]], White vigilantes tracked the attackers from the meadows to a [[Northern Paiute|Paiute]] camp on [[Owens Lake]] in California.  They attacked it killing about 40 men, women and children. || 40 ||<ref>Fradkin, Philip L., ''The seven states of California: a natural and human history'', University of California Press, 1997, p. 31, {{ISBN|978-0-520-20942-8}}</ref>
|-
| 1865 || || Three Knolls Massacre || California ||White settlers massacred a [[Yana people|Yana]] community at Three Knolls on the Mill Creek, [[California]].
|||<ref>[[#refThornton1990|Thornton 1990]], p. 110</ref><ref>[[#refScheperHughes2003|Scheper-Hughes 2003]], p. 55</ref>
|-
|1865
|September 12
|Thacker Pass Massacre
|Nevada
|Led by Capt. Payne and Lt. Littlefield, the 1st Nevada Cavalry murdered at least 31 [[Paiute]] men, women, and children.
|31+
|<ref>{{Cite web |title="A Violation of Native American Rights": Archeological Procedures Begin at Thacker Pass Ancestors and Sacred Sites in the Firing Line {{!}} Reno-Sparks Indian Colony |url=https://www.rsic.org/thacker-pass-ancestors/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribes: New evidence proves massacre was at Nevada mine site |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/10/05/tribes-new-evidence-proves-massacre-was-at-nevada-mine-site/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=opb |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1865 || September || Bloody Point Massacre || Oregon ||A wagon train of 65 settlers was massacred by Modoc Indians near Lake Tule in Oregon. One man survived and alerted the Oregon militia who buried the bodies.
|65 (settlers)
||<ref name=fsusda>[http://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/modoc/learning/history-culture/?cid=stelprdb5310669&width=full Modoc NF History, 1945 – Chapter I, General Description] [[United States Department of Agriculture]], Forest Service.</ref>
|-
| 1866 || April 21|| [[Black Hawk War (1865–72)#Circleville Massacre|Circleville Massacre]] || Utah ||Mormon militiamen killed 16 [[Southern Paiute|Paiute]] men and women at [[Circleville, Utah]]. 6 men were shot, allegedly while trying to escape. The others (3 men and 7 women) had their throats cut.  4 small children were spared.
|16
||<ref>Knack, Martha, ''Boundaries Between: The Southern Paiutes, 1775–1995'', University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p. 85, {{ISBN|0-8032-7818-7}}</ref>
|-
| 1867 ||  || Aquarius Mountains|| Arizona ||[[Yavapai County]] Rangers killed 23 Indians (men, women and children) in the southern Aquarius Mountains, [[Arizona]].
|23
||<ref>[[#refThrapp1975|Thrapp 1975]], pp. 37–38</ref>
|-
| 1868 ||  ||  Campo Seco|| California || A posse of white settlers massacred 33 Yahis in a cave north of Mill Creek, [[California]].
|33
||<ref>[[#refThornton1990|Thornton 1990]], p. 111</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[[#refScheperHughes2003|ScheperHughe 2003]], p. 56</ref>
|-
| 1868 ||  September 24 || Massacre at La Paz || Arizona || A group of teamsters attacked a sleeping [[Yavapai]] camp in the outskirts of [[La Paz, Arizona]], killing 15 Indians.
|15
|| <ref>[[#refBraatz2003|Braatz 2003]], p. 105</ref>
|-
| 1868 || November 27 || Washita Massacre<br>([[Battle of Washita River]]) || Oklahoma ||During the [[American Indian Wars]], Lt. Col. [[George Armstrong Custer|G.A.Custer]]'s [[7th U.S. Cavalry]] attacked a village of sleeping [[Cheyenne]] led by [[Black Kettle]]. Custer reported 103 – later revised to 140 – warriors, "some" women and "few" children killed, and 53 women and children taken hostage. Other casualty estimates by cavalry members, scouts and Indians vary widely, with the number of men killed ranging as low as 11 and the numbers of women and children ranging as high as 75 and as low as 17. Before returning to their base, the cavalry killed several hundred Indian ponies and burned the village. 21 US soldiers were also killed.
|17–75
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1171685&currentSection=1161468&productid=5|title=Headlines: Error Page|website=www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com}}</ref><ref>Andrist, Ralph K., ''The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians'', University of Oklahoma Press, 2001, 371 pages, pp 157–162, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3308-9}}</ref><ref>Brown, Dee, ''Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee'', Henry Holt and Co., 2007, 487 pages, pp 167–169, {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8684-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coloradohumanities.org/content/sand-creek-memorial-and-washita-sites|title=Colorado Humanities – Sand Creek Memorial and Washita Sites|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010453/http://www.coloradohumanities.org/content/sand-creek-memorial-and-washita-sites|archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.exploresouthernhistory.com/washita.html "Washita Battlefield, Oklahoma"], ExploreSouthernHistory.com</ref><ref>Giago, Tim, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/honoring-those-who-died-a_b_46519.html "Honoring Those Who Died at Washita"]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/191/|title=The 140th Anniversary of the Washita Massacre of Nov. 27, 1868 – Native American Netroots|website=www.nativeamericannetroots.net}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/places/states/oklahoma/ok_washita.htm "Washita"], ''The West'', PBS</ref><ref>[http://www.nwkansas.com/SFHwebpages/Pdf%20pages%20-%20all/sfh%20pages%2Fpdfs%202005/sfhPages_11_Nov/Week3/SF%2FBC4B-46.pdf "Cherry Creek Massacre recognized in magazine"], ''The Saint Francis Herald'' (St. Francis, KS), November 17, 2005</ref><ref>Zeman, Scott C., [https://books.google.com/books?id=KK1q6N16zIAC&dq=washita+massacre&pg=RA1-PA155 ''Chronology of the American West from 23,000 B.C.E. through the Twentieth Century''], ABC-CLIO, 2002, 381 pages, p. 155, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-207-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1870 || January 23 || [[Marias Massacre]] || Montana ||US troops killed 173 [[Piegan Blackfeet|Piegan]], mainly women, children and the elderly after being led to the wrong camp by a soldier who wanted to protect his Indian wife's family.
|173–217
||<ref>[[#refMichno2003|Michno 2003]], p. 241</ref>
|-
| 1871 || || Kingsley Cave Massacre|| California ||4 settlers killed 30 [[Yahi]] Indians in Tehama County, California about two miles from Wild Horse Corral in the Ishi Wilderness. It is estimated that this massacre left only 15 members of the [[Yahi]] tribe alive
|30
||<ref>[http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/735/files/TranscriptIshiinTwoWorlds.pdf Ishi in Two Worlds] California State Parks Video Transcript</ref>
|-
| 1871 || April 30 ||  [[Camp Grant Massacre]] || Arizona ||Led by the ex-Mayor of Tucson, William Oury, eight Americans, 48 Mexicans and more than 100 allied [[Pima people|Pima]] attacked Apache men, women and children at Camp Grant, [[Arizona Territory]] killing  144, with 1 survivor at scene and 29 children sold to slavery.  All but eight of the dead were Apache women or children.
|144
||<ref>Terrell, J., ''Land Grab'', pp. 4–10.</ref><ref>Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip, [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_indian_quarterly/v027/27.3colwell.html Western Apache Oral Histories and Traditions of the Camp Grant Massacre]. The American Indian Quarterly – Volume 27, Number 3&4, Summer/Fall 2003, pp. 639–666., accessdate December 26, 2012</ref>
|-
|1871|| May 5|| [[Warren Wagon Train raid|Salt Creek massacre]]|| Texas ||[[Kiowa]] warriors attacked a corn wagon train, killing and mutilating seven of the wagoneer's bodies. Three of the attack leaders were later arrested at [[Fort Sill]]: [[Satanta (White Bear)|Satanta]], [[Sitting Bear|Satank]], and [[Ado-ete]]. Satank was later killed during an escape attempt, while the other two were [[Trial of Satanta and Big Tree|convicted of murder]].
|7 (settlers)
||<ref>{{Cite web| title = The Salt Creek Massacre| work = Indian Relations In Texas| publisher = Texas State Libraries and Archives Commission| date = November 2, 2005| url = http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/indian/showdown/page1.html| access-date = August 28, 2010}}</ref>
|-
|1871|| November 5|| [[Wickenburg massacre]]|| Arizona ||Indians attacked an Arizona stagecoach, killing the driver and his five passengers, leaving two wounded survivors.
|6 (settlers)
||<ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02EFDC1639EF34BC4851DFB767838A669FDE | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=The Indian Attack Upon an Arizona Stage The Driver and Five Passengers Killed | date= November 20, 1871}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Late Frederick W. Loring. |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 24, 1871 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1871/11/24/79004481.pdf |access-date=December 26, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 1872 || December 28 ||  [[Battle of Salt River Canyon|Skeleton Cave Massacre]] || Arizona ||U.S. troops and Indian scouts killed 76 [[Yavapai people|Yavapai Indians]] men, women and children in a remote cave in Arizona's Salt River Canyon.
|76
||<ref>[[#refBraatz2003|Braatz 2003]], pp. 2–3; p. 138</ref>
|-
| 1873 || June 1 || [[Cypress Hills Massacre]] || Saskatchewan ||Following a dispute over stolen horses, American [[wolfers (hunting)|wolfers]] killed approximately 20 [[Nakoda (people)|Nakoda]] in [[Saskatchewan]].
|20
||<ref name="Hildebrandt">{{cite encyclopedia| last = Hildebrandt| first = Walter| title = Cypress Hills Massacre| encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan| publisher = University of Regina| url = http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/cypress_hills_massacre.html| access-date = March 28, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080317002819/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/cypress_hills_massacre.html| archive-date = March 17, 2008| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1873 || August 5 || [[Massacre Canyon]] || Nebraska || A large [[Oglala Lakota|Oglala]]/[[Brulé]] Sioux war party, numbering over 1,500 warriors led by [[Two Strike (Lakota leader)|Two Strike]], [[Little Wound]], and [[Spotted Tail]] attacked a band of [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] during their summer [[Bison|buffalo]] hunt, killing more than 150 Pawnees, including 102 women and children. Some the dead were mutilated and set on fire.
|156–173 (including warriors)
||<ref>The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865&ndash;1877 By R. Eli Paul p.88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998) Language: English {{ISBN|0-8032-8749-6}}</ref>
|-
| 1874 || August 24|| Lone Tree Massacre || Kansas ||Surveyors under Captain Oliver Francis Short were ambushed by a group of 25 [[Cheyenne]],  near the lone Cottonwood tree by the Crooked Creek, near present day [[Meade, Kansas|Meade Kansas]].
|7
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldmeadecounty.com/lonetree.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702114503/http://www.oldmeadecounty.com/lonetree.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 2, 2007|title=The Lone Tree Massacre | date=2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1875 || April || [[Battle at Sappa Creek|Sappa Creek Massacre]] || Kansas ||Soldiers under Lt Austin Henly trapped  a group of 27 [[Cheyenne]],  (19 men, 8 women and children) on the Sappa Creek, in Kansas and killed them all.
|27
||<ref>Kinbacher, Kurt E. "Contested Events and Conflicting Meanings: Mari Sandoz and the Sappa Creek Cheyenne Massacre of 1875." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' (2016): 309-326.</ref>
|-
| 1877 || August 8 || [[Battle of the Big Hole]] || Montana ||US troops under Colonel [[John Gibbon]] attacked a [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]] encampment on the [[Big Hole river|North fork of the Big Hole river]] in [[Montana Territory]] during the [[Nez Perce War]]. They killed  70 to 90 including 33 warriors before being repulsed by the Indians. 31 US soldiers were killed.
|70–90 (33 warriors)
||<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name=greene>{{cite book|last=Greene |first=Jerome A. |title=Nez Perce Summer 1877: The U.S. Army and the Nee-Me-Poo Crisis|publisher=Montana Historical Society Press|location=Helena, MT|chapter=6 |year=2000|chapter-url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/biho/greene/chap6a.htm|isbn=0-917298-68-3}}</ref>
|-
| 1879 || January 9–21 || [[Fort Robinson tragedy|Fort Robinson Massacre]] || Nebraska ||[[Northern Cheyenne]] under [[Dull Knife]] attempted to escape from confinement in [[Fort Robinson]], Nebraska; U.S. Army forces hunted them down, killing between 64 and 77 of them. The remains of those killed were repatriated in 1994. 12 U.S. soldiers were also killed.
|64–77 (including warriors)
||<ref>[[#refMichno2003|Michno 2003]], pp. 322–323</ref><ref>Boye, Alan, ''Holding Stone Hands: On the Trail of the Cheyenne Exodus'', University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pp. 66–67, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-1294-7}}</ref>
|-
| 1879 || September 30 || [[Meeker Massacre]] || Colorado ||In the beginning of the [[Ute War]], the Ute killed the US Indian Agent [[Nathan Meeker]] and 10 others.  They also attacked a military unit, killing 13 and wounding 43.
|11
||<ref name=NPS>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/soldier/sitec3.htm|publisher=National Park Service, US Department of the Interior|title=Milk Creek battlefield|access-date=March 17, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Chamber>{{cite web|url=http://www.meekerchamber.com/historical.htm|publisher=Meeker Colorado Chamber of Commerce|title=Milk Creek battle (or Meeker Massacre)|access-date=March 16, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071117030121/http://www.meekerchamber.com/historical.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = November 17, 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 1880 || April 28 || [[Alma Massacre]] || New Mexico ||The Apache chief [[Victorio]] led warriors in an attack on settlers at [[Alma, New Mexico]]. On December 19, 1885, the Apache killed an officer and four enlisted men of the [[8th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|8th Cavalry Regiment]] near Alma.
|35–41 (settlers)
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huntel.com/~artpike/almamass.htm|title=Alma Massacre, Pioneer Story, New Mexico|date=October 7, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007024700/http://www.huntel.com/~artpike/almamass.htm|archive-date=October 7, 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 1882 || April 16 || Stephens Ranch massacre|| Arizona ||The Apache chief [[Geronimo]] asked for food at a sheep herder camp near [[Bryce, Arizona]]. After promising the sheep herders they would not be harmed, Geronimo and his band were fed. Geronimo then ordered the family and sheep herders to be killed.
|16+ (settlers)
||<ref>{{cite news |last=Haralson |first=Danny |date=Dec 4, 2016  |title= Did You Know: The little-known heroes of the Stephens Ranch massacre|url=https://www.eacourier.com/history/did-you-know-the-little-known-heroes-of-the-stephens-ranch-massacre/article_fce1174e-b721-11e6-82f5-f7190d781354.html|work=Eastern Arizona Courier |location=Eastern Arizona |access-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 1885 || April 2 || [[Frog Lake Massacre]]|| [[Frog Lake, Alberta]] ||During the [[Cree]] uprising in the [[North-West Rebellion]], Cree men, Led by [[Wandering Spirit (Cree leader)|Wandering Spirit]], killed 9 officials, clergy and settlers in the small settlement of Frog Lake in the [[District of Saskatchewan]].
|9 (settlers)
||<ref>{{cite web
| title =Canadian Plains Research Center Mapping Division
| url =http://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/51C276D2-1560-95DA-430F6CC3E32921701.pdf
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203075856/http://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/51C276D2-1560-95DA-430F6CC3E32921701.pdf
| archive-date=2013-12-03
| access-date =13 September 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|1885
|June 19
|[[Beaver Creek Massacre Site|Beaver Creek Massacre]]
|Colorado
|White cattlemen killed six Ute Mountain Utes at a camp on Beaver Creek, about 16 miles north of Dolores in present Montezuma County.
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=yongli |date=2015-11-05 |title=Beaver Creek Massacre |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver-creek-massacre |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=coloradoencyclopedia.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 1889 || February 14 or 15 || [[Jim Jumper massacre]] || Florida || Jim Jumper, a biracial-Seminole, killed at least six [[Seminole]]s when his request to marry a Seminole woman was refused. Jumper was then killed by another Seminole.
|7 or more ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21869143/seminole_story_of_murder_by_jim_jumper/|title=Billy Bowlegs Told of How 7 Were Killed|last=Stout|first=Wesley|date=March 1, 1965|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1890 || December 10|| Buffalo Gap Massacre|| South Dakota ||Several wagonloads of [[Sioux]] were killed by South Dakota Home Guard militiamen near French Creek, [[South Dakota]], while visiting a white friend in Buffalo Gap.
|||<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#refGonzalezCook1998|Gonzalez 1998]], p. 294</ref>
|-
| 1890 || December 16|| Strong Hold|| South Dakota ||South Dakota Home Guard militiamen ambushed and massacred 75 [[Sioux]] at the Stronghold, in the northern portion of [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]].
|75
||<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
| 1890 || December 29 || [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] || South Dakota ||Members of the U.S. [[7th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|7th Cavalry]] attacked and killed between 130 and 250 [[Sioux]] men, women and children at [[Wounded Knee, South Dakota]].
|130–250
||<ref>[[#refMichno2003|Michno 2003]], p. 351</ref><ref>Jensen, Richard, Paul, Eli and Hanson, James, ''Eyewitness at Wounded Knee'', University of Nebraska Press, 1991, p. 20, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-1409-5}}</ref>
|-
|1897
|Unknown
|[[Bahsahwahbee|Swamp Cedars Massacre of 1897]]
|Nevada
|A group of vigilantes targeted a Shoshone gathering, killing all in attendance, mainly women, children, and elders, except two young girls.
|
|<ref name="nrhpdoc" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bahouth |first=Brian |date=2021-03-15 |title=Spring Valley swamp cedars - more than trees for Western Shoshone |url=https://sierranevadaally.org/2021/03/15/spring-valley-swamp-cedars-more-than-trees-for-western-shoshone/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Sierra Nevada Ally |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 1911 || January 19 || [[Battle of Kelley Creek#Last Massacre|Last Massacre]] || Nevada ||A group of [[Shoshone]] killed four ranchers in [[Washoe County, Nevada]]. On February 26, 1911, an American posse killed eight of the Shoshone suspects and captured four children from the band.
|5 (4 ranchers & 1 policeman) + 8 (Indians)
||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Native Americans |url=http://nevada-history.org/indians.html |website=nevada-history.org |access-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727120407/http://www.nevada-history.org/indians.html |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/17/books/the-last-massacre.html |title=Book Review, ''The Last Massacre'' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 17, 1988}}</ref><ref>[http://www.odmp.org/officer/18238-policeman-edward-hogle "Policeman Edward Hogle, Nevada State Police"] The Officer Down Memorial Page</ref>
|-
| 1915 || December 2 || Massacre of San Pedro de la Cueva || Sonora, Mexico ||During the [[Mexican Revolution]], on the morning of December 2, 1915, after the disastrous campaign of his army in the state of Sonora, [[Pancho Villa]] angrily arrived in [[San Pedro de la Cueva]] and ordered the mass execution of all the residents of the town. He blamed them for the deaths of five of his men. An outpost under the command of one of her colonels, Margarito Orozco, had apprehended 300 men, women and children, training them in front of the church. When Villa ordered his officers to initiate the executions, Colonel Macario Bracamontes, who was active in his ranks, convinced him to spare the lives of a hundred women and children. Immediately, the rest of the prisoners, who numbered 112 men, were lined up against one of the walls of the Catholic church to be put under arms; at the beginning of the executions, the village priest, Andrés A. Flores Quesney, pleaded three times for the lives of the condemned, including his father, but Villa ended up killing him with a shot. The killing continued.
|Around 91 people between residents, Opatas, foreigners (4) and Chinese (3)
||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diario19.com/2020/12/01/san-pedro-de-la-cueva-el-pueblo-de-las-viudas/|title=SAN PEDRO DE LA CUEVA. EL PUEBLO DE LAS VIUDAS|last=Mendoza S|first=H Reidezel|date=December 1, 2020|work=diario19.com | access-date=December 3, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[American Indian Wars]]
* [[Genocide of indigenous peoples]]
* [[Genocides in history (before World War I)]]
* [[History of Native Americans in the United States]]
* [[Indigenous survival during colonization|Indigenous survival against colonization]]
* [[List of conflicts in the United States]] 
* [[List of ethnic cleansing campaigns]]
* [[List of genocides]]
* [[List of massacres in Canada]]
* [[List of massacres in the United States]]
* [[Mass racial violence in the United States]]
* [[Native American genocide in the United States]]
* [[Population history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
* [[Racism against Native Americans in the United States]]
* [[Racism in the United States#Native Americans]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* <cite id=refAnderson2005>Anderson, Gary C., ''The Conquest of Texas: Ethnic cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820–1875'', [[University of Oklahoma Press]], 2005, 544&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-89096-867-3}}</cite>
* <cite id=refBaumgardner2006>Baumgardner, Frank, ''Killing for Land in Early California – Indian Blood at Round Valley'',  [[Algora Publishing]], 2006, 312&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-87586-364-1}}</cite>
* <cite id=refBraatz2003>Braatz, Timothy, ''Surviving conquest: a history of the Yavapai peoples'', [[University of Nebraska Press]], 2003, 336&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-2242-7}}</cite>
* <cite id=refHeizer1993>[[Robert Heizer|Heizer, Robert F.]], ''The Destruction of California Indians'', [[University of Nebraska Press]], Lincoln and London, 1993, 321&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-7262-0}}</cite>
* <cite id=refGallay2003>Gallay, Alan, ''The Indian Slave Trade: The rise of the English Empire in the American South'', [[Yale University Press]], 2003, 464&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-300-10193-5}}</cite>
* <cite id=refGonzalezCook1998> Gonzalez, Mario and Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth, ''The Politics of Hallowed Ground: Wounded Knee and the Struggle for Indian Sovereignty'', [[University of Illinois Press]], 1998,  448&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-25206-669-6}}</cite>
* <cite id=refHamalainen2008> Hamalainen, Pekka, ''The Comanche Empire'', [[Yale University Press]], 2008, 512&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-30012-654-9}}</cite>
* <cite id=refHimmel1999>Himmel, Kelly F., ''The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821–1859'', TAMU Press, 1999, 216&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-89096-867-3}}</cite>
* <cite id=refKiernan2007>[[Ben Kiernan|Kiernan, Ben]], "Blood and Soil: a World History of Genocide and Massacre from Sparta to Darfur", [[Yale University Press]], 2007, 768&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-300-10098-3}}</cite>
* Kinbacher, Kurt E. "Contested Events and Conflicting Meanings: Mari Sandoz and the Sappa Creek Cheyenne Massacre of 1875." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' (2016): 309-326.
* <cite id=refKonstantin2002>Konstantin, Phil, ''[[This Day in North American Indian History|This Day in North American Indian History: Events in the History of North America's Native Peoples]]'', Da Capo Press, 2002, 480&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-306-81170-8}}</cite>
* <cite id=refMadley2012>Madley, Benjamin, ''Tactics of Nineteenth Century Colonial Massacre: Tasmania, California and Beyond'' in Philips G. Dwyer and Lyndall Ryan, eds., Theatres of Violence: Massacres, Mass Killing and Atrocity Throughout History, [[Berghan Books]], 2012, 350&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-85745-299-3}}</cite>
* <cite id=refMadley2012b>Madley, Benjamin, ''The Genocide of California's Yana Indians'' in Samuel Totten and Williams S. Parsons, eds., ''Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts'', [[Routledge]], 2012, pp. 16–53, 611&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-415871-921}} </cite>
* <cite id=refMadley2016>Madley, Benjamin, ''An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873'', [[Yale University Press]], 2016, 692&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-300-18136-4}}</cite>
* <cite id=refMichno2003>Michno, Gregory F., ''Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes 1850–1890'', Mountain Press Publishing Co., 2003, 448&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-87842-468-9}}</cite>
* <cite id=refNorton1979> Norton, Jack, "Genocide in Northwestern California : when our worlds cried", [[Indian Historian Press]], San Francisco, 1979, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|0-913436-26-2}}</cite>
* <cite id=refReynolds2015>Reynolds, W.R., ''The Cherokee Struggle to Maintain Identity in the 17th and 18th Centuries'', McFarland, 2015, 436&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-78647-317-5}}</cite>
* <cite id=refScheperHughes2003> Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, ''Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology'', [[Wiley-Blackwell]], 2003, 512&nbsp;pages,  {{ISBN|978-0-631-22349-8}} </cite>
* <cite id=refSchwartz1997>Schwartz, E. A, ''The Rogue River Indian War and its aftermath, 1850–1980'', [[University of Oklahoma Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-2906-8}}</cite>
* <cite id=refSipe1929> Sipe, C. Hale, ''The Indian wars of Pennsylvania: An account of the Indian events, in Pennsylvania, of the French and Indian War, Pontiac's War, Lord Dunmore's War, the Revolutionary War and the Indian Uprising from 1789 to 1795. Tragedies of the Pennsylvania frontier'', Telegraph Press, 1929. 793&nbsp;pages. {{ISBN|978-5871748480}} </cite>
* <cite id=refThornton1990> Thornton, Russell, "American Indian Holocaust and Survival: a Population History since 1492", [[University of Oklahoma Press]], 1990, 312&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-2220-5}} </cite>
* <cite id=refThrapp1975>Thrapp, Dan, "The Conquest of Apacheria", [[University of Oklahoma Press]], 1975, 422&nbsp;pages, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-1286-2}} </cite>
{{Refend}}

{{Americas topic|List of Indian massacres in}}
{{Massacres}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Massacre}}
[[Category:Massacres of Indigenous North Americans| ]]
[[Category:Military history of the United States]]
[[Category:Military history of Canada]]
[[Category:Native American genocide]]
[[Category:First Nations history in Canada]]
[[Category:Massacres of ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Massacres in the United States]]
[[Category:Massacres in Canada]]
[[Category:Native American-related lists]]